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TIfE NORTH CAROLINA STATE COLLECS)
DftHlLL LIBRARYj
.THEttH-BRlMLEYCOLLECTION .
(PRESENTED BY MR8.BE8S1E LOVE BRIMLEY)
NORTH CAROLIHA STATE UNIVERSITY LIBRARIES
S02326931 Q
FIELD MANUAL 0/ TREES
Including Southern Canada and the Northern
Unit<
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recalled by the Libraries. Books not returned on
time are subject to replacement charges.
Borrowers may access their library accounts at:
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JO
Professor of
Copyright, 1922
BY
John H. Schaffner
PREFACE.
This little niaiuial represents a revision of the author's
former "Trees of Ohio and Surrounding Territory," and
attempts to. carry out more definitely the idea of having a
convenient guide iby Avhich it is possible to study our trees
at any season of the year. The keys have been made very
complete so that no difficulty should be encountered in identi-
Hcation except in the case of closely related species. No
elaborate technical descriptions have been given but a few
brief notes are added in connection with each species, calling
attention to economic, ecological, or other data of general
interest. Characters given in the keys are usually not re-
peated in the descriptions. A definite characterization is
also given for each genus. This will be found to hold for
all the species occurring in our region and in most cases
for all the species of the genus.
The nomenclature used is essentially that of Britton and
Brown's 'Tllustrated Flora of the Northern United States,
Canada and the British Possessions." 2nd Edition, 1913. A
rather conservative position has been taken in the treatment
of species, since many of the forms recently described are
regarded as merely elementary varieties either Mendelian or
ecological. A single English name is given for each species.
These names have been taken mainly from Sudworth's "Check
List of the Forest Trees of the United States," which on the
whole seems to' be a very satisfactory basis for an appro-
priate list. Synonyms will be found in the index.
Most of our common, cultivated, exotic trees have been
included, since these form an integral part of the landscape,
in many places more conspicuous than the native species.
The study of trees may be made a pleasant and profitable
pastime at any season of the year for all who have an interest
in nature. When the tree has once been identified its
peculiarities should be learned l)y direct obsen-alim
,, tiSit^Ml
4 Field Manual
individuality becomes perfectly familiar. In winter one can
usually find dry leaves or fruit on the trees, which will make
it possible to tell most of the species at a time when many
think botanical studv out of season.
In this second edition, a few typographical errors have
been corrected and a few slight changes have been made, but
the Manual remains essentially the same as the first edition
published in 1914.
J. H. S.
INTRODUCTION.
A tree may be defined as — a woody plant of any size
which produces naturally one main, erect stem with a definite
crown of branches. A shrub is a woody plant which produces
small irregular or slanting stems usually in tufts. In attempt-
ing to separate "trees" from the larger "shrubs." one must
necessarily be somewhat arbitrary as nature draws no definite
division line. There are also trees which have no crown of
branches, like the palms.
A tree has three main parts, the root system, the stem or
trunk, and the crown of branches. The root system is for
support in the soil and for taking up water and various
mineral substances.- This is accomplished very largely by
delicate organs called root hairs developed near the root tips.
The root hairs are temporary structures developed from the
epidermis of the root (piliferous layer) near the tip and
dying off at the back as the root grows. Although largely
dependent on their environment the roots still have consider-
able selective power in taking up the salts dissolved in the
soil water. The root system may have a main or tap-root
extending deep into the ground with smaller lateral roots ;
or the tap-root may be only slightly developed or entirely
absent, in which case a number of larger branch roots may
extend downward from the base of the trunk* The roots
which extend laterally near the surface sometimes run to a
great distance. Such roots are called tracing roots.
The trunk or bole is a supporting and conducting organ.
The water with dissolved mineral substances taken up by the
roots passes up through the young wood or xylem while the
food material from the young twigs and leaves passes up or
down through the phloem cells of the inner bark. There are
no real vessels for carrying food and water like the blood
vessels of animals, but the sap passes through by osmosis
from one cell to another or from one set of cells to another
as it frequently happens when some of the cross walls are
broken down in a vertical series of colls. The large cells in
D. M. H»lii' UBItARY
North Carolina SUt» Coil«C*
<> I''lKI.I) M.WUAI-
tlu' wood. liowevtT. are called wood vessels. Just how the
water is able to pass up to the tops of high trees is uot i'ull.\
understood. in early spring, as in the sugar maple, tlie
water accumulates in the sap wood since there are no leaves
from which it can he thrown off above.
1 he crown is a system of branches on which the leaves
are developed and exposed to the light. In the leaves most
of the food is manufactured which the tree uses for its
growth and nourishment. This production of organic food
is carried on through the agency of sunlight and chlorophyll,
as the green coloring matter is called. Another important
function of the leaves is the transpiration of the surplus
water brouglit up from below. The water transpired by a
large tree in a single day is often very great in amount. The
leaves are also important breathing organs, although not ex-
clusively so ; for all the living cells in the entire plant carry
on the process of respiration.
The system of branching in the crown may be of various
types. If the main trunk of a tree extends upward througli
the crown to the tip it is said to be excurreht, as in the larch
and Austrian pine. When the terminal Imd has no pre-
eminence over others and the main trunk is soon lost, the tree
is round-topped or spreading and is said to be deliquescent,
as in the apple. Excurrent trees are often spire-shaped like
the Norway spruce; while deliquescent stems commonly give
rise to dome-shaped crowns, as in the wdiite elm. If the
terminal bud withers or is self-pruned, as in the linden, the
branching is sympodial. If the leaves are opposite and tiie
two lateral end l)uds develop, the terminal bud being self-
l)runed. the result is a sympodial dichotoni}-, as in the 1)lad-
dernut. Trees in wdiich the terminal buds are persistent and
functional are said to have a monopodial system of branching.
The trunk or any branch of a coniferous or dicotylous
tree consists of four main parts, the pith, the wood, the
cambium or growing layer, and the bark. The wood consists
of a series of annual rings, since if normal growth takes
j)lace only a single ring is produced each year. Each ring
usually consists of two layers called early wood and late
V. ood. During special seasons or if growth is checked at
times during tlie growing period nmre than one ring may be
l»roduced, although thi.s is ncxcr perfect and l-an usually be
TkKKs ()|- Till-: XdKTiiKNx I'mtki' Siatk> ,
(letcott'd l)\- careful (.•xamination. In most trees the inner part
of the \V(U)(1 and the pith are dead and this is called the heart
wood or duramen, while the outer wood is li.Lihter in color
with living cells next the caniliium layer, and is called the
sap-wood or alburnum. Sometimes there is a striking
difference in the color of the two parts. Strands of cells pass
from the pith or annual rings through the wood to the bark.
These arc called medullary rays. The i)eculiar (jualities of
wood are due t(^ the character of its cells which have their
walls lignitied or thicki-ned by a dei)'>sit of a chemical
substance called lignin.
The bark usually consists of two main la\ers called inner
bark and outer bark. IMie inner liark is often in very thin
layers and is lience called liber. The outer bark is very
diverse in character. Usually it consists mainh' of la\ crs of
cork' cells which are \ery impervious to water. Since the
outer bark usually docs not increase in diameter as rapidly
as the wood it is linally torn into strips and peels off on the
outside. Trees have many interesting wa\s of de\eloping and
getting rid of their outer bark.
More commonly the outer bark is developed as follows:
In a 3'ouiig main stem or twig there is a tissue between the
outer layer of cells or epidermis andthc circle of vascular
bundles which is called the cortex. While the stem is de-
veloping and hardening, the outermost layer of cortical cells
just below the epi.dermis is modified and begins to grow.
This layer is the cork camiliium or phellogen. 1 he layer of
tissue thus formed by the repeated divisions of the cells of
the phellogen is called the 'periderm or cork, (hi the inner
side of the phellogen another layer of tissue is produced
whicii is called the phelloderm or secondary cortex. The
l)liellogen may continue to produce i)eriderm until the outer
bark becomes \ery thick : and linally new cork cambiums nia\
develop farther in in the cortex or even in the phloem of
tile inner bark. In some plants the cork cambium originates
from the epidermis and in some from the deeper layers of
I lie cortex.
Some trees have no special means oi shedding their leaves
while others shed them only after a year i^r more. Most of
our indigenous species are "deciduous," that is they cast their
leaxes at the end of each growing season b>" the formation
•^ h'lEi.n Mantai.
of a cleavage plane or separation layer through the base of
the petiole. They also prepare for winter by developing
elaborate winter buds. The function of the winter buds is
mainly to check evaporation from the delicate stem tips during
the periods of freezing and thawing.
Many of the smaller branches and twigs of a tree espe-
cially when growing in a dense forest are continually dying
off. Rut the tree rids itself of these dead branches by form-
ing a collar of tissue from the cambium layer around the base
of the dead branch, ^j'hich finally covers over the wound
when the dead member falls off. This process is known as
natural pruning. By the formation of a similar callus other
wounds are covered up. There is still a m^ore remarkable
process present in many trees by which surplus living
branches are cut off in one way or another. Terminal and
lateral buds are also commonly cut off. This process of
abscission is known as self-pruning. The most common
method is by the formation of a cleavage plane in a basal
joint or in the annual nodes of growth. In some genera
brittle zones are produced. The self-pruning process is very
highly developed in the cottonwood, white oak, white elm,
and silver maple.
Trees grow in height only at the tips of the main stem
or branches. Some trees are naturally shortlived; others
attain an enormous size and age, but from the very nature of
their upright development their life must sooner or later come
to an end. In some cases the individual organism may con-
tinue by a new development from sprouts growing out of the
stump or the roots.
All of our trees bear flowers and seeds. After arriving
at a certain age dependng on the species, the tips of some
twigs or the axillary buds will develop flowers. In the more
highly developed and typical flowers four sets of organs are
present; the calyx composed of sepals, the corolla composed
of petals, the andrecium composed of stamens, and the gyne-
cium composed of carpels. The two essential sets of organs
in the flower are the stamens and the carpels. These may
i)Oth be in the same flower, when the flower is said to be
bisporangiate or in separate flowers, when the flower is mono-
sporangiate. If the staminate and carpellate flowers are on
one individual the plant is monecious, if on two distinct indi-
Trees of the Northern Umtkh States 0
viduals the plant is diecious. In this case the plants are spoken
of as staminate trees and carpellate trees. 1'he stamens
produce microsporangia and the carpels megasporan ;ia or
ovules. In the anthophyta the carpel usually has three parts
called stigma, style, and ovulary, the ovules being ccmplelrely
inclosed in the ovulary. Commonly all the carpels of tlie
gynecium are grown together and in such cases a compound
ovulary is produced with one or more cavities.
h'ollowing a peculiar process known as the reduction
(livi>ic)n which takes place in the cells inside of the micro-
sporangium, a considerable number f)f microspores are de-
\eloped. four, for each original cell. In nearly the same
way, four nu-gaspores, one of wliich survives, are usually
produced in each ovule. The flowers are thus modified spore-
bearing branches or shoots producing two kinds of nonsexual
spores. The flowers are nonsexual organs and the tree itself
is always a nonsexual plant called the sporophyte, although
some of its parts may show sexual characters and dimorphism.
Tlie microspores germinate and develop into the pollen grains
and the megasporcs into the so-call,cd embryo sacs, or minute,
])arasitic, male and female gametophytes respectively, which
are the real sexual generation. After pollination has taken
place, which is simply the transfer of the pollen to the ovules
or to the stigmas, a tube grows from the pollen grain into tlte
embryo sac. The two sperm cells produced in the pollen
grain or in the pollen tube pass down the tube and one unites
with the egg cell of the female gametophyte. This unicn of
sperm and egg is called fertilization. The resulting cell which
is the oospore germinates and gives rise to an embryo inside
of the ovule, the whole finally constituting the body called the
seed. In the anthophyta, endosperm is produced in the seed
l)y the union of the second sperm with two cells from the
female gametophyte. This embryo in the seed is the spo-
rophyte and after sprouting develops into the tree. The seed
is produced inside of or in connection with the modified
carpels and other contiguous parts, the whole being called
the fruit. The fruits of our trees are of many types usually
with some adaptation for seed distrilnition. so tl^at the seed
with its little embryonic tree inside may l)e carried away from
the parent plants to some other and perhaps more favorable
environment. Here, if conditions are proper, it sprouts and
1(! FiKi.ii Manual
begins its life as an independent individual. 'I"be whole
process of flower, seed, and fruit production is exceedingly
complex and requires close study and observation if one would
know the more obscure activities going on during the life
cycle of a tree.
KEY TO THE GENERA OF TREES IN THE
SUMMER CONDITION.
Based mainly on leaf and twig characters. Ihv nnnilier
following the generic name refers to the list nuniher.
1. i'^oliage leaves witli expanded hlades, netted-veined. ("<.
I. P'oliage lea\es needle-sliai)ed. narrow! \- linear, snl)-
nlate. or scale-like; conifers. "_'.
1. P'oliage leaves fan-shaped with dichotomous venation.
a numher on thick, wart-like, persistent dwarf
branches. Ginkgo. (1).
"2. With typical dwarf hranclies. ])ersistent for more than
1 year. •?.
2. With feather-like dwarf ])ranclies. deciduous each
year, the linear leaves spreading into 2 ranks.
Taxodium. cJ).
2. Without dwarf hranches. 4.
■'I. Dwarf l)ranche> small. self-])rune(l. with 2-^) foliage
leaves. Pinus. (7).
•".. Dwarf hranches thick, wart-like, persistent, with nu-
merous deciduous leaves. Larix. ((5).
i. Leaf huds scaly: leaves scattered. •').
I. Leaf buds not scaly, naked: leaves opposite or
whorled. 7.
•"). Leaf scar on a sterigma. the twigs covered with scales
representing the leaf bases. •!.
•'i. Leaf scar on the hark: twigs without scales: leaves
llat. Abies. (•")).
<!. Leaves Ihil, lluise on the ui»per side of the lwi>4 much
shorter tliaii the lateral ones; trees. Tsuga. (4).
li. Leaves more or less 4-side(l, si)rcading in all direc-
tions. Picea. (:'.).
7. h'oliage leaves small, scale-like, appressed. opposite
1-ranked. closely covering the twigs which are de-
cidedly llattened and fan-like: leaves of two shapes,
the dorsal and ventral broa(K*r and less acute than
the lateral (Mies; scales of the carpellate cone <»-In.
not ]>el(:ite Thuja. (S).
(11)
]2 Field Manual
7. h'oliagc leaves small, scale-like, appressed, opposite.
4-ranked. usually much elongated, on somewhat
flattened branches; scales of the carpellate cone
t-(i, the two upper fertile, not peltate.
Libocedrus. (9).
7. Foliage leaves small, scale-like, appressed. opposite.
4-ranked, closely covering the slightly flattened
twigs which are not very fan-like ; leaves nearly or
quite similar ; scales of the carpellate cone peltate.
Chamaecyparis. (10).
7 l-oliage leaves of two types, scale-like and subulate,
opposite or in threes; the scale-like leaves 4-ranked,
appressed, causing the twigs to appear quad-
rangular, the subulate leaves spreading ; one or
both types of leaves on a plant; carpellate cone
developing into a bluish-black, berry-like fruit.
Juniperus. (11).
— 8—
8. Leaves alternate. 9.
8. Leaves opposite or whorled. 74.
9. Leaves simple. 10.
9. Leaves compound. 62.
10. Leaves pinnately veined or with a simple midrib. 11.
1<>. Leaves palmately veined or at least with 2 or more
prominent side ribs coming from near the base of
the blade. 53.
11. Leaves truncate or broadly emarginate ; with complete
stipular rings at the nodes. Liriodendron. (13).
11. Leaves entire. 12.
11. Leaves serrate, dentate, crcnate, pinnatifid, or vari-
ously lobed. 25.
12. With stipular rings at each leaf node; leaves large.
Magnolia. (12).
12. Not with stipular rings. 13.
13. With thorns and milky sap. 14.
13. Without thorns; sap not milky. 15.
14. With thorns beside the axillary buds; leaves not
tapering at the base, acute or even heart-shaped.
Toxylon. (52).
TkKKS OK Tin-: North kkn L'mtkd Sr.\i» 1.'
1 i. With terminal thorns and some axillar>- thorns:
leaves tapering to the base ; narrow or slender-
cuneate. Bumelia. (69).
V). Leaves evergreen, coriaceous, some on wood of the
previous season. 10.
l-"). No lea\es on wood of the previous season. 17.
Iti. Leaves green on l)oth sides, thick, coriaceous, oblong
to oblanceolate, 5-10 in. long; winter buds very
scal> Rhododendron. (00).
10. Leaves green on both sides, or glaucous beneath.
coriaceous, 2-5 in. long; oval or oval-lanceolate.
winter buds naked. Kalmia. (67).
10. Leaves bright green above, paler beneath, coriaceous,
-1-5 in. long, pointed at l)oth ends ; bark aromatic.
Persea. (15).
17. Pith with prominent diaphragms but solid ; vascular
bundles in base of petiole 3-7. 18.
IT. Pith not both diaphragmed and solid, but sometimes
with lenticular cavities. If).
18. Leaves 2-ranked ; bark with fetid odor; vascular
bundles in base of petiole 5-7. Asimina. (14).
]!<. Leaves not 2-ranked; vascular bundles in base of
petiole 3. Nyssa. (81).
li>. Leaves resin-dotted, waxy-dotted or punctate, oblong-
lanceolate, spatulate, or oblanceolate, short-pointed,
narrowed at the base. Myrica. (63).
1!>. Leaves not dotted nor punctate. 20.
20. Pith prominently o-anglcd ; leaves with deciduous
stipules and with bristle tips. Quercus. (56).
20. Pith cylindrical or nearly so; leaves not bristle-
tipped. 21.
21. Leaves with the upper 2 lateral \eins more or less
l)arallel with the midrib. Cornus. (79L
21. Leaves pinnateh" veined to the tip. 22.
22. P)undle scar central; pith S()metinu-> diaphragmed
with lenticular cavities. 23.
22. iJnndle scars 2 or more; pith without lenticular
cavities, 24.
14 Imkll) AIanual
2:^. Leaves truncate or slu)rt-pointed at the base, usually
widest below the middle or somewhat oblong,
glabrous when mature; fruit a large pulpy berry,
very astringent when green. Diospyros. (70).
2o. Leaves pointed at the base, widest above the middle,
lower surface pubescent: fruit a nut-like drupe.
Symplocos. (71).
24. With i^rominent deciduous stipules; bark not resinous.
Cydonia. (24).
24. Without stipules ; bark resinous, aromatic.
Cotinus. (44).
—25—
25. Lateral veins from the midrib straight and parallel or
nearly so; some or' all lateral veins usually ending
in the serrations, teeth or lobes. 20.
2-j. Lateral veins not straight and parallel. 37.
20. Leaves not 2-ranked. 27.
20. Leaves quite regularly 2-ranked. that is with the third
leaf over the first. 30.
27. Pith 3-angled, buds stalked. Alnus. {(>{)).
27. Pith -Vangled, buds not stalked. 28.
27. Pith cylindrical or nearly so. 29.
28. Leaves or their lobes bristle-tipped, or if not bristle-
tipped then the teeth or lobes not sharply acumi-
nate; buds clustered at the tip of the twig; nut in
a cup-like involucre of numerous scales.
Quercus. (56).
28. Leaves with sharply acuminate teeth; buds not clus-
tered at the tip; nuts with a prickly or spiny
involucre. Castanea. (55).
29. L'sually with prominent and typical lateral thorns;
carpels of the pome bony. Crataegus. (26).
29. Without thorns but sometimes 'with thorn-like
stunted branches: leaves irregularly dentate, serrate
or crenate-dentate; sometimes lobed; pome fleshy
without grit cells; carpels papery or leathery.
Malus. (23).
29. Without thorns; leaves serrate or serrate-dentate;
pome berry-like, carpels not bony.
Amelanchier. (25).
1'ki-KS OK Till-: XoKTUKKiV Unitkd Statks 15
■"id. Lca\'(.-s (k"ci(le(ll\- iiK'(|nil;itcr;il al the l)a>c. M .
• {<». Leaves not ineciiiilatoral or only very slij^^htly .so. '■'>-.
■".I. Axillary bud.s prominently stalked; leave> repaiid-
dentate. Hamamelis. (4')).
• tl. Ilnd> sessile; leaves donhly serrate hark not -^calini.;
off in plates. IJlmus. iiH).
■ W. l!nd,> sessile; leaves serate. hark scalint?- otf in i)lates
like in the Sycamore. Planera. (4!»).
•■>2. Lateral veins ending in the large dentations or serra-
tions which are always simple (a vein for eacji). 83.
■V2. Leaves douhly serrate or sometimes siniply serrate,
the lateral veins ending in the main serratif)ns or
teeth but not in the smaller ones, or the veins not
ending in the serrations. -U.
■■{•». Leaves o\ate or ovate-oblong, short- acuminate ; teeth
not with slender i)(~)ints: bark smooth, light gray.
Fagus. ( 54 ) .
■V.\. Leaves ol)h)iig-]anceolate. acuminate, with slender
often in"wardl> curved pcnnts (ui the serrations:
bark rough. Castanea. ('>■)).
• 11. Lateral veins not ending in the serration> or teeth.
Amelanchier. clo).
"U. Lateral veins ending in some of the serrations, teeth
or lobes. M5.
•T). Bark smooth, the trunk and larger branches with
fluted or projecting ridges; leaves acute or acumi-
nate, sharply doubly serrate; nuts small, in a large-
bracted catkhi. Carpinus. (57).
".5. Trunk and larger branche> not with Ihited or i^ro'ect-
ing ridges. -Ifi.
■ U'k l')ark of trunk and larger branches separating into
l^apery <»r leathery sheets; trees or shrubs with
glabrous, pubescent, or glandular warty twigs.
Betula. '•"^'^^;^
3(). Bark of trunk scaly, tine furrriwed; twigs glandular-
bristly; carpellate catkin in fruit appearing like
that of the hop. Ostrya. (5S).
".!>. Hark scaling off in plates like in the Sycamore: fruit
i-oriacertus, nut like. Planera. (II>>
IfS Field Manual
—37—
•"^7. Leaves 2-ranked. 38.
37. Leaves not 2-ranked. 39.
38. Bark of trunk and larger branches separating into
papery or leathery sheets; leaves doubly serrate, the
lateral veins ending in the main serrations, teeth
or lobes. Betula. (59).
38. Bark not in papery or leathery sheets; leaves not
doubly serrate, the lateral veins not ending directly
in the serrations or teeth. Amelanchier. (25).
39. Leaves not with spines. 40.
39. Leaves evergreen, with spine-tipped lobes. Ilex. (36).
4<>. Pith not solid, diaphragmed, with lenticular cavities. 4L
4<». Pith solid but with prominent diaphragms; vascular
bundles 3 in the base of the petiole. Nyssa. (81).
4u. Pith solid, without diaphragms. 42.
41. Leaves oval or obovate, serrate or denticulate,
abruptly acuminate, wedge-shaped at the base, more
or less stellate pubescent beneath; bark of twigs
peeling ofif in slender shreds; fruit 4-winged.
Halesia. (72).
41. Leaves oblong or slightly obovate, acute or acuminate
at both ends, crenate-serrate or repand, short
petioled; twigs of the season and lower surface of
leaves pubescent, not stellate; fruit a nut-like drupe.
Symplocos. (71).
42. Leaves with peltate scales, or resin-dotted, oblanceo-
late or wedge-lanceolate. Myrica. (63).
12. Leaves not peltate scaly, nor resin-dotted. 43.
43. Outer bud scales of winter buds more than 1. 44.
43. Outer bud scale 1; twigs with brittle zones, hence
easily detached and leaving peculiar self-pruning
scars; terminal bud of ripe branches absent; bundle
scars or vascular bundles in base of petiole. 3.
Salix. (65).
44. Pith decidedly 5-angled. 45.
44. Pith cylindrical or nearly so. 46.
45. Bundle scars 3; leaves with gland-tipped teeth, usually
broad-based, usually with 2 prominent glands at
the base of the blade. Populus. (64).
Tri.es of tiik Xokthkkx rMiKii States 17
1"». Bundle soars several, scattered; leaves vvitliout
p^lands; buds clustered at the tip (»f the twij?.
Quercus. (ofi).
1<t. With stipules ov stipular scars. 17.
lii. Without stipules or stipular scars; leaves sour, with
prominent scattered hairs on the midrib beneath;
fruit a capsule. Oxydendrum. (68).
17. With typical lateral thorns; fruit a drupe-like pome
with bon}'' ripe carpels. Crataegus. <26).
-17. Not with typical lateral thorns, but some may have
thorn-like stunted branches. 48.
48. Leaves with 1 or more disc-like, wart-like, or tooth-
like glands on the petiole or at the base of the
blade. 4P.
48. Leaves not with distinct glands on the top of the
petiole nor at the base of the blade, but they may
be glandular-hairy. oO.
W. Twigs green, red, or red and green; nectar glands
disc-like, usually 2-4 near the base at the edge of
the blade; terminal bud present; fruit a velvety
drupe. Amygdalus. (28).
4!>. Glands various; twigs not red and green, some with
cleavage planes in basal joints; terminal bud present
or absent, fruit a smooth drupe. Prunus. (27).
■*nK .\xillary buds usuall}^ superposed; leaves lanceolate or
oblong-lanceolate, tapering towards the short
petiole; fruit a berry-like drupe. Ilex. (3(1).
•'•<•. .A.xillary buds not superposed. 51.
M. Leaves with gland-tipped serrations; terminal bud
absent on ripe twigs or if present then the lateral
veins prominent and nearly parallel and curving
upward at the margin of the leaf: fruit a berry-like
drupe. Rhamnus. CM).
•M. Leaves not with gland-tipped serrations, or if so then
not as above; terminal bud present; fruit a pome. 52.
52. Leaves sharpl}' and regularly serrate, glabrous when
mature, petioles long; jiome with grit cells.
Pyrus. (22).
52. Leaves irregularly dentate or serrate, or more or less
lobed; pome without grit cells. Malus. (28).
18 Field Manual
—53—
■')o. I5a.se of petiole covering the axillar}- bud; twigs with
stipnlar rings. Platanus. (47).
■••".. Axillar}- buds usually eviclcnt; twig> without stijjular
rings. ~)4.
'A. Leaves "i-ranked. b'y.
•')4. Leaves not 2-ranked. <»'».
•V). Leaves entire, round-heart-shaped. Cercis. (29).
')'>. Leaves serrate, dentate, or lobed. 56.
5(i. I'ith usually in transverse plates; leaves ovate-lance-
olate, inequilateral, taper-pointed. Celtis. (50).
5(1. IMth solid, not diaphragmed. 57.
57. With milky sap. 58.
57. Without milky sap. 59.
5S. Twigs gray or browni glabrous or nearly so; leaves
pubescent or glabrous beneath. Morus. (51).
5S. Twigs grayish-green, downy; leaves tomentose be-
neath. Papyrius. (5:)).
59. Leaves not ine(|uilateral; vascular bundles in base of
petiole 3. Betula. (59).
59. Leaves inequilateral at the base; vascular bundlo in
base of petiole several, scattered. Tilia. (20).
(><'. Leaves more or less star-shaped, with 3-7 long pointed
serrate lobes, strongly aromatic when crushed; pith
5-angled. Liquidambar. (46).
lid. Leaves entire or three-lobed, bark spicy-aromatic; in-
ternodes very unecjual. Sassafras. (10).
f.o. Leaves crenate. .>errate, dentate, or lobcd. not star-
shaped and not spic^^-aromatic. (il.
lil. Pith 5-angled; trees usually with roinou.^ l)uds;
leaves usually broad based. Populus. ((i4).
(il. Pith cylindrical or nearly so; usually with prominent
typical thorns. Crataegeus. (2(i).
—62—
62. Pith diaphragmed, with cavities; large trees with pin-
nate leaves. Juglans. (62).
(i2. Pith not diaphragmed. 63.
63. Leaves trifoliate, odd-pinnate or odd-bipinnate. 64.
Tkkks ok ink \(»i<riiKKX I'mikh Spaiks !!•
• )•".. Leaves evcnl_\- piiinad- or hipinnate : axillary hud-
superposed. 7.1.
fil. Lobes or teeth at the hase of the leaflets with promi-
nent ^reeii inlands beneath; leaves pinnate, very
large with disagreeable odor. Ailanthus. (1!)).
(>4. Lobes or teeth if present without green glands. (Jo.
()•'). LeaHets glandular ])unetate; i)ith not ."(-angled; small
trees or .^hrubs. <><I.
li-V LeaHets not punctate. 07.
fill. Leaves pinnate, with stii)ular ■^piuc•>.
Zanthoxylum. (17).
(i(i. Leaves tritloliate, without stipular s])ines; bark with
disagreeable odor; axillary bufl> sui^erposcd. cov-
ered by the petiole base. Ptelea. (IS).
ii7. L.ase of petiole covering the axillary buds, or if not,
the petioles and stems prickly; some times with
stipular spines. ()8.
• i7. llase of petiole not covering the axillary buds; not
spiny or prickly. 7('.
^ii<. Leaflets entire. (>!•.
()S. Leaflets serrate or dentate, simply pinnate; pith very
large; bark resinous or milky. Rhus. (42).
fiS. Leaves serrate; bipinnate, petioles and stems prickly.
Aralia. (7S).
C)9. Leaflets mucronate, usually <)btuse; with stipular
spines; base of petiole solid. Robinia. ('A'\).
CtU. Leaflets abruptl}^ acute; without stipular spines ; base
of petiole covering the buds like a cap.
Cladrastis. {'V2).
7". Lcaflet.s entire or if occasionally few-t(^othed then
the rachis prominently winged. 71.
7ii. Leaflets serrate, dentate, or lobed. the rachis not
winged. ~'2.
7L Leaflets decidedly ine(|uilateral, obliquel}- lanceolate
or falcate, acuminate. Sapindus. (.'?8).
71. Leaflets not ine(|ui!ateral or only slightly so. not
slender falcate, the rachis winged; twigs pul)esce!U.
Rhus. (IJ).
71. Leaflets not ine(iuilateral or only .slightl>- so; not
slender f.alcate; rachis not winged; twigs glabrous.
Toxicodendron. (48)
20 Field Manual
7J. I'ith 't-aiigled; stipules none, base of petiole with nu-
merous vascular bundles, scattered or in 3 areas.
Hicoria. (61).
72. Pith not o-angled; stipules none; leaflets more or less
lobed; vascular bundles in base of petiole scattered:
terminal bud absent. Koelreuteria. (39).
72. Pith cylindrical or nearly so; leaves with stipules;
vascular bundles in base of petiole 3-5. Sorbus. (21).
73. Pith small; base of petiole covering the axillary buds;
usually with prominent thorns. Gleditsia. (30).
7:». Pith very large, base of petiole not covering the
axillar}' buds; without thorns. Gymnocladus. (31)
—74—
74. Leaves simple. 78.
74. Leaves compound. 7-5.
75. Leaves digitate with 5 or more leaflets. Aesculus. (40).
75. Leaves trifoliate or pinnate. 76.
7(1. Base of petiole covering the axillary buds; leaflets
dentate, lobed, or nearly entire. Acer. (41-).
76. Rase of petiole not covering the axillary buds. 77.
77. Leaves trifoliate; bark with strong odor; terminal
bud self-pruned. Staphylea. (37).
77. Leaflets 5-13; terminal bud present. Fraxinus. (74).
78. Leaves pinnately veined. 82.
78. Leaves palmately veined or at least with 2 promineiit
side ribs from the base. 79.
79. Leaves entire or if somewhat 3-lobe(l with entire
margin. 80.
7!>. Leaves serrate, crenate, dentate or variously lobed. 81.
SO. Pith diaphragmed, or with large cavities; petioles
usually hollow; axillary buds super[)osed.
Paulownia. (76).
80. Pith and petioles solid; axillary buds not superposed;
under side of leaves with glands in the axils of the
larger veins. Catalpa. (77).
Si. Leaves more or less lobed; fruit a 2-winged samara.
Acer. (41).
81. Leaves not lobed; fruit a drupe. Rhamnus. (34).
82. Leaves serrate, dentate, crenate, or variously lobed. 83.
'IkKKS ()!■ I 111-* XoKIIIKkN' I'MTIil) StATKS 21
S2. Lca\ c> entire. S.'..
>'.">. I5ark nf ripe twigs i^reeii, l)uii(lle scar <jr xasenlar
hundk' in base of i:)ctiok' I : j)ith rhombic.
Euonymus. (.!.■)).
8."). l)ark of ripe twii^s .i^ra}', bmwn, or red; i)illi cylin-
drical or nearly so. 84.
84. Axillary buds sometimes superposed; leaves tinely
denticulate; twii^s litrJit brown, sometimes thorny:
drupe narrowly oblong-. Forestiera. (To).
84. A.xillary buds not superposed; twigs not 4-angled,
brown; llt)wers epigynous; fruit a fleshy drupe;
vascular bundles in the base of the petiole •».
Viburnum. (8:{).
84. Axillary buds not superposed; lea\es serrate with
stipules, small; bundle scar central; twigs Ijrown.
sometimes with thorns; shrub-like trees with
drupe-like berries. Rhamnus. (-"U).
8.V Leaves coriaceous, evergreen, hence on wood f)f tlu'
previous season. Kalmia. (67).
8."). Leaves deciduous each j-ear. i^6.
80. Leaves with the two outer lateral veins more or less
parallel with the midrib. 87.
HG. Leaves i)innately veined to the tip. 88.
87. Axillary buds not covered by the petiole base; inflo-
rescence cymose. Cornus. (70).
87. Axillary buds minute, hidden by the ])etiole base;
flowers ill involucrate heads. Cynoxylon, (8(t).
88. Stipules none; fruit an oblong drupe.
Chionanthus. (7:'.).
88. Stipules ])resent ;. fruit dr>-. in a head.
Cephalanthus. (SJ).
f
KEY TO THE GENERA OF TREES IN THE
WINTER CONDITION.
r>aso(l mainly t>n twig and stem characters. The num-
ber following the generic name refers to the list number.
1. I^\)liage leaves persistent and usually e\ergr(.'en. 1.
1. h'oliage leaves deciduous each year. 11.
1. h'oliage leaves needle-shaped, subulate, narrowly
linear, or scale-like; conifers. •!.
'1. h'oliage leaves with expanded blades, netted veined. 8.
■>. With dwarf branches, each bearing "i-o foliage leaves.
Pinus. (7).
.■». Without true dwarf branches. 1.
4. Leaf buds scaly. •').
1. Leaf buds not scaly, naked. 7.
•">. Leaf scar not on a sterigma. i)r()minent. circular:
leaves flat. Abies, (o).
•'•. Leaf scar on a sterigma, the base of the leaf remaining
as a scale on the twig. (i.
<>. Leaves Mat, those on the upper side of the twig much
shorter than the lateral ones. Tsuga. (1).
(!. Leaves more (U- less 4-side(l, si)reading in all direc-
tions. Picea. (.■)).
7. ]^\)liage leaves small, scale-like. a])presse(l, upijosite, 4-
ranked, closely covering the twigs which are de-
cidedly flattened and fan-like; leaves of two shai)e>.
the dorsal and ventral broader and less acute than
the lateral ones; scales of the carpellate cone not
peltate. Thuja. (8).
7. Foliage lea\e> small, scale-like, appressed, opposite.
4-ranked, usually much elongated, on somewhat
flattened branches; scales of the carpellate cone 4-(>,
the two upper fertile, not peltate. Libocedrus. ( 1>).
7. Foliage leaves small, scale-like, appressed. opposite.
4-ranked, closely covering the slightly flattened
twigs which are not very fan-like; leaves nearly or
(|uite similar; scales of the carpellate coue peltate.
Chamaecyparis. ( l(i).
(22 )
TkkKS ()!• TIIK XoKTHKKN UnITED STyVTJEii-. J 2'\
7. I'"(»lia!4c leaves of two types. >ralc-like and ^uhulaie.
opposite or in throes; tin- scale-like leaves l-ranked.
apprcsscd. causing the t\\it;s to ajipear quad-
rang-uiar, the subulate leaves spreading; one or both
tj'pes of leaves on a plant; carpellate cone develoj)-
ing into a bluish-black, berry-like fruit.
Juniperus. i 1 1 i.
s. Lea\e> with spine-tipped lobes or teeth. Ilex. (.36).
S. Leaves without s])incs. !).
!>. Leaves pubescent at least below, lanceolate, niucro-
nate, not evergreen; buds clustered at the tip of the
twig; trees with o-angled pith. Quercus. (on).
!». Leaves glabrous below; pith not o-angled. 10.
10. Leaves green on both sides, thick, coriaceous, oblong
to oblanceolate, o-lO in. long; winter buds very
scaly. Rhododendron. (60).
1". Leaves green on both sides or glaucous beneath,
coriaceous, 2-o in. long, oval to oval-lanceolate;
w'iuter buds naked; erect shrubs. Kalmia. (67).
i<>. Leaves bright green above, paler beneath, coriaceous,
l-o in. long, pointed at both ends; bark aromatic.
Persea. (15).
—11—
11. Twigs with thick wart-like dwarf branches; gynino>-
l)erms. ]2.
11. Twigs withcnit true dwarf branches. I").
12. Young twigs covered with scales. Larix. (<i).
!2. Twigs without scales. Ginkgo. (1).
l-'». Twigs with numerous small scattered self-pruning
scars, without apjiarent leaf scars but with minute
dry scale leavi-s. with feather-like dwarf branches,
some usually remaining in winter; foliage leaves
s])rea(ling into two rank.s; roots often with knees';
a conifer. Taxodium. (2).
LI. Twigs with evident leaf scars and lateral winter buiN.
n.
14. Leaf scars alternate, lo.
14. Leaf scars opposite or whorled. 72.
IV Twigs with distinct and complete stii)ular ridges or
rings at the leaf node< Ul
24 Field Manual
1-J. Twig- without complete stipular rings. 18.
Hi. Leaf scar surroundinii: the axillary hnd, terminal bud
self-pruned; wood with pr<iniinent nu'diillary rays.
Plantanus. (47\
lt>. Leaf scar not snrroundiii.u the a.xillary hud, terminal
hud not self-pruned; huds enclosed in the large
connate stipules. 17.
li. r.U(L glabrous; twigs brown; pith diaphragmed; leaf
scars oval or circular; hark spicy-aromatic.
Liriodendron. {1:{).
17. r.uds downy, or if glabrous then the twigs red; pith
with or without diaphragms; leaf scars U-shaped,
oval, or circular: bark usuall}- aromatic.
Magnolia, (li)
18. With thorn.N. prickles, or spines; or with spur-like
branches ending in thorns. 1!».
18. Without thorns, prickles or spines, but .some may have
thorn-like stunted branches. 'lil.
1!'. With stipular spines, a ])air for each leaf scar. 2li.
19. Twigs with • typical lateral thorns, without terminal
thorns. 21.
19. With thorns at the ends of branches or with spur-like
branches ending in thorns, and in additifm axillary
thorns may be present. 22.
19. Stems or twigs with prickles; leaf scar extending
nearly around the stem, with about 20 bundle scars;
pith large. Aralia. (78).
20. Leaf scar covering the two or more superposed
axillary buds. Robinia. (88).
20. Leaf scar below the axillary buds; buds reddish,
pubescent. Zanthoxylum. (17).
21. . With thorns beside the axillar}- buds; normally one
for each leaf axil, becoming gradually smaller
toward the tip of the twig, terminal bud absent.
Toxylon. (^52)
21. 'riiorns axillary, large, rarely branched except on the
main trunk; usually with two lateral buds at the
base W'hich may develop as twigs; numerous axils
without thorns. Crataegus. (20).
Trfks ok thk Northkun L^nitkii Statks 2->
21. 'riionis coinmoiily l)r;inched, situjited above the axil
of tlic leaf; leaf scar coveriii<y the two or mc:)re
superposed axillary buds; twigs prdished, often
zigzag. Gleditsia. (30).
22. Not with three distinct bundle scars. 23.
22. With three bundle scars. 24.
28. Buds and twigs glabrous or nearly so; with few
thorns. Rhamnus. (34).
23. P>uds and .sometimes twig> pubescent or downy;
thorns i)r(^minent. Bumelia. ((W).
24. Terniinal bud self-pruned; twigs s(^nie shade of black.
brown, or reddish. Prunus. (27).
24. Terminal bud present. 2o.
2o. Ruds conical, pungent, pubescent, tw'igs glabrous or
ncarl}' so, mostly yellow-olive; trees with erect
growth, the branches not spreading as in most of
the apples. Pyrus. (22).
2o. Huds downy or pubescent, twigs usually pubescent, if
glabrous then dark reddish-brown; trees with
rounded crowns and si)reading branches.
Malus. (23).
—26—
2(1. Leaf scar.^ (|uite regularly 2-ranked. that is with ilie
third scar over the first. 27.
2(). Leaf scars not 2-ranked. 38.
27. T-lundle scar I; visible 1)U(1 scale.-- 2; l\\ig> brown;
pith >onietime.- with cavities. Diospyros. (7(»).
27. Bundle scars -■). -VI.
27. Bundle scars more than :>. usually scattered. 2S.
25. rith diaphragnied. -olid; bundle scars 5-7; bark with
fetid odor; terminal bud elongated, naked, silky;
stipnlar .scar> none. Asimina. (11).
28. l*ilh not (li;ii)hragme(l ; bark not with fetid odor. 2!».
29. With very prominent medullary ray>. •'><>.
29. Medullar}' rays inconspicuous. 3].
30. Winter buds usually long-p<iinted. with se\eral \>>
numerous dr\' scales. Fagus. (-M).
3<i. Winter buds rather lleshy. u-nally with 1-.". visible
■ scale> Tilia. (2!»).
D. M. MILL LIBRAf^Y
North Carotin* State Cotlec«
'Jii hiKi.i) Mam Ai.
■U. I'itli •■)-angie(l. twigs glabrous or si mu-w luit pubes-
cent, reddish or yellowish-brown. Castanea. (oO).
■U. Pith cylindrical; visible bud scales more than 8;
twigs glabrous or pubescent but not downy.
Morus. (51).
81. Pith cylindrical; visible bud scales 1-8, twigs downy.
grayish-green, bark very fibrous. Papyrius. (o:*, ).
8-2. Pith interruptedly diaphragnied. with cavities, small,
greenish-white. Celtis. (oil).
V2.
Pith solid.
88.
V>.
Terminal
bud
])rominei
ntly
naked, elongated, tomentose; buds
stalked, light gray; twigs zigzag.
Hamamelis. (l', ).
■ V-^. Terminal bud absent, the twig showing a terminal
self-pruning- scar at the morphological tip; or ii'
present then with scales; buds, not stalked. -U.
84. Terminal bud present, long pointed; leaf scar narrow
contracted between the bundle scars.
Amelanchier. ( 25 ) .
84. Terminal bud absent, or if present then the leaf scar
oval or semicircular. 85.
85. Twigs dark reddish-brown, speckled, often zigzag;
buds reddish-violet, often superposed or clustered;
leaf scars not oblique but below the lateral bud.
Cercis. (2!)).
85. Twigs dark brown, not speckled; buds not su])eri)ose(l ;
leaf scars oblique. 8(1.
8(3. Bark smooth, trunk and large branches with peculiar
fluted or projecting ridges; bud scales brown,
finely pubescent; staminate catkins in the bud in
winter. Carpinus. (57).
8(i. Trunk not with fluted or projecting ridges. 87.
■'•7. Piark of trunk scaling off like in the Sycamore; twigs
very slender; no catkin*;. Planera. (4!)).
•■)7. P)ark in rough ridges; no catkins; twigs and bud> in
most cases pubescent; some si)ecies with character-
istic transverse self-])runing scars on the twigs,
others with corky ridges. Ulmus. (4S).
Trkks ()I- thk N'oKTiiKkN Unitki) States 27
• 17. r.ark scaly. liiu-Uirrow cd, ihc furrows usually sonif-
wliat >])iral: bud scales «^recu with brown tips,
marly .glabrous; twigs glandular-bristly; staminatc
catkins cxi)()scd in winter. Ostrya. (.^S).
;!7. r.ark <>{ trunk and larger branclu's sc])arating into
l)aiH-ry nr leathery sheets; catkins in winter.
Betula. (59).
—38—
• ?S. With - i»r more >u])eri)()scd axillary buds: all excei)t
1 ma\- be ver}- small. •>!>.
• is. .\xillary buds single or 2 or mnvv side by side; not
superposed. 4(1.
■^!'. I'ith diai)hragmed. with air ca\itie>. h>.
■'!*. rith (liaphragmed but solid: bundle scars •"{; stipular
scars none. Nyssa. (Si ).
:!l». I'ith n..i diaphragmed. >olid. il.
I<». rith large, brown: twigs thick, with large leaf scars
and '] jiromincnt bundle scars. Juglans. (62).
hi. rith rather >mall. white or greenish; leaf scars semi-
circular; outer bud scales about 2. Halesia. (72).
11. r.uds partly sunken, hardly projecting beyond the sur-
face; terminal bud self-i)runed (^r tips of branches
withering. 42.
41. Iluds not sunken in the epidermis. h">.
42. Leaf soar not surrounding tlu' axillary buds: pith
large, chocolate-colored; twigs robust. i)olishe(l.
mottled white and i)nrplish-br. .w n.
Gymnocladus. i '.! )
12. Leaf sc.ir surrounding the axillary buds. (|uadran-
gular I'-shaped; bark with i)migent odor: pith
white. Ptelea. ( IS).
42. Leaf scar covering the axillary buds; i)ith small: twigs
brown, polished, often zigzag. Gleditsia. (.Id).
I-'!. I'ith e>Iindrical or nearly so. 11.
I"'. I'lth m-iic i.r less o-angled. yellowish or brownish;
lermin.il bud large; bundle scars scattered; trees
with tom^h twigs. Hicoria. (til).
28 Field Manual
44. Leaf scar surrounding the hairy axillary buds; bundle
scars 5-9; terminal bud self-pruned.
• Cladrastis. (32).
44. Leaf scar not s'urrounding the axillary buds. 45.
45. Bundle scars 3; buds spherical, bark light gray; leaf
scars heart-shaped; stipular scars none.
Sapindus. (38).
45. Bundle scar usually L buds rounded or somewhat
pointed; stipular scars or minute stipules present.
Ilex. (36).
—46—
46. Terminal and lateral buds stalked; pith 3-angled; both
staminate and carpellate catkins present all winter.
Alnus. (60).
4<i. 15uds sessile or nearly su; pith not 3-anglcd. 47. '
47. Leaf scars surrounding the axillary buds which are
usually sunken; terminal bud self-pruned; bark
resinous; pith large. Rhus. (42).
47. Leaf scars not surrounding the axillary buds. 4S.
!S. Bundle scar 1, or if several then closely crowded and
confluent, appearing as L 49.
48. Bundle scars more than 1. 54.
I!'. Stipular scars and stipules present. 50.
l!'. Stipular scars and stipules none. 51.
50. Terminal bud absent; bud scales dark brown or
black. Rhamnus. (34).
5(t. Trrminal bud i)resent; stipuli.'> minute iiMially ])er-
si stent. Ilex. (.■><;).
51. Terminal bud i)rcsent. 52.
51. Terminal bud absent. 53.
52. Pith diaphragmed, with cavities; bark reddish; outer
bud scales several, short. Symplocos. (71).
52. Pith not diaphragmed; bark green, very spicy aro-
matic; internodes very unequal. Sassafras. (16).
■i'\. With polished, greenish-brown, grayish-yellow, or red
twigs; bark sour; leaf scar prominent, semi-oval,
with a dark central scar usually in the form of a
ring; buds small, not projecting much beyond the
epidermis; the large terminal panicled raceme with
capsules persisting all winter. Oxydendrum. (68).
Trees of the Northern United States 20
■'>■!. With 2 visible scales in the triangular flattened bud;
pith sometimes \vith cavities; twigs pubescent, zig-
zag at the tip. Diospyros. (70).
—54—
o4. Outer bud scales more than 1. 5-j.
•")4. Outer bud scale 1; twigs usually with brittle zones
and hence very easih' detached; stipular scars
present; bundle scars 3; pith small. Salix. (65).
55. Pith diaphragmed but solid; bundle scars 3; no stip-
ular scars. Nyssa. (81).
55. Pith not diaphragmed. 56.
5G. Pith more or less 5-angled. 57.
56. Pith cylindrical or nearly so. 61.
57. P)uds clustered at the tip of the twig; bundle scars
numerous, scattered. Quercus. (56).
57. Buds not clustered at the tip. 58.
58. Bundle scars numerous usually scattered. 59.
58. Bundle scars 3. 60.
59. Buds small with about 3 outer scales; twigs reddish
or yellowish-brown, glabrous or pubescent; ter-
minal bud present or absent; stipular scars promi-
nent. Castanea. (55).
59. Terminal bud large wath 4 or more visible scales, hairy
or peltate pubescent; lateral buds usually super-
posed; twigs tough. Hicoria. (61).
fiO. Without stipular or self-pruning scars; crushed buds
fragrant, aromatic, not resinous, glabrous.
Liquidambar. (46).
(in. Stipular and self-pruning scars present; crushed buds
not fragrant though they may have a resinous odor,
resinous or if only slightly so then the twigs pubes-
cent or tomentose. Populus. (64).
fil. Pith very large, light brown, bark not resinous, ill-
smelling; buds spherical or flattened at the apex,
often clustered at the tip of the twig, brown and
pubescent; bundle scars about 9 along the lower
edge of the very largo leaf scar; large trees.
Ailanthus. (19).
61. T'ith small, or if large an<I I)r..\\n thi-n tli<' b.irk
resinous. 62.
■■^" Field Manual
(iJ. IJark with a resinoius or sticky milky sap; pith usually
large, if rather small then the bark aromatic. 63.
• ijl. IJark not resinous. (i4.
H;5. lUids clustered at the tip of the twig; bark spicy-
fragrant to the smell; base of petiole prominent
with several bundle scars; fruiting panicles
plumose. Cotinus. (44).
<)8. Buds not clustered at the tip; bark often very poison-
ous to the touch; leaf scar partly surrounding the
bud; small trees or shrubs. Toxicodendron. (43).
64. Terminal bud absent. 6o.
(i4. Terminal bud present. 08.
<io. Stipules or stipular scars absent uv indistinct. (it».
d."). Stipules or stipular scars present. 67.
6(i. Buds clustered at the tip of the twig; young twigs
glandular dotted. Myrica. (63).
i)(h Buds not clustered at the tip; twigs not glandular:
bundle scars 3. Prunus, (27).
<i<i. Buds not clustered at the tip; twigs not glandular:
bundle scars numerous; outer bud scales 2.
Koelreuteria. (39).
()7. Buds and twigs vt^vy downy, twigs dark brown or
black. Cydonia. '(24).
67. Buds downy or pubescent; twigs glabrous or pubes-
cent, gray or brown. Rhamnus. (34).
(iS. Twigs green or yellowish-green, glabrous; internodes
very unequal; lateral buds minute; small trees.
Cornus. (7!»).
lis. Twig> normally red aboxe and green beneath,
glabrous: bark very bitter: some axils with 2 or 3
hairy buds of nearly equal size: trees.
Amygdalus. (28).
(iS. Twigs not green or red and green unless the plants
are low shrubs, but gray, brown, black, or reddish.
60.
<i!t. Bundle scars o or more in the broad U-shaped leaf
scar; tips of the buds quite downy: small trees.
Sorbus. (21)
69. Bundle scars 3. 70.
"'•. Buds rounded at the apex, often clustered at the tip
of the twig: twigs glandular dnttcfl. Myrica. (63).
I l<KI',> III- Mil XdK I II l-.K\ IMlKh .S I \ ll-.> :'»l
7<i. liiuls rt)uiulc(l at I lie apex; -calcs thick; twii^.^ often
zigzag; plant usually with sonic thorns, not gland-
ular (lotted. Crataegus. (2()).
Til. r>U(l> pointed; jdants sometimes with thorn-like
stunted branches, not glandular dotted. 71.
71. lUids glabrous or slightly pubescent; twigs usually
glabrous and slender, some shade of black, brown,
or reddish, often with 2 or '\ axillar}^ buds; some
with self-pruning scars. Prunus. (27).
71. liuds downy or strongly pubescent, conical, pungent;
twigs glabrous, mostly yellow-olive; trees with
erect growth, the branches not spreading as in most
of the apples. Pynis. (22).
71. hmis downy or strongly pubescent; twigs strongly
pubescent or if glabrous then dark reddish-brown;
trees with rounded or spreading crowns.
Malus. (2?.)
71. Buds and twigs very pubescent; terminal bud with
long spreading scales; shrubs or small trees with
globose berry-like drupes containing 2-4 stones.
Rhamnus. ( :^4 )
—72—
lUindle scars 1, or several closely united in a curved
line, appearing as 1. 74.
I)undle scars more than 1 but not in an ellipse or
ring. 78.
llundle scars numerous, in an elipse or ring; buds
small and flat or su[)erposed. pith large. ~'-\
Pith with ca\ities or more or less diaphragmed; axil-
lary buds superposed. Paulownia. (7(!).
I'itlr solid; axillary buds small and flat, not super-
posed, leaf scars often in threes. Catalpa. (77).
Twigs very green, more or less 4-angK'(l; piiii dia-
mond-shaped or rhomboidal. Euonymus. {X)).
Twigs not green when ripe but gray, brown or red.
--ometiiues l-angled; pith cylindrical or nearly so.
( •).
Terniiiial bud absent, the twig usually ending in a
thorn. Rhamnus. (.U).
Terminal bud present unle.-^> the twig is fruiting. 7t).
■IL' I- III. I. M WIAI.
7(». .\.\ill;ir\- 1)U(1> often sui)erp<>sc(l ; twigs often with
tli.)rn>; leaf scars small. Forestiera. (75).
7(1. .\xillary buds not superposed; no thorns on the twigs;
leaf scars rather large. 77.
77. Twigs and buds pubescent; lateral buds cylindrical or
hemispherical: bud scales dry; leaf scar concave, on
the short petiole base; lenticels large and con-
spicuous; fruit a drupe. Chionanthus. (78).
77. Iluds rough or pubescent; twigs glabrous or pubes-
cent, sometimes 4-angled; lateral buds somewhat
riattened. obtuse; bud scales rather dry; leaf scar
close^ to the bark; lenticels not large; fruit a
samara. Fraxinus. (74).
77. Axillary buds minute and sunken; twigs glaljrous or
pubescent; stipules dry, prominent; or with promi-
nent stipular scars. Cephalanthus. (82).
7n With 4 distinct stipular scars; terminal bud self-
pruned; twigs green -with strong odor.
Staphylea. (37).
7S. Without definite stipular scars; twags not green or if
so then the terminal bud present. 79.
7!». Trees or shrubs with numerous bundle scars, some-
times in 3 areas, in a large heart-shaped leaf scar;
pith rather large; terminal bud large, with nu-
merous scales. Aesculus. (40).
71). P)undle scars 3 or sometimes 5. 80.
80. Terminal bud with 2 long acuminate inibescent outer
scales; line connecting the uppermost leaf scars
notched. 81.
so. Terminal bud with one main ])air of \isij)le scales and
a smaller pair at the base. Viburnum. (83).
80. Terminal bud with several pairs of visible scales;
bundle scars 3-5; twigs sometimes green.
Acer. (41).
■■^'1. .\\illary buds usually minute and undeveloped ex-
cept at the base of the peduncle which is self-
pruned; twigs green or reddish-green, glabrous or
nearly so. Cynoxylon. (80).
>^\. Axillary buds normally well developed and prominent;
twigs often very pubescent. Cornus. (79).
GENERAL KEY TO THE FAMILIES AND GENERA.
Baserl on the tlower and other characters present at
the time of blooming. The number following the generic
name refers to the list number.
I. Ovules naked on an open carpel; pollen falling di-
rectly on the micropyle of the ovule which is
without a pollen-chamber; trees or shrubs; ours
usually evergreen with narrow leaves; monecious,
rare]}' diecious. 2.
1. 0\ules in a closed carpel or set of cari)els provided
with a stigma for the reception of the i)ollen;
flowers more commonly- showy. 4.
2. Leaves fanshaped, dichotomously veined, on thick
wart-like dwarf branches; diecious trees.
GiNKGOACEAE.
a. Ginkgo. (1).
2. Leaves not fanshaped and dichotomously veined, but
n.eedle-shaped. narrowl}^ linear, subulate or scale-
like. '3.
."5. Leaf buds naked; carpels few. spiral; leaves on
feather-like dwarf branches which are deciduous.
TaxOIX ACEAE.
:i. Taxodium. (2).
• ». Leaf-buds naked; car])els few. opposite, sometimes
forming a black or blue berry-like fruit; leaves
opposite or whorled, rarely scattered, persistent
JUNIPERACEAE.
a. Carpellate cones oblong, the scales not peltate, b.
a. Carjiellate cones globose or nearly so. the scales
peltate, or forming a bluish berry-like fruit, c.
1). Cone scales (i-ln. the \ upper fertile. Thuja. (S).
b. Cone scales 4-<!. the 2 ni)i)er fertile.
Libocedrus. (!)).
c. Cone with dr}- pt-ltate scales; ovules usually 2.
Chamaecyparis. (l<i).
(:j:5)
■U I'll- I.I. Mantai.
c. Couv hrconiinj^ hliu' ;uul llcshy; twigs not flat-
tened; loaves or sonic of tliem often subulate.
Juniperus. (11).
• !. Leaf-buds scaly; carpels usually numerous; leaves
spirally arranged, the foliage leaves often situated
on dwarf branches. Pinaceae.
a. Without dwarf branches, b.
a. With dwarf branches, d.
b. Leaf scar on a stcrignia, the twigs covered with
scales representing the leaf bases, c.
1). Leaf scar on the bark; twigs without scales;
leaves usually flat; carpellate cones erect.
Abies. (V).
c. Leaves more or less 4-sided, spreading in all di-
rections; carpellate cones pendulous. Picea. (3).
c. Leaves flat, those on the upper side of the twig
much shorter than the lateral ones; carpellate
cones small, pendulous. Tsuga. (4).
d. T^eaves deciduous, nunicrous mi thick. Avart-like
dwarf branches. Larix. (0).
d. Leaves needle-shaped, persistent. 2-7 on small
self-pruned dwarf branches. Pinus. (7).
I. Leaxes mostly i)arallel-veined, sometimes netted-
veined; ])arts of the Howler very often in threes
(trimerous); cotyledon L the closed vascular
bundles scattered through the pith, usually not in
a circle; no annual rings of growth. No trees in
our region. AIonocotvlae.
4. Leaves usually netted-veined; parts of the tlovver
more commonly in fives (pentamerous) or fours
(tetramerous) ; cotyledons usually 2; vascular
bundles usually in a circle around a central pith,
forming annual rings of growth in perennial steins,
witli bark on tlie outside. •'•.-
Trees ok the Northern United States 3o
:,. DICOTYLAE.
I'crinatli noii..' or (.1 similar segments or divided into
calyx and corolla; corolla when present chori-
petalous (petals distinct), sepals, petals and stamens
sometimes on a disk or hypantbium. G.
i*crinalli comijosed of calyx and corolla, calyx may be
niinntc or sn])prcssed; corolla sympetalous (petals
more or Ics> nnited). -V-K
Calyx and corolla l)otli i)rcsciit. calyx may be mintitc.
I .
Only the calyx i)rcsent, sepals distinct or nnited.
.s^n-een or colored; or perianth none. 25.
h'lowers hypogynous or perigynous; ovulary free or
only slightly adherent to the perigynous disk or
hypanthinm. 8.
Flowers epigynons or apparently epigynous; calyx
above the ovulary, with or without an hypan-
thinm. 24.
Stamens numerous, at least more than 10 and more
than twice the petals. 9.
Stamens not more than twice as many as the petals,
when of just the number as the petals then alter-
nate with them. 12.
Stamens of the same number as the petals and op-
posite them; ovulary 2-5-locular, calyx 4-5-cleft.
valvate in llie bud; iietals involute; fruit a drupe
or capsule; shrubs, small trees, or vines with sim-
ple leaves. Rh.nmn.xce.xk.
a. Rhamnus, CM).
Carpels 1 or more, united, but >lyle> and stigmas
may be several. 1<».
Carpels more than 1. district; hlamcnts shorter than
the anthers; i)erianth trimerous; leaves 2-raid<ed.
Anonaceae,
a. Asimina. (14).
Carpels numerous spirally .irvanged and cohering
over each other. formiuL; an aggregate cone-like
fruit; trees; >epals and petals in threes ; twigs
with stifynlar ring>. M AfiNoi.iACKAi;.
'Mi I'IKLl) MamAI.
a. AmluTs introrso; leaves ii<>t truncal^.
Magnolia. (12).
a. Antlu-rs oxtrorse: leaves truncate.
Liriodendron. (i:i).
1<|. (Jvulary compound, plurilocular. 11.
1<'. Ovulary unilocular, •2-ovuled; leaves usually with disk-
like or tooth-like glands on the petiole or at the
base of the blade. Rosaceae. ( Amygdalatae).
a. Young ovulary and drupe glabrous. Prunus. (27).
a. Young ovulary and drupe velvety-pubescent.
Amygdalus. (28).
11. I^'lower cluster subtended by a large, membranous
bract; calyx deciduous; leaves alternate. 2-ranked;
sai) mucilaginous. Tiliaceae.
a. Tilia. (20).
il. Mowers not subtended by a membranous bract; leaves
alternate with deciduous stipules; sepals per-
sistent. Rosaceae. (Malatae).
See 24 below.
12. Ovulary only 1, carpels 1 to many, united. 1").
12. Carpels 2 or more, distinct, or somewhat united at
the base. 13.
10. Leaves compound. 11.
1-S. Shrubs or trees with alternate simple leaves. Hama-
MELIDACEAE.
a. Ovules 1 in each cavity; leaves ine(|uilateral. not
star-shaped. Hamamelis. (4-')).
a. Ovules several in each cavity, fruit globular,
spiny. Liquidambar. (4(1).
11. Leaves punctuate with pellucid dots, alternate.
Rl'TACEAE.
a. Zanthoxylum. (17).
14. Leaves large, pinnate, alternate, not punctuate but with
disc-like glands under the teeth or lobes. Sima-
RURACEAE.
a. Ailanthus. (19).
1'». ("arpel 1, ovulary with 1 parietal placenta; leaves
alternate. usua11\- witli ^tipule<. \isually cnmpounrl
P' A RACE A K.
Trees of the Xorthekx I'xitkd States •""57
A. Upper petal inclosed by the lateral ones in the
bud; leaves simple or compound mostly with
stipules. Cassiatae.
a. Leaves simple, llowers l)isporan.u:iate.
Cercis. (20).
a. Leaves compound, tknvcrs diecious (jr imper-
fecta^ diecious'. b.
b. Stamens 3-5; pitli small; usually with
thorns. Gleditsia. (:'.<•).
b. Stamens 10; pitli lar.cfc, chocolate-colored;
without thorns. Gymnocladus. CM).
B. Upper petal inclosing the lateral ones in the bud;
leaves compound (sometimes with 1 leaflet)
with stipules. Faratae.
a. Without stipular spines; leaflets large. 3-6 in.
long; base of peti<^lc covering the axillary
buds like a cap. Cladrastis. ('A-1).
a. With stipular spines; leaflets small. 1-2 in.
long; base of petiole not covering the
axillary' buds like a cap, but solid.
Robinia. (:«).
1'). Carpels more than 1 as shown b}- the C(nnpound
ovulary, cavities, placentae, styles, or stigmas. 16.
1(». Ovulary 2-locular to pluriocular. 17.
l(i. Ovulary 1-locular, ovules solitary, stigmas '■^\ shrubs
or trees with resinous or milky sap and alternate
leaves without stipules. ANArARDiACEAE.
a. Leaves compound; style terminal, b.
a. Leaves simple: style lateral. Cotinus. (44)
1). F^etiole base covering the axillary buds, or if not
then the rachis wing-margi)ied; not poisonous.
Rhus. (42).
b. I'etinlc base not completely covering the axillary
buds, the rachis not wing-margined; poisonous
tn the touch; glabrous; leaflets entire.
Toxicodendron. (I'.)
17. I'Imw-.ts reguhir or nearly so. h"^.
17. I'M'nvers irregular; <hrubs or trees with oppo.->ite
digitite leaxe-: .>\n!arv •■>-h>ctilar. .\Ksrri..vrE.\E.
38 ^ i-iii.u Mantai.
a. Aesculus. ( |(i ).
17. I'lowtis irregular in the miiiiber of Ihc several Horal
sets; leaves pinnate or bipinnate, alternate; i«vu-
iary .S-lncular. Saimxdacfak.
a. Koelreuteria. (:^!>).
is. Stanuii> ni'ither in>t as nian\- nor twice as nian\- as
the petals. 19.
IN.- Stamens jnst as man}- or twice as nian_\- as the
petals. 20.
II'. Stamens distinct and fewer than the 4 petals; trees
or shrubs with opposite pinnate or simple leaves.
Oleaceae.
a. Flowers diecions, from catkin-like scaly buds.
Forestiera. (7")).
a. Flowers bisporan^'iate. petals linear.
Chionanthus. ( 7.^ ) .
1J». Stamens more numerous than the petals; leaves pal-
mately veined, opposite; fruit 2-winged. Some
ACERACEAE.
a. Acer. (41).
20. Ovules 1 or 2 in each cavity. 21.
2". Ovules several or man}- in each cavity; stipules be-
tween the opposite and pinnately compound leaves,
caducous; shrubs or small trees. Staphvi^eaceak.
a. Staphylea. CiT).
2i. Lea\e> palmately veined, or coni])ound. 22.
21. Leaves pinnately veined, simple, not punctuate. 2:!.
22. Leaves pinnatcl}^ compound, alternate; climbin.u
herbaceous vines with fruit an inflated 3-lobed
capsule; or trees with a globose or lobed berry.
Sapindaceae.
a Sapindus. (38).
22. Leaves palmately veined or pinnatel}' coiiii)ound; trees
or shrub.s with ojjposite leaves and n<. stij)nles.
A( kkackae.
TkKKS of TIIK XokTllKKN L-NMTKH S r \ 1 1> ■il*
a. Acer. ([]).
'22. Leaves o-foliate, pellucid-punctnate. wiilmiu siipule^
Sonic RUTACICAIC.
a. Ptelea. (18).
2o. Calyx minute: trees or shrubs with siini)le mosllN'
alternate leaves. 1 r.icACKAK.
a. Ilex. (30).
2o. C:ily\ not minute; trees, shrubs, or woody climbers
ours uiili opposite leaves and with minute fu-
gaceous stipules. Celastraceae.
a. Euonymus. (85).
I. I'erfect stamens 4. styles 2; leaves alternate, palmately
veined^ and lobed, or if pinnately veined then 2-
ranked. Hamameltdaceae,
See 13 above.
i. Stamens ."t, lU, or many; styles 2-5; leaves alternate
with stipules. Rosaceae. (Malatae).
a. Leaves pinnate. Sorbus. (21).
a. Leaves simple, b. -
b. Cavities of the ovulary as many as the styles, c.
b. Cavities of the ovulary becoming twice as many
as the styles. Amelanchier. (25).
e. Ovules many in each cavity (carpel). Cydonia. (21).
c. Ovules l-v3 in each cavity of the ovulary. d.
d. Usually with typical thorns; ripe carpels bony.
Crataegus. (20).
d. Without thorns, but some may have thorn-like
stunted branches; ripe carpels papery or
leathery, e.
e. I eaves sharply and reL;ularly serrate, .ulabrons
when mature, petit^les lontr; pome with crit
cells. Pyrus. (22).
e. Leaves irrej.?ularK- dentate or serrate, t.r nn)re or
less lobed; pome without s^rit ceJls Malus. (23).
^11 l-iii.i) Manual
-'4. Stamens 4 or 5, style and stij^nia 1: Icavci '->pposite or
alternate. Cornacfak.
a. ( )\ular\ i-looular. flow er> hispc^rangiate. b.
a. r)vulary 1-locnlar. llowers (liecious or im])erfeclly
(liecious. Nyssa. (SI).
I). l'"lo\vers cynio.se. not involucrate. Cornus. (79).
b. I'lowers capitate, with an involucre of 4-6 large
white bracts. Cynoxylon. (80).
24. Stamens 4 or .") on a tlat disc which covers the 3-5-
locnlar ovulary; shrubs or trees with opposite leaves
and minute fugaceous stipules. Celastraceae.
See 23 above.
24. Stamens "i. styles usually 2-5; leaves hii>innatc.
Arai.iaceae.
a. Aralia. (78).
—25—
25. Leaves opposite. 26.
25. Leaves alternate. 27.
2(i. Stamens 5-8; leaves palmately veined and simple or
if pinnately compound then the base of the petiole
covering the axillary buds. Aceraceae.
a. Acer. (41).
2ti. Stamens 2-4; leaves pinnately veined when >imi)le.
or pinnately compound then the axillary buds
exposed. Oleaceak.
a. h'lowers fasciculate or racemose-fasciculate, not
from prominent scaly buds; leaves compound.
Fraxinus. (74).
a. h'lowers fasciculate, from scaly buds; leaves sim-
ple. Forestiera. (75).
27. \t least the staminate llowers in catkins or catkin-
like spikes or spherical beads. 31.
27. i-'lowers not in catkins or catkin-like spikes or heads. 28.
28. With prominent stipular spines; leaves punctuate with
glands. RrxACKAE.
a. Zanthoxylum. (17).
28. Without .stii)ular s])ines. 2!'.
Trees of the Xoktiiek.n Uniteij States 41
2!'. Styles or stij^mas ."? or 4; pcriy:3-noii> stamens 4-o,
alternate with the sepals; ovulary 2-">-loenlar. ovules
solitary in eaeh cavity. Rham naceae.
;i. Rhamnus. (.'34).
■_'!». Styles or stigmas 2; leaves 2-ranked; ovularN- 1-2-
ovuled; stipules fugaceous. Ui.maceae.
a. Flowers in clusters on twigs of the previous sea-
son, pith not diaphragmed. b.
a. Flowers on elongated twigs of the season; pith
interruptedly diaphragmed. Celtis. (.",()).
1). Mowers expanding before the leaves; bark in
rough ridges. Ulmus. (48).
b. Flowers expanding with the leaves; bark of trunk
scaling off like in the Sycamore. Planera. (49).
2!>. Style and stigma 1. "^O.
-■^o. Calyx 6-parted; stamens and staminodes about 12, in
4 series; bark spicy-aromatic. Lauraceae.
a. Flowers bisporangiate. panicled; leaves ever-
green. Persea. (15).
a. Flowers monosporangiatc. racemose or umbellate;
leaves deciduous, some of them lobed. Sassa-
fras. ( K) ) .
• i". CaU'x -l-parted; stamens l'> or fewer; bark not aro-
matic. Fab.vceae. ( Cassi.ktae).
See Fj above.
■>". Calyx 'Vparted; stamens 5-15; flowers epigynous; jjith
solid hut diaphragmed. Cornaceae.
a. Nyssa. (81 ).
• U. 'I'wig.s with comi)lete stipular ring>; base of petiole
covering the axillary bud; tlowers monecious, in
dense heads. Pl.\tan.u eae.
a. Platanus. (17)
31. Twigs without stipular rings. 32.
32. Axillary buds superposed; staminatc flowers in flexible
catkins ; leaves piimately compound.
JlCIANI .\iK..\E.
a. Pith .■>oIid. Hicoria. (HI ).
a. I'ith diaphragmed, with cavities. Juglans. (t!2).
4'2 Imkli) Manual
'■V2. Axillary buds not superposed or if so then the stam-
inatc riowors not in flexible catkins; leaves sini-
,>lo. :?:V
'■V-\. (.'arpeilatc llu\vcr> epig:ynous; pith solid, with dia-
phragms. CORNACEAE.
a. Nyssa. (81).
X'k Carpel late tlowers hypogynous or perigynous; pith
not diaphragmed. 34.
• 14. Staminate and carpellate flowers in dense >pherical
heads, sap not milky; leaves star-shaped, fragrant
when crushed. Hamameltdaceae.
a. Liquidambar. (46).
;t4. Staminate and carpeHate flowers not in dense spherical
heads unless the sap is milk}-; leaves not star-
shaped. So.
■!"i. With milky sap; leaves with two prominent lateral
veins from the base or if not then the twigs thorny.
AfORACEAE.
a. Twigs with thorns; carpellate perianth deeply 1-
cleft, carpellate flowers capitate. Toxylon. (Vi).
a. Twigs without thorns, b.
b. Staminate and carpellate flowers in ament-likf
spikes. Morus. (ol).
1). Staminate flowers racemose or spikatc. the car-
l)ellate capitate. Papyrius. (r».S).
•"'•'). Sap not milky. ^'O.
• !<). Roth staminate and carpellate flower.-, in amenta, the
carpellate flowers not subtended by a bur or cnp. -h.
•'Ui. Carpellate flowers not in aments, subtended by a cnp
or involucre; staminate flowers in flexible or some
what capitate aments. P'agaceae.
a. Staminate flowers capitate, ovular\- -i-angled.
Fagus. (54).
a. Staminate flowers in slender aments. b.
b. Carpellate flowers 2-5 in each involucre, which be-
comes prickly. Castanea. (55).
b. Carpellate flower 1 in each involucre, which con-
sists of numerous scales. Quercus. (50).
•'J'UKhS UV TlIK NokTllKUX L^NITKD S |A PKS l-'>
'7. Ovulary l-locular, many seeded; seeds with a tuft of
cottony liairs. Salicaceae.
a. Stamens numerous; l)racts timl)riate or entire,
buds with several exposed scales; pith 5-
angled. Populus. (64).
a. Stamens "J-IO; bracts entire; buds with 1 outer
scale. Salix. (05).
'.7. Ovulary 1-2 lr)cular. with 1-2 ovules in each cavity;
seeds not with cottony hairs. ^:^8.
>8. Carpellate tlowers single in the axils of tiie bracts;
young twigs and leaves glandular dotted; buds
clustered at the tip of the twig. Myricaceae.
a. Myrica. (68).
^S. Carpellate flowers 2 or more in each bract of the
anient: twigs and leaves not glandular dotted;
buds not clustered at the tip of the twig. Betulaceae.
a. I'ith :!-angled; buds stalked; leaves not 2-ranked;
slanuMi> I. Alnus. (0<>).
a. Pith not 8-angled; buds sessile; leaves 2-ranked. b.
b. Staminate tlowers 3-6 in the axil of each bract,
with a calyx; carpellate flowers without a calyx;
stamens 2. Betula. (59).
b. Staminate flowers solitary in the axil of each
bract, without a calyx; carpellate flower with a
calyx, c.
c. Fruiting bract flat, 3-cleft and incised; bark
smooth; trunk and large branches with peculiar
fluted or projecting ridges. Carpinus. (57).
c. iM-uiting bract bladder-like, closed; bark of ohk-r
trunks scaly and line-furrowed. Ostrya. (58).
—39—
;i!). I- lowers hypogynous (ovulary superior). !<•.
• !!•. hlowers epigynous (ovulary inferior). II.
|n. Stamens free from the corolla (or only very slightly
united at the base) as man\- as the petals (flowers
tetracyclic) and alternate with them. oi- twice as
many ( pentac\clic ) or more. 11.
40. Stamen> united with the corolla, as many ;is the petals
and opposite them or twice as many or more. 12
\X FiF.Li) Manual
40. Stamens united with the corolla, the fertile ones fewer
than the petals and alternate with them. 43.
W. Sn nii)«.talous trees or shrubs often with evergreen
leaves without stipules. Ericaceae.
a. Leaves deciduous in autumn; flowers in panicled
racemes; leaves sour, with long bristles on the
midrib beneath. Oxydendrum. (6^).
a. Leaves evergreen, coriaceous. 1).
b. C'orolla somewhat irregular, campanulate, without
little sacs. Rhododendron. (00).
1). Corolla regular, saucer-shaped. 10-saccate. the
anthers at lirst held in the little sacs.
Kalmia. ((iT).
41. Choripetalou> plants in which the petals are some-
times partly or completely united,
a. Ovulary Lhxmlar (1 carpel) with 1 parietal i^hi-
centa. I'ai!aceae.
See Lj above,
a. Ovulary 4-8-locular. with 1 or 2 ovules in each
cavity. Ilicace.\i:.
See 28 above.
42. Stamens as many as the lobes of the small white
corolla; leaves entire, simple and alternate; with
thorns. Sapotaceae.
a. Bumelia. ((lit).
42. Stamens twice as many as the lobes of the greenish-
yellow corolla or more; styles 2-8; plants mostly
monecious or diecious; leaves alternate, simple,
and entire. Khenaceae.
a. Diospyros. (70).
4o. Flowers regular, stamens usually 2. Oleaceae.
a. Chionanthus. (".')).
4:?. Flowers irregular, zygomorphic; seeds numerous,
stamens 4. didynamous; pith with cavities. Some
— SCROPH I'LARIACEAE.
TkKKS (IF THK XoNTIIKK.V UnITKD StATF,!- I'l
,1. Paulownia. (76).
\'\. [^'lowers irrcL^ular. zygoinorphic ; seeds minicrous.
fertile stamens usually 2 with •? vc>tijj:es; pitl.
solid. BiCNONIACEAE.
a. Catalpa. (77).
U. StanieiiN twice as nian^' as the lobes of the corolla
or more: lea\-es alternate and simi)le. 4'».
44. Stamens a> many as the lobe> of the corolla; leave-
opposite or whorled, simple. 4G.
I-V Corolla yellow ; stamens in several series. Svmplocaceae.
a. Symplocos. (71)
\'k (."orolla white: stamens in one series. Stnracackak.
a. Halesia. (7lM.
Ki. Stijiules present; flowers in dense heads in our species;
usuall\- blackenin<; in dr\in,u-. Rim'.iackae.
a. Cephalanthus. (Si).
4(}. Usually without stipules; llowers in compound cyme<
in our species; not blackenin.^- in drying-.
CaPRIF()I.TA(K.\(E.
a. Viburnum. (8:V).
CLASSIFICATION AND DESCRIPTION OF THE
SPECIES.
SPERMATOPHYTA. SEED-PLANTS.
Phylum, CYCADOPHYTA.
Class, GiNKGOEAE.
Order, Ginkgo ales.
Cinkgoaccac. Ginkgo Family.
1. Ginkgo Kaempf. Ginkp^o.
Trees with dichotomoiisly veined, fan-shaped leaves on
thick, wart-like, persistent, dwarf hranchcs.
Stamens and carpels in clusters on the dwarf l)ranches,
appearing with the leaves.
1. Ginkgo biloha. L. Maiden-hair-trec. A large, beau-
tiful and hard}' tree with diecious flowers. Seed large, drupe-
like. Autumn leaves orange. Introduced from China and
japan : should he commonly cultivated for ornament.
Phylum. STROBILOPHYTA.
Class. CoNiFERAE. Couifers.
Order. Pixai.es.
TaxodiaccaC P)ald-cyi)rcss I'amily.
2. Taxodium Kicli. P)ald-cypress.
Trees with feather-like, annually deciduous dwarf
branches with the numerous, small, narrow leaves usually
spreading into two ranks, and liaving the slender twigs covered
with small self-pruning scars.
Tall trees with horizontal or drooping l)ranclH's : mone-
cious : carpellate cones globose, in small terminal clusters;
their scales few, each with two ovules at the base.
1. Taxodium distichum (\^ Rich. P>ald-cyprcss. A
large tree, the old bark flaky in thin strips. The roots de-
velop upright conic "knees." Wood light, soft, brown and
very durable. In swamps and along rivers. N. J. to f"la..
west to Tex., north to Mo. and Tnd.
(40)
TkKRs uF TH1-: NoKTiiERN Unitki) States* 47
Finaccac. IMnc Family,
o. Picea Link. Spruce.
Kxergreeii trees witli I -angled leaves, all of al)out tlu-
same length, having the twigs covered with sterigma-hcaring
scales representing leaf hases.
Conical trees with leaves spirally arranged and spreading
in all directions ; monecious ; staminate and carpcllate cones
often highly colored; carpellate cones pendulous.
1. 'l^wigs and sterigmata gla1)rous : carpellate cones
cylindric. 2.
1. Twigs pu1)escent. hrown ; carpellate cones ovoid or
oval. H.
2. Leaves usually i-l in. long; cari)ellale cones 2-*.-ti in.
long". P. obics.
2. Leaves usually not much over \ in. long : verx glau-
cous ; carpellate cones 1-2 in. long. P. canadensis.
•?. Leaves not glaucous; cones deciduous at the end of
the first season. P. rubens.
3. Leaves glaucous; cones persistent for two or more
seasons. P. uiariana.
1. Picca dbics (L.) Karst. Norway Spruce. A large
tree, conical in shape when young, with numerous stout spread-
ing and drooping branches.- Abundant in cultivation. Source
of Burgundy pitch. Native of Europe.
2. Picea canadensis (Mill.) P>. S. P. White Spruce.
A slender tree sometimes with a strong skunk-like odor.
Leaves light green, slender. A-i' in. long, very acute. .\n
important timber tree with light, soft. weak, and straight-
grained wood. Xewf. to .\laska. siuith to Me.. Mich., and
S. Dak.
•".. Picea rubens Sarg. Red Spruce. A >leniler tree
with spreading branches, and slender, sparingly pubescent
twigs. Wood soft, weak and pale reddish. Newf. to northern
X. V. and Minn.; along the Alleghanies to Va. and Ga.
4. Picea mariana (Mill.) B. S. P. Black Spruce. A
tree with spreading branches and smooth or only slightly
roughened bark. Leaves not over n in. long, stout, green,
closely co\ering the twi'^s. W'ood light and straight-grained :
4?< Imi-.li) Manual
used tor paper i)ulp. tOr i^eiicral Innilicr and for masts and
s])ars of ships. Xcwf. to X. W. Trrr.. south to X. J.. X. i'..
Mioh.. and Miiui.
I. Tsuga Larr. I lenilock.
Everiireen trees with Hat linear leaves, those on the top
of the twig short, and having the twigs covered with sterigma-
bearin^ scales representing leaf bases.
Branches slenrler. horizontal or drooping ; leaves spread-
ing more or less into _' ranks; monecious ; carpellate cones
small, pendulous.
1. Tsuga canadensis i L. ) Carr. Ilenilock. A tall
tree with slender, horizontal or drooping l)ranches. the old
i)ark daky in scales. Wood very coarse, light, brittle, and
soft; used for wood pulp. Bark used for tanning. Source
of Canada pitch. Self-prunes twigs. X. S. to Minn, south
to Ohio, and Del., along the Alleghanies to Ala., and to
Mich, and Wis.
•"». Abies (Tourn.) Hill. Mr.
Evergreen trees with tiat linear leaves, rarely prismatic,
without sterigma-bearing scales, but with prominent circular
leaf scars with a central bundle scar.
Carpellate cones erect, the scales deciduous ; monecious :
carpellate bract longer than the ovuliferous scale.
1. Carpellate bract serrulate, shorter than the ovulifer-
ous scale (;r but little longer; leaves obtuse. -/
balsa mca.
1. Carpellate bract aristate, longer than the ovuliferous
scale: leaves mostly emarginate. ./. frascri.
1. Abies balsamea (L.) Mill. BaKsam Fir. A slender
short-lived tree with smooth blistered bark. Wood very light
and soft. Canada balsam is obtained from its resin. Xewf.
to Hudson Bay and Alberta, south to Penn.. along the Alle-
ghanies to \'a., and to Mich., Iowa, and Minn.
2. Abies fraseri (Pursh) Poir. Fraser Fir. A slen-
der tree growing on the high Alleghanies. Bark smooth, v^ith
resin blisters. W. Va., N. Car., and Tcnn.
'1'kkf.s of thk XoKTiiKK.N L'mtkd Statks 49
(i. Larix (Touni.) Adans. Larch.
Trees with thick wart-like dwarf ])raiiclK-s hearing a
cluster of deciduous ueedle-shaped leaves.
Tall pyramidal, monccious trees with horizontal or
ascending hranches : earpellate cones small, erect, with thin
woody scales.
1. Carpellate cones small, l-i in. long, oval or almost
globular: ovuliferous scales glabrous: native, grow-
ing in bogs and. wet places. L. laricina.
1. I'arpellate cones rather large. i-L] in. long: ovulifer-
ous scales hnely tomentosc on the back, cultivated
in dry ground. L. larix.
I. Larix laricina (DuRoi) Koch. Tanuirack. A
slender tree with close (.r at length scaly l)ark. Wood hard.
dural)le. and very strong : used in ship-building, for railroad
ties, posts, and telegraph poles. In swamps and about the
margins of lakes. Newf. to X. W. Terr., south to Minn..
Ind., Ohio, and X. J.
1. Larix larix ( L. ) Karst. European Larch. A beauti-
ful tree with horizontal branches and drooping branchlets.
conical in shape when young: much cultivated in some parts
of the United States. The source of Venice turpentine.
Xative of Europe.
7. Pinus (Tourn.) L. Pine.
Evergreen trees with self-pruned dwarf branches bearini.;
1-7 needle-shaped leaves.
Resinous, monecious trees vn ith \ ery small dwarf branches :
dwarf l)ranches and ordinary twigs co\ered with scale leaves.
Dwarf Ijranches self-pruned after a number of years.
Carpellate cones woody with numerous carpels. Our most
important lumber trees.
1. Dwarf branches with •"> f< liage leaves: ovuliferous
scales little thickened at the tip. P. strobus.
1. Dwarf branches with 2-3 foliage leaves: ovuliferous
scales much thickened at the tip. J.
2. Dwarf branches with '\ foliage leaves, rarely J or I. :'..
Field Manual
'2. Dwarf branches mostly with 2 foliage leaves; some
of them may be with 3. 5.
3. Leaves 6-10 in. lonji^: carpellate cone oblong-conic
or ovoid. 4.
3. Leaves 3-5 in. long ; carpellate cones ovoid. P. rigidu.
i. (^Id sheaths of the dwarf branches 5-1 in. long; leaves
not glaucous ; carpellate cones oblong-conic. P.
tarda.
[. Old sheaths about i in. long; leaves glaucous; car-
pellate cones ovoid. P. scrotina.
■ ). Twigs glaucous ; resin-ducts parenchymatous ; car-
pellate cones li-3 in. long; ovuliferous scales with
a prickle or small spine. 6.
•J. Twigs not glaucous. 7.
• !. Leaves slender. 2.]-') in. long; buds not very resin-
ous ; prickles of the ovuliferous scales short and
small. P. cchinata.
ti. Leaves stout. \\-2.l in. long; buds very resinous;
prickles of the ovuliferous scales long and stout.
P. inrginiana.
7. Leaves 1-4 in. long, grayish-green or light green ;
ovuliferous scales without or wij;h a small prickle,
or with a thick point or spine. 0.
7. Leaves 4-ti in. long, dark-green; ovuliferous scale
without a spine or prickle, or sometinies with a
very small prickle. ^.
S. Foliage lustrous, resin ducts peripheral ; carpellate
cones terminal or subterminal, oval-conic ; ovulif-
erous scales pointless when mature. P. rcsinosa.
S. P'oliage dull ; resin ducts parenchymatous ; carpellate
cones lateral, ovoid-conic; ovuliferous scale with
a small prickle. P. Jaricio.
'.'. Leaves 2^-4 in. long, grayish-green; twigs orange or
brown ; resin ducts parenchymatous ; carpellate
cones ovoid; 3-5 in. long. P. pimgens.
!•. Leaves l-2\ in. long. 10.
10. Leaves U-2J in. long, grayish-green; twigs dull
greenish-yellow or greenish-brown; resin ducts
peripheral ; carpellate cones ovate-conic. 2-3 in
long. P. silresfris.
'I'kKKS OK THI". N'oKTIlK.k.N UNITED StATKS -M
10. Leaves 2-I2 in. long; resin clucks parenchymatous:
carpellate cones oblong-conic, 1-2 in. lon.g, usually
upwardly curved. P. hanksiana.
\. Pinus strobus L. White Pine. A large tree with
nearly smootli bark, except when old; branches horizontal in
whorls. Often forming dense forests. Wood soft and
straight-grained; used in enormous quantities for building
purposes. One of the most valuable timber trees in the world.
Has been more extensively used in America for lumber than
any other tree. Xewf. to Man., south along the Allegli. to
Ga. and to Ohio, 111. and la.
\^. Pinus taeda L. Loblolly Pine. A large tree of
very rapid growth with spreading branches and tfiick, rugged
bark, flaky in age. Wood rather hard ; much used for lumber
in the south. Often growing in old fields. N. J. to Fla., Ark.,
and Tex.
.1. Pinus serotina ^l.\. Pond Pine. A tree, usually
with a short trunk and with the bark fissured into small plates.
In swamps and ponds. Wood soft, brittle, and coarse-grained.
Coastal plain. X. J. to Fla.
4. Pinus rigida Mill. Pitch Pine. A tree with spread-
ing branches, the old bark rough and furrowed, flaky in strips.
Sprouts readily from the stump if cut down or burned. Wood
rather hard and brittle and full of resin ; used for fuel, char-
coal, and coarse lumber. A source of turpentine to a limited
extent. In dry, sandy or rocky soil. X. R. to Ont.. Tenn..
Ohi... W. Va. and Ga"
.'». Pinus resinosa Ait. Red Pine. A tall tree wiih
reddish bark. Wood rather hard but not very durable. Tur-
])entine is obtained to a limited extent from, this species. .\
tree of rapid growth. Xewf. to Man., Mass., Penu.. and
.\liim.
(i. I'iitKs lari'cio Poir. Austrian Pine. A tall. open.
pyramidal tree of rapid growth with the thick spreading
branches in regular whorls. Often cultivated. h""rom Europe.
7. rinus silvcs'iris L. Scotch Pine. .\ large and val-
uable tree with drooping branches ; much cultivated. From
it are obtained the red and yelbnv deal much used as lumber
in luu'ope. Xati\e of northern Europe.
•Vi I'iKi.h Man'uai.
> Pinus banksiana Lanih. Jaok rim-. A slender
tree with spread in-^ branches, the bark becoming llaky. Wood
li.u^ht and rather soft. In sandy soil. X. R. and X. W. Terr.,
.south to Me.. X. ^".. 111., and Minn.
-^. Pinus echinata Mill. Veilow Pine. A large tree
with spreading branches; leaves sometimes in H's. sometimes in
jl's Wood rather hard and very valuabe : much used as lum-
ber. .\lso furnishes some turpentine. Produces shoots from
>tumps. In san(l\ s(^il. X. ^'. to b'la.. ill.. Okl., and Tex.
1". Pinus piingens L.anib. Table-mountain Pinr. A
tree with spreading branches, the old bark rough and in
Hakes, leaves sometimes in .'Vs. Wood light and soft: much
used for charcoal. X. J. to Cla. and lenn.
11. Pinus virginiana Mill. Scrub Pine. A slender,
usually small tree with spreading or drooping ])ranches ; the
old bark flak\- and dark-colored. Wood very resinous, soft
and dura1:)le but of poor quality. In sandy soil. L. I. to S. C.
Ala.. Tenn., Ohio, and Tnd.
J uiiipcracrac. junii)er Family.
.Sul) family. Cnf^rcssotac.
s. Thiaja 1.. .\rborvitac.
Evergreen trees or shrubs with decidedly tlaitencd and
fan-like twigs, and with naked buds, the small leaves oppo-
site, scale-like, appressed and 4-ranked : carpellate cone oblong,
with li-lu scales the 4 upper fertile.
Resinous and aromatic: flowers minute, nionecious : ovules
usually 2 on each scale, erect : scales dr\- coriaceous, not
peltate.
1. Uranchlets spreaditig more or less horizontally with
a distinct upper and lower side : carpellate cones
pendulous, the thin scales appendiculate below the
ai)e.\ ; seeds winged, f. occicioitalis.
1. Pranchlets in a vertical ])lane with both sides alike:
carpellate cones erect, tlie scales with a prominent
horn-like process below the apex : seeds wingless.
T. orient alis.
1. Thuja occidentalis L. American Arbor vitae.
Usuallv a small conical tree with fan-like 1)ranches. Self-
Tkf.ks (ii- tiik Xokthkkn L^NiTKi) Statks "•"•
primes t\vit>s. Wood li^lit and durahlc; used for pctsls. rail-
road ties. etc. Usually in wet soil and along the banks of
streams. X. B. to Man., south to Ohio and X. J., along the
Alleghanies to X. C. and to 111. and Minn.
2. Thuja oricntalis L. Chinese Arl)orvitac. A small
pyramidal or bushy tree with spreading and ascending
branches. Xative of Asia. Cultivated in many forms.
!•. Libocedrus luidl. Incen^e-cedar.
Kvergreen trees with naked buds and small, scale-like,
appressed. opposite. 4-ranked. usually elongated leaves on
somewhat flattened l)ranches ; scales of the carpellate cone
4-(!. the two upper fertile, not peltate.
Tall, resinous aromatic trees with scaly bark, monecious ;
staminate and carpellate cones on se])arate branchlets ; seeds
with une(|ual lateral wings.
1. Libocedrus dcciirrcns lorr. Incense-cedar. A tree
with a tall, straight, slightly lobed trunk, tapering from a
Iiroad base. Wood light, soft, close-grained, and very dur-
able in contact with the soil. From the Pacific coast ; often,
cultivated as an ornamental tree.
111. Chamaecyparis Spacli. White-cedar.
Evergreen trees with small, scale-like appressed. nearly
or quite similar leaves, naked buds, and dr\- i)eltate carpellate
scales with 'l-\ seeds.
Monecious; carpellate cones globose, with thick, opijosite
scales, eacli with a central point.
1. Leaves dull blue-green: bark thin, dixided into tlat
ridges. C. thyoidcs.
I. Leaxes l)right green; bark thick, dixided into In-oad
ridges. C. Iirzcsoiiiatiii.
1. Chamaecyparis thyoides (L.) \\. .S. I'. Snuibeni
White-cedar. A tree with soft, light, and durable wood :
used for boat-building, wooden ware, shingles, etc. In swam])s.
Maine and X. II. to X. j.. l"la.. and Miss.
•_'. Chaniaccyf'aris Idusoniaiui ( Murr. ) I'arl. Laws(»n
Cypress. A large tree with an abruptly enlarged base and a
spire-like crown of small horizontal or pendulous branches.
'>[ I'lKi.ii iMamai.
Bark often li' in. thick. Wood light, hard, and stri)n-.
abounding in fragrant resin. Vrom the Pacitu- roast Man\
varieties in cultivation.
Subfamily, Juiiipcralac.
11. Juniperus L. Juniper.
Evergreen trees or shrul)s with naked l)uds, su])ula-tc or
scale-like leaves, one or both kinds on a tree, and with car-
l>ellate cones developing into a bluish-black lierry-like fruit.
Carpellate cones small, globose; plants usually diecious.
sometimes monecious. pungent aromatic: l)ark usuall.\- thin
and shreddy.
1. Leaves all suljlate, prickly pointed, verticillate, slender.
mostly straight; cones axillary-. /. connnitiiis.
1. Leaves of 2 kinds, scale-like and sul)ulate. opposite
or verticillate ; cones terminal. J . c'ir(jiiii(i)hi.
1. Juniperus communis L. Common Juniper. A biw
tree with spreading or drooping branches and shreddy bark.
Tioats are poisoned from eating the leaves. On dry hills. X.
S. to .Alaska, south to X. J., Ohio, Mich., Xeb.. and in the
Rocky Arts, to X". ATex. Also in Europe and Asia.
2. Juniperus virginiana L. Red Juniper. .\ tree, with
spreading often irregular l)ranches when old. but conic in
shape when young. Self-prunes twigs. Wood very valuable,
light, straight-grained, durable, and fragrant: used for posts,
cabinet-work, interior finish, veneers, motii-iiroof chests and
cooperage, and almost exclusively in the manufacture of lead
pencils. Often infested with tli€ ''cedar apple." Poisonous to
goats. In dry soil; common on bluffs. N. R. to western ()nt.
and S. Dak., soutli to Ela. and Tex.
Phylum, ANTHOPHYTA.
Class, DICoT^'LAK. Dicotyls.
Subclass, Thalamiflorak.
Order. Raxales.
.\fa(/i'.i>liaccac. ATagnolia Family.
12 Magnolia L. .\Lignr)lia.
Shrubs or trees wth alternate, simple, entire leaves, not
truncate, and with complete stipular rings.
Trkes of THii Northern United States 55
r.;irk hitter aromatic; Howers hisporaiigratc, large, soli-
tary : I)iuls covered with connate, sheathing stipules; pith
usually diaphragmed Init solid; fruit aggregate, cone-like.
1. Leaves auricidate, glahrous. Leaf huds glabrous. .1/.
frasrri.
1. Leaves rounded or truncate at the base. thin. Leaf
huds silky pubescent. M. aciiininata.
1. Leaves acute at the base. 2.
■J. Leaves light green beneath, 1-2 ft. long. Leaf buds
glabrous. .1/. fripcfala.
2. Leaves glaucous beneath, 3-6 in. long. Leaf buds
pubescent. M. inrginiana.
1. Magnolia acuminata L. Cucumber Magnolia. A
large tree with silky pubescent leaf-buds. Leaves oval, acute
or somewhat acuminate, rounded or truncate at the base ^-1
ft. long; flowers greenish-yellow. Wood soft, light, and dur-
a!)le : used for cabinet-work, pump-logs, and water-troughs.
X. ^■. to (Ontario and Mo., Ga.. Ala., and Ark.
2. Magnolia tripetala L. Umbrella Magnolia. A low
tree with glabrous leaf-buds and irregular branches. Leaves
ol)ovate, acute, cuneate at the base, 1-2 ft. long, flowers white.
sligiitly odorous. Wood soft and light. Penn. to Ga., Mo..
Ark., and Miss.
H. Magnolia virginiana L. Laurel Magnolia. A tree
with pubescent leaf buds. Leaves oval or oblong, acute at
the base. 3-6 in. long; flowers white, deliciously fragrant. Tn
swami)s. Mass. to Penn., Fla., Ark., and Tex.
I. Magnolia fraseri Walt. I-'raser Magnolia. .\ tree
with spreading; hranches and glabrous leaf buds. Leaves
elongated-olxtvatt' or (»hlong, auriculate, -1-2 ft. long; llowers
white. In moimtaiu woods. Va. and Ky. to Ma. and .Miss.
V^arious Magnolias are in cultivation, the more connnon
one is Magnolia soitlaugiana, Soulangc's Magnolia, a small
tree with large ])urplish-pink flowers appearing before the
leaves.
- > 13. Liriodendron L. Tuliptree.
Trees with alternate, truncate, simple leaves, with solid,
diapiiravimed pith and complete stipular rings.
o<". I'lKLI) MaxlAL
Bluls with ioiinau stipules; flowers large, perianth
trinierous ; anthers linear, extrorse ; fruit aggregate, cone-
like. dr\ .
^.^^^fr- Liriodendrcn tulipifera I.. I uliptrcc. A very large,
magnihcent, rapid-growing tree with glabrous leaf-buds.
Mowers greenish-yellow, orange-cclored within. Autunni
leaves pure yellow. X'ext to the Sycamore. i)robably the largest
tree in the Xortheastern United States; trunk sometimes 84
ti in circumference. Wood liglit. soft, and straight-grained,
easily worked; heart wood light yellow' or brown; sapwood
thin, nearly white. L'sed for interior finish, shingles, boat-
building, panels of carriages, wooden pumps, wooden ware of
various kinds, wood i)ulp. furniture, implements, boxes,
shelving, drawers, and for carving and to\s. One of the best
woods for paneling. Should l)e extensively cultivated. Vt.
and R. I. t(. bia., Mich., Ark., and Miss.
. Iii(>)uu-i'ai\ ("ustard-apple i'amily.
I I. Asimina Aflan>. Papaw.
Trees or shrubs with alternate. 2-ranked. simple, entire,
pinnately veined, deciduous leaves and diaphragmed. solid pith.
lUids naked. silk>- : liark w^ith fetid odor: j)erianth trimer-
Dus: stamens numerous: carpels 3-1.'').
1. Asimina triloba ( L. ) Dunal. I'apaw. A >nial!
tree or shrub with smooth dark bark and nodding young twigs.
Flowers axillary, nodding ; fruit a large fleshy, oljlong.
greenish-yellow, edible berry, which, however, does not agree
with some persons. A case of severe poisoning from eating
the fruit is recorded. In creek and river bottoms and on hill-
sides. Out. and X ^'. to Mich.. Xeb., Tex., and Fla.
I.auract'uc. Laurel b'amily.
\'k Persea (Plum.) Gaertn. Ba} .
.Xromatic. evergreen trees or shrubs with alternate, sim-
ple, pinnately veined, entire leaves.
Perianth (i-parted ; stamens and staminodes 12. in -1 series;
fruit a globose or (»l)lnng berry.
1. Persea borbonia ( L. ) Spreng. Red_ Bay. A tree
with dark red bark, lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate leaves, and
Tf<ff.s ok tiif Xokihkux l'\iTKi> Statks -u
puberulenl or nearly glal)roiis leaves. Wood hard, strong,
briijin red in color, and rather brittle; used for cabinet-mak-
ing, and interior liiiisb. Along streams and the Imrder of
s\vam])s. Del. to bla.. Ark., and Tex.
Ki. Sassafras Xees and Kherm. Sassafras.
Trees with entire or ."^-lobed. alternate leaves with 1
l)rominent lateral \eins, with spicy aromatic bark and une(|ual
internodes.
Flowers diecious : perianth (i-parted; fruit a l)lue druijc.
1. Sassafras sassafras (L.) Karst. Sassafras. A large
rough-barked tree, the sap of the bark and leaves mucilagin-
ous. Autumn leaxes red. \ellow. and green. Wood reddish,
light and rather soft, of coarse texture, durable; used in
cooperage, for small boats, and fencing. The bark of the
roots yields a powerful, aromatic stimulant Fruit pungent,
poisonous. Excessive doses of sassafras tea produce narcotic
poisoning. In dry or sandy soil. Me. to Out.. Mich.. Iowa.
Fla., and Tex.
Order, Ger.ani.alks.
Rutaccac. Rue I'amily.
17. Zanthoxylum L. Frickly-ash.
Trees or shrubs with alternate, pinnately compound. i)unc-
tate lea\cs and with stipular spines.
Bark acrid aninatic : llowers imjierfectly diecious: fruit
a capsule with 1-2 seeds.
I. Zanthoxylum americanum .Mill. Prickly-a>h. .V
prickly shrub or small tree wit!i small dowers in sessile
axillary cymes; stamens 3-o ; carpels 'l-■^, distinct, seed ol)long.
black and shining. Wood soft and light brown. In woods
^nd thickets. Quebec to Va.. Ontario. S. Dak. and Kan.
is. Ptelea L. Iloptrer.
Shrubs or small trees with alternate, trifoliate, punctate
leaves and superposed buds covered by the petiole base.
Hark liitter ; Howers imperfectly monosporangiate ;
stamens \-'\\ fruit a snniara with a membranous wing: ovulary
2-locular.
l-iii.h Mam \i
1. Ptelea trifoliata 1>. Hoptrcc. A >linil) or small
tree with sunken superposed axillary buds covered by the
petiole base. Bark and flowers with a disagreeable odor.
Wood light brown, heavy, and hard. In woods. Conn, to
Fla., Ont., Minn., Kan., and Mexico.
Siiiiontbaccar. Ailanthus Family.
19. Ailanthus Desf. Ailanthus.
Large trees with alternate, pinnately compound, large
leaves having green glands on the under side of the teeth at
the base of the leaflets.
Branches robust with large brow^n pith; flowers diecious;
the 5 samaras linear or oblong, usually twisted.
1. Ailanthus glandulosa Uesf. Tfee-of-heaven. A
large tree of rapid growth with thick branches and smooth
bark. Leaves ill-scented; leaflets with green glands under
the lobes or teeth. Autumn leaves pure yellow. Wood hard
and useful. Sprouts freely from the roots and is easily
propagated from root cuttings. A pest in pastures in some
states ; cows will not eat grass near the young shoots. Water
contaminated by the leaves is poisonous. Naturalized from
China. Ont. to Mass., Va., and Kan.
Order, Malvales.
Tiliaceae. Linden Family.
20. Tilia (Tourn.) L. Linden.
Trees with 2-ranked, simple palmatcly veined, ino(|ui-
lateral, serrate or dentate leaves and solid pith.
Flow^ers bisporangiate, pentamerous, stamens numerous :
dry drupaceous fruit in cymose clusters, the peduncle sub-
tended by a broad membranous bract.
L Leaves glabrous or nearly so on both sides, except on
the veins and in their axils. 2.
1. Leaves glabrous above, pubescent beneath. T.
pubescens.
1. Leaves glabrous above, silvery-white lieneath. T.
hetcrophylla.
2. Petals with scales at the base; inflorescence without
bracts ; leaves comparatively large ; native. T.
aniericana.
'I'rKKS of TllK NoRTFiKRX UNITED StATES •'•'••
"J. J'ctals without scales at the base; inflorescence witli
large bracts ; leaves comparatively small ; cultivated.
/'. ciirofacd.
1. Tilia americana L. American Linden. A large,
straight-trunked tree with spreading branches. Inner bark
very tough ; used for mats and coarse rope. Wood soft and
very white, light and uniform in texture, not liable to crack;
called "basswood :" used for wooden-ware, cabinet-work,
trunks, panelling of carriages, in cooperage, and for toys.
The bark and wood of the other lindens are much the same.
In rich soil, on blufifs, and along river bottoms. N. B. to Ga.,
Manitoba, Kan., and Tex.
2. Tilia pubescens Ait. Downy Linden. A small tree
growing in moist soil, mostly along the coast. Wood as in
7\ americana but lighter in weight. Va. to Fla., west to Tex.
■'.. Tilia heterophylla Vent. White Linden. A tree
with larger leaves than either of the preceding species. Wood
weak, light brown. N. Y. to Fla., Ala., 111., and Tenn.
4. Tilia curopaca L. European Linden. A large tree
nnich cultivated in parks. Its name, Lin. was the origin of
the family name of Linnaeus.
Subclass, Calyciflorae.
Order, Rosales.
Rosaceac. Rose Family.
Malatae. Apple Subfamily. '
•_M. Sorbus (Tourn.) L. .M(»untain-a>li.
Trees or shrubs with alternate, odd-pinnate leaves, ter-
minal buds, cylindrical pith, and o-") bundlescars in the nar-
row leaf scar.
I'^lowcrs bisporangiate ; I'ruii a small red beny-like i)ome.
in compound cymes.
1. Leaflets glabrous above. 2.
1. Leaflets pubescent on both sides; calyx and, pedicels
usually woolly. .V. aucuparia.
1. Leaflets long-accuminate ; fruit less than \ in. in
diameter. 5. americana.
1. Leaflets obtuse or short-pointed; fruit more than ',
in. in diameter. .V. scof>uUna.
<>'• FlKI.l) AfAXUAL
1. Sorbus americana Marsh. American Mountain-
ash. A small tree with smooth hark, liark and unripe fruit
very astringent. Wood soft, light Inown. In moist ground.
Much prized for ornamental i)lanting. Xewf. to Man., N.
Car., and Mich.
■2. Sorbus scopulina Greene. Western Mountain-ash.
A small tree with smooth hark. \n moist ground. Lab. to
Alaska. X. Eng., Ohio, Mich., and in Rocky Mts. to Colo,
and Utah.
■ '.. Sorbus aucuparia !.. iuiropean Mountain-asii. .\
small tree, native of Europe. hVequently cultivated. Fruit
poisonous to man. but eaten by some birds. N. S. to N. H.
■I'l. Pyrus ('J'ourn.) L. Pear.
Trees or shrubs with alternate, simple. i)innately-veined.
serrate leaves with long petioles ; with stipules or stipular
scars ; with terminal buds, cylindrical pith, and fruit a pome
with grit cells.
Flowers l)isporangiate with a fleshy hypanthium united
with the ovulary ; pentamerous ; stamens numerous.
1. Pyrus communis L. Pear. A pyramidal usually
slender tree, often with thorn-like stunted branches. Bark
smooth. Wood hard, fine-grained, reddish-brown. Cultivated
for its large fleshy fruit. Native of Europe and Asia. Me.
tc X. J. and Ohio.
•I-\. Malus Mill. .\])ple. Cra!)-ai)ple.
Trees or shruijs with alternate, simple, pinnately-veined,
dentate, serrate or more or less lobed leaves, with stipules
or stipular scars; with terminal buds, cylindrical pith, and
fruit a pome without grit cells.
Flowers l)isporangiatc with a fleshy hypantliium united
with the ovulary. pentamerous. stamens numerous.
I. Leaves glabrous, at least when mature. 2.-
1. Leaves persistently pubescent or tomentose beneath. •'?.
2. Leaves oblong, oval, or lanceolate, narrowed at the
base. M. coronaria.
2. Leaves ovate, rounded or cordate at the l)ase, often
.somewhat lobed. M. r/laucrscens.
Trees ok the Xokthekx United States 61
2. Leaves ovate, acute or acuminate at the apex and
acute at the base, on slender petif)les : finely and
nearly evenly serrate. .1/. baccaia.
'\. Leaves mostly narrowed at the base; jjonu' !-_ in. in
diameter. M. iocnsis.
3. Leaves rounded or cordate at the base; pome usually
large, 2-4 in. in diameter. M. mains.
1. Malus coronaria (L) .Mill. Xarrow-lcaf Inib-applc.
A small tree usually with thorn-like stunted branches or
spurs. Leaves oblong, oblong-lanceolate, or oval, thick, shin-
ing above, sometimes pubescent beneath vi-hen young, dentate
or often entire. Wood hard, reddish-brown. On low ground.
X. J. to 111., Kan., Fla., and La.
2. Mahis haccata (L.) Borck. Siberian Crab-apple. A
small spreading tree with compact crown. Pedicels very
slender; fruit small, not becoming mellow. Cultivated.
■?. Malus glaucescens Rehd. Fragrant Crab-apple. A
small tree with hard and sour fruit suitable for preserving.
Leaves ovate, to triangular-ovate, sparingly pubescent be-
neath when young, sharply serrate and often somewhat lobed.
Wood soft and reddish-brown. On low ground. Ont. to
Mich., S. Car.. Towa. and Mo.
4. Malus ioensis (Wood) Britt. Iowa Crab-apple.
A small tree much resembling .1/. glauccsscens. Leaves ovate,
oval, or oblong, dentate, crenate or with a few rounded lobes,
white, pubescent l)eneath, at length glalirous alxtve. Minn.,
Wis., and 111. to Xeb., Ky., La., and Okla.
."■(. Malus malus (L.) 15ritt. Comnu-n .\ppk'. A
medium-sized tree with spreading branches. Leaves ovate
or oval, glabrous or nearly so above, pubescent and often
woolly beneath, bruit large, various. Introduced from Europe
and escaped in many places. The seeds are poisonous. Me.
to N. Y.. N. J.. Ohio, and Ga.
21. Cydonia TMurn. Quince.
Shrubs or low small trees, our cultivated species with
alternate, simple, pinnately veined, entire, deciduous leaves
with stipules or stipular scars: cylindrical pith, and witli fruit
a pome riintainiiit; ninn\ seed'^ in each cavitx.
&2 Field Manual
Mowers bisporangiate, perianth pentameroiis, pome fleshy.
1. Cydonia cydonia (L.) Karst. Quince. A low tree
with crooked stem and rambling branches. Cultivated for the
large sour fleshy fruit.
25. Amelanchier .Medic. Juneberry.
Shrubs or small trees with alternate, simple, serrate, pin-
nately-veined leaves ; with 3 bundle scars, terminal bud. a
narrow leaf scar, and fruit a berry-like pome.
h'lower bisporangiate, perianth pentamerous. pome small
with twice the number of cavities as styles.
J. Leaves acute or acuminate at the ape.x ; top of the
ovulary glabrous or nearly so. 2.
1. Leaves rounded, obtuse or subacute at the apex; top
of the ovulary woolly; petals 4-J in. long. A.
sang nine a.
2. Leaves glabrous when mature, but pubescent or woolly
when young, ovate to ovate-lanceolate; base cordate
or rounded. A. canadcnsu.
1. Leaves densely white-woolly beneath, at least when
young, oblong to obovate, rarely sub-cordate at the
base. A. intermedia.
\. Amelanchier canadensis (L.) Med. Common June-
l)erry. A medium-sized tree with a small, red or purple,
sweet and edible, berry-like pome. Wood very hard, brown.
In dry soil. Nova Scotia to Ont., Fla., La., and Ark.
:^. Amelanchier intermedia Spach. Swamp Juiu--
Ijerry. A shrub or small tree growing in swamps and moist
soil. \'ariablc. N. F.ng. to Ont.. Fla., and La.
1. Amelanchier sanguinea (Pur.sh) DC. Roundleaf
Juneberry. A tall shrub or small tree growing in woods and
thickets. N. B. to Minn., N. C, and Mich.
2(i. Crataegus T>. Hawthorn.
Small trees or shrubs with simple, serrate or lobed leaves,
with stipules or stipular scars, and usually with typical
axillary thorns, but without terminal thorns.
Flowers bisporangiate. perianth pentamerous, stamens
5-2o ; pome drupe-like with bony ripe carpels.
The species <)t Crataegus are at present in a very un-
satisfactorv condition. Probaldv manv of tliose included
'IKKKS ()I- I II I XoKIIIKUN f Ml Kit StATK> I>'-'<
helow arc iiktcIv hyhrid.s or tonus of freely interl)reediiiK
elementary varieties. Many of the specific English names are
also unsatisfactory.
Required for identification, the leaves and fruit.
1. Leaves not deltoid-cordate. 2.
1. Leaves conspicuously deltoid-cordate, glabrous. (Cor-
datae). 5.^).
2. Leaves glabrous, glabrous above and pubescent beneath,
or pubescent on both sides. •">.
2. Leaves pubescent above, glabrous beneath; thorns V-^ i'l-
long; fruit black. (Douglasianae). 54.
o. Petioles ^ in. long or longer. 4.
3. Petioles less than i in. long. (Parvifoliae). 53.
4. Leaves not deeply cut. 5.
4. Leaves deeply cut, lobes numerous ; thorns less than 1
in. long (Oxyacanthae). 52.
5. Leaves broadest at the middle or apex, cuneate. 0.
5. Leaves broadest at the base. 12.
6. Leaves broadest toward the apex. 7.
6. Leaves broadest at the middle. 8.
7. Leaves shining, not impressed-veined above. (Crus-
galli). 14.
7 Leaves dull, impressed-veined above. (Punctatae). 18.
8. Petioles usually glandless, or if so then the nutlets pitted
on the ventral faces. 0.
8. Petioles always with small stalked glands along their
entire length: nutlets without ventral pits. (Tntri-
catae). 30.
0. Calyx-lobes glandular-laciniate. glandular-serrate, or
glandular-margined. 10.
9. Calyx-lobes not glandular-margined ; leaves not im-
pressed-veined, often trilobed towards the apex.
(Virides). 29.
10. Leaves impressed-veined. 11.
10. Leaves not impressed-veined, elliptic ovate to orbicular;
calyx-lobes glandular-margined ; leaves not trilobate
(Rotundifoliae). 24.
11. Leaves rhombic-elliptic; calyx-lobes usually deeply cut;
nutlets deeply pitted on the ventral faces. (Macracan-
thae). 21.
«;4 I'lll.l. M ANTAl.
11. Iauxcs elliptic to ovate; calyx-lolies less deeply cut:
nutlets witli shallow pits on the ventral faces
( Hrainerdianac ). '2'y
12. Leaves i-2.V in. long and wide, membranous ; calyx-lol)es
usually entire. I'l
12, Leaves 1-4 in. long and wide; calyx-lobes usually serrate.
(Coccineae). U.
i-i. Leaves yellow-green often slighth pubescent; fruit soft
at maturity. ( Tenuifoliae ). 'M.
]'■>. Leaves blue-green, usually glal)ri)us; fruit hard at
maturity. (Pruinosae). -(S.
— Cn(s-(/alli. —
11. Leaves not IoIxmI. L").
14. Leaves somewhat lobed. 1(J.
l--). Leaves 1-4 in, long. C. criis-galli.
15, Leaves 4-21 in. long. C. berbcnfolia.
l(i. Styles and nutlets usually 2.
C. schizophylla.
l<i. Styles and nutlets usually 3-5, 17.
17. Lobes of the leaves irregular, o1)tuse ; fruit glol)ose.
C. den aria.
17. Lobes of the leaves regular, acute; cal^x-lobes serrate.
C. fecuuda.
— Puncfafae. —
is. hVuit ellipsoidal ; nutlets usually -S or 4. ID.
1.^, hVuit glo'bose. 2<>.
1!'. Leaves bright xellow-green, slightly inii)ressed-\ eined
above, C. cuncifonitis.
1!'. Leaves dull gray-green, strongl>- impressed-\eined above.
obo\ate. narrow. C. fiiiiitnla.
20. Nutlets 2 or 3, C". iiiaroarctta.
2<i. Xutlets 4 or -V C. siihorhiciilata.
— Macracaiilluir. —
21. Leaves dark green, glabrous and shining above, cori-
aceous. 22.
21, Leaves gray-green, pube.scent and dull above, subcori-
aceous. rhoml)ic-ovate, lol)ed. C. calpodcndrou.
'I'l. h>uit ':: in. thick or less; leaves large. C. succulenta.
'I'l. h>uit \ in. thick or less : leaves small, C. ncoflnvhlis.
Tkki-s oKiiih; XoiniiKux LJxitkh Siatks (I-"i
— Hni'uH'rd'uiuac. —
-':>. l'"rnit and corymbs puhesceiit ; cal\x-Iol)cs sliarply glau-
clular-serrate ; lea\es serrate; styles and nutlets '1 or 8.
C. pcrtoinentosa.
2-\. I-'ruit and corymbs ,ulal)r()us : caiyx-lolies remotely slan-
dnlar-serrate. C. braincrdi.
— RotundifoHae. —
.11. Leaves longer than wide. 25.
1\. Leaves about as wide as long. 2(5.
2-"). Leaf lobes acuminate. -C. Jaurcntiana.
25. Leaf lobes acute. C. Iitrontin.
2(>. Leaf-lobes acuminate. C. irriwa.
n
Leaf-lobes acute or obtuse.
•27.
Calyx-tube prominent; fruit suliglobose. ('. niacaiilcyac.
Calyx-tube obscure. 28.
2S. Leaves acutely lobed toward the ajiex ; calyx-lobes
glandular-laciniate. C. bicknelHi.
28. Leaves not acutely lobed ; calyx-lobes glandular-mar-
gined only ; fruit globose, red, round in cross-section
C. chrysocarpa.
— / 1 rides. —
29. Leaves- ovate ; lobes shallow; fruit yellow-red. C. ovata.
29. Leaves oblong-ovate lo1)es deep ; fruit bright red, glaucous.
C. viridis.
— Intricatac. —
!<•. h'oliage and fruit i^ubescent ; coryml)s villous. 'W.
{<». I'^oliage. fruit, and corymbs glabrous. .■{2.
)1. I'Vuit globose, greenish to reddish-brown. C". intricata.
!!. Vr\i\i ellipsoid or pyriform. yellow. (". stoiiri.
i2. Leaves cordate, lobed. C^ t^nf^iJifoUa.
VI. Leaves cuneate, lobed. ■••>.
'•">. Lea\es clliptic-o\ate ; fruit p\ rifi)rm-ellii)St)id. , (.
slraiuinco.
'■V-\. Leaves ovate to oval ; fruit globose or subglobose, red-
dish-green to reddish-lirown. C. hoynfoni.
— Tcnuil oliar. —
• U. I'Vuit ellipsoid, ovoid, or pyriform ; calyx-lobes entire, '^'i.
M. I'Vuit compressed-globose or subglobose. ."{li.
•"IV Lea\es niucb lobed: fruit small, i-.-. in. thick, with rather
lirni th'sh. C. roanrnsi.^.
• it- I'lii.h .M.wr.M.
• ?•"•. Ia'Uncs ui't cons|)i(.-uously lohcd ; fruit larj^c, j-'i in. thick,
with soft tk'sh. ('. iiuicnfsprnna.
M(i. Lobes of tlie leaves reHexed. C. grayana.
• ill. Leaf-lobes si)reading or ascending. 37.
■{7. Terminal leaves cuneate. C. abionoii.
■ u. Terminal leaves cordate. C. populuca.
— Pniinosae. —
•■?<^. Leaves elliptic-ovate. C. jcsnpi. "
•"iS. Leaves ovate. .'iO.
39. Leaves usually cordate. h>.
39. Leaves usually cuneate. 11.
1<>.' Fruit conspicuously angled, strongly pruinose. C. nignsa.
40. Fruit not conspicuously angled, only slightly pruinose.
C. filipes.
4L Lobes of the leaves deep, acuminate. C. leiophylla.
41. Lobes of the leaves shallow, acute. 42.
42. Fruit without conspicuous angles. C. bcata.
42. Fruit conspicuously angled. 43.
43. Leaves deltoid. C. gaithigcri.
43. Leaves ovate. C. pminosa.
— Coccineae. —
11. Mature leaves usually glal)rous above; young foliage
bronze-green. 45.
44. Mature leaves tomentose above; young .foliage yellow-
green. oO
4."). Leaves oblong-ovate. 4G.
4-V Leaves broadly ovate. 47.
4(j. Corymbs nearly glabrous. C. villipcs.
4(1. Corymbs very pubescent. C. niunuala.
47. Corymbs and fruit glabrous. C. coccinioidcs.
47. Corymbs and fruit pubescent or tomentose 48.
48. Leaves on the vegetative shoots cuneate. 49.
4<'<. Leaves on the vegetative shoots cordate. C. albicans.
1!>. Leaves concave, Li-3 in. long, ]l-2:t in. wide. C. prmglei.
49. Leaves plane, L[-4 in. long, Li-3^ in. wide. C. coccinea.
■)<». Leaves on the vegetative shoots cuneate at tlu- base. 51.
50. Leaves on the vegetative shoots cordate. C. jiiollis.
51. Lobes of the leaves broad, shallow, acuminate. C.
arnold'mua.
Trees of the Northern United States 07
51. l.obes narrow, deep, and acute; fruit clHpsoid-pyrifonn.
C. subiiwUis.
— Oxyacantluic. —
■vl. Leave.s ovate. .'M^-lobed or cleft. C. nionof/yna.
/\iri'ifuliac. —
")■{. Leaves .sniall. subcoriaceous, corymbs l-'i-Howered.
C. iiniflora.
— Doui-jhismnac. —
•V4. Leaves subcoriaceous, petioles |-'i in. long. C". doiif/lasii.
— Cordatac. —
•>5. Leaves often conspicuously ."^-^-lobed, petioles i-2 in.
lony. C. phariiopyniiii.
1. Crataegus crus-galli L. Cockspur Hawtborn. A
sniall tree with spreading- branches and num'erous slender
thorns. Leaves coriaceous, shining above, sharply serrate.
Fruit ellipsoid-ovoid to subglobose, greenish to red. flesh
hard, remaining on the branches until late in the winter.
The best hawthorn for hedges. X. Y. to Ont.. south to
Conn.. Ga., and Kan.
2. Crataegus berberifolia T. & G. J^)arberry-leaf
Hawthorn. A small tree with spreading- branches and a
broad crown, with few thorns, Leaves oblong-cuneiform,
spatulate. or obovate. rougli-puliescent a1)ove. white-pubescent
or tomentose beneath. Fruit subglobose to short-ellipsoid,
yellow, orange, or red. Ky. to Mo. and the Gulf States.
■S. Crataegus schizophylla Eggl. ^fartha's Vineyard
Kawtborn. A small tree with irregular ascending branches
and lunnerous thorns. Leaves oblong-ovate to ovate, coarsely
serrate with short acute lobes toward the apex, glalirous.
slightly impressed-veined. PVuit pyriform-ellipsoid, dark red :
nutlets ribbed on the back. Mass.
I. Crataegus denaria lU-adle. ralnior's Hawthorn. .\
small tree with spreading branches and a round-topped crown.
Leaves oval, ovate, or oblong-ovate, often slightly lobed to-
wards the apex. Fruit globose or subglobose. reddish-green or
light red. In low rich soil. Ky. to Mo. and Miss.
.'.. Crataegus fecunda S.ir-. I'mitfnl Hawthorn \
small tree with spreadini; bi-.nu lus ;m(l nnnicmns rboriis
• •^' l^'iKi.i) Manual
Leaves oblong-ohovate to oval. I'Vuii short-ellipsoid to suh-
globose, oranse-red. sli.yhtlv piiliescent. Rich l)ottoni lands.
111. and Mo.
ti. Crataegus cuneiformis (Marsh.) Eggl. Marshall's
llawthorn. A small tree with widely spreading branches,
dark brown scaly bark, and numerous, often branched thorns.
Leaves oblanceolate-obovate. l<"ruit ellipsoid-pyriform, scar-
let or dark red. W Y. and }^a. to Va. and 111.
7. Crataegus punctata Jaccj. Dotted Hawthorn. A
small tlat-topped tree with horizontal or ascending branches
and light gray thorns. Leaves obovate. serrate, doubly
serrate, or lobed at the apex. Fruit short-ellipsoid, yellow or
red, somewhat edible. Quebec to Pa.. Minn.. Iowa, and Ky.
8. Crataegus margaretta Ashe. Margaret's Haw-
thorn. A shrul) or small tree with ascending branches form-
ing a round crown. Leaves oblong-obovate to ovate, serrate
or doubly serrate, usually somewhat lobed. Fruit dull rusty
green, yellow, or red. compressed globose to short ellipsoid,
angular. Out. to Iowa, Mo., Tenn., and Va.
r>. Crataegus suborbiculata Sarg. Caughuawaga
Hawthorn. A small tree with spreading branches and a broad
crown. Leaves ovate-orbicular, serrate or doubly serrate.
Fruit globose or compressed-globose, dull green to scarlet. Tn
lime-stone areas. Montreal to Mich.
1<>. Crataegus succulenta Schrad. Longthorn Haw-
thorn. A small tree with ascending branches forming a broad
irregular crown, and with numerous bright, brown thorns.
Leaves rhombic-ovate to obovate. doubly serrate and usually
somewhat lobed toward the apex. Fruit subglobose. dark red.
X. S. to ^Imn.. X. C Xeh.. anrl Col.
11. Crataegus neofluvialis Ashe. New River Haw-
thorn. A small tree witli ascending and spreading branches,
and mnnerous thorns. Leaves elliptic-ovate to obovate. doubly
serrate and somewhat lobed towards the apex, coriaceous,
dark green and shining above. Fruit globose or short-ellipsoid,
dark red. Vt. to Wis.. X. C. and Iowa.
12. Crataegus calpodendron (Ehrh.) Medic. Pear
Hawthorn. A shrub or small tree with ascending and spread-
ing branches forming a broad crown, with stout thorns and
tomentosc twigs. Leaves rhombic-ovate, acute or acuminate
Trees of the Xokthern United States GO
at the apex, doubly serrate. Fruit pyriform or ellipsoid,
orange-red or red. N. Y. and N. J. to Minn, and Mo.
1'.]. Crataegus pertomentosa Aslic. Prairie flawlliorn.
A small tree with nearly horizontal branches forming a flat-
tened crown and with numerous curved thorns. Leaves
oblong to obovate finely doubly serrate or lobed. Fruit
globular or nearly so, cherry-red. villous when young. Rocky
soil. Towa. Mo., and Kan.
14. Crataegus brainerdi Sarg. Brainerd's Hawtliorn.
A shrul) or small tree witli ascending branches. Leaves
elliptic to ovate finely doubly serrate or lobed. Fruit short-
ellipsoid to globose, cherr3'-red to scarlet. New Eng. to Iowa
and Pa.
1-K Crataegus laurentiana Sarg. Fernald's Hawthorn.
A large, much-branched shrub or small tree with long thorns.
Leaves oblong to oblong-ovate, sharply doubly serrate or
lobed. Fruit ellipsoid, dark crimson. Xewf., X. S., Quebec,
Me., and shores of Lake Superior.
!(>. Crataegus lucorum Sarg. Grove Hawthorn. A
shrub or small tree with ascending branches. Leaves oblong-
ovate to broadly ovate, doubly serrate or lobed. Fruit pyri-
form— ellipsoid, crimson. 111. and Wis.
17. Crataegus irrasa Sarg. Blanchard's Hawthorn. A
shrub or small tree with numerous spines. Leaves ovate to
elliptic, doubly serrate or lobed. Fruit subglobose to short-
ellipsoid, red or scarlet, somewhat pubescent. Quebec to Vt.
and N. Y.
is. Crataegus macaCileyae Sarg. Macaulcy's Haw-
thorn. A small round-topped tree with somewhat pendulous
branches. Leaves ovate to oval, doubly serrate or lobed.
Fruit subgloliosc to short-ellipsoid, dark crimson. N. Y.
1!>. Crataegus bicknelli Eggl. Ricknell's Hawthorn.
A round-topped shrubby tree with numerous stout thorns.
Leaves ovate or oblong-ovate, sharply doubly serrate and
lobed. Fruit globose, red. Mass.
•20. Crataegus chrysocarpa Ashe. Roundloal' Maw
thorn. A beautiful, round-topped shrub or siuall tree with
numerous thorns. Leaves ovate-orbicular or obovate. doubly
serrate or lobed. shining above. Fruit depressed-globose to
short-ovoid, red. X. S. and X. P.. to Saskatoh.. south to X. (\.
Xeb., and N. M.
70 FiKi.D Manual
_M. Crataegus ovata Sar^- Ovatc-Icaf Hawihorn. A
tree with yellow scaly bark. Leaves ovate-elliptic or obovatc,
coarsely serrate or doubly serrate, often somewhat lobed to-
wards the apex, dark green and shining above. Fruit globose
or compressed-globose, yellow to orange-red. River bottoms.
Ky. and Mo.
•22. Crataegus viridis F. Green Hawthorn. A tree
with ascending Ijranches and a broad crown, often witliout
thorns. Leaves oblong ovate, serrate or doubly serrate, often
lobed toward the apex, dark green and shining above. Fruit
globose or compressed-globose, bright red or orange, glaucous.
Alluvial soil. Va. to Fla., Ind., 111., Kan., and Tex.
•2'>. Crataegus intricata Langc. Biltmore Hawthorn.
An irregularly branched shrub or small tree with few thorn.^.
Leaves elliptic-ovate to broadly ovate doubly serrate or lobed.
rough-pubescent. Fruit short-ellipsoid to globose, greenish-
yellow or becoming dark reddish-brown, somewhat pubescent.
Open rocky woods. N. Eng. and N. Y.. south to S. Car.
and Mo.
24. Crataegus stonei Sarg. Stone's Hawthorn. A
much-branched shrub or small tree with prominent thorns.
Leaves oblong to oblong-ovate, doubly serrate or lobed. Fruit
pyriform to short-ellipsoid, light yellow or yellow-green tinged
with red. Rocky soil. Mass., Conn., and N. Y.
2-^ Crataegus populifolia Walt. Poplar-leaf Haw-
thorn. A shrub or small tree with ascending and spreading
branches forming a round crown. Leaves deltoid-ovate or
oblong-ovate, serrate or doubly serrate with acute lobes. l*>uit
globose, light red. without angles. Va. to S. C.
2i'K Crataegus straminea Beadle. Alleghany Haw-
thorn. An irregularly branched shrub or small tree with oc-
casional thorns. Leaves elliptic-ovate, doubly serrate or lobed.
Fruit pyriform to ellipsoid, angular, yellow-green. Rocky
hills. Vt. to Mich., south to Del., Ala., and Mo.
27. Crataegus boyntoni Beadle. Boynton's Haw-
thorn. A round-topped, irregularly branched shrub or small
tree with occasional thorns. Leaves oval to ovate, doubly
serrate or slightly lobed. Fruit subglobose. orange-red or
red-brown. Shaly soil'. ATass. to Mich., south to S. C. and
Tenn.
TkKKS of TIIK XoKlllKkN UniIKIi S'IATKs 71
_^^. Crataegus roanensis A >he. Roan Mountain llaw-
thorn. A shrill) or small tree with ascendmg branches and
numerous curved thorns. Leaves ovate or ohlon"j;-ovate,
serrate with acute straight lobes. Fruit ellipsoid, ovoid, or
pyritorm, crimson. Quebec to Was., N. C, and Temi.
•_'!•. Crataegus macrosperma Ashe, ^^1rial)le flaw
thorn. A shrub or small tree with ascending branches and
numerous thorns. Leaves elliptic-ovate to broadl}' ovate,
doubly serrate and somewhat lobed. Fruit ellipsoid or pyri-
form. scarlet to crimson, often glaucous. N. S. and Maine to
Minn.. N. C, and Tenn.
•■>(i. Crataegus grayana Eggl. Gray's Ilawihorn. A
large shrub or small tree with ascending branches. Leaves
ovate, doubly serrate with 4-6 pairs of acuminate lobes. Fruit
subglobose to short ellipsoid, angular, dark cherry-red. N.
Fng. to Ont. and N. Y.
.'^1. Crataegus alnorum Sarg. Edson's PTawthorn. A
broad shrub or small tree with ascending branches. Leaves
ovate, serrate or doubly serrate with acute lobes. Fruit sub-
globose, slightly angular, dark cherry-red. N. Eng. to Mich,
and Pa.
•'52. Crataegus populnea Ashe. Gruber's Hawthorn.
A shruli or small tree with a flattened round crown. Leaves
broadly ovate to elliptic-ovate, slightly villous, serrate or
doubly serrate, sometimes lobed. Fruit glabrous to short-
ellipsoid, scarlet. Low ground. Ont. to Pa. and Del.
■'■!. Crataegus jesupi Sarg. Jesup's Hawthorn. A
large slirub or small tree with ascending branches. Leaves
elliptic-ovate, serrate or doubly serrate with 4 or 5 pairs of
acute lobes. Fruit short-ellipsoid to pyriform, slightly angled,
dark red. Vt. to Wis. south to Pa.
■U. Crataegus rugosa Ashe. Rugose' Hawthc^rn. .\
shruh or small tree with ascending branches. Leaves broadly
ovate, serrate or doubly serrate with 4-(t pairs of broad
acuminate lobes, glabrous. Fruit depressed-globose, bright red.
Conn, to Pa.. Tnd., and N. C.
;{5. Crataegus filipes Ashe. ISeckwilh'"^ llawthnrn. .\
shrub or small tree with ascending branches and numerous
thorns. Leaves ovate, serrate or twice serrate and lobed.
glabrous. Fruit globose or compressed-globose, cherry-red.
Western N. Eng. to Mich, south to Pa.
72 1m KM) Manual
.!<;. Crataegus leiophylla S.ir.i^. Maiiu-"> Hawthorn.
A large shrub or small tree with erect branches and numerous
thorns. Leaves broadly ovate, doubly serrate, with 3-5 pairs
of acuminate spreading lobes, dull. Fruit pyriform to globose,
slightly angular, bright or dark scarlet. N. Y. to Pa.
•17. Crataegus beata Sarg. Dunbar's Hawthorn. A
shrub or small tree with ascending or erect branches. Leaves
ovate, doubly serrate with acute lobes, dull. Fruit short
ellipsoid, slightly angular, crimson. Out. to Pa.
08. Crataegus gattingeri Ashe Gattinger"s Haw-
thorn. A shrub or small tree with ascending branches form-
ing an irregular crown, and with numerous thorns. Leaves
narrowly ovate to deltoid, serrate or doubly serrate, lobed
toward the apex, glabrous, dark green above. Fruit globose,
angular, red. Pa. to Ind., south to W. Va. and Tenn.
30. Crataegus pruinosa (Wendl.) Koch. Waxy-
fruited Hawthorn. A slirub or small tree with ascending
branches, irregular crowai. and numerous slender thorns.
Leaves elliptic-ovate to broadly ovate, doubly serrate with
3 or 4 pairs of broad acute lobes toward the apex, glabrous.
Fruit depressed-globose or short-ellipsoid, strongly angled,
pruinose, scarlet or purple. Rocky open woods. \. Eng. to
Mich., N. C. and Mo.
■10. Crataegus villipes Ashe. Thinleaf Hawihurn. A
tree wnth strongly ascending branches. Leaves elliptic-ovate,
serrate or doubly serrate with 4-6 pairs of acute or acuminate
lobes, pubescent or scabrous. Fruit pyriform or ellipsoid,
crimson. Maine to Quebec to ]\Tich., south in tlie mountains
to N. €.
41. Crataegus anomala Sar.y. Ohlong-leaf HawlliDrn.
A shrubby tree with numerous thorns. Leaves oblong to
ovate, serrate or doubly serrate with acute lobes. Fruit pyri-
form-ellipsoid, crimson. Quebec to Mass. and N. Y.
12. Crataegus coccinioides Ashe. Eggcrt's Hawthorn.
A shrub or small tree with spreading branches. _ Leaves
broadly ovate, doubly serrate, dark green above. Fruit sub-
globose, obtusely angled. Quebec to R. L, west to Mo. and
Kan.
!•!. Crataegus pringlei Sari^. Pringle's Hawthorn. A
small tree with ascending branches. Leaves ovate to oval,
doubly serrate, with shallow lobes. Fruit short-ellipsoid to
Trees oe the Xortiiekx United States l'^
pyriforni, pubescent, red. Western X. En.u:. to 111., south to
Pa.
11. Crataegus coccinea f. Scarlet Mautln'm. .A
small tree with ascending and spreading branches and stout
short thorns. Leaves broadly ovate, acute or acuminate at
the apex, broadl-}^ cuneate or truncate at the base, doubly
serrate or lobed, somewhat scabrous. Fruit pyriform to short
ellipscid, red. somewhat edible. Of consideralile decorative
value. Conn, to Ont., Til., Del. and Pa.
4-"). Crataegus albicans Ashe. Tatnall's Hawthorn.
A shrub or small tree with spreading branches. Leaves
broadly ovate to oblong-ovate, doubly serrate or lobed. Fruit
subglobose or somewhat pyriform, dark red, Western N.
Eng, to Mich., soutli to Del. and Tenn.
4C^. Crataegus arnoldiana Sarg. Arnold's Hawthorn.
A small tree with ascending branches, forming a broad crown,
and numerous long thor-tis. Leaves broadly ovate to oval,
serrate or doubly serrate with broad shallow lobes, tomentose
or scabrous above. Fruit globose or subglobose, bright crim-
son, slightly pubescent; flesh thick, juicy, and edible. Mass.
and Conn.
47. Crataegus submollis Sarg. Emerson's Hawthorn.
A small tree with spreading branches, forming a broad sym-
metrical crown, and with numerous thorns. Leaves ovate,
doubly serrate and acutely lobed, tomentose. becoming scab-
rate. Fruit short-ellipsoid to pyriform, orange-red, slightly
tomentose. edible. Quebec to Mass. and N. Y.
48. Crataegus mollis (T. & G.) Schecle. Downy
Hawthorn. A tree with spreading branches and densely
pubescent twigs, forming a broad-topped crown. Leaves
broadly ovate, doubly serrate with narrow acute lobes, densely
tomentose. Fruit short-ellipsoid to subglobose. scarlet, edible.
Ont. to S. Dak.. Tenn. and Ark.
•1!'. Crataegus monogyna J acq. English Hawthorn.
A shrub or tree with ascending branches and numerous thorns.
Leaves ovate, sharply .S-15 lobed or cleft, dark green and
glabrous above when mature. Fruit globose or subglobose.
red. Native of Europe. Sparingly escaped in the eastern
states.
50. Crataegus uniflora Muench. Dwarf Hawth'-rn.
An irregular shrub or small tree with nmnernn'^, <;1ender.
74 FiKLU Manual
straight thorns. Leaves obovate to spatulate, crenate or
crenate-serrate, shining above. Corymbs 1-3 flowered. Fruit
ellipsoid, pyriform or globose, greenish-yellow or red. In
sandy soil. N. Y. to Fla., west to W. Va., Mo., and Tex.
M. Crataegus douglasii Lindl. Douglas' llawtliorn.
A shrub or tree with dark brown scaly bark and short thorns.
Leaves ovate to obovate. doubly serrate and lobcd. dark green
and pubescent above. Fruit short-ellipsoid, dark i)urple ; flesh
soft, sweet. From Mich, northwestward.
52. Crataegus phaenopyrum (L. f.) Medic. Washing
ton Hawthorn. A shrub or small tree with strongly ascending
branches and numerous thorns. Leaves ovate-triangular,
simply or doubly serrate, often 3-5 lobed, bright green and
glabrous above. Fruit depressed-globose, scarlet. Moist rich
ground. A very desirable species for cultivation. Va. to
Ga., 111., and Ark. Naturalized northward to N. J., Pa., and
Ohio.
Amygdalatae. Peach Subfamily.
11. Priinus (Tourn.) L. Apricot, Plum, .Cherry.
Shrubs or trees with alternate, simple, serrate, pinnately-
veined leaves, with disk-like or tooth-like glands on the petiole ;
with stipules or stipular scars, cylindrical pith, twigs some
shade of brown, and with the fruit a drupe.
Terminal bud present or self-pruned ; perianth pcn-
tamerous ; carpel 1, hypanthium deciduous; drupe mostly
edible.
1. Terminal bud usually present; leaves condu])licatc in
vernation ; stone globose, little or not at all flattened ;
inflorescence racemose, corymbose, or umbellate. '2.
1. Terminal bud self-pruned; leaves convolute in vernation;
stone of the drupe compressed; inflorescence umbel-
late or with only 1 or 2 flowers. 7.
2. Petioles usually not over ^ in. long ; leaves ovate,
abruptly acute at the apex ; flowers corymbose, termin-
ating twigs of the season. P. mahaleh.
2. Petioles usually an inch or more long, or if not, the leaves
not ovate; flowers in umbellate or somewhat corymbose
clusters, or in racemes. 3.
3. Flowers in umbellate or corymbose clusters. 1.
3. Flowers in racemes. 6.
Trkes of the North kk.n L'nitki) Statks 7'>
'i. Leaves glabrous or nearly so. o.
4. Leaves pubescent beneath, at least on the veins, with
prominent hairs; inflorescence umbellate; drupe sweet.
/'. ariuin.
:>. Leaves ovate-lanceolate to lanceolate ; inflorescence more
or less corymbose; drupe with thin sour flesh. P.
f^eunsyli'iDiico.
:.. Leaves ovate to ovate-lanceolate; inflorescence umbellate.
drupe with thick sour flesh. P. cerasus.
(]. Leaves oval-lanceolate to ovate, acuminate or acute;
olands on the petiole usually elongated and tooth-like;
bark black; drupe dark-purple or black, sweet. P.
7'ir(iiniaua.
ti. Leaves oliovate to oval, abruptly acute or acuminate;
glands on the petiole usually rounded or disk-like;
liark gray; drupe red or purple, astringent. P. nana.
7. Leaves abruptly acuminate, petiole much less than \ as
long as the blade. 8.
7. Leaves abruptly long-acute or acuminate, ovate to round-
ovate; iK'tiole I as long as the blade; flowers solitary
(.r in twos; fruit velvety. P. armcnia'ca.
7. Leaves acute or ohtusish. or gradually acuminate. 10.
S. Leaves mostly broad and thick, somewhat pui)escent or
roughish l)eneath ; calyx lobes puliescent or glabrous
within. !'.
S. Leaves mostly narrow and ])each-like. firm and more or
less shining, glabrous; calyx lo1)es pubescent on both
sides. /'. horlnlana.
!i. Calyx-lobes entire, i)nl)escent witbin : fruit gloliose ;
llowers wliite. /'. anicricana.
!». Calyx lobes glandular-serrate, glabrous witbin; fruit
subglobose (.r oval; flowers white, turning pink. /'.
niiira.
10. Leaves glabrous when mature, acute or acuminate. 11.
In. Leaves pubescent beneath, not pointed or only slightly
SQ, ovate or obovate. P. domcsiica.
11. Leaves lanceolate; drupe red witb little or no bloom. /'.
anciustifolia.
11. Leaves ovate, drupe dark ptirpU'. witli a bloom. P. allr-
iihanirnsis.
v-
Fiv.Lu Manual
C In' r lies.
Prunus virginjana L. r.lack Cherry. A large tree
with rough, black, flak}- hark ; drupe globose, dark-purple
or black, sweet but slightly astringent. Leaves oval, oval-
lanceolate, or ovate, acuminate or acute, serrate with appressed
teeth. Leaves very poisonous to cattle, especially when half-
wilted. Kernels very poisonous. Wood rather heavy, hard,
strong, of fine texture, of a brown or reddish color; niucli
used in cabinet-work and interior finish, especially in cars
and boats, also used in turnery. Self-prunes twigs by means
of cleavage planes in basal joints. Ont. to Fla., N. Dak., Kan.,
Tex., and Ohio.
2. Prunus nana Du Roi. Choke Cherry. A shrub or
small tree with gray bark. Leaves obovate or broadly oval,
abruptly acute or acuminate at the apex, rounded at the
base, serrulate with slender teeth, glabrous or nearly so.
Drupe, red to nearly black, sometimes yellow, very astringent,
not edible. Leaves poisonous ; kernels probably poisonous.
Self-prunes leafy fruiting branches. Along river banks and
in reeky places. Xcwf. to Man.. Br. Col.. Ga., Neb.. Tex.,
Colo., and Ohio.
:]. Prunus mahaleb L. Mahaleb Cherry. A small tree
with pale smooth bark. Leaves ovate, abruptly acute at the
apex, rounded or slightly cordate at the base, denticulate,
glabrous, fragrant. Drupes with thin flesh and slightly flat-
tened stone. From Europe. Conn, to Ont., N. Y. to Ohio
ind Kan.
4. Prunus Pennsylvanica L. f. Red Cherry. A .small
tree with sour globose, red drupes. Leaves oval or lanceolate,
acute or acuminate, mainly rounded at the base, glabrous,
serrulate. Leaves poisonous : kernels probably poisonous. In
rocky woods. Xewf. to Ga., west to Rocky Mts.
'}. Prunus avium L. Sweet Cherry. A medium-sized
tree with globose, black or dark red, sweet, edible drupes.
Leaves ovate, oval, or slightly obovate, abruptly short-acu-
minate, irregularly serrate-.. Native of Europe. Ont. to Mass.,
Ohio and Vn.
(i. Prunus cerasus L. Sour Cherry. A small tree
with glol)ose, red or reddish-black, sour, edible drupes.
Leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, abruptly acute or acuminate.
TkKKS OF THK NoKTJIKRX L'XITKH StATKS 77
rouiulod at tlic haso, very resinous when young. Self-prunes
the fruiting branchlcts. Xativc of Europe. N. H. and Mass,
to X. Y. and Ohio.
riuiiis and .Ipricot.
7. Pntiius ariiicniaca L. Apricot. A small round-topped
tree with reddish bark. Drupe nearly smooth, short stalked,
yellow, edible. Cultivated.
S. Prunus americana Marsh. Wild Plum. A shrub
r.v small tree with stunted thorn-like branches and thick black
bark. Leaves ovate, or obovate sharply and often doubly
serrate, rounded at the base, slender-petioled. Drupe with
a tough skin, globose, red or yellowish, edible. Often used
as a stock on which to graft domestic plums. Wood hard,
reddish in color. X. Y.. to Mont., Fla.. Colo., and Ohio.
!». Prunus nigra Ait. Canada Plum. A tree with thin
l)ark. Leaves oval, ovate, or obovate, long-acuminate, crenu-
late-serrate ; drupe oval, orange-red. thick-skinned, with little
or no bloom. Petals pink in age. Newf. to Man.. Mass. and
Wis.
1(1. Prunus hortulana Bail. Wild-goo.sc Plum. A
small tree with spreading l)ranches and thin bark. Leaves
ovate-lanceolate to ovate, long-acuminate, closely glandular-
serrate. Drupe bright red and thin-skinned, edible. 111. to
Kan., Tenn., and Tex.
11. Prunus angustifolia Marsh. Chickasaw Plum. A
small tree with thorn-like stunted branches. Leaves acute,
serrulate, often rounded at the base. Drupe globose, red, and
edible. In dry soil. X. J. to Ma., west to Rocky Mts.
12. I'ntiius doiiicstica L. Connnon Garden Plum. A
small tree with al)out 100 cultivated varieties. Drupe of
various cobjrs, covered with a thick glaucous bloom.
l.{. Prunus alleghaniensis Port. Alleghany Plum. A
low shrub or small tree, seldom thorny. Leaves acute or
acuminate, linely serrate, rounded at the base. Drupe pleas-
antly acid, ulobose-ovoid. with a consiiiou<ms bloom. Pemi.
2S. Amygdalus I Peach.
Irees or shrubs with alternate, simple, serrate, pinnately-
\eined leaves with 2-4 disk-like glands at the edge of the
7S 1m 1:1,1. Manual
base of tlie blade, with terminal bud. stipular scars or stipules,
reddish or greenish twigs, and velvety drupe.
Perianth pentamerous, carpel 1. hypanthium deciduous;
drupe mostly edible with a deeply pitted stone.
1. Amygdalus persica T>. Peach. A small tree with
beautiful pink or white flowers and a large edible drupe.
Leaves with prominent nectar glands on the petiole or at the
base of the blade. Leaves and kernels bitter, poisonous.
Native of Asia; abundantly escaped. N. Y. to Fla. and Kan.
Fahaceac. Pea Family.
Cassiatar. Senna Subfamily.
•20. Cercis L. Redbud.
Trees or shrubs with 2-ranked. entire, palmately veined
leaves.
Flowers zygomorphic in short lateral fascicles ; stamens
l'>, distinct: fruit a flat ])ean.
1. Cercis canadensis L. Redbud. A small tree with
bright red-purple flovyers before the leaves ; fine for orna-
mental purposes. Wood hard and heavy, beautifully varie-
gated. In rich soil. Easily cultivated. Out. and X. Y. to
Iowa. Xeb.. X. J., Fla., Tex.
P.O. Gleditsia F. lToney-locu>t.
Trees with alternate, evenly jjinnate or biplnuate leaves,
superposed buds beneath the petiole base, and usually with
branched axillary thorns.
Flowers small, greenish, imperfectly monosiiorangiate and
diecious ; fruit a l)ean.
1. Pod linear-oblong, many seeded, pulpy within; leaflets
short stalked, oblong-lanceolate or oval, obtuse at both
ends, inequilateral at the base, G. truicaiithos.
1. Pod obliquely oval. 1-seeded. not pulpy; leaflets thicker,
darker green, usually larger, ovate-lanceolate or
lanceolate, the margin more crenulate. G. aqiiatica.
J. Gleditsia triacanthos L. Money-locust. A large
tree of rapid growth, usually with stout branching or simple
tliorns and with rough bark, the catkin-like racemes often
TkKES OF THK XoKTHERX UnITKI) StATKS "!•
ai;pearin,u <>n ihc main trunk and larger hranclics. Used as
a hedse plant. Autumn leaves pure yellow. Wood heaVy.
liard. strong" and tough ; used for fencing, fuel and wa^Jjon
luil)s. Sprouts freely from tlie roots if disturbed by plowing.
Grows well in dry or sandy soil. Ont. and X. ^^ to S. Dak..
Ga., Kan., and Tex.
2. Gleditsia aquatica Marsh. Water Honey-locust. A
tree growing in swamps. Thorns usually little branched.
Wood very hard and bright reddish-brown. Ind. to Mo.. S.
Gar., b'la.. and Texas.
.".1. Gymnocladus Lam. CofTee-bean.
Trees with alternate, evenly bipinnate leaves, sunken
superposed axillary buds, and large chocolate-colored pitli.
Flowers greenisli. diecious. both types with vestages of
the opposite si)nrophylls ; fruit a woody bean.
1. Gymnocladus dioica (L.) Koch. Coffee-bean. A
large, slow^-growing tree with rough bark and few^ branches.
Bean short and thick, the greenish pulp within poisonous.
The bruised leaves are used as a fly poison, and the seeds
have been used as a substitute for coffee. Wood compact,
lieavy, rather soft, strong, tough, reddish in color, or coarse
texture, and taking a good polish ; used to some extent in
cabinet-wi'rk. In rich soil. Ont. to Ohio and Penn., Tenn..
S. Dak., and Okla.
Fabatiic. Pea Subtamil\.
:V2. Cladrastis Raf. Vi-lJow-wood.
Trees with alternate, odd-pinnate leaves with entire leaf-
lets, with the petiole base covering the superposed buds, and
without milky or resinous sap.
Flowers white, showy, fragrant; fruit a slender l)ean.
1. Cladrastis liitea (.Mx. f.) Koch. .American Vellow-
wood. Trees with smooth bark, close like in the beech.
Wood light-yellow. In rich soil ; much planted. Ky., Mo.,
Tenn., and N. Car.
so FiKLD Manual
■!.■{. Robinia 1.. T.ocust.
Trees or shrubs with alternate odd-pinnate non-punctate
leaves and with stijjular spines.
Flowers shovv}% in racemes; fruit a Bat bean.
1. Twigs. i)etioles and pods glabrous or nearly so; Howers
white. A", f^scudoacacia.
1. Twigs and petioles glandular; pods hispid; flowers
pinkish. A'. I'isLOsa.
1. Robinia pseudoacacia L. Common Locust. A
large slender tree with \ery rcugh bark, of ra])id growth.
Wood very hea\>-. hard, strong, tough, valuable, and very
durable in contact with the ground; used for posts, railroad
ties, wagon hubs, furniture, and in ship building. All parts
of the plant very poisonous, Tt is troublesome from sprout-
ing from the rr.ots. Penn. and Ohio to Ga.. Iowa, Kan., and
Okla.
2. Robinia viscosa \'ent. Clammy Locust. A small
tree with rough bark, l^nderground parts somewhat poison-
ous. Wood brown, the sap-wood yellow. \^a. to (la. Also
escaped in Middle and Eastern States.
( )rder, Celastkalks.
Rhaiiniaccac. Buckthorn l-'amily.
■{|. Rhamnus ('Tourn.) L. Buckthorn.
Shru.l)s or small trees with alternate, rarely opposite, sim-
ple serrate (.r minutely serrulate leaves, and with berry-like
drupes containing I'-l stones.
Flowers bisporangiate or diecious or imperfectly mono-
sporangiate, small, in small axillary clusters. Twigs sor.e-
times ending in stout thorns.
1. Leaves acute, with <i-l<> pairs of lateral veins: nutlets
smooth; umbels peduncled ; flowers bisporan-^iate. R.
caroliniana.
1. Leaves with 8 or 4 pairs of lateral veins, the basal pair
prominent; nutlets of the fruit grooved; flowers
diecious or imperfectly monosporangiate. R . rafharfira.
TkKKS ok TIIK XoKTIlKKN rXITKI) StATES 81
1. Rhamnus caroliniana Walt. Car(»Iina P.ucktliorn.
lA tall thornk'ss shrub or small tree with a ^loliose sweet
drupe. Ill wet soil. \'a. and ()hi<) to Kan., Ma., and Tc.x.
2. Rhamnus cathartica L. Common Buckthorn. A
shrub or small tree with ])lack injurious fruit. Somewhat
thorny and used for hedges. Tlic fruit yields a dye and has
powerful medicinal properties. Introduced from Furope.
Eastern states.
Celustraceae. StatTtree h'amily.
'.\h. Euonymus (Tourn.) L. W'ahoo
Shrubs or small trees with opposite, simple, pinnately
veined, serrate leaves, green twigs and central bundle-scars.
Flowers regular, small; fruit a ."Vo-locular dehiscent
capsule; seeds enclosed in a red aril.
1. Flowers purple; cymes (i-15 tlowered ; winter buds long-
pointed with long bud scales. /:. atrofiirpurcits.
1. 1^'lowers greenish yellow; cymes 3-7 flowered; winter
buds very short pointed with short bud scales. E.
curopacus.
'4^ Euonymus atropurpureus Jacq. Wahoo. A high
shrul) or small tree with green, obtusely 4-angled twigs.
Leaves dark red and fruit very ornamental in autumn. Self-
prunes small twigs by basal joints. Wood nearly white. Ont.
to IHa.. .Mont, and (^kla.
1. Euonymus europaeus L. Spindletrec. A shrub or'
small tree reseml)ling the preceding. Self-prunes twigs. Cul-
tivated from Furope. Escaped. X. ^'.. X. J. and Va.
ri'
Jlicaccac. Molly h"aniil>.
:;•; Ilex F. Molly.
Shrubs or trees with alternate, not two-ranked, simple,
pinnately veined, serrate or lobed leaves which are sometimes
evergreen; with watery sap; anad with berry-like drupes con-
taining several small stones.
b'lowers small, in axillary clusters or solitary, mostly
imperfectly diecious.
>^i' Field Manual
1. Leaves thick, persistent, evergreen. >i»iii\. /. ofaca.
1. Leaves thin, deciduous, not spiny. _'.
2. Leaves small, obovate or spatulate. crciuiie : lunlels of
the fruit ribbed.- /. dccidua.
1. Leaves large, ovate or lanceolate, sharply >errat(.-. nutlets
ribbed. /. montana.
I. Ilex decidua Walt. Deciduous Holly. A shrub or
Muall tree with light-gray, glabrous twigs and red drupes.
Wood hard and white. In swami)s and low ground. O. C.
to Fla.. Kan., and Tex.
1. Ilex montana (T. & G.) Gr. Mountain Holly. A
shrub (ir slender, erect tree growing in mountain woods.
Drupes red. .\'. V. to Ga.. and Ala.
■ !. Ilex opaca Ait. American Holly. A tree of slow
growth with thick, glabrous, evergreen leaves and globose
red or rarely yellow drupes. Twigs with leaves and fruit
nuich used for Christmas decoration. Wood very white,
line-grained, hard, strong, tough, light in weight, and easily
worked ; used for cabinet-work and in turnery. Bird-lime
is prepared from the middle bark. In moist soil. Should be
much planted for ornament in suitable places. The leaves
should be cut off when transplanted. Me. to F'la.. Pemi.. Mo.,
and Tex.
Stiiphyli'drcac. Hladdernut l'"amily.
■".7. Staphylea L. F)laddernut.
Shrubs or small trees with opposite trifoliate serrate
leaves.
Stipules caducous : flowers in axillary racemes or panicles,
white. l)isporangiate. regular: capsule large and bladdery,
triocular.
1. Staphylea trifolia L. American Bladdernut. A
shrub or rarely small tree with smooth striped bark. Branch-
ing a sympodial dichotomy. In moist soil. Quebec to Minn.,
S. Car., and Kan.
Tkkks oi' iiii. Xoim iikkx Umikii Si Ari> 8.*»
Order. Safin dales.
Sapindaccac. Soapberry Family.
38. Sapindus (Tourn.) L. Soapberry.
Trees or shrubs with alternate, odcl-i)innate leaves, with
entire, inequilateral, acuminate leaflets, and w^ith solid pith ;
with axillary, exposed, superposed buds ; and without stipular
spines.
{■•lowers imperfectly diecious ; fruit a l-.^-seeded berry.
1. Sapindus drummondii H & A. Drummond Soap-
l)erry. A tree with white flowers in dense terminal panicles
and very saponaceous, globose berries. Wood hard, light yel-
lowish brown ; used in Texas for cotton baskets. Kan. and
Mo. to La. and Ariz.
39. Koelreuteria Laxm.
Trees with alternate, odd-pinnate or bipinnate leaves
with the leaflets toothed and usually more or less cut and
lobed ; without prickles, stipules, or terminal buds, but with
numerous scattered bundle-scars and large cylindrical pith.
Flowers yellow, diecious, in large terminal panicles : fruit
a trilocular bladdery capsule ; outer Inid-scales 2.
1. Koelreuteria paniculata Laxm. Chinese Varnish-
tree. A tree much planted ior ornament. Reported as spon-
taneous from seed in Indiana.
Acscuhce^c. Buckeye F'amil\.
40. Aesculus L. Ruckeye. Horse-che.stnut.
Trees or slirubs with opposite palmately compound leaves.
blowers imperfectly monosporangiate, zygomorphic, in
terminal panicles; capsules leather\-. containing large shining
nut-like seeds.
1. b'lowers wliite, mottied with yellow and purple:
leaflets abruptly acuminate; winter buds gunnny ;
capsule spiny; bundle scars arranged in a curve<l
line. A. hippocoslniiniii.
1. blowers yellow or purplish; leaflets acuminate, more
or less abrupt; winter buds not gummy: bundle
scars arranged in 3 areas. 2.
>'t I'lKi.i) Manual
'2. Capsule spiny, stamens exserted. '.].
2. Capsule glabrous; stamens not longer than the ])etals.
rorolla yellow or purplisli. .1. octandra.
'■\. Leallets acuminate, tinely serrate. .")-"; a tree. A.
glabra.
■''. Leaflets long-acuminate, unequally serrate. 7-9; a
shrub-like small tree. A. arguta.
1. Aesculus hippocastanum L. Horse-chestnut. .A
large tree vvitli very resinous, gummy winter l)uds. Autumn
lea\es orange. The seeds are poisonous and' sym])toms of
poisoning have been jjroduced frdin eating the green rind.
The twigs contain Aesculin which is fluorescent in acpieous
solution. Kscaped from cultixation : nati\e of Asia.
•J. Aesculus glabra W'illd. Ohio Buckeye. A large
tree Avith rough and fetid l)ark. Leaves, young shoots, and
seeds poisonous to cattle. Wood light and hard to split; used
for making artificial limbs, wooden-ware, and paper pulp.
Penn., to Ala.. Mich.. Nelh. and Okla.
5. Aesculus arguta P>uckl. Western Buckeye. A
shrub-like small tree witli smooth bark. On flood plains.
y\o. and Kan. to Texas. Reported from Iowa.
4. Aesculus octandra Marsh. Yellow Buckeye. A
larg( tree witli l)rown scaly bark. Seeds poisonous. Wood
light and hard to split; used for making artificial limbs,
woodenware. and paper pul]). Aesculus octandra hybrida
( DC. ) Sarg. has purplish or pink flowers, leaflets pubescent
lieneath. and light brown bark. Penn. to (ia.. Iowa and Tex.
Ai'rraccac. .\la])le l-"amil\.
II. Acer (Tourn.) L. ?\l.-iple.
Trees or shrubs witli oi)posite leaves, with •■{-■'» ])un(lle
scars in the narrow, contigm us leaf scars, and with a ter-
minal bud showing several pairs of visible scales.
Sap watery or sometimes milky, often saccharine; fruit a
•2-winged samara. Usually diecious or im])erfectly diecious.
1. Leaves pinnate or trifoliate; twigs green, glaucous.
A. ncgundo.
1. Leaves simple. 2.
Tkkks oi TiiK XokriiiiKN L'mtkii Statks 8")
■_'. Leaves with xery larj^e icctli or lohes. tlir dix isions
not serrate or serrate-dentate. 'A.
'2. Leaves with the large divisions or lobes serrate or
serrate-dentate, o.
•S. Leaves with stipules which are often large and foli-
aceous ; leaves green and pubescent beneath at least
on the veins; tiowers corymbose, unfolding with
the leaves ; wings of fruit diverging a little less than
a right angle. ./. nuiriMn.
•S. Lea\es witliout stipules. 4.
I. Leaves with much milky sap in the i)etiole. glabrous.
dark green above, lighter below, usually with 7
prominent palmate veins; flowers corymbose, un-
folding with the leaves; wings of the fruit diverg-
ing nearly in a straight line; petals present; winter
buds rounded. ./. platanoidcs.
4. Leaves with watery or frothy sap, pale and nearly glalj-
rous beneath, usually with 5 prominent palmate
veins; flowers corymbose, unfolding with the
leaves; wings of the fruit diverging a little less
than a right angle; i)etals none; winter buds
l)ointed. A. sacchaniui.
•"). Leaves very s'.iarply and finely serrate, -i-lobed at the
outer end. widest abo\c the middle, the lol)es
abruptly narrow-acuminate, brown pubescent below
when young; twigs green, striped with darker lines;
flowers racemed. terminal, unfolding after the leavrs.
. /. I^cunsylz-anicuui.
•"). Leaves dentate-serrate or lobcd. not ai)rni)tl\ narrow-
acuminate; twigs not stri])e(l. i>.
<i. Leaves broadly 'i-'i-lolied, the lobes rather regularly
and continuously dentate-serrate ox dentate-crenate ;
flowers recemed, terminal, unfolding afli-r the
leaves. 7.
(i. Leaves usualL with •{-7 slender, long antl pointed
lobes, the lobes irregularly or interruptedly serrate
or serrate-dentate; flowers in dense sessile lateral
clusters, appearing liefore the leaves. 8.
8(1 Imi-i.i. Mam ai
7. Ltavts longer than wide, slightly ^-lohed at the outer
t'lul, usually only \ery slightly lobcd at the lower
cud. nut glaucous hclow ; hark of twigs green or
grayish ; racemes erect : a shruh, rarely a small tree.
A. spicafiiiii:
7. Leaves as broad or broader than long, prcniinently
•"(-lobed. glabrous and dark green above, pubescent
and light glaucous below, on long reddish petioles:
bark of twigs reddish-brown: racemes ilroopin;^':
wings of fruit pul)escent. moderatel\ spreading: a
large tree. - /. pseudo-plataniis.
8. Leaves usually deeply o-lobed, lobes slender, acute.
white and glaucous beneath; notches l)etween the
lobes often somiewhat rounded ; fruiting ])edicel
short and stiff. 1-2 in. long; wings divergent : petals
none. A. saccharinum.
^. Leaves sharply- ."{-^ lobed. whitish glaucous beneath.
notciies acute: fruiting pedicel hjng. slender and
drooping. 2-4 in. long; wings incurved; petals
present. ,L ruhniin.
1. .leer plotauoides L. Norway Maple. A medium-
sized tree with a broad rounded crown, with brown twigs
and milky' sap. Leaves sharply •''t-7 lol)ed. \er\- dark green
above. Much cultivated.
1. .'leer psendo-pU'itanns L. Sycamore Maple. .\ line tree
with spreading branches. Leaves (leepl\ ;>-") lolted. Self-
prunes. Much cultivated.
.!. Acer pennsylvanicum !.. Strii)e(l Maple. .\ -mall
tree with smoothisli green bark striped with darker lines.
Leaves broadest above the middle, thin, glabrous above slightly
I)ubescent l)eneath when young, truncate or somewhat cordate
at the base. -M-lobed near the apex. Wood white and soft. In
rocky soil. X. .S. to Lake .Superior, and along flu' mountains
to (ia. and Tenn.
\. Acer spicatum Lam. Mountain Maple. .\ shrub
or small tree, the bark green Ijut not striped. Leaves •"{-'">-
lobed. the lobes acute or acuminate, glabrous above. pul)escent
beneath at least when young. In damp rocky woods. Xewf.
to Man., south to \. Car.. Tenn.. Minn., and Iowa.
Treks of tiik Xouthkrx l^NiTEn States 87
■"•. Acer saccharum Marsh. Su^ar .\rai)K'. A large
tiLf wiih \c'll()\v or sometimes red leaves in autumn. I. eaves
cordate or trnncatf at the base. 3-7 lobed. the lobes acuminate,
irrei^ularly sinuate, dark green above, pale and nearly glabrous
biiieath. Its saj) is the main source of maple sugar and
syrup. An a\ eragc tree will yield 2-10 lbs. of sugar a season.
\ ihu' sluide tree. Tiie ashes give large quantities of potash.
Wood heaxy, liard, strong and tough; used for fuel, interior
linish. furniture, keels of boats and ships, implements and
machinery, sucker rods, rims of bicycle wheels, piano action,
school apparatus, large wood type, tool and broom handles,
and wood carving. Newf. to Man., south to Fla. and Tex.
It. Acer nigrum Mx. Black Maple. A large fine tree
with rough l)lackish bark. Leaves .cordate or truncate at the
liase, "^-T-lobed, the lobes broad and short, green on both
sides, generally more or less pubescent beneath. Tt is equally
valuable for the making of sugar. Wood much the same as
in the Sugar Maple, and used for the same purposes. Ont.
and Vt. to Ga.. S. Dak., La. and Avk.
\7. Acer rubrum L. Red Maple. A tree with Haky or
smoothisli bark and reddish twigs. Leaves sharply H-j-lobed.
the lolie^ irregularly dentate, acute or actnninate. cordate at
ihe base, green above, whitish beneath. Wood of considerable
\ alue when it shows a "curly grain." Leaves crimson, scarlet
or yellow in autumn. Self-pruning like the preceding. In
>\\anii»s and low ground, also on moist hillsides. X. S. to
Man., l-'la.. Xeb.. and Tex.
s. Acer saccharinum L. Silver Maple. A large tree
witli Haky bark, the twigs often reddish, self-pruned by basal
joints. Leaves deejily -Vlobed. the lobes rather narrow,
acuminate, coarsely and irregularly dentate, truncate or
sliyhtly curdate at the base, green above, silvery white and
more or less pul)escent beneath. A fine shade tree and much
planted. Wood soft and white ; used for furniture. Yields
a small amount of sugar. .Along streams. N. B. to Fla.. Ont.,
S. Hak., Xei). and Okla.
!». Acer negundo L. Boxelder. A small tree with
.^preading branches and glabrous, sometimes pubescent, green
and glaucous twigs. Leaves 3-7 foliate, leaflets ovate or oval.
The sap produces a slight amount of sugar. Wood light
S"-' ImKI.I) ^^ANlTA[.
and of sli^lit value. Along streams. Planted on the prairies
for small groves and wind breaks. Maine to Man.. Fla., Kan.
and Mex.
Auacaniiaccac. Sumac I'amily.
42. Rhus (Tourn.) L. Sumac.
Small trees or shrubs witli alternate iiinnatel\- comi)ound
lea\-es, with sticky milky or resinous sap, and pubescent
drui)es.
bliuvers in i)anicles. imperfectly liisporangiate, small;
stametis ti\e, styles three: drupe red.
Petioles not completely covering the axillary buds;
leaflets entire; rachis of the leaf wing-margined;
leaflets ~-'M ; twigs and the red drupes pubescent.
R. copallina.
Petioles covering the axillary buds ; leaflets serrate. 1.
Leaves and twigs velvety-pubescent. R. hirta.
Leaves and twigs glabrous, somewhat glaucous. R.
(/labra.
1. Rhus copallina L. Mountain Sumac. A shrub or
small tree with a dense terminal panicle of small globose,
crimson drupes, covered with short acid hairs. Leaves used
for tanning ])ur])i)ses. Wood soft and light brown. In dry
>nil. Mc. and Out. to b'la.. Minn.. Neb. and Tex.
2. Rhus hirta ( L. ) Sudw. Stagliorn Sumac. .\ >mall
iree or shrul) with red, pubescent drupes. Wood very soft
and lirittle. In dry or rocky soil. A good lemonade or
"sumacade" is made by steeping the drupes and sweetening
to taste. Leaves used for tanning. Wood soft, greenish-
yell; w. X. S. to Ga., Out., S. Dak., Mo. and Iowa.
■ '). Rhus glabra L. Smooth Sumac. A shrub or small
tree with dense panicles of small crimson drupes covered with
short acid hairs. Noted for its beautiful, brilliant, red-colored
leaves in autumn. Leaves used for tanning. Common on hill-
sides and bhifTs. X. S. to Minn., Fla.. Miss, and La
Trees ofiiik Xoimiikkn I'mtkh Statk? S!»
1:'.. Toxicodendron. I*()i>()n-Suni:ic.
Small trees or shruhs, ours with alternate pinnate leaves
with entire leaflets, with poisonous resinons sap. and with
jilabrous or slightly pubescent drupes.
Flowers small, in axillary i^anicles. imperfectly hispor-
angiate : drupes gray or white.
1. Toxicodendron vernix ( L. ) Ktz. Poison Sumac. A
shrult or small iree. very poisonous to the touch. Drupes
gray, glabrous, in loose axillary panicles. In swamps and wet
places. Wood soft, yellowish I)rown. poisont.us. Maine to
l-"la.. Onl.. Minn.. Mo. and La.
II. Cotinus .\(lan-. .Snioketree.
Small trees or shrubs with alternate, simple pinnately
\eined, entire, deciduous leaves and fragrant resinous sap.
riowers small, imperfectly bisporangiate. on a large ter-
minal panicle: stamens 5, styles •">. lateral: drupe oblique.
.>niall. compressed: buds clustered al the tip of the twig.
1. Blade of the leaf slightly decurrent on the petiole,
thin, glabrous or slig"htl>' i)ubescent beneath. C.
americanus.
1. Leaves mostly rounded or obtuse at the base, cori-
aceous, more imbescent. C. cotinus.
1. Cotinus americanus Nutt. .\merican Smoketree.
.\ small wide-branched tree. Wood soft, orange-yellow.
yielding a rich d\e. .Mo. and Okla. to Tenn. and Ala.
1. C'oliniis rdlijiiis ( L. ) Sarg. luiropean Smoketree. \
.Nuiall iree. native of l'".uroi)e, fre(|uentl\- culti\ated.
Snbcla.^s. .\.MK.Vri|-KI<AK.
Order. Pi..\t.\x.\i.ks.
llamamcUdacciic. Witch-hazel bamily.
Subfamily. / Idiiidiiirliddlai'.
I'). Hamamelis L. Witch-hazel.
Shrul)s or small trees with J-ranked. simple. ine(|uilateral.
straight-veined lea\ es and stalked a\illar\ buds.
Mowers bisporangiate or imperfectl>- bisporangiate. in
axillary clusters; fruit a bilocular. woody or cartilaginous,
nut-like capsule.
!•<• l-ii:i.i» M.\.\Lt.\L
1. Hamamelis virginiana 1.. Wiuli-liazi'I. ,\ -,linil)
'ir small tree witli L*-rankccl leaves and stalked luuls. lUoonis
in late autumn. Wood hard. In low ground and > u hanks.
X. 15. and .\. S. to Minn.. .Mo., k'la. and Te.x.
^.
Subfamily, . Uhugiatac.
). Liquidambar J.. Sweet-.G^nni.
Trees with alternate, simple, i)ahnately veined. fra.i.irani.
star-shaped, serrate leaves and -^i-angled pitli.
Sap resinous, aromatic: tlovvers moneci(»us, in heads, the
staminate clusters racemose; capsules in a dense spiny ulol)-
nlar head.
1. Liquidambar styraciflua L. Sweet-^uni. A thie
large tree with wide spreading- l)ranches, the twigs often cov-
ered with corky ridges. Leaves with a peculiar sweet fra-
grance when crushed. Autumn leaves red, yellow, and brown.
Wood valuable, of medium weight, hard, not strong, tough,
and of hne texture, reddish brown, difficult to season. Some-
times used as a substitute for black walnut. L^sed for fur-
niture, veneer, wooden plates, plaques. l)askets, hat blocks
and wagon hubs. In low ground. Conn.. X. V. and Ohio to
Ma.. Til.. Mo., and Mex.
Platanaccac. Planetree P^amily.
17. Platanus (Tourn.) L. Plaiu'trce.
Large trees with alternate simple leaves having the base of
the petiole cover the axillary bud and with complete stipular
rings.
Terminal bud self-pruned; dowers in si)herical heads,
monecious, without perianth ; fruit in pendant spherical heads
composed of numerous small nutlets.
1. Bark exfoliating in small plates: leaves "i-angled only
slightly 3-lobed. or seldom slightly Vlobed. /'
occidcntalis.
1. Uark exfoliating in large plates; leaves somewliat o-
lobcd. in some \arieties deeply Inbed. /'*. on'rntalis.
1. Platanus occidentalis L. Sycamore. A very large
tree, the largest in tiie northeastern United States, with
whitish or green bark which peels off freely in thin ])lates :
Tkkks ok thk Xorthkkn United States 91
I he largest trunks usually hollow, sometimes as much as il
tl. in circumference. Autumn leaves brown. Wood rather
hard, compact, coarse-grained, difficult to split, toug'h, and of
a light-brown color; used for tobacco boxes, cooperage, cab-
inet-work, and finishing lumber. Along the banks of streams
and in moist ground imt grow\s well in ordinary mesophytic
conditions. Me. to Ont. and Minn.. Fla., Kan. and Tex.
■_'. i'ldldinis oricntalis L. Oriental Planetree. A large
tree much like the preceding, but usually with a comparatively
shiu't, massixe lrun]< and a broad round cmwn. Lea\'es more
cut and becoming smooth earlier. ( )ccasionall\ planted.
I'rom Western .\sia and J^!astern Europe.
Order. L'rtkai.ks.
/ luuiccac. Elm j-amily.
4S. Ulmus ('iOurn.) L. Elm.
Trees with alternate, 2-ranked, pinnately straight-veined.
ine(]uilateral, doubly serrate leaves and sessile axillary buds.
l-'lowers bisporangiate or imperfectl>' bisporangiate. in
clusters or racemes: fruit a samara; trees of rapid growth.
1. Leaves very rough al)ove ; twigs not corky-winged
and not self-pruned, but large numbers of lateral
I)uds cut ofif: inner l)ark sometimes mucilagious. 2.
1. Lea\es smooth or sometimes somewhat rough
ab,;ve. :J.
1. Imier bark \ery nnicilaginous. l)uds rusty-downy,
samara much Ic.ss than I in. long. / . Iiiii'n.
■_'. Inner bark not nnicilaginous, buds not do\\n\, .samaras
I in. lung. r. iiiontana.
■'!. Xi'ue of the branches corky-winged; twigs smooth.
self-i)runed by basal joints and by cleavage planes
in the nodes of anmial growth ; samara faces
gIa])rous. U. amcricana.
■ t. .\dne of the branches with corky ridges; twigs glab-
rous or nearly so, not self-pruned; samara glab-
rous or nearly so, deeply notched. l\ camf^csiris.
1. .Soim- or all of the branches corky-winged, or twigs
pnlxrnlent. scIf-pruned: s.amara- faces pubescent. 1.
!'•-' Field Manual
I. Mcst of tlie l)ranches with corky wing-like ridges;
twigs glabrous or nearly so: leaves 1-8 iu. long.
('. alala.
\. branches often with corky wing-like ridges; twigs
puberiilent ; leaves 2-o in. long. U. flio»iasi.
1. Ulmus americana I . White Klni. A large tree of
rapid growth, with tlie liark in thick, rough ridges; much
cultivated in cities and along roadsides. Trunks up to -V^ ft.
in circumference. Samara ovate-oval, its faces glabrous.
Wood heavy, hard, flexible, and very tough; used fcr wheel-
hubs, saddle-trees, rough cooperage and furniture, in l)oat and
ship building, in the construction of cars and wagons, and
especially for barrel hoops. Common on bluffs and on the
flood plains of rivers and creeks. Graceful in form and very
suitable for cultivation. Xewf. to Man., Fla. and Tex.
■2. Ulmus thomasi Sarg. Cork Elm. A large tree
with puberulent yuun^- twigs, the branches or some of them
with corky wings. Samara oval, its margins densely ciliate.
Wot d harder, stronger, and more durable than that of the
White Elm. In rich soil. Quebec to Ont., Minn.. Ky., Neb.
and Mo.
:j. Ulmus alata Mx. Winged Elm. A small tree,
branches usually with corky wing-like ridges; twigs glabrous
or nearl}- so. Samara oblong. ]nibescent on tlie faces. Wood
\er}- compact; used for wheel hul)s. In dry or moist soil.
X'a.'to I'la., Til.. .Mo. and Tex.
4. { 'hints cainpcsfris L. linglish Elm. A tree, rather
])yramidal in shape, the twigs ascending, not drooping except
in "'weeping'" forms. Samara not ciliate. nearly or {|uite
glal)rous. -A good timber tree. Cultivated, from luiro))e.
•K Ulmus fulva Mx. Slippery Elm. .A medium-sized
tree witli rough grayish-brown fragrant bark and rough-pu-
bescent twigs. Samara oval-ori)icular. pubescent over the
seed. Inner bark mucilaginous and medicinal. Wcod liard
and strong but splitting easily when dry. .Along streams, on
llood plains and on hills. Quebec to X. Dak., Ma. and Tex
ti. I 'hulls inontana With. Scotch Elm. A large tree
with spreading Itrnnches. or in some \arietits with strictl>'
Treks of tiik Xoktukk.v United States 9-'3
iil)right branches ; hraiichlets pubescent. Leaves rough above,
pubescent beneath, doubl)' serrate, often somewhat 3-lobed at
the apex. AFany varieties fine for planting. From Europe.
lit. Planera Gmcl. Phiiicrlrec.
Trees with aUernate. two-ranked, straight-veined, in-
e(|uilateral, serrate leaves and with bark scaling off in plates.
Trees similar to the elms but with a nut-like fruit and the
dowers exj^anding with the leaves.
1. Planera aquatica (Walt.) Gmel. I'lanertrec. A
small tree with nearly glaljrous leaves growing in swamps and
on wet banks. Wood compact, soft, weak, light brown. Ind.
to Mo.. Ky., N. Car., Fla. and Tex.
.")i>. Celtis (Tuuni.) L. llackberry.
Trees or shrubs with 2-rankcd, simple, leaves with two
prominent lateral veins from the base and with interruptedly
diaphragmed pith with cavities.
Flowers in the axils of leaves, on short branches; fruit
an ovoid or globose drupe.
1. Leaves sharply serrate ; smooth or scabrous above ;
twigs glabrous, especially the fruiting ones, or
pubescent. C. occidcntalis.
1. Leaves entire or few-toothed, small. ('. uiississip-
pifnsis.
1. Celtis occidentalis L. COmnioii Hackbcrry. .V
medium-sized tree with rough bark. Commonly much dis-
torted with "witches brooms." Drupe sweet and edible.
Self-prunes the fruiting twigs in winter. Wood heavy, hard,
strong, quite tough, greenish-white. In dry soil and on flood
plains. Quebec to Man., N. Car.. Mo.. Kan. and Okla.
1. Celtis mississippiensis Bosc. Southern Hackl)ori>
.\ medium-sized tree with light gray, rougii bark. Csually
in drv soil. \^;i. to 111.. Mo., Kan., Fla., and Tex.
!>l Field Manual
Moniceae. Mulberry Family.
Subfamily, Moratac.
')\. Morus (Tourn.) L. Mulberry.
Trees or shrubs with alternate, simple, 2-ranked leaves
with two prominent side ribs from the base, with milky sa]).
and with glabrous or pubescent but not downy twigs.
Flowers monosporangiate; fruit aggregate, berry-like.
I. Leaves scabrous above, pubescent beneath. M. rubra.
I. Leaves smooth and glabrous on both sides, or nearly
so. M. alba.
1. Morus rubra L. Red Mulberry. A >niall. niunc-
cious or diecious tree with rough gray bark, separating in
strips. Fruit dark purple-red, edible, delicious. Wood rather
heavy, hard, strong, and rather tough ; very durable in con-
tact with the ground, very valuable for posts ; used for farm
implements, in cooperage, "acid wood," and ship building. In
rich soil Vt. and Ont. to Mich., S. Dak., Fla. and Tex.
2. Morus alba L. White Mulberry. A small rapid-
growing tree with rough light gray bark and spreading
branches. Fruit edible but usually rather insipid. Leaves
used for feeding silk-worms. Wood suitable for posts. Al-
though growing best in rich moist soil, it does well in quite
dry regions and should be much planted o
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