Document text
Headquarters
Department of the Army
April 1996
Distribution Restriction: Approved for public release;
distribution Is unlimited.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PREFACE
CHAPTER 1
CHAPTER 2
CHAPTER 3
CHAPTER 4
CHAPTER 5
CHAPTER 6
CHAPTER 7
APPENDIX A...
APPENDIX B...
APPENDIX C...
APPENDIX D...
OPERATIONS
APPENDIX E...
APPENDIX F...
GLOSSARY
REFERENCES
INTRODUCTION
BATTLE COMMAND
OFFENSIVE OPERATIONS
DEFENSIVE OPERATIONS
OTHER TACTICAL OPERATIONS
COMBAT SUPPORT
COMBAT SERVICE SUPPORT
. ORDERS AND REPORTS
. LIGHT/HEAVY OPERATIONS
. CONTINUOUS OPERATIONS
. NUCLEAR, BIOLOGICAL, CHEMICAL, AND SMOKE
. OPERATIONS OTHER THAN WAR
. FRATRICIDE PREVENTION
Distribution Restriction: Approved for public release; distribution unlimited.
This publication supersedes FM 17-15, 7 October 1987.
PREFACE
This manual describes how the tank platoon fights. It focuses on the principles of platoon
operations and the tactics, techniques, and procedures (TTP) the platoon uses to exploit
its combat power and minimize its vulnerabilities while conducting move, attack, and
defend operations.
FM 17-15 is for tank platoon leaders and members of M60A3, Ml, M1A1, M1A2, and
M8-AGS crews. Because weapons and equipment vary among units, users should adapt
information to fit their specific situations. Where capabilities of the various systems
differ significantly, this manual examines alternative considerations and techniques for
their use.
In addition to FM 17-15, three publications are critical reference sources for the tank
platoon. ARTEP 17-237-10-MTP, the mission training plan for the tank platoon, contains
collective platoon tasks and outlines training procedures and exercises. The other two
manuals are published as Fort Knox Supplementary Material (FKSM). FKSM 17-15-1
contains information on TTP for platoons equipped with a variety of enhanced
technologies. Included are the latest updates on systems covered in FM 17-15, such as the
intervehicular information system (IVIS), and on newly developed equipment like the
missile countermeasure device (MCD). FKSM 17-15-3 contains a detailed example of
tactical standing operating procedures (TSOP). Each tank platoon can modify the TSOP
to meet its unique mission requirements. For information on obtaining FKSM
publications, call (502) 624-2987/5848 (commercial) or 464-2987/5848 (DSN).
The proponent of FM 17-15 is HQ TRADOC. Record comments and recommendations
on DA Form 2028, and send the form directly to Commander, 2d Squadron, 16th Cavalry
Regiment, United States Army Armor School, ATTN: ATSB-SBB-D, Fort Knox,
Kentucky 40121-5200.
Unless otherwise stated, masculine nouns and pronouns do not refer exclusively to men.
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
The fundamental mission of the tank platoon is to close with and destroy the enemy. The
platoon's ability to move, shoot, communicate, and provide armored protection is a
decisive factor on the modem battlefield. It moves, attacks, defends, and performs other
essential tasks to support the company team or troop mission. In accomplishing its
assigned missions, the platoon uses fire, maneuver, and shock effect, synchronized with
other maneuver elements and with combat support (CS) and combat service support
(CSS) assets. When properly supported, it is capable of conducting sustained operations
against any sophisticated threat.
The tank platoon can survive and win in battle, however, only if it is well trained,
effectively led, and highly motivated. Crews must be aggres-sive, and their tactics must
reflect the tempo and intensity of maneuver warfare. Platoon training must prepare them
to operate in hostile territory with the enemy to their front, flanks, and rear.
CONTENTS
SECTION I. Organizations
SECTION II. Responsibilities
SECTION III. Capabilities and Limitations
Section I. ORGANIZATIONS
The Tank Platoon
By itself, any tank can be vulnerable in the face of diverse battlefield hazards (such as
enemy forces or unfavorable terrain) and situations; these vulnerabilities are significantly
reduced when tanks are employed as units.
The tank platoon is the smallest maneuver element within a tank com-pany. Organized to
fight as a unified element, the platoon consists of four main battle tanks organized into
two sections, with two tanks in each section. The platoon leader (Tank 1) and platoon
sergeant (Tank 4) are the section leaders. Tank 2 is the wingman in the platoon leader's
section, and Tank 3 is the wingman in the platoon sergeant's section (see Figure 1-1).
Loader
Driver
Loader
Driver
NOTE: Loader and driver are In grades El to E4.
On tha M8-AQS, the loader la replaced by an autoloader.
Figure 1-1. Tank platoon organization.
The tank platoon is organic to ta nk companies and armored cavalry troops. The platoon
may be cross-attached to a number of organizations, commonly a mechanized infantry
company, to create company teams. It may also be placed under operational control
(OPCON) of a light infantry battalion.
Under battlefield conditions, the wingman concept facilitates control of the platoon when
it operates in sections. The concept requires that one tank orient on another tank on either
its left or right side. In the absence of specific instructions, wingmen move, stop, and
shoot when their leaders do. In the tank platoon, Tank 2 orients on the platoon leader's
tank, while Tank 3 orients on the platoon sergeant's tank. The platoon sergeant (PSG)
orients on the platoon leader's tank. (See Figure 1-2.)
Platoon leader glvea direction to
hla driver or, on dlgltaly equipped
tanka, Inetruote driver to move to
preaelented waypolnte
Figure 1-2. The wingman concept.
The Tank Company
The tank company is organized, equipped, and trained to fight pure; it can also be task
organized by higher headquarters to fight with infantry as a company team. The tank
company consists of a headquarters and three tank platoons. The company headquarters
is equipped with two tanks, one Ml 13A2 armored personnel carrier (APC), two Ml 025
or M998 high-mobility multipurpose wheeled vehicles (HMMWV), and one cargo truck
with a 400-gallon water trailer (see Figure 1-3, page 1-4). A maintenance section from
the battalion maintenance platoon is normally attached to the tank company. The
maintenance section consists of one APC, one heavy recovery vehicle, and one utility
truck with trailer carrying spare parts based on the prescribed load list (PLL). A medic,
normally attached from the battalion medical platoon, travels in another APC.
CO XO 1SG (2) Supply sergeant
Armorer
Figure 1-3. Tank company organization.
The Armored Cavalry Troop
The cavalry troop is organized, equipped, and trained to protect and conserve the combat
power of other combined arms forces. While its primary missions are reconnaissance and
security, the cavalry troop may be called upon to execute attack, defend, and delay
missions as part of squadron and regimental missions.
The armored cavalry troop consists of a headquarters, two tank pla toons, two scout
platoons, and mortar and maintenance sections. The headquarters section is equipped
with one main battle tank, one command post (CP) carrier, one APC, one cargo truck,
and two utility trucks. The scout platoons consist of six M3 cavalry lighting vehicles
(CFV). Equipment in the mortar and maintenance sections includes two 107-mm mortars
mounted in self-propelled carriers, one APC, one heavy recovery vehicle, ers. (See Figure
1-4.)
Figure 1-4. Armored cavalry troop organization.
The light armored cavalry troop has the same basic configuration. The main battle tanks
are replaced by the M8 armored gun system (M8-AGS); instead of M3s, there are 10
Ml 025 or Ml 026 HMMWVs in each platoon. The mortars are towed by Ml 025
HMMWVs. For additional information, refer to FM 17-97.
NOTE: For information on light infantry organizations, refer to Appendix B of this
manual and to FM 7-20. Additional information concerning task organized company
teams is in Appendix B and in FM 71-1.
Section II. RESPONSIBILITIES
The tank crew is a tightly integrated team. Though all members have primary duties,
success depends on their effectiveness as a crew. They must work together to maintain
and service their tank and equipment, and they must function as one in combat. Crews
must cross-train so each member can function at any of the other crew positions.
Platoon Leader
The platoon leader is responsible to the commander for the discipline and training of his
platoon, the maintenance of its equipment, and its success in combat. He must be
proficient in the tactical employment of his section and of the platoon in concert with a
company team or troop. He must have a solid understanding of troop-leading procedures
and develop his ability to apply them quickly and efficiently on the battlefield.
The platoon leader must know the capabilities and limitations of the platoon's personnel
and equipment; at the same time, he must be well versed in enemy organizations,
doctrine, and equipment. He must serve as an effective tank commander (TC). Most
important of all, the platoon leader must be flexible, using sound judgment to make
correct decisions quickly and at the right times based on his commander's intent and the
tactical situation.
Platoon leaders must know and understand the task force mission and the task force
commander's intent. They must be prepared to assume the duties of the company
commander in accordance with the succession of command.
Platoon Sergeant
The PSG is second in command of the platoon and is accountable to the platoon leader
for the training, discipline, and welfare of the soldiers in the platoon. He coordinates the
platoon's main tenance and logistics requirements and handles the personal needs of
individual soldiers. The PSG is the most experienced TC in the platoon. His tactical and
technical knowledge allow him to serve as mentor to crewmen, other NCOs, and the
platoon leader. His actions on the battlefield must complement those of the platoon
leader. He must fight his section in concert with the platoon leader's section.
Tank Commander
The TC is responsible to the platoon leader and signed equipment, the reporting of
logistical needs, and the tactical employment of his tank. He briefs his crew, directs the
movement of the tank, submits all reports, and supervises initial first-aid treatment and
evacuation of wounded crewmen. He is an expert in using the tank's weapon systems,
requesting indirect fires, and executing land navigation.
The TC must know and understand the company mission and company commander's
intent. He must be prepared to assume the duties and responsibilities of the platoon leader
or PSG in accordance with the succession of command. These requirements demand that
the TC maintain situational awareness by using all available optics for observation, by
eavesdropping on radio transmissions, and by monitoring the intervehicular information
system (IVIS) or applique digital screen (if available).
Gunner
The gunner searches for targets and aims and fires both the main gun and the coaxial
machine gun. He is responsible to the TC for the maintenance of the tank's armament and
fire control equipment. The gunner serves as the assistant TC and assumes the
responsibilities of the TC as required. He also assists other crewmembers as needed.
Several of his duties involve the tank's communications and internal control systems:
logging onto and monitoring communications nets; maintaining digital links if the tank is
equipped with the IVIS or applique digital system; inputting graphic control measures on
digital overlays; and monitoring digital displays during the planning and preparation
phases of an operation.
Driver
The driver moves, positions, and stops the tank. While driving, he constantly searches for
covered routes and for covered positions to which he can move if the tank is engaged. He
maintains his tank's position in formation and watches for visual signals. If the tank is
equipped with a steer-to indicator, the driver monitors the device and selects the best
tactical route. During engagements, he assists the gunner and TC by scanning for targets
and sensing fired rounds. The driver is responsible to the TC for the automotive
maintenance and refueling of the tank. He assists other crewmen as needed.
Loader
The loader loads the main gun and the coaxial machine gun ready box; he aims and fires
the loader's machine gun (if the vehicle is equipped with one). He stows and cares for
ammunition and is responsi ble to the TC for the maintenance of communications
equipment. Before engagement actions are initiated, the loader searches for targets and
acts as air or antitank guided missile (ATGM) guard. He also assists the TC as needed in
directing the driver so the tank maintains its position in forma tion. He assists other
crewmembers as necessary. Because the loader is ideally positioned both to observe
around the tank and to monitor the tank's digital displays, platoon leaders and TCs should
give strong consid eration to assigning their second most experienced crewman as the
loader.
NOTE: On the M8-AGS, the function of loading the main gun is handled by the
autoloader. Loading of the coaxial machine gun, as well as the stowage and care of
ammunition, becomes the duty of the gunner. The absence of a loader also means the TC
assumes a greater degree of responsibility for air and ATGM watch.
Section III. CAPABILITIES AND
LIMITATIONS
To win in battle, leaders must have a clear understanding of the capabilities and
limitations of their equipment. Figures 1-5 through 1-9, pages 1-9 through 1-13, list the
specifications, characteristics, and significant features of the M60A3 and Ml -series main
battle tanks and the M8-AGS. These listings will assist the platoon leader in evaluating
transportability, sustainment, and mobility considerations for his own vehicles and for
those with which the platoon may operate as part of a company team or troop.
Capabilities
Tanks offer an impressive array of capabilities on the modem battlefield: excellent cross-
country mobility, sophisticated communica tions, enhanced target acquisition, lethal
firepower, and effective armor protection. In combination, these factors produce the
shock effect that allows armor units to close with and destroy the enemy in most weather
and light conditions. Tanks can move rapidly under a variety of terrain conditions,
negotiating soft ground, trenches, small trees, and limited obstacles. In addition, global
positioning systems (GPS) and inertial position navigation (POSNAV) systems allow
today's tanks to move to virtually any designated location with greater speed and
accuracy than ever before. Use of visual signals and the single channel ground/airborne
radio system (SINCGARS) facilitates rapid and secure com munication of orders and
instructions. This capability allows tank crews to quickly mass the effects of their weapon
systems while remaining dispersed to limit the effects of the enemy's weapons. On-board
optics and sighting systems enable the crews to acquire and destroy enemy tanks,
armored vehicles, and fortifications using the main gun or to use machine guns to
suppress enemy positions, personnel, and lightly armored targets. The tank's armor
protects crewmembers from small arms fire, most artillery, and some antiarmor systems.
Limitations
Tanks require extensive maintenance, proficient operators, and skilled mechanics, as well
as daily resupply of large quantities of bulky petroleum products such as fuel, oil, and
grease. They are vulnerable to the weapons effects of other tanks, attack helicopters,
mines, ATGMs, antitank guns, and close attack aircraft. When tanks operate in built-up
areas, dense woods, or other close terrain, reduced visibility leaves them vulnerable to
dismounted infantry attacks as well. In such situations, they are usually restricted to trails,
roads, or streets; this severely limits maneuverability and observation. Existing or
reinforcing obstacles can also restrict or stop tank movement.
Weight
S6.6 tone
Engine
750 hp
Fuel
Diesel
Fuel capacity
385 gal
Mllea par gallon
Idle (gal/hr)
.78
7.6
Cruising range
280 miles
Tranamlsalon
1 reverse
(gears)
2 forward
Fording depth
Speed
48 Inches
Low
10 mph
High
30 mph
Reverse
7 mph
Grade *4
60%
Sid* elope %
30%
Ground pressure
12.1 psl
Ground clearance 18 kichea
Main armament
M68 106-mm
rifle bore
Main gun capacity 63
Cal .BO capacity 600
7.62-mm capacity 6,000
9-mm capacity 360
L8A1 (amok* grenades) 24
Hand grenades 8
SIGNIFICANT FEATURES
■ Stabilized turret
* Tank thermal al^it (TTS>
* Laser range finder (LRF)
* Limited emoke screen
capabilities
* NBC gas/partlculate
filtration
* Water fording capabllty
enhanced with kit
Figure 1-5. M60A3 characteristics.
Weight
Engine
60 tone
1,500 hp
Turbine
Fuel
Diesel, Mogae,
Jet fuel
Fuel oapaolty
504.4 gal
Miles par gallon
Idle (gal/hrl
.65
11.2
Tan Idle (gal/hr)
60.6
Cruising range
310 mles
Transmission
2 reverse
(gears)
Fording depth
4 forward
Without kit
43 Inches
With kit
Turret roof
Speed
Maximum
45 mph
Cross-country
60 mph
Grade %
60%
Side elope %
40%
Ground pressure
13.50 psl
Main armament
M66A1
105-mm
Main gun capacity
55
Cal .50 capacity
900
7.62-mm capacity
11,400
5.56-mm capacity
210
L8A1 (smoke grenades) 24
Hand grenades
8
SIGNIFICANT FEATURES
■ improved survivability •
• improved armor
e High agility •
e Speed •
• Low allhouette #
e Advanced suspension
(torsion bare/rotary a
shock absorbers)
Hyfraullcally stabilized
turTet/gun system
Balletic computer
Laser range finder (LRF)
Thermal Imaging night
eight 018}
NBC gas/partlculate filtration
Figure 1-6. Ml characteristics,
Weight
63 tone
8peed
With 156 traok
68.0 tone
Maximum
42 mph
Engine
1.500 hp
Cross-qountry
30 mph
Turbine
Grade %
60%
Fuel
Diesel. Mogae.
Side slope %
40%
Jet fuel
Ground pressure
15.00 pal
Fuel oapaolty
504.4 gal
Maki armament
M256
Ullea per gallon
.56
120-nun
Idle (gal/hr)
6.5
emooth bore
Tan Idle (gal/hr)
30.6
Maki gun oapaolty
40
Cruising range
266 rules
Cel .60 oapaolty
600
Transmission
2 reverse
7.62-mm oapaolty
11,400
(gears)
4 forward
5.56-mm oapaolty
210
Fording depth
L8A1 (smaka
24
Without kit
48 Inches
grenadea)
With kit
Turret roof
Hand grenades
6
SIONFICAMT FEATURES
• knpraved eurvlvabllty
A Improved arrnar
• Ugh agility
• Spaed
• Ease of maintenance
• Advanced suspension
(torsion bare/rotary
shock absorbers)
• Onboard malfunction
detection system
• Automatic shift ; e1«erkig
tranamlselon
Single ohannel ground/ak
radio syetem (SINCQARS)
NBC overpressure system
Hydraulically stabilized
turrst/gun system
Digital balllet o oomputer
Laser range finder (LRF)
Thermal Imaging night
eight (TIS)
Campartmented fuel/ammunltlDn
kicreaeed external stowage
Law silhouette
Figure 1-7. M1A1 characteristics.
Weight
68 tone
Engine
1,600 hp
Turbine
Fuel
□leael, Mogae,
Jet fuel
Fuel capacity
604.4 gal
Miles per gallon
.69
Idle fgal/hr)
8.6
Tac Idle (gal/hr) 30.6
Cruising range
288 miles
Transmission
2 revere#
(gears)
Fording depth
4 forward
Without kit
48 Inches
With kit
Turret roof
Speed
Maximum
42 mph
Cross-country
30 mph
Grade %
60%
Side slope %
40%
Ground presBire
15.5 psl
Main armament
M256
120-nrm
smooth bore
Mah gin capacity 42
Cal .50 capacity
800
7.62-mm capacity
11,400
5.56-mm capacity
210
L6A1 (smoke
24
grenades)
Hand grenades 8
SIGNIFICANT FIATURII
Improved armor
Inorsseed lethality
high mgllty
low eitiouetta
Thermal Imaging right sl^it {TIS)
Filly olabllzod eight
Ease ot maintenance
Onboard malfunction dotoatlon system
Advanced torelon bare. 1 rotary shock
absorbers
Automatic chlft/steerlng trancmlaelon
CompaHmented fuel' fun munition
increased external stowage
NBC ovarpreaaure eyetern
Digital eleotronlo oorrtrd unit
• Single channel grouid/alr rado
system (skicoarq)
• htarvehloLlar kitormatlon
system <IV10)
• Driver’s thermal viewer (DTV)
• Commarder'o Independent
thermal viewer (CITV)
• Position navigation system
(POSNAV)
• knprOved COrnrynuei’O weapon
station (CwS)
a Commander'e Integrated dleplay
• Driver’s Integrated display
• Gunner's oontrol and deplay
parrel
Figure 1-8. M1A2 characteristics.
Weight
Level 1
19.26 tons
Level 2
22.25 tons
Level 3
24.76 tons
Engine
550 hp
Dleael
Fuel
Diesel or JP B
Fuel capacity
150 gAl
Miles per gallon
2
Cruising range
S00
Transmission
Hydromechanics!
Fording depth
40 Inches
Speed
Maxlmun
46 mph
Cross-oountry
30 mph
Grade %
00%
Side slope %
40%
Ground pressure
Level 1
9 pal
Level 2
10.4 psl
Level 3
11.0 psl
Main armament
M35
(soft reool)
105-mm
Main gun capacity
30
Cal .50 capacity
800
7.02-mm capacity
4,500
5.50 mm capacity
210
LBA1 (smoke
IB
grenades)
Hand grenades
0
SIGNIFICANT FEATURES
• Lethalty
« Mobllty
♦ Firepower
* Low sltiouette
* Laser range finder (LRF)
* Stabilized day/nlght thermal
Imaging sigh! (TIS)
• Fire control computer
■ Ballistic and nonballlstlc
protection
» Autoloader
- Firing rate: 12 rda/mln
- Automated round selection:
£1 ready rounds
• System reliability
• System malntahablllty
• Single channel gromd.'alr radio
system (SINCGAR6)
Figure 1-9. M8-AGS characteristics.
CHAPTER 2
BATTLE COMMAND
Battle command is the process of assimilating thousands of bits of information and using
the data to visualize the battlefield, assess the situation, and direct military action
required to achieve victory. Thinking and acting are simultaneous activities for leaders in
battle.
The command and control of combat elements are the biggest chal lenges faced by
combat leaders on the modem battlefield. Command involves directing various combat,
CS, and CSS elements; control entails the measures taken to ensure these directions are
carried out. Even the most knowledgeable tactician will be ineffective if he cannot
properly use the techniques available to direct and control his combat elements.
The tank platoon leader, assisted by the PSG, employs a variety of techniques to prepare
for operations, issue orders, employ the platoon, and communicate. The success of this
command and con trol process rests mainly on leadership, training, thoroughly
understood standing operating procedures (SOP), and the effective use of
communications equipment. For maximum efficiency, the platoon leader must keep the
process as simple as possible while ensuring that he provides the platoon with all required
information and instructions.
CONTENTS
SECTION I. Command
SECTION II. Control
Section I. COMMAND
Command has two vital components: decision-making and lead ership. This section
examines in detail how the platoon leader and his subordinate leaders use these elements
to develop the flexible, productive command structure that is the catalyst for success on
the battlefield.
Decision-making
Decision-making is a conscious process for selecting a course of action from two or more
alternatives. At platoon level, many decisions are based on SOPs and standard unit drills.
SOPs and drills cover an array of routine and emergency actions, such as evacuation of
wounded soldiers, rearming and resupply procedures, and individual crew responsi
bilities; they allow the platoon to operate quickly and efficiently without constant
guidance from the platoon leader. SOPs are especially critical in helping to maintain
combat preparedness when leaders are tired or under stress as a result of con tinuous
operations. Because of this, it is absolutely necessary that everyone in the platoon
thoroughly understand all applicable SOPs. FKSM 17-15-3 contains a sample SOP that
can be adapted for use in various tank platoon organizations.
Troop-leading Procedures
Most tactical decisions are made by the commander, who then an nounces them in the
form of orders that include his intent and concept of the operation. Based on these orders,
the platoon leader uses troop-leading procedures to organize his time during planning and
preparation and to translate the operation into instructions his soldiers can understand. He
can then lead the platoon more effectively in the execution of the mission.
Troop-leading is a dynamic process that begins when the unit receives a new mission or
is notified by warning order (WO) that a new mission is imminent. Whenever possible,
troop-leading procedures are integrated and accomplished concurrently rather than
sequentially. Time management is the key. The platoon leader normally uses one-third of
the available time to plan, prepare, and issue the order; his TCs then have the remaining
two-thirds of the time available to prepare their tanks and crews for the operation.
The following discussion focuses on the eight steps of troop-leading procedures:
Receive and analyze the mission.
Issue a warning order.
Make a tentative plan.
Initiate movement.
Conduct reconnaissance and coordination.
Complete the plan.
Issue the order.
Supervise and refine.
Receive and analyze the mission. The platoon leader normally receives his orders as an
oral operation order (OPORD) or as a fragmen tary order (FRAGO) updating a
previously issued OPORD. Graphics may be copied from the commander’s overlay or
sent by digital transmission (see the discussion on pages 2-23 through 2-25). Initial
coordination with other platoon leaders and the company FIST should be accomplished
upon receipt of the mission. (NOTE: Before the OPORD or FRAGO arrives, the platoon
leader may receive a series of WOs from the company commander providing advance
notice of an impending operation. The platoon leader should disseminate all pertinent
information con tained in the WOs as quickly as possible after they are received.)
Upon receipt of the order, the platoon leader's first task is to extract his mission from the
commander's overall plan. The key to understanding the platoon mission as part of the
company team or troop mission lies in two elements of the plan: the commander's intent
and the purpose he envisions for the company and for each platoon. One platoon will be
designated as
the company's main effort. This platoon's performance is critical to the company's
success. The other platoons are supporting efforts; their purpose will be to assist the main
effort in some way.
The platoon leader's knowledge of the intent and purpose allows him to use his initiative,
exploit battlefield opportunities, and accomplish the commander's plan. If he does not
understand the intent or purpose, he should ask the commander for clarification.
The platoon leader analyzes the mission using the factors of METT-T: mission, enemy,
terrain (and weather), troops, and time available. These factors allow the platoon leader to
identify the platoon's purpose; the specified, implied, and essential tasks it must perform;
and the timeline by which the platoon will accomplish those tasks. The following outline
of METT-T factors will assist the platoon leader in analyzing the mission and creating a
timeline.
Mission.
What is the battalion commander's intent?
What is the company commander's intent and purpose?
What tasks did the commander say I must accomplish (specified tasks)? In
the OPORD, specified tasks are contained in paragraphs 3, 4, and 5.
What other tasks must be accomplished to ensure mis sion success
(implied tasks)? Implied tasks are those that are not specified in the
OPORD but that must be done to complete the mission. They do not
include tasks that are covered in the unit SOP. The platoon leader
identifies implied tasks by analyzing the enemy, the terrain, friendly troops
available, and the operational graphics. As an example, the commander
may direct the platoon to occupy a support by fire position near a known
enemy ob servation post (OP). The platoon leader will immediately
recognize that he must occupy the designated position (the specified task);
through his analysis, he will probably determine that the platoon must also
destroy or neutralize the enemy OP because it can affect the platoon and/or
company mission (the implied task). If time is available, the platoon leader
should confirm implied tasks with the commander.
Enemy .
What have been the enemy's recent activities?
What is the composition of the enemy's forces?
What are the capabilities of his weapons?
What is the location of current and probable enemy positions?
What is the enemy's most probable course of action? The platoon leader
must apply knowledge of the enemy's doctrine and his most recent
activities and locations to answer the following questions:
- Will the enemy attack or defend?
- What is the enemy's objective?
- What formations will he use?
- Where are his engagement areas?
- Where and when will he execute his operations?
Enemy information is included in paragraph 1 of the OPORD. It is important that the
platoon leader analyze this information in terms of the platoon's role in the operation. For
example, if the company commander only identifies platoon-size center-of-mass
locations for a defending enemy, the platoon leader should identify probable enemy
vehicle locations based on the terrain and the enemy's doctrine.
Terrain land weather) . The platoon leader analyzes the terrain using the factors of
OAK-OC (obstacles; avenues of approach; key terrain; observation and fields of fire; and
cover and conceal ment). Elements of this analysis include the following:
Obstacles.
- Where are natural and existing obstacles located, and how can they affect
maneuver?
- Where are likely areas for enemy-emplaced obstacles, and how can they affect
maneuver?
- Are there bypasses, or must obstacles be breached?
Avenues of approach. Where are the best avenues of approach (mounted
and dismounted) for enemy and friendly forces?
Key terrain.
- Where is the key terrain?
- How can key terrain be used to support the mission?
Observation and fields of fire. These are influenced by key terrain that
dominates avenues of approach.
- Where can the enemy observe and engage my platoon (danger areas)?
- Where are the natural firing positions my platoon can use to observe and engage
the en emy, including locations for battle positions (BP), support by fire and
attack by fire positions, and overwatch positions?
Cover and concealment.
- What routes within the area of operations offer cover and concealment for my
platoon or for enemy elements?
- Do the natural firing positions in the area of operations offer cover and
concealment for the platoon or enemy?
Weather. The platoon leader can use these questions as he analyzes the
impact of weather on the mission:
- What are the light conditions (including percentage of night illumination) and
visibility? What are the times for beginning of morning nautical twilight (BMNT),
sunrise, sunset, end of evening nautical twilight (EENT), moonrise, and moonset?
- How has recent weather affected the area of operations?
- sion?
- How will fog, rain, dust, heat, snow, wind, or blowing sand affect my men and
equipment during the mission?
NOTE: The effects of weather on smoke or NBC weapons should also be considered.
Troops.
What is the supply status of ammunition, fuel, and other necessary items?
What is the present physical condition of the soldiers, as well as of
vehicles and equipment?
What is the training status of the platoon?
What is the state of morale?
How much sleep have the men had?
How much sleep will they be able to get before the operation begins?
Does the platoon need any additional assets to support or accomplish its
mission?
What attachments are available to help the platoon accomplish its mission?
Time available.
What times were specified by the commander in the OPORD for such
activities as movement, reconnais sance, rehearsals, and logistics package
(LOGPAC) operations?
What priorities of work can the platoon accomplish (examples include
security, maintenance, resupply, coordination, rehears als, inspections, and
sleep)?
The platoon leader conducts reverse planning to ensure that all specified, implied, and
essential tasks can be accomplished in the time available. He develops a reverse planning
schedule (timeline) beginning with actions on the objective and working backward
through each step of the operation and preparation to the present time. This process
also helps the platoon in making efficient use of planning and preparation time.
Once his METT-T analysis is complete, the platoon leader can then write the platoon
mission statement answering the questions of WHO, WHAT, WHEN, WHERE, and
WHY. This is a clear, concise statement of the pur pose of the operation and the essential
task(s) that will be crucial to its success. The essential tasks (the WHAT) should be stated
in terms that relate to enemy forces, friendly forces, and/or the terrain (for example,
"SUPPRESS THE ENEMY"; "OVERWATCH 2D PLATOON"; or "SEIZE AN
OBJECTIVE"). The purpose (the WHY) explains how the platoon mission supports the
commander's intent. The elements of WHO, WHERE, and WHEN add clarity to the
mission statement.
NOTE: Simultaneous planning and preparation are key factors in effective time
management during the troop-leading procedures. The next five steps (issue a warning
order; make a tentative plan; initiate movement; conduct reconnaissance and
coordination; and complete the plan) may occur simultaneously and/or in a different
order.
Issue a warning order. The platoon leader alerts his platoon to the upcoming operation
by issuing a WO that follows the five-paragraph OPORD format (see Appendix A). WOs
maximize subordinates' planning and preparation time by providing essential details of
the impending operation and detailing major timeline events that will support mission
execution. The amount of detail included in a WO depends on the available time, the
platoon's communications capability, and the information subordinates need to initiate
proper planning and preparation. The WO may include the following information:
Changes to task organization.
Updated graphics (platoons equipped with IVIS or applique digital
systems send new overlays).
Enemy situation.
Company mission.
Commander's intent (if available).
Platoon mission.
A tentative timeline, to include the following:
Earliest time of movement.
Readiness condition (REDCON) and vehicle preparation schedule. See
Appendix C for a discussion of REDCON levels.
Reconnaissance.
Training/rehearsal schedule. (NOTE: Some individ ual and collective
training may be initiated by the platoon leader before he issues the
OPORD; this technique maximizes preparation time and allows the
platoon to focus on tasks that will support the anticipated operations. For
example, a tank platoon equipped with a plow tank may practice the crew
task of dropping the plow as well as platoon-level actions at an obstacle.)
Time and location at which the platoon OPORD will be issued.
Service support instructions (if not included in the timeline).
As critical information is received or updated, the platoon leader should issue subsequent
or updated WOs to keep the platoon informed.
Make a tentative plan. The platoon leader begins developing his maneuver plan as he
listens to the commander issue the company OPORD. Based on the commander's plan
and the results of his mission analy sis, the platoon leader develops a tentative plan that
addresses all specified, implied, and essential tasks using the OPORD format (see
Appendix A). The tentative plan also covers reconnaissance and coordination
requirements between the platoon and adjacent and supporting units. The PSG and TCs
are excellent sources of ideas concerning the platoon plan. A more detailed discussion of
planning considerations is in Chapters 3 and 4 of this manual.
Initiate movement. Many company-level operations require movement to forward
assembly areas and BPs during the planning phase of an operation. The platoon leader
addresses movement in his timeline; he orders the platoon to begin moving in accordance
with the company plan. Activities may include send ing platoon representatives to an
assembly area with the company quartering party or beginning priorities of work.
Conduct reconnaissance and coordination. Effective reconnaissance takes into account
the factors of METT-T and OAK-OC from both friendly and enemy perspectives. As a
minimum, the platoon leader conducts a detailed map reconnaissance. If time and
security considerations permit and authorization is obtained from higher headquarters, an
on-site ground reconnaissance is the best way to survey the area of operations. The
platoon leader should take as many TCs as possible on his recon naissance.
For offensive operations, the platoon leader should attempt to find a vantage point that
will al low him to see as much of the objective as possible. Ground reconnaissance for
offensive operations usually is limited to checking routes to the start point (SP), the line
of departure (LD), and the axis just beyond the LD. For defensive operations, the platoon
leader should conduct a reconnaissance of the engagement area, all platoon BPs, and the
routes to be used.
During the reconnaissance (or during company-level rehearsals), the platoon leader or his
representative should coordinate routes, movement speed, and sectors of observation and
fires with other platoon leaders.
Complete the plan. The platoon leader refines the plan based on the results of the
reconnaissance and coordination. He then completes the plan using these results and any
new information from his commander, other platoon leaders, and members of his platoon.
He should keep the plan as simple as possible, at the same time ensuring that the platoon
scheme of maneuver supports the commander's intent.
Issue the order. If possible, the platoon leader issues the order from a vantage point
overlooking the terrain on which the platoon will maneuver. If not, he uses a terrain
model, sand table, sketches, or his map to orient the platoon. He can also build a model of
the area of operations using a briefing kit that contains such items as engineer tape,
colored yarn, 3-by-5-inch index cards, and "micro" armor vehicle models.
When time and security permit, the platoon leader issues the order to as many members
of the platoon as possible. As a minimum, he assembles the TCs and his gunner. He
briefs the platoon using the five -paragraph OPORD format (see Appendix A).
To ensure complete understanding of the operation, the platoon leader and TCs conduct
confirmation briefings immediately after the OPORD is issued. The TCs brief the platoon
leader to confirm their understanding of his intent, the specific tasks their crews must
perform, and the relationship between their tasks and those of other units in the operation.
If time permits, the platoon leader should lead the TCs in a walk-through using a sand
table.
Supervise and refine. Flexibility is the key to effective operations. The platoon leader
must be able to refine his plan whenever new information becomes available. If he
adjusts the plan, he must inform the platoon and supervise implementation of the
changes. Once the operation has begun, the platoon leader must be able to direct his
platoon in response to new situations and new orders.
Crew orders, back-briefs, rehearsals, and inspections are essential elements of the
supervision process as the platoon prepares for the mission. The following paragraphs
discuss these procedures in detail.
Crew orders . The platoon leader and PSG make sure all crewmembers have been briefed
by their TCs and understand the platoon mission and concept of the operation.
Back-briefs . The back-brief is, in effect, a reverse briefing process; those who receive an
OPORD confirm their understanding of the order by repeating and explaining details of
the operation for their leader or com mander. In the tank platoon, the platoon leader
should conduct back-briefs after the TCs have had a chance to review the OPORD but
before the platoon rehearsal begins. The TCs brief the platoon leader on how their crews
will accomplish the specific tasks assigned to them in the order.
NOTE: Although the back-brief is an effective means of clarifying the specifics of the
plan, it does not require tank crews to practice or perform their assigned tasks. By itself,
therefore, it is not an ideal rehearsal technique.
Rehearsals . A rehearsal is a practice session conducted to prepare units for an upcoming
operation or event. The tank platoon leader should never underestimate the value of
rehearsals. Many units, in fact, consider rehearsals as a separate (ninth) step of troop-
leading procedures. The platoon leader uses well-planned, efficiently run rehearsals to
accomplish the following:
Reinforce training and increase proficiency in critical tasks.
Reveal weaknesses or problems in the plan.
Synchronize the actions of subordinate elements.
Confirm coordination requirements between the platoon and adjacent
units.
Improve each soldier's understanding of the concept of the operation, the
direct fire plan, anticipated contingencies, and possible actions and
reactions for various situations that may arise during the operation.
Effective rehearsals require crewmen to perform required tasks, ideally under conditions
that are as close as possible to those expected for the actual operation. Participants
maneuver their actual vehicles or use vehicle models or simulations while interactively
verbalizing their elements' actions. In a platoon-level rehearsal, the platoon leader will
select the tasks to be practiced and will control execution of the rehearsal. He will usually
designate someone to role-play the enemy elements he expects to face during the
operation. (NOTE: A rehearsal is different from the process of talking through what is
supposed to happen. For example, in a rehearsal, TCs should actually send SPOTREPs
when reporting enemy contact, rather than simply saying, "I would send a spot report
now.")
The platoon can prepare for operations using reduced- force rehearsals and/or full-force
rehearsals. The platoon leader conducts reduced-force rehearsals when time is limited or
the tactical situation does not permit everyone to attend. Platoon members who can take
part practice their actions on mock-ups, sand tables, or actual terrain (usually over a
smaller area than in the actual operation). The full-force rehearsal is the most effective,
but con sumes the most time and resources. It involves every soldier who will participate
in the operation. If possible, it should be conducted under the same conditions (such as
weather, time of day, and terrain) that the platoon expects to encounter during actual
operations.
The platoon leader can choose among several techniques in conducting rehearsals, which
should follow the crawl-walk-run training methodology
to prepare the platoon for increasingly difficult condi tions. Rehearsal techniques include
the following:
Special rehearsal. Individual and/or crew tasks that will be critical to the
success of the operation are re hearsed as necessary. The platoon leader
may initiate special rehearsals when he issues the WO.
Map rehearsal. This is usually conducted as part of a back-brief involving
the TCs or a complete crew. The leader uses the map and overlay to guide
participants as they back-brief their role in the operation. If necessary, he
can use a sketch map.
Communications rehearsal. This reduced-force or full-force rehearsal is
conducted when the situation does not allow the platoon to gather at one
location. Crewmen check their vehicles' communications systems and
rehearse key elements of the platoon fire plan.
Key leader rehearsal. Usually conducted as part of a larger force, this
rehearsal involves leaders mov ing over the key terrain in wheeled vehicles
while discussing the mission.
Sand table or terrain model. This reduced-force or full-force technique
employs a small-scale table or model that depicts graphic control measures
and important terrain features for reference and orientation. Participants
walk or move "micro" armor around the table or model to practice the
actions of their own vehicles in relation to other members of the platoon.
Force on force. This is used during a full-force rehearsal. The platoon may
rehearse with sections or individual tanks
going "force on force" against each other, or the entire platoon may go against
another platoon in the company. Platoons should first rehearse with good visibility
over open terrain. Rehearsals be come increasingly realistic until conditions
approximate those expected in the area of operations.
Inspections . Inspections allow the platoon leader to check the platoon's operational
readiness. The key goal is to ensure that soldiers and vehicles are fully prepared to
execute the upcoming mission. Inspections also contribute to improved morale.
It is essential that the entire platoon chain of command know how to conduct precom bat
checks in accordance with FKSM 17-15-3, the platoon SOP, or ARTEP 17-237-10-MTP.
Procedures for a comprehensive inspection include the following:
Perform before-operation maintenance checks; report or repair
deficiencies.
Perform prepare-to-fire checks for all weapons; report or repair
deficiencies. Weap ons are boresighted, and all sights are referred.
Machine guns are test-fired, if possible,
terns.
■ Upload vehicles in accordance with platoon SOP. The standardization of
load plans al lows the platoon leader and PSG to quickly check
accountability of equipment. It also ensures standard locations of
equipment in each vehicle; this can be an important advantage if the
platoon leader is forced to switch to a different vehic le during an
operation.
Review the supply status of rations, water, fuel, oil, all types of
ammunition, pyrotechnics, first-aid kits, and batteries
(for such items as flashlights, night vision devices, and NBC alarms). Direct
resupply operations as necessary.
Ensure vehicles are correctly camouflaged so they match the area of
operations.
The platoon leader and/or PSG should observe each crew during preparation for combat.
They should conduct the inspection once the TCs report that their crews and vehicles are
prepared.
Abbreviated Troop-leading Procedures
When there is not enough time to conduct all eight troop-leading steps in detail, such as
when a change of mission occurs after an operation is in progress, the platoon leader must
understand how to trim the procedures to save time. Most steps of these abbreviated
troop-leading procedures are done mentally, but the platoon leader skips none of the
steps. Once the order is received, the platoon leader conducts a quick map
reconnaissance, ana lyzes the mission using the factors of METT-T, and sends for the
TCs. He makes sure the TCs post the minimum required control measures on their maps
and issues a FRAGO covering the key elements of the enemy and friendly situations, the
platoon mission, and the concept of the operation. The service support and command and
signal paragraphs can be deleted if they are unchanged or covered by SOP. FRAGOs are
discussed in Appendix A. The platoon leader and TCs may also conduct a quick walk-
through rehearsal of critical elements of the maneuver plan using a hastily prepared
terrain model or sand table.
In some cases, there may not be enough time even for these shortened procedures. The
platoon may have to move out and receive FRAGOs by radio or at the next scheduled
halt. It then be comes critical for the platoon leader to send FRAGOs of his own to the
TCs explaining the platoon's pur-pose within the overall company maneuver plan.
Digital and global positioning systems are valuable tools when the platoon is forced to
use abbreviated troop-leading procedures and FRAGOs. They allow the platoon leader to
designate waypoints to assist in navigation and target reference points (TRP) to assist in
weapons orientation.
Other keys to success when abbreviated procedures are in effect include a well-trained
platoon; clearly developed, thoroughly understood SOPs; and an understanding by all
members of the platoon of the current tacti cal situation (situational awareness). The
platoon leader and PSG must keep the platoon informed of the ever-changing enemy and
friendly situations. They accomplish this by monitoring the company net and issuing
frequent updates to the other crews using the radio and digital information systems.
Whenever time is available, however, there is no substitute for effective, thorough troop-
leading procedures. The odds of success increase still further when detailed planning and
rehearsals are con ducted prior to an operation, even if time is limited. Successful platoon
leaders make the most of every available minute.
Leadership
Competent, confident leadership inspires soldiers, instilling in them the will to win and
providing them with purpose, direction, and motivation in combat. Leadership involves
numerous important personal principles and traits: taking responsibility for decisions;
exemplifying and demanding loyalty; inspiring and directing the platoon toward mission
accomplishment; fostering a climate of teamwork that will engender success;
demonstrating moral and physical courage in the face of adversity. FM 22-100 and
FM 100-5 describe the qualities of effective leadership. The following are the five
characteristics of successful combat leaders, as described in the 1984 study titled
Leadership in Combat: An Historical Appraisal conducted by the History Department at
the United States Military Academy:
Terrain sense. Understand terrain; match tactics and weaponry with the terrain at
hand.
Single-minded tenacity. This is the quality that compels the successful platoon
leader to harness the combat power neces sary to overwhelm the enemy. The
platoon leader sees the mission through and never gives up.
Practical, practiced judgment. Common sense and con stant practice allow the
platoon leader to prioritize effectively, enabling him to separate critical tasks from
the noncritical and preventing him from being overwhelmed by the demands of
the information-rich battlefield.
Ferocious audacity. Risk-taking is a must if the platoon is to exploit enemy
weaknesses as they present themselves.
Physical confidence. Leaders can maintain their ability to meet the demanding
requirements of leader ship only if they are in top physical condition.
Section II. CONTROL
Situational Awareness
Situational awareness is the ability to maintain a constant, clear mental "picture" of the
tacti cal situation. This picture includes an understanding of relevant terrain and of the
relationship between friendly and enemy forces. It also includes the ability to correlate
battlefield events as they develop. For platoon leaders and PSGs, situational awareness is
the key to making sound, quick tactical decisions. It allows them to form logical
conclusions and to make decisions that anticipate future events and information. A
critical bene fit of situational awareness on the part of TCs is a reduction in fratricide
incidents. Situational awareness also gives leaders the ability to compress the time
necessary to conduct troop-leading procedures; this is especially critical when there is
limited time to plan and prepare for an operation.
The commander will structure the battlefield based on his intent and the conditions of
METT-T. How he does this affects the tank platoon leader's mission planning and his
ability to maintain situational awareness. The framework of the battlefield can vary from
a highly rigid extreme, with obvious front and rear boundaries and closely tied adjacent
units, to a dispersed and decentralized structure with few secure areas and unit boundaries
and no definable front and/or rear boundary.
Between these extremes is an unlimited number of possible variations. Maintaining
situational awareness becomes more difficult as the battlefield becomes less structured.
Modern, highly mobile opera tions involving small forces lend themselves to a less rigid
framework that challenges the platoon leader's ability to maintain an accurate picture of
the battlefield.
“Seeing” the Battlefield
To "see" the battlefield accurately, the platoon leader must have virtually perfect
knowledge of the friendly situation one level higher than his own (the company team or
troop situation). It is also important that he update the TCs periodically regarding the
higher situation. The platoon leader must also have a relatively complete knowledge of
the terrain and the enemy situation. He must be able to visualize enemy and friendly
elements through time and to picture how the terrain will affect their actions. (NOTE:
This requirement to maintain a real-time awareness of the battlefield one level higher
does not relieve the platoon leader of his responsibility to understand the situation and
commander's intent two levels higher than his own. The difference is that his
understanding of the situation two levels higher does not have to be as specific or as
timely.)
Most of the information the platoon leader requires comes from what he can observe
from his tank and from reports he receives through his communications systems.
Although few voice and digital reports are specifically addressed to him, particularly on
the company team net, the platoon leader must monitor them by eavesdropping. He then
can track enemy and friendly elements and plot all movement on his map and/or IVIS
display. This allows him to adjust his own movement so the platoon makes contact with
the enemy from positions of advantage, which are identified during the map/ground
reconnaissance step of troop-leading procedures.
How effectively the platoon leader can keep track of events on the battlefield is, to some
degree, experience-dependent. No matter what his experience level, however, he is
responsible for learning techniques that allow him to relate the information he is
receiving to his map or display and thereby track the tactical situation.
Battle Space
The ability to see the battlefield provides the platoon leader with important tactical
in form a tion, including friendly and enemy positions and relevant terrain. In turn,
complete understanding of the military significance of this picture requires knowledge of
the concept of battle space; this is the key element in the intellectual process of
visualizing the battlefield.
At the most fundamental level, battle space is the three-dimensional area in which
the platoon can acquire enemy forces and influence them with effective fires. This
space is defined by several battlefield factors: the locations of friendly forces, including
the platoon's individual tank crews and OPs; the effects of terrain, weather, and
movement; and the ranges of all available platoon weapons and sensing systems. Each
tank crew has its own battle space (see Figure 2-1). The platoon's total battle space is the
sum of the individual tanks' battle spaces. Platoon battle space is not restricted by
boundaries; it can overlap the battle space of adjacent units.
NOTE: The depletion of battle apace h this and fdlowhg Illustrations
Is two-dimensional Leaders MUST keep In mind at el limes that
battle space Is three-dknerelonal and Includes the air space
above the platoon.
Figure 2-1. Individual tank's battle space
(two-dimensional view).
Battle space has applications in all phases of mission planning, preparation, and
execution. During the planning process, it is a critical factor in the selection of routes,
tentative positions, and potential engagement areas. In the preparation phase, battle space
information aids in the synchronization of tactical movement and overwatch. Once
mission execution begins, the platoon leader's knowledge of his battle space is critical to
his ability to issue timely and effective orders as the situation changes.
The importance of battle space demands that the platoon leader direct most of his battle
command effort toward managing and enhancing his space. He must be aware at every
moment of how battle space is changing as friendly and enemy forces move and as
terrain and visibility conditions change (see Figures 2-2A and 2-2B). As the operation
progresses, the platoon leader must take active measures to shape the battle space to his
best advantage.
Figure 2-2A. Effects of movement and terrain on battle space.
Dead apace caused by terrain
Dead space caused by terrain
Figure 2-2B. Effects of movement and terrain
on battle space (continued).
One vital step in this process is to eliminate or reduce any gaps, or dead space, that exist
within the platoon's battle space. The platoon leader can accomplish this in several ways.
In the offense, for example, he can maintain a section in overwatch during movement
through a choke point or a danger area. In the defense, he can emplace OPs or reposition
individual tanks to cover potential gaps in the platoon’s battle space (see Figures 2-3 A
and 2-3B, page 2-22). In all cases, the platoon's position in relation to other friendly
elements is an important factor in defining and enhancing the battle space. The platoon
leader can shape his space more effectively if he applies the principles of mutual support
and thorough coordination with adjacent units.
Figure 2-3B. Reshaping the battle space (continued).
Maps, overlays, graphic control
measures, and navigation
Maps and Overlays
The most important role of maps and the accompanying overlays is in helping the platoon
to understand and visualize the scheme of maneuver. They are the primary tool the
platoon leader uses to organize information concerning the battlefield and to synchronize
his assets once the battle begins. They also provide TCs with a visual reference they can
consult as needed. The platoon leader must ensure that each TC has an updated map with
the latest graphic control measures posted on the overlay.
The map and overlay also assist the platoon leader in performing a variety of other
functions. He consults them constantly during reconnaissance operations, which can vary
in complexity from a quick map reconnaissance to a fully mounted ground
reconnaissance of the area of operations. The map and overlay help him to communicate
the company commander's concept while he is issuing the OPORD or briefing the TCs on
the plan. During mission execution, the map and overlay play an invaluable role in
helping leaders to maintain situational awareness.
Overlays can be prepared either in traditional fashion (written out by hand) or digitally.
The platoon leader may receive one or more types of overlays from the commander
covering such areas as maneuver, enemy forces, obstacles, fire support, and CSS. All of
the informa tion is important; the key for the platoon leader is to combine, augment, and
declutter the overlays so the information needed for a specific situation is readily
available to the platoon on one simple, combined overlay.
Traditional overlays. Copied on acetate, these display graphic control measures as
illustrated in Figure 2-4, page 2-24. Traditional overlays should be prepared even if a
platoon is equipped with IVIS or applique digital systems in case the platoon loses digital
data or has its digital link broken.
(Map) (Overlay) (Comblnad)
Figure 2-4. Traditional overlay.
Digital overlays. The IVIS and applique digital systems allow the platoon leader to
receive and transmit graphics virtually on a real-time ba sis within the platoon and to and
from higher headquarters. When these systems are integrated with automatic
position/location updates, the platoon leader has a nearly perfect situational awareness
"link.” His display shows the positions of his platoon and adjacent unit leaders as well as
the most current enemy disposition. These positions and locations are displayed on a
menu of overlays using the most recent graphics. The platoon leader can combine,
augment, and declutter the overlays as needed; when appropriate, he can choose not to
display any of them on his digital screen. Figure 2-5 illustrates a sample IVIS-generated
overlay.
Figure 2-5. Sample IVIS overlay.
Although fairly accurate, digital systems suffer from minor flaws that detract from their
effectiveness as a stand-alone battle command tool. Until these systems become more
reliable and less cumbersome and can display terrain relief features, they will serve as an
enhancement to, not a substitute for, the platoon leader’s map with traditional,
handwritten overlays. Refer to FKSM 17-15-1 for a detailed discussion of techniques and
procedures for using the IVIS.
Graphic Control Measures
The following paragraphs explain and illustrate graphic control measures commonly used
at the company and platoon level. They are entered on overlays to illustrate the
commander's intent and scheme of maneuver. In addition, they provide clarity when an
order is issued and assist in the battle command process once the tank platoon begins
executing the operation. Exact definitions are found in FM 101-5-1.
Unless they are specified as such, graphic control measures are not considered rigid and
unchangeable. For example, if the map location of a support by fire position does not
allow the pla toon leader to mass direct fires on the enemy, he can, in most situations,
inform the commander and adjust the position as needed to accomplish the platoon
mission. Control measures do not restrict the platoon's battle space; instead, they assist
the platoon leader in identifying the necessary coordination that must be accomplished
with adjacent platoons.
Boundary. Boundaries delineate areas of tactical responsibility between units. They are
usually designated down to task force level. Coordination with adjacent units along
boundaries is the key to en hancing synchronization and decreasing the risk of fratricide.
The platoon leader must be aware of adjacent platoons within his company, adjacent
companies within the battalion, and adjacent units along the task force boundary that may
operate in the platoon's battle space.
Phase line. Phase lines are used to control and coordinate movement and synchronize
tactical actions. Platoons may report crossing phase lines, but they normally do not halt
unless directed to do so. The abbreviation on overlays is "PL."
Assembly area. Abbreviated "AA" on overlays, this is a location at which the platoon
gathers (usually as part of the company) to conduct maintenance and resupply activities
and to make other preparations for future operations. The platoon must be able to defend
from the assembly area.
Route. This is the prescribed course of travel from a specific point of origin (the SP) to a
specific destination (the RP). The route should be named, and checkpoints should be
designated at key locations. The abbreviation on overlays is "RTE."
Checkpoint. Checkpoints are used to control and direct the maneuver of the tank platoon
and tank section. They are usually placed on identifiable terrain features.
Attack position. This is the last position the platoon occupies or passes through before
crossing the LD. The platoon assumes the proper formation and performs last-minute
checks of its weapon systems. The abbreviation on overlays is "ATK POS."
Contact point. A contact point is a designated location, usually an easily identifiable
terrain feature, where two or more units are re quired to physically meet. The
headquarters assigning the contact point must specify what sort of activity is required
when the units meet. The platoon leader may be tasked to man or move to a contact point
for coordination.
9
Passage lane. This is the area or route through which a passing unit moves to avoid
stationary units and obstacles. Tank platoons may move on a lane or serve as the
overwatch for a passing unit moving through a lane.
\ LANE 6K /
Passage point. This is the place where a unit physically passes through another unit.
Tank platoons may move through a passage point or overwatch other units moving
through a passage point. The abbreviation for a passage point is "PP."
Objective, cupy some portion of the company objective. The abbreviation on overlays is
"OBJ."
Axis of advance. This is the general route and direction of advance extending toward the
enemy. It graphically portrays the commander's intent, such as envelopment of the
enemy. The unit may maneuver and shoot supporting fires to either side of the axis
provided it remains oriented on the axis and the objective. For example, platoons may
maneuver on or to the side of the axis assigned to their company as long as deviations do
not interfere with the maneuver of adjacent units.
Direction of attack. This is the specific direction and route that the main attack or center
of mass of the unit will follow. Tank platoons move along directions of attack specified
by the com mander to take advantage of terrain or to ensure maximum control of the
moving unit. The abbreviation on overlays is "DO A."
DOA TIGER
Direction of main attack
Assault position. This is the location from which a unit assaults the Tank platoons may
occupy an assault position or serve as overwatch for the occupation of the position by the
assault force. The abbreviation on overlays is "ASLT POS."
DOA LION
Direction of attack
(other than main)
Attack by fire position. This is the location from which a unit employs direct fire to
destroy the enemy from a distance. Tank platoons occupy an attack by fire position alone
or as part of the company. From this position, the platoon can attack the enemy on the
objective when occupation of the objective is not advisable; the position can also be used
in an attack on a moving enemy force. In addition, this type of position can serve as a
counterattack option for a reserve force. The overlay abbreviation is "ABF."
/ ABF 3C \
Support by fire position. This is another type of position from which a maneuver element
can engage the enemy by direct fire, with the fires providing support for operations by
other units. The tank platoon usually occupies a support by fire position when providing
supporting fires for an assault or breach force or when serving as the overwatch for a
moving force. The overlay abbreviation is "SBF."
Battle position. This is a defensive location, oriented on the most likely enemy avenue of
approach, from which a unit defends. Tank platoon BPs and direct fire orientations are
designated in the OPORD.
(Planned or proposed)
GO
(Occupied)
Target reference point. This is an easily recognizable point on the ground (either natural
or man-made) used to locate enemy forces or control fires. TRPs can designate either the
center of an area on which the platoon can mass its fires or the left or right limit of such
an area. The ta nk platoon leader controls platoon fires by designating platoon TRPs as
necessary to supplement company TRPs issued by the commander. When designated
with target numbers issued by the FIST or FSO, TRPs become indirect fire targets.
217
ABO 012
(Company or platoon TRP)
(Artllary targat)
Navigation
To protect his platoon, the platoon leader must leam to use terrain to his advantage. Land
navigation of armored vehicles requires him to master the technique of terrain associa
tion. This entails the ability to identify terrain
features on the ground by the contour intervals depicted on the map. The platoon leader
analyzes the terrain using the factors of OAK-OC and identifies major terrain features,
contour changes, and man-made structures along his axis of advance. As the platoon
advances, he uses these features to orient the platoon and to associate ground positions
with map locations.
The intellectual concept of battle space is vital to the platoon's sur vival during navigation
and movement. The platoon leader must constantly be aware of key terrain and enemy
fields of observation and fire that may create danger areas as the platoon advances. This
allows him to modify movement techniques, formations, and routes and to maintain
cross-talk with overwatch elements to ensure the platoon is not surprised by the enemy.
Navigation under limited visibility conditions is especially challenging. Vehicle thermal
sights and night vision goggles provide assistance, but leaders nonetheless can easily
confuse terrain features and become disoriented. See Appendix C for a discussion of
limited visibility operations.
The platoon can employ a variety of techniques and equipment to assist in navigation.
These are summarized in the following paragraphs.
Compass and odometer. This method of navigation entails use of a dismounted compass
and the vehicle's odometer. Follow these steps:
Divide the route or operation into legs or parts, each with a unique
direction and distance and a checkpoint at both ends.
Measure the map distance of each leg or part.
Determine the magnetic azimuth of each leg or part.
Develop a chart listing the legs or parts, azimuths, and distances. Write a
description of each leg or part. Refer to Figure 2-6, page 2-32, for an
example.
For each leg or part, move the gun tube to the direction of the magnetic
azimuth. Maintain turret stabilization at all times; do not traverse the turret
except at the start of the next leg or part.
Use the odometer to measure the distance traveled for each leg or part.
Review the written description of the route to help prevent navigational
errors.
LEG/PART
AZIMUTH
DISTANCE
DESCRIPTION OF ROUTE
TRAVELED
AA BLUE
(o SP
180
2.5 miles
From AA Blue, travel dow nhill to
the SP, a three-w ay, hardtop
intersection.
SP (o RP
90'
5.5 miles
At the SP, turn left and travel on
a flat hardtop road for about 4
miles. The road becomes uphill
as you approach the four-w ay
intersection (RP). A downhill
grade on azimuth w ill mean the
RP has been passed.
RP to PP1
183'
6.3 miles
At the RP, turn right and travel
dow nhill for 6.3 miles, linking up
w ith the XO at PP1 . The PP is
400 meters past a bridge and is
near t w o houses.
PP1 to 1 2
92
7.4 miles
At PP1, turn left and travel a flat,
cross-country stretch for 7.4 miles
until you reach three houses (12).
Reaching an uphill grade or a hard-
top road along the same azimuth
w ill mean 12 has been passed.
1 2 to 5
60
5.5 miles
From 12, travel on a 60 azimuth
uphill for about 5.5 miles, crossing
a dirt road and a hardtop road. At
hill (5), tanks w ill be oriented on a
90' azimuth.
p3
s
tmma
KSSV
Sfl
1
n
u
m
B
1 ^3
ROUTE GREEN l
Ifisl
i
|
Figure 2-6. Route chart for compass and
odometer navigation method.
Fires. Using artillery or mortars to fire smoke (during the day) or ground-burst
illumination (day or night) can provide a useful check on estimated locations or
preplanned targets.
Global positioning systems. These systems receive signals from satellites or land-based
transmitters. They calculate and display the position of the
user in military grid coordi nates as well as in degrees of latitude and longitude. Most
GPS navigation readings are based on waypoints, the known positions entered into the
system’s memory. The platoon leader identifies points along the route or at the
destination and designates them as waypoints. Once waypoints are entered in the GPS,
the device can display information such as distance and direction from point to point.
Leaders must still know how to employ terrain association while navigating in case
satellite or land signals are inoperative or unavailable. For more information on GPS, see
FKSM 17-15-1.
Inertial navigation systems. Based on an initial calculation of the vehicle's location from
a known point, inertial navigation systems use the rotation of the track to determine the
location of the vehicle. The Ml A2's POSNAV system is an example. POSNAV allows
the TC to determine his exact location and gives him the ability to plot up to 99
waypoints. Tank drivers can then use the steer-to function on their driver's integrated
display as they move toward the designated waypoints. To compensate for track slippage
that could affect the accuracy of the inertial system, TCs should reinitialize their systems
often using a GPS or a known point. For more information on POSNAV, see FKSM 17-
15-1.
NOTE: In using the GPS or POSNAV, the platoon leader must remember that waypoints
are only one of several navigational tools he can use. He must still be prepared to use
terrain association and map-reading skills in case of digital system failures. In addition,
the platoon leader must not disregard the effects of terrain on the direction of movement.
Terrain features that do not show up on the digital display (such as hills, valleys, and
cliffs) may cause deviations in the route the platoon must take to reach the next waypoint.
Shift from a known point. Shifting from a known point is a convenient tool for the
platoon leader to use as he maneuvers the platoon and
disseminates control measures. The known point is usually a previously distributed
graphic control measure. Referencing a location from a known point is done in
kilometers. For example, 500 meters is given as "POINT FIVE," 1,000 meters as "ONE,"
and 3,500 meters as "THREE POINT FIVE." Cardinal directions are used. Shifts to the
east or west are given first, sion: "RED SET FROM CHECKPOINT SEVEN - EAST
ONE POINT EIGHT - NORTH ONE POINT SEVEN." This means, "We (the Red
element)
are set at a position 1,800 meters east and 1,700 meters north from checkpoint 7." Figure
2-7 illustrates this example.
■NORTH ONE POINT SEVEN -
'EAST ONE POINT EIGHT*
Figure 2-7. Example of shifting from a known point.
Shifts from known points are used routinely to control combat operations. They make
report ing of current platoon and enemy positions easier. The platoon leader could report
his location by referencing a graphic control measure, such as a checkpoint as shown in
Figure 2-8, or a grid location. The enemy, however, will quickly figure out the known
points if they are continually used in the clear on a nonsecure net. The platoon leader
should avoid using the same point more than twice. Instead, he should use a different
known point to reference the same location. Enemy locations are identified only by using
shifts from TRPs (see Figure 2-9).
NOTE: Many units routinely use the terrain index reference system (TIRS) or the grid
index reference system (GIRS) to make shifts from a known point. TIRS identifies
locations based on terrain points previously designated on an overlay; GIRS uses
intersections of four grid squares as the known points.
Figure 2-8. Platoon reports own position using
shift from a known point (checkpoint).
Figure 2-9. Platoon reports enemy position
using shift from a known point (TRP).
COMMUNICATIONS
During virtually all maneuver and combat operations, dispersion will force the ta nk
platoon to rely heavily on effective communications by means of wire, visual signals,
radio, and digital systems. The platoon must under-stand the proper procedures for using
the available systems, the proper application of operational terms, and procedures for
constructing and sending effective, concise messages using each type of system. The
platoon leader is responsible for the planning, training, and employment related to use of
the platoon's communications systems. He is also responsible for maintaining
communications within the company communications system.
Means of Tactical Communications
The tank platoon has several available means of communications. Whether it is using
messenger, wire, visual, sound, radio, or digital communications, the platoon must
remain flexible enough to react quickly to new situations. The platoon leader must
carefully plan the use of these resources, ensuring there is redundancy in the platoon's
communications systems while avoiding dependence on any single means.
SOPs play a critical role in ensuring that platoon communications enhance situational
aware ness and contribute to mission accomplishment. They prescribe hand-and-arm and
flag signals that can aid in platoon movement and clear, concise radio transmissions that
help to reduce transmission times. On digitally li nk ed vehicles, crews can monitor the
commander's integrated display, with its standardized graphics; this significantly reduces
the need to send voice updates of friendly vehicle positions.
Messenger. Messenger service is the most secure means of communi-cations available to
the tank platoon. When security conditions and time permit, it is the preferred means. It is
generally very flexible and reliable. A messenger can be used to deliver platoon fire
plans, status reports, or lengthy messages. When possible, lengthy messages sent by
messenger should be written to prevent mistakes and confusion.
Wire. This method of communications is especially effective in static positions. The
platoon will frequently employ a hot loop in initial defensive positions, OPs, and
assembly areas. Unit SOPs, tailored to counter the enemy's electronic warfare capability,
will dictate the use of wire. M60A3 and AGS crews can communicate directly with
dismounted infantry by means of the vehicle's external field phone. On Ml -series tanks,
the crew can route wire from the AM- 1780 through the loader's hatch or vision block to a
field phone attached to the outside of the tank.
Visual. Visual communications are used to identify friendly forces or to transmit
prearranged messages quickly over short distances. These signals must be clearly
understood by TCs as they operate across the battlefield; each TC must be ready to pass
on visual signals from the platoon leader to other vehicles in the platoon. Standard hand-
and-arm or flag signals work well during periods of good visibility. Crews can use
thermal paper, flashlights, chemical lights, or other devices during periods of limited
visibility, but they must exercise extreme care to avoid alerting the enemy to friendly
intentions. See STP 17-19K1-SM (the skill level 1 soldier's manual for MOS 19K) and
FM 21-60 for a description of hand-and-arm signals.
Pyrotechnics. Pyrotechnic ammunition can be used for visual signaling. The meaning of
these signals is identified in paragraph 5 of the OPORD and in the signal operation
instructions (SOI). The main advantage of pyrotech nics is the speed with which signals
can be transmitted. The main disadvantage is the enemy's ability to detect and imitate
them.
Sound. This form of communications is used mainly to attract attention, transmit prear
ranged messages, and spread alarms. Sound signals, however, carry only short distances,
and their range and clarity are greatly reduced by battle noise. In addition, since they are
open to enemy inter ception, use of sound signals may be restricted for security reasons.
They must be kept simple to avoid creating confusion. Prearranged meanings for sound
signals are covered in the unit SOP and SOI.
Radio. The radio is the platoon's most flexible, most frequently used, and least secure
means of communications. It can quickly transmit information over long distances with
great accuracy. Secure equip ment and the ability of the SINCGARS to frequency-hop
provide the platoon with communications security against most enemy direction-finding,
interception, and jamming capabilities. Sophisticated direction-finding equipment, how
ever, can trace almost any radio signal; the transmitter then can easily be destroyed.
Survival of the tank platoon depends on good communications habits, especially when it
is using the radio; the platoon leader must strictly enforce radio discipline. The most
effective way to use the radio is to follow standard radiotele phone procedures (RTP),
including brevity and proper use of authentication tables and approved operational terms.
Digital. IVIS and applique digital systems enable the platoon leader to transmit digitally
encoded information over the SINCGARS radio to other similarly equipped vehicles.
Linkup refers to the ability of the tank's radio to transmit and receive digital information.
When properly "linked," the platoon leader receives continuously updated position
location information for the platoon's vehicles, as well as for those of adjacent platoon
leaders and PSGs, the company commander, and the executive officer (XO). Using the
digital link with other platoon vehicles and the company commander, the platoon leader
can also send and receive preformatted reports and overlays with graphic control meas
ures. FKSM 17-15-3 discusses the use of digital systems, including IVIS-specific log-on
and linkup procedures.
Tank Platoon Nets
The platoon leader, PSG, TCs, and crewmen employ and/or monitor the following radio
nets.
Platoon. This net is used to conduct all platoon operations. All tanks within the platoon
must have the ability to monitor and transmit on this net at all times. Some units do not
use platoon radio nets; in such a situation, it is critical that all platoon vehicles adhere to
communications SOPs and observe strict radio discipline. Every crewman should
understand the net control guidelines, including proper RTP and techniques for effective
communications, discussed later in this section.
Company/troop command. This net is used to maneuver the company as well as to
process routine administrative/logistical (A/L) reports. Platoon leaders and PSGs monitor
this net to keep abreast of the current tactical situation from the reports of the
commander, XO, and other platoon leaders. They transmit on it to keep the commander
in formed and to talk to other platoon leaders to coordinate the tactical actions of their
platoons. Both the platoon leader and PSG must always have the ability to monitor and
transmit on this net. All TCs must be able to switch to this net to send re ports and receive
guidance if they are unable to contact their platoon leader or PSG.
Net Control
The tank platoon net is the key to command and control of the platoon. The smooth
functioning of this net allows accurate information to be passed quickly to and from the
platoon leader. This information flow is critical in maintaining the platoon leader's
situational awareness. Every soldier in the platoon must be trained how to provide the
platoon leader with essen tial information efficiently and without redundancy. This
becomes especially important when contact has been made and the volume of traffic on
the platoon and company nets increases drastically. The following techniques and sugges
tions will help to ensure that information flowing over the net is organized and controlled
in a manner that permits the platoon leader both to understand it and to issue orders in
response to it.
Digital traffic. Digital traffic may precede, replace, or follow voice transmissions; in
many cases, it will reduce the need for and redundancy of voice traffic. Do not duplicate
digital traffic with voice messages if digital transmissions precede or can replace voice
traffic in a timely manner. Because digital systems are not totally reliable, it may be
necessary to verify the receipt of critical digital traffic.
Routine traffic. The PSG normally receives and consolidates A/L reports and other
routine communications from the TCs and passes the reports to the platoon leader or
higher headquarters using the procedures prescribed in unit SOPs.
Initial contact. Any vehicle can alert the platoon to a threat. The section leader in contact
(platoon leader or PSG) deploys and fights his section according to the platoon leader’s
intent. The section leader not in contact forwards the report to higher headquarters. If the
entire platoon is in contact, the platoon leader fights the platoon while the PSG reports
the contact to the commander.
Reporting. In keeping the platoon leader informed, TCs must avoid redundant voice and
digital reports. They monitor the platoon net so they can avoid reporting information the
platoon leader has already received from other TCs. The PSG pays close attention to the
company net while the platoon net is active; he then relays critical information to the
platoon. This technique allows the platoon leader to concentrate on fighting the platoon.
Once the platoon leader begins to develop the situation, he is responsible for reporting the
platoon's tactical situation to the commander using spot reports (SPOTREP) and situation
reports (SITREP). Refer to FKSM 17-15-3 for information on report formats.
Radiotelephone procedure. Proper RTP is the cornerstone of effective command and
control in the tank platoon. Every platoon member must be an expert in communications
procedures. This ensures efficient communi cations within the platoon and allows
members of the platoon to communicate effectively with outside elements such as other
platoons or the company or troop headquarters.
Depending on the enemy's electronic warfare capability, the company commander may
elect to use standardized call signs to simplify RTP. These call signs allow all users of a
net to instantly recognize the calling station. Examples would be the use of RED,
WHITE, and BLUE to designate 1st, 2d, and 3d platoons, respectively, and the use of
bumper numbers to identity tanks within a platoon.
Techniques of effective communications. The platoon leader and PSG must ensure that
every member of the platoon understands and adheres to the following techniques and
guidelines, which can contribute to more effective, more secure tactical communications.
Minimize duration . All messages sent within or from the tank platoon must be short and
informative. The longer the message, the greater the opportunity for enemy elements to
use electronic detection to pinpoint the platoon's location. Message length can be
controlled in several ways:
Write down the message and then eliminate all unnecessary words from
the written message before sending it.
Read the message as written when sending it.
Use brevity codes that reduce the need to explain the tactical picture in
detail.
Break long messages into several parts and send each part separately.
Minimize signature . When sending a message, every tanker must be conscious of the
size and nature of the electronic signature that he is emitting. To reduce the size of the
signature, he can use terrain to mask his transmissions from known or suspected enemy
positions. He should set the transmitter to the lowest possible power that will provide
sufficient range.
Know the system . Each crewman must be an expert in the technical aspects of his voice
and digital communi cations systems. In particular, he must understand how to maintain
each system, how to place it into operation, and how to troubleshoot it whenever he
suspects it is not functioning properly.
Fire Distribution and Control
To maximize the effects of its fires, the platoon must know how to effectively focus,
distribute, and control them. Depending on the situation, fire distribution and control may
be ac complished by individual tanks, by section leaders' tanks and their wingmen, or by
the platoon as a whole. On many occasions, particularly in defensive operations, the
platoon leader will be in a position to direct the fires of the entire platoon. At other times,
especially during offensive operations, fire distribution and control may begin with the
PSG or a wingman; as the situation develops, the platoon leader then takes control of the
platoon fires and distributes them effectively. Refer to FM 17-12-1-1 and FM 17-12-1-2
for a complete discussion of target acquisition and destruction procedures during direct
fire engagements.
Focus
The platoon's ability to focus fires on the enemy is critical to combat survival. Proper
scanning techniques and the violent execution of battle drills (refer to the discussion in
Chapter 3) will initially orient the platoon toward the enemy. At that point, the platoon
leader must supplement the drills by using TRPs to mass the platoon's fires at one
location.
The platoon leader identifies and references each TRP using a terrain feature or by means
of a digital overlay. When TRPs are used to delineate the left and right planning limits for
the center of the sector. The center TRP roughly divides the left and right sectors in
which each section will scan and engage targets. Each section should have the ability to
engage targets in the other section's sector of fire from its primary, alternate, or
supplementary position. This allows the pla toon leader to distribute fires in response to
changes in the enemy situation.
One section will then scan for and engage targets to the left of the TRP while the other
section does the same to the right of the TRP. (NOTE: If he has M1A2 target-designation
capabil ity, each TC can lase in the vicinity of the TRP and orient his main gun on the
TRP using the commander's digital display.)
The outer limits of the sector of fire can be supplemented with TRPs identified by the
section leader or can be left to the discretion of individual TCs based on the tactical
situation.
Distribution
The entire platoon must thoroughly understand the three basic fire patterns: frontal, cross,
and depth. In most situations, these allow the platoon leader to distribute platoon fires
rapidly and effectively. Regard less of the fire pattern used, the goal is to engage near and
flank targets first, then shift to far and center targets. Tanks should engage near to far
and most dangerous to least dangerous in their sector. A "most dangerous" threat is any
enemy antitank system preparing to engage the platoon. The platoon sector is defined by
TRPs, which are used to mass platoon fires at specific locations and to mark the left and
right planning limits for platoon fires.
Frontal pattern. The frontal pattern is used when all tanks within the platoon can fire to
their front (see Figure 2-10). Flank tanks engage targets to their front (right tank shoots
right target, left tank shoots left target) and shift fires toward the center as targets are
destroyed. The frontal fire engagement rule is "near to far, flank to center."
Cross pattern. The cross pattern is used when obstructions prevent some or all tanks
within the platoon from firing to the front or when the enemy's frontal armor protection
requires use of flank shots to achieve penetration. In this pattern, each tank engages
targets on the flank of its position. The right flank tank engages the left portion of the
target area while the left flank tank en gages the right portion. As targets are destroyed,
tanks shift fires inward. The cross fire engagement rule is "outside in, near to far." An
example of the cross pattern is shown in Figure 2-11.
Figure 2-10. Frontal fire pattern.
Figure 2-11. Cross fire pattern.
Depth pattern. The depth fire pattern is used when targets are exposed in depth.
Employment of depth fire is dependent on the position and formation of both the
engaging platoon and the target. For example, the entire platoon may be required to fire
on a column formation in depth; in other cases, individual tanks engaging in their sector
may have to fire in depth. If the whole platoon is firing, it may be possible for each 12).
The far left tank engages the far target and shifts fire toward the center of the formation
as targets are destroyed; the left center tank engages the center target and shifts fire
toward the rear as targets are destroyed. The right center tank engages the closest (front)
target and shifts fire to the rear as targets are destroyed; the far right tank engages the
center target and shifts fire to the front as targets are destroyed.
Figure 2-12. Depth fire pattern.
Control
ning and fire commands. He decides how to control fires based on the factors of METT-
T.
Fire planning. The more thoroughly the platoon leader can plan an operation, the more
effective the platoon's fires are likely to be. The amount of time available for fire
planning, however, depends almost entirely on the collective factors of METT-T. For
example, some defensive operations may allow the platoon leader hours or days to
conduct fire planning. Intelligence assets may be able to acquire, track, and report enemy
elements as they move toward the platoon. The platoon leader can then initi ate fires with
a platoon fire command or a predetermined event (such as the enemy crossing a trigger
line). In other situations, especially during offensive operations, a member of the platoon
may acquire and engage a "most dangerous" target before the platoon leader has an
opportunity to initiate a fire command. Offensive and defensive fire planning is discussed
in detail in Chapters 3 and 4.
In the absence of adequate planning time, the platoon leader must initially rely on
preestablished, well-rehearsed SOPs to distribute and control fires and ensure fast,
predictable engagement by all tanks. No matter what kind of situation it expects to face,
the platoon must learn and rehearse target acquisition responsibilities, use of TRPs and
fire patterns, and procedures for initiating, shifting, and stopping fires. Its survival
depends on it.
Platoon fire commands. The battlefield situation and/or platoon SOP dictate the number
of elements used in a fire command. The standard platoon fire command includes up to
six elements, transmitted in the following order:
Alert.
Weapon or ammunition (optional).
Target description.
Orientation.
Control (optional).
Execution.
Alert . The alert element addresses the tanks that are being directed to fire; it does not
require the individual initiating the fire command to identify himself. (NOTE: Wingman
tanks or sections not designated to engage should sense the target effects and be prepared
to engage targets as necessary.)
Platoon or company SOP code words may be used to standardize the alert element, as in
the following example:
RED— Entire platoon prepare to fire.
ALPHA— Platoon leader and his wingman prepare to fire.
BRAVO— PSG and his wingman prepare to fire.
Weapon or ammunition (optional) . The weapon is not announced unless specific
control measures are required. Ammunition is not announced unless a specific type is
dictated by the situation. The TC selects ammunition based on the platoon SOP, the
number and type of enemy targets, and the supply status of ammunition (how much of
each type is on hand).
Target description . This element briefly describes the target in terms of number, type,
and activity ("THREE TANKS MOVING EAST TO WEST").
Orientation . Target location is described using one of two methods:
Reference point or terrain feature. This method is used for most
defensive engagements and can also be applied to of fensive situations. If
the platoon leader designates separate targets for each section, he assigns
responsibility and clarifies target location in the orientation element. For
example: "ALPHA - TWO TANKS - TRP 3126 - BRAVO - BMPs AND
TROOPS - ROAD JUNCTION."
Direction of target. This method is used most often in the offense when no
TRP or definitive terrain feature is near the target. Direction is indicated
from the projected line of movement (LOM) of the platoon in the of fense
or from the center of sector (COS) in the defense (for example, "LEFT
FRONT" or "RIGHT FLANK"). The clock option indicates direction
starting with the LOM or COS at 12 o'clock (examples: "TWO
O'CLOCK"; "NINE O'CLOCK"). The
cardinal direction may also be used ("NORTHWEST" or "SOUTHWEST").
When using the direction method, the pla toon leader will announce a range to
help his TCs locate the targets, for example, "RIGHT FRONT - ONE EIGHT
HUNDRED" or "TEN O’CLOCK - TWO FOUR HUNDRED."
Control (optional) . The control element tells the platoon what type of fire pattern
(frontal, cross, or depth) the platoon leader has selected based on his plan for fire
distribution. If the control element is omitted, the platoon engages targets using the
frontal pattern. All tanks normally engage simultaneously. If the platoon leader wishes to
designate a firing tank or section, he specifies which tanks will fire in the alert element of
the fire command. Additionally, the platoon leader may designate the amount or type of
ammunition or weapons to be fired. For example, he might direct four bursts from the
coax machine gun for every two main gun rounds fired.
Execution . The execution element indicates when firing will begin. Normally, this is
simply the command "FIRE." If simultaneous fire is desired or if the platoon's fire is to
be coordinated with other direct or indirect fires, the execution element "AT MY
COMMAND" is given first. The resulting delay allows the coordination of all fires to be
completed; the individual crews select their targets, issue their own fire commands, and
prepare to engage. The platoon leader must remember that tanks have to occupy hull-
down positions before firing. A proword can be used to signal this move.
During execution, the platoon leader controls fires by issuing subsequent fire commands
or individual elements of the fire command; this serves to focus and distribute the fires of
individual tanks, a section, or the entire platoon. The engagement is terminated when all
targets are "CEASE FIRE." Figure 2-13 illustrates an example of a platoon fire
command; note that the weapon/ammunition element has been omitted.
Alert "RED-
Target description THREE TANKS-
Orientation VICINITY TRP ZERO ZERO SIX-
Control (optional) CROSS-
Execution AT MY COMMAND-FIRE”
Figure 2-13. Example platoon fire command.
CHAPTER 3
OFFENSIVE OPERATIONS
Offense is the decisive form of war. While tactical considerations may call for the
platoon to execute defensive operations for a period of time, defeat of the enemy requires
a shift to offensive operations. To ensure the success of the attack, the tank platoon leader
must understand the fundamentals of offense and apply troop-leading procedures during
the planning and preparation phases of the operation.
CONTENTS
SECTION I. Fundamentals of the Offense
SECTION II. Planning
SECTION III. Preparation
SECTION IV. Execution - Tactical Movement
SECTION V. Execution - Actions on Contact
SECTION VI. Execution-Platoon Tactical Tasks
SECTION VII. Execution - Consolidation and Reorganization
Section I. FUNDAMENTALS OF THE OFFENSE
Purposes of the Offense
The main purpose of the offense is to defeat, destroy, or neutralize an enemy force.
Additionally, offensive operations are undertaken to secure key terrain, to gain
information, to deprive the enemy of resources, to deceive and divert him, to hold him in
position, to disrupt his attack, and to set the conditions for successful future operations.
Characteristics of the Offense
FM 100-5 describes the common characteristics of all offensive operations: surprise,
concentration, tempo, and audacity. To maximize the value of these characteristics, tank
platoons must apply the following considerations:
Surprise. Platoons achieve surprise by following operations security (OPSEC)
procedures and making the best possible use of vehicle speed and covered and
concealed routes during tactical movement.
Concentration. Platoons achieve concentration by massing the effects of their
weapon systems without necessarily massing platoon vehicles at a single location.
Modern navigation and position location/reporting systems allow the platoon leader
to disperse his vehicles while retaining the ability to quickly mass the effects of the
platoon's weapon systems whenever necessary. In addition, these advanced systems
allow him to maintain command, control, and OPSEC at all times. The platoon
leader must remember that it is more important to move using covered and
concealed routes to positions from which the platoon can mass fires and engage the
enemy than it is to maintain precise formations and predetermined speeds.
Tempo. Tempo, the rate of speed of military action, can range from fast to slow.
While a fast tempo is preferred, the platoon leader must remember that
synchronization sets the stage for successful platoon operations; to support the
commander's intent, he must ensure that his platoon's movement is synchronized
with the company team's movement and that of the other platoons. If the platoon is
forced to slow down because of terrain or enemy resistance, mander can alter the
tempo of company movement to maintain synchronization.
Audacity. At the platoon level, audacity is marked by violent initiative. Knowledge
of the commander's intent two levels up allows the platoon leader to take advantage
of battlefield opportunities whenever they present themselves, enhancing the
effectiveness of the platoon's support for the entire offensive operation.
Forms of Offense
The four general forms of tactical offense described in FM 100-5 are movement to
contact, attack, exploitation, and pur suit. Company teams can execute movements to
contact and either hasty or deliberate attacks on their own; the nature of these operations
depends largely on the amount of time and enemy information available during the
planning and preparation phases. Company teams execute an exploitation or pursuit as
part of a larger force.
Role of the Tank Platoon
The tank platoon is an integral part of company team maneuver. The platoon conducts
tactical movement, actions on contact, consolidation, and reorganization in support of
company operations. It can destroy, fix, or bypass an enemy as required by the
commander's intent, the tactical situation, and the rules of engagement (ROE).
Section II. PLANNING
The planning phase begins when the platoon receives the higher WO or OPORD and
ends when the platoon leader issues his own OPORD or FRAGO. During this phase, the
platoon leader conducts troop-leading procedures as outlined in Chapter 2. After he
issues the WO, he may initiate rehearsals of tactical movement, battle drills, or breaching
actions. These generic rehearsals allow the platoon to begin preparing for the mission.
Once the platoon leader completes his plan, the generic rehearsals are matched to the
actual terrain and anticipated actions on enemy contact. In developing his OPORD or
FRAGO, the platoon leader pays close attention to the following considerations
applicable to the battlefield operating sys terns (BOS). Arranged in order, BOSs roughly
follow the five -paragraph OPORD process, allowing the platoon leader to logically
organize his thoughts to cover the mission. BOS elements are the following:
Command and control.
Intelligence.
Maneuver.
Fire support.
Mobility and survivability.
ADA.
CSS.
Command and control
The platoon leader's key function in this BOS is conducting troop-leading procedures.
Immediately after the company order is issued or during the company rehearsal, he
should coordinate unresolved issues with the other platoon leaders, the XO, and the
company commander. The coordination should specify routes, intervals, movement
speed, orientations, fire control measures, and signals between platoons.
Intelligence
Enemy
Most analysis of the enemy situation and probable courses of action is done at the
battalion and company level; however, it is the platoon leader's responsibility to
understand how the enemy's disposition and possible courses of action may affect the
platoon's battle space and the accomplishment of its mission. The platoon leader
identifies and plots on his overlay all known and suspected enemy positions that affect
his battle space and identifies indirect and direct lire range fans of enemy weapon
systems. The enemy overlay for I VIS or applique digital systems should also be updated
to include the latest enemy information.
The platoon leader then identifies terrain features or determines the standoff
distance of friendly weapon systems that will negate the effects of threat weapons.
Next, he determines the enemy's most probable course of action. Using
information from his own analysis and from higher headquar ters, he identifies
anticipated contact situations. This process includes estimating whether the enemy
will defend in place, delay, or counterattack upon con tact; when and where
contact is most likely to be made; and what type and size of enemy force the
platoon will face. Finally, the platoon leader must develop specific plans for the
platoon's actions against the enemy. Refer to the discussion of enemy analysis on
pages 2-4 and 2-5.
Terrain
The platoon leader conducts a map reconnaissance and uses the factors of OAK-OC, as
discussed in Chapter 2, to system atically analyze the terrain in his battle space. He pays
close attention to key terrain that could support positions offering unobstructed
observation and fields of fire. These are danger areas that can be used by enemy or
friendly forces when contact is made during the execution of the mission. This analysis is
followed by a ground reconnaissance, conducted with the commander as far forward as
possible and as extensively as time and security considerations permit. The ground
reconnaissance covers the platoon's movement routes to the LD, routes to the objective,
and the objective itself. The platoon leader should check and record the time-distance
factors to any SPs or to the LD.
Maneuver
Movement
The platoon leader develops the platoon maneuver plan so that it matches the
commander's intent and specific instructions and supports the company main effort. He
determines the platoon's route, movement technique, and formation based on his battle
space (including terrain factors), the company scheme of maneuver, and the likelihood of
enemy contact. He pays particular attention to fields of observation and fire; these factors
can help him to define poten tial enemy engagement areas. The platoon leader war-games
anticipated actions on contact and execution of essential tasks. He also addresses actions
on the objective (consolidation and reorganization).
Direct Fires
The platoon leader identifies attack by fire and support by fire positions from which the
platoon can engage known or sus pected enemy positions. He designates TRPs and
assigns sectors of fire, observation, and weapons orientation. He specifies platoon fire
patterns (if different from those identified by SOP) and addresses restrictions on direct
fire imposed by the rules of engagement (ROE) in effect for the operation.
Fire Support
Most fire support planning is conducted at company level and higher. The platoon leader
reviews the plan to ensure that responsibilities for initiating, lifting, and shifting indirect
fires are designated. As necessary, he identifies additional indirect fire targets on known
or suspected enemy positions and submits recommendations to the company FIST. The
platoon leader evaluates and recommends the use of smoke to help conceal or obscure
move ment and suppress likely enemy positions while the platoon is moving through
danger areas; in addition, he evaluates the need for illumination or smoke rounds for
marking and/or to assist in navigation. See the discussion of navigation in Chapter 2.
Mobility and Survivability
Obstacle Types
The platoon will encounter two types of obstacles, existing and reinforcing. The enemy
will employ both types in its defensive plan.
Existing obstacles are those that are present on the battlefield but were not
emplaced through military effort. They may be natural (such as streams, lakes,
thick forests, and mountains) or cultural (towns or railroad embankments).
Reinforcing obstacles are placed on the battlefield through military effort to slow,
stop, turn, or canalize the enemy. Examples include minefields, wire, road craters,
log cribs, and tank ditches.
Breach Planning
The commander will designate his platoons to be part of the support force, the breach
force, or the assault force. The sup port force usually leads the company during
movement and identifies the obstacle. It then suppresses any enemy elements
overwatching the obstacle to give the breach force the opportu nity to penetrate the
obstacle. A tank platoon can conduct breach force operations only if it is equipped with
the assets required to breach the type of obstacle encountered; such assets include
demolitions, grappling hooks, rakes, mine plows, and mine rollers. The breach force is
responsible for creating, proofing, and marking a lane through the obstacle and for
securing the far side. It then suppresses remaining enemy forces as the assault force
moves through the breach to continue the attack. (See Chapter 5 for more information on
breaching operations.)
NOTE: NBC defensive operations are a critical consideration within the mobility
and survivability BOS. These are discussed in detail in Section V of this chapter
(as part of the execution of battle drills) and in Appendix D.
Air defense artillery
Refer to Chapter 6 for a discussion of ADA planning considerations.
Combat Service Support
The platoon leader ensures that soldiers are familiar with maintenance and medical
evacuation (MEDEVAC) procedures as outlined in paragraph 4 of the platoon OPORD or
in the unit SOP. See Chapter 7 for more details concerning logistics operations.
Section III. PREPARATION
The preparation phase ends when the platoon crosses the LD and deploys for the attack.
The platoon leader takes into account the following BOS considerations.
Command and Control
During the preparation phase, the platoon leader contin ues with his troop-leading
procedures and conducts rehearsals and inspections to ensure the platoon is ready for the
upcoming operation. Near the end of the phase, the platoon leader conducts a precombat
inspection (PCI) of his soldiers and equipment. The soldier inspection includes checking
each crewman's personal knowledge of the opera tion as well as the readiness of his
equipment. As a rule, TCs must understand the company scheme of maneuver; other
crewmen must understand the platoon scheme of maneuver. The equipment inspection
consists of checking each tank crew's ability to move, shoot, and communicate. The
inspection should be as thorough as time permits; for a detailed PCI checklist, see FKSM
17-15-3. Rehearsals and inspections are discussed in detail in Chapter 2.
Intelligence
During this phase, the platoon leader will receive updated SPOTREPs listing known and
suspected enemy locations as well as the latest friendly actions. He should plot the
updated enemy and friendly locations on his overlay and on the enemy overlay (digital
systems); based on his terrain reconnaissance, he adjusts the maneuver plan accordingly.
Manuever
Following the last company rehearsal, the platoon should conduct a final rehearsal of its
own to incorporate any adjustments to the company scheme of maneuver. The platoon re
hearsal should follow the procedures outlined in Chapter 2. It should cover the following
subjects:
Movement from current positions.
Routes.
Platoon and company formations and movement techniques.
Vehicle positions within the platoon formation.
Weapons orientation and fire control.
Decision points.
Actions on contact.
Actions on the objective (consolidation and reorganization.)
Reporting procedures.
Signals.
Fire Support
During the rehearsal, the platoon leader should address responsibility for targets in the
platoon battle space. He should cover any scheduled indirect fires and the effects of
smoke on the bat tlefield. In addition, he should discuss the direct fire plan, with
emphasis on platoon responsibilities, known and suspected enemy locations, friendly unit
locations, and applicable ROE.
Mobility and Survivability
Actions at obstacles should be rehearsed during the preparation phase. Breaching
equipment should be checked during the PCI.
Air Defense Artillery
ADA preparations during this phase should include a rehearsal of the react to air attack
drill, which is outlined in Section V of this chapter.
Combat Service Support
During the preparation phase, tank crews conduct resupply operations to replenish their
combat loads. They also perform preventive maintenance checks and services (PMCS) on
their vehicles and equipment.
Rehearsals should cover aspects of the logistical plan that will support the upcoming
operation, including emergency resupply and personnel and vehicle evacuation
procedures. For more information on logistics, refer to Chapter 7.
SECTION IV. EXECUTION-TACTICAL MOVEMENT
The company OPORD will normally specify company and platoon formations and
techniques of movement. This allows the commander to position his elements where they
will optimize the company's battle space and facilitate execution of his scheme of
maneuver. The platoon leader has the responsibility to recommend a different formation
or technique of movement if a change will allow the platoon to more effectively
contribute to the accomplishment of the company mission and protection of the force. If
no formation or technique of movement is given in the order, the platoon leader selects
the one that will make the most efficient use of his battle space and will best support the
company scheme of maneuver.
While moving, the platoon uses terrain to provide cover and concealment, employing the
following rules:
Do not move forward from an overwatch position or BP. Back away from
your position and go around on the low ground.
Stay on low ground as much as possible. Moving on top of ridgelines and
over hilltops will silhouette (skyline) platoon vehicles.
Scan the ground for disturbed earth, out-of-place features, and surface-laid
mines. These are indicators of an obstacle or mine field.
Select the formation and movement technique that maximizes the platoon's
battle space while minimizing gaps and dead space.
If your move is being covered by an overwatch element, remember that the
overwatch element cannot cover all of the platoon's gaps and dead space.
If the move is being overwatched, also keep in mind that the distance of
each move (or bound) must not exceed the direct fire range of the
overwatch element.
Always plan actions at danger areas. If necessary, direct the TC or loader
to dismount and either observe around blind spots or check the
trafficability of a route or defile before the tank moves over or through
these locations.
Techniques of Movement
The commander or platoon leader selects a technique of movement based on several
battlefield factors:
The likelihood of enemy contact.
The availability of another element to provide overwatch for the moving
element.
The terrain over which the moving element will pass.
In open terrain, such as deserts, one company will normally overwatch the movement of
another company. In close terrain, such as rolling hills or countryside, platoons will
normally overwatch other platoons. In restrictive terrain, such as mountains, forests, or
urban areas, a tank sec tion will rely on another tank section or dismounted infantry to
overwatch movement.
The tank platoon must be able to employ any of the following techniques of movement:
Traveling, Characterized by continuous movement of all elements,
traveling is best suited to situations in which enemy contact is unlikely and
speed is important.
Traveling overwatch. Traveling overwatch is an extended form of
traveling that provides additional security when contact is possible
but speed is desirable. The lead ele ment moves continuously. The
trail element moves at various speeds and may halt periodically to
overwatch the movement of the lead element. The trail element
maintains dispersion based on its ability to provide immediate
suppressive fires in support of the lead element. The intent is to
maintain depth, provide flexibility, and sustain movement in case
the lead element is engaged.
Bounding Overwatch. Bounding overwatch is used when contact
is expected. It is the most secure, but slowest, movement technique.
There are two methods of bounding:
- Alternate bounds. Covered by the rear element, the lead element
moves forward, halts, and assumes over-watch positions. The rear
element advances past the lead element and takes up overwatch
positions. The initial lead element then advances past the initial
rear element and takes up overwatch positions. Only one element
moves at a time. This method is usually more rapid than successive
bounds. (Refer to Figure 3-1, page 3-12.)
Successive bounds. In this method, the lead element, covered by
the rear element, advances and takes up an overwatch position. The
rear element advances to an overwatch position abreast of the lead
element and halts. The lead element then moves to the next
position, and so on. Only one element moves at a time, and the rear
element avoids advancing beyond the lead element. This method is
easier to control and more secure than the alternate bounding
method, but it is slower (Refer to Figure 3-2, page 3-12.)
Figure 3-1. Movement by alternate bounds.
First bound
Second bound
Direct
Figure 3-2. Movement by successive bounds.
FORMATIONS
Formations are used to establish tank positions and sectors of responsibility during
tactical operations. They facilitate control, alleviate confusion, and increase protection,
speed, and the effectiveness of fires.
Formations are not intended to be rigid, with vehicles remaining a specific
distance apart at every moment. The position of each tank in the formation
depends on the terrain and the ability of the wingman driver to maintain
situational aware ness in relation to the lead tank. At the same time,
individual tanks should always occupy the same relative position within a
formation. This will ensure that the members of each crew know who is
beside them, understand when and where to move, and are aware of when
and where they will be expected to observe and direct fires. Weapons
orientation for all tanks should be adjusted to ensure optimum security
based on the position of the platoon in the company formation.
The following paragraphs and illustrations describe the six basic
movement formations the platoon will use. (NOTE: In these examples,
vehicle numbers are used to illustrate the wing man concept. In the field,
the location and sequence of vehicles in the formation will be prescribed in
the platoon SOP and/or the orders for the operation. The tactical situation
will also influence vehicle location.)
Column
The column provides excellent control and fire to the flanks, but permits less fire to the
front. It is used when speed is critical, when the platoon is moving through restrictive
terrain on a specific route, and/or when enemy contact is not likely. (See Figure 3-3, page
3-14.)
Staggered Column
The staggered column is a modified column formation with one section leading and one
section trailing behind to pro vide overwatch. The staggered column permits good fire to
the front and flanks. It is used when speed is critical, when there is a limited area for
lateral dispersion, and/or when enemy contact is possible. (See Figure 3-4.)
Figure 3-3. Column formation. Figure 3-4. Staggered column
formation.
Wedge
The wedge permits excellent firepower to the front and good firepower to the flanks. It is
employed when the platoon is provided with overwatch by another element and is
moving in open or rolling terrain. Depending on the platoon location within the company
formation, the platoon leader and PSG (with wingmen) can switch sides of the formation.
When the platoon leader's ta nk is slightly forward, one flank has more firepower. (See
Figure 3-5.)
Echelon
The echelon formation permits excellent firepower to the front and to one flank. It is used
to screen an exposed flank of the platoon or of a larger moving force. (See Figure 3-6.)
Figure 3-5. Wedge formation.
Figure 3-6. Echelon formation.
Vee
The vee formation provides excellent protection and con-trol, but limits fires to the front.
This formation is used when terrain restricts movement or when overwatch within the
platoon is required. (See Figure 3-7.)
Figure 3-7. Vee formation.
Line
The line formation provides maximum firepower forward. It is used when the platoon
crosses danger areas and is provided with overwatch by another element or when the
platoon assaults en-emy positions. (See Figure 3-8.)
Figure 3-8. Line formation.
Coil and Herringbone
These formations are employed when the platoon is stationary and 360-
degree security is essential. Figure 3-9 illustrates the coil and herringbone.
Coil. When it is operating independently, the platoon uses the coil
formation to establish a perimeter defense during extended halts or lulls in
combat. The lead vehicle, normally the platoon leader, will halt his vehicle
in the direction of travel (12 o'clock) while the other vehicles position
themselves to form a circular formation covering all suspected enemy
avenues of approach.
Herringbone. The herringbone formation is used when the platoon must
assume a hasty defense with 360-degree security while remaining postured
to resume movement in the direction of travel. It is normally employed
during scheduled or unscheduled halts in a road march. If terrain permits,
vehicles should move off the road and stop at a 45 -degree angle, allowing
passage of vehicles through the center of the formation.
Figure 3-9. Coil and herringbone formations.
Overwatch
Overwatch is the tactical mission in which an element observes and
provides direct lire support for a friendly moving element. Situational
awareness is a crucial factor in all overwatch missions, whose objective is
to prevent the enemy from surprising and engaging the moving unit. The
overwatch force must maintain communication with the moving force and
provide early warning of enemy elements that could affect the moving
force. It also scans gaps and dead space within the moving element's
formations. If the overwatch is unable to scan dead space and engage the
enemy, it must alert the moving element of the lapse in coverage. The
overwatch must also be able to support the moving force with immediate
direct and indi rect fires. The overwatch element can be either stationary or
on the move. Figure 3-10 illustrates what to look for and where to look
during an overwatch mission. (NOTE: While the main function of
overwatch is to provide early warning and/or timely supporting fires for a
moving element, overwatch crews must also maintain 360-degree
observation and security for themselves.)
Stationary Overwatch
The section or platoon occupies hull-down firing positions that provide effective cover
and concealment, unobstructed observation, and clear fields of fire. (NOTE: Firing
positions are discussed in Chapter 4.)
The section or platoon leader assigns sectors of fire. Individual crews
aggressively scan their sectors using applicable search techniques to
identify enemy positions. They employ all available sights, including the
thermal channel (using various polarities) and daylight channel of the
gunner's primary sight, binoculars, PVS-7s, and commander's independent
thermal viewer (CITV). (See FM 17-12-1-1 for search techniques.) The
overwatch element scans the battle space of the moving element, paying
close attention to gaps and dead space. If contact is made, the overwatch
element initiates a high volume of direct and indirect suppressive fires; it
moves as necessary between primary and alternate positions to avoid being
decisively engaged.
Overwatch on the Move
The trail section or platoon maintains a designated location in the formation. It
continuously scans the lead element's battle space, closely monitoring gaps and dead
space. The trail element maintains an interval dictated by the capabilities of its weapon
systems and the effects of terrain. As needed, it can execute a short halt on key terrain to
provide more effective overwatch.
On hillc rests
inDt near a goad I lidden an revert© slope
rufurtniee L>u in I' 1 of ■•'■1 lo lire on friendly
WHAT TO LOOK AND LISTEN FOR:
WHERE TO LOOK
(see figure above);
TAMC9
* Ertj^M nobs tact clatter.
* Exhaust emoke.
» Antenna mutt.
» En^ie, suspens es beat scooes.
* Duet end reflections.
» Fktng dpiatire (flash, Mast).
• Witten 2,000 maters of moving
eb merit
* Near create, next to taMige,
ki treefties.
ATOM
• Smoke d^tature of mfealle
In flight
• Mssfe controller may be
to 100 meters torn
tawch site.
• hkmun heat sources.
* 400 to 4|Q9Q maters from novng
element.
* May be lair chad from beteid
tfltope and rtdgelnee.
* Roofs.
OTHER ANTITANK WEAPONS
» Usuafy weA-oamoufleged
• Fttifl delators.
• Handheld and crew-eerved
weapon systems.
• Hunan heat sgivoes
» Witten 1,000 meters of moving
otemenL
* 390* observation needed to
protect ogdhat tank ambush
teama uskig barntnld weapons.
* Two <r morn may be annoyed cm
reverse slopes, protected by mines.
* Ifeualy on a flank.
Figure 3-10. Overwatch locations and techniques.
Section V. EXECUTION - ACTIONS ON CONTACT
In both offensive and defensive operations, contact occurs when any
member of the platoon observes enemy personnel or vehicles, observes or
receives direct or indirect fire, or encounters any situation that requires an
active or passive response to the enemy. This includes reports of enemy
contact through the chain of command or from an adjacent friendly
element. The platoon initiates actions on contact when it recognizes one of
the defined contact situations or on order from higher headquarters.
As discussed in Section II of this chapter, the platoon leader should use the
planning process to anticipate the actions on contact that the platoon may
be required to execute based on the enemy situation. The platoon can then
rehearse these potential actions during the preparation phase of the
operation.
The commander's OPORD will assist the platoon leader in two ways. First,
the commander's scheme of maneuver will direct the platoon leader in
planning how to kill the templated or anticipated enemy force. The scheme
of maneuver will define the platoon's role in maneuver and direct fire as
part of the company or task force plan. Second, the commander's
coordinating instructions should specify for the platoon leader the actions
on contact that, based on the size and activity of the anticipated enemy
force, are related to the maneuver plan. These specific instructions may
include engagement criteria, bypass criteria, displacement criteria, and the
course of action the commander expects to employ. By learning and
planning for these details in advance, the platoon leader will be able to
develop contact situations rapidly and determine the most effective course
of action.
THE FOUR STEPS OF ACTIONS ON CONTACT
The following four steps allow the platoon leader to execute actions on
contact using a logical, well-organized decision-making process:
Deploy and report.
Evaluate/develop the situation.
Choose a course of action.
Recommend/execute a course of action.
The four-step process is not a rigid, lockstep response to the enemy
contact. Rather, the goal is to provide an orderly framework that enables
the platoon to survive the initial contact, then apply sound decision-
making and timely actions to complete the operation. In simplest terms,
the platoon must react instinctively and instantly to the contact, and the
platoon leader must decide, with equal dispatch, whether to execute a
preplanned battle drill or course of action or to recommend and execute an
alternate drill or action.
At times, the platoon leader, and the platoon, will have to execute several
of the steps simultaneously. This makes thorough preparation an absolute
require ment in contact situations. To ensure the platoon functions as a
team, reacting correctly and yet instinctively, the platoon leader must
establish SOPs and conduct comprehensive training and rehearsals
covering each step.
Deploy and Report
The platoon leader deploys the platoon when he recognizes one of the
general categories of initial contact or receives a report of enemy contact.
Contact situations include (but are not limited to) the following:
Visual contact (friendly elements may or may not be
observed by the enemy).
Physical contact with a superior, inferior, or u nkn own
enemy.
Indirect fire contact.
Contact with obstacles of enemy or unknown origin.
Contact with enemy or unknown aircraft.
Situations involving NBC conditions.
Situations involving electronic warfare tactics (such as
jamming, interference, and imitative deception).
When the platoon makes contact with the enemy, it responds according to
the circumstances of the situation. The tank that makes initial contact must
react as appropriate. This covers a range of actions that correspond to the
nature of the contact. Most critically, if the contact entails enemy antitank
fire, the tank returns fire immediately. In all cases, it alerts the rest of the
platoon with a contact report (see FKSM 17-15-3 for report formats).
The platoon leader has several choices in deploying the platoon. In many
cases, he will initiate one of the seven battle drills. This usually will be a
contact or action drill, with the platoon attempting to acquire and engage
the enemy. (NOTE: Refer to the discussion and illustrations of the battle
drills on pages 3-3 1 through 3-44.) The platoon leader can also order his
tanks to immediately seek the best available covered and concealed
position. The position should afford unobstructed observation and fields of
fire and allow the platoon to maintain flank security. Tank crews will also
seek cover and concealment in the absence of a deployment order from the
platoon leader.
This step concludes with the platoon leader or PSG sending a contact
report to the commander, followed as soon as possible by a SPOTREP.
Evaluate/Develop the Situation
While the platoon deploys by executing a battle drill or occupying a
covered and concealed position, the platoon leader must begin to evaluate
the situation and, as necessary, develop it. His primaiy focus is on
determining and/or confirming the size (inferior or superior), composition
(available weapon systems), activity, and orientation of the enemy force.
He analyzes how obstacles and terrain in the area of operations will affect
enemy and friendly capabilities and possible courses of action. The
platoon leader uses SPOTREPs from the TCs, other platoon leaders, the
XO, and the company commander to make his evaluation. (NOTE:
Because the tank platoon usually operates as part of a company team or
cavalry troop, additional infantry, scout, or tank platoons will be available
to assist the commander and platoon leader in developing and confirming
the enemy situation.)
There are no hard and fast rules for determining the su periority or
inferiority of an enemy; the result is dependent on the situation. An
inferior force is defined as an enemy element that the platoon can destroy
while remaining postured to conduct further operations. A superior force is
one that can be destroyed only through a combined effort of company- or
battalion-level combat and CS assets.
The platoon leader bases his evaluation on the enemy's capabilities,
especially the number of lethal weapon systems the enemy force is known
to have, and on the enemy's current activity. Lethality varies; the enemy
may employ rapid-fire antitank weaponry, slow-firing wire-guided
systems, or dismounted soldiers with automatic weapons. Likewise, enemy
activity can range from an entrenched force using prepared fighting
positions to a unit conducting refueling operations with little security.
After making contact and evaluating the situation, the platoon leader may
discover that he does not have enough information to determine the
superiority or inferiority of the enemy force. To make this determination,
he can further develop the situation using a combination of techniques,
including fire and maneuver, indirect fire, reconnaissance by lire, and
dismounted surveillance. In such a situation, however, the platoon leader
must exercise caution, ensuring that his actions support the commander’s
intent. Mission accomplishment and the survivability of the platoon are
crucial considerations. Once he determines what the platoon is up against,
the platoon leader sends an updated SPOTREP to the commander.
Once the platoon leader develops the situation and determines that he has
enough information to make a decision, he selects a course of action that
both meets the requirements of the commander's intent and is within the
platoon's capabilities. He has several options in determining the course of
action:
Direct the platoon to execute the original plan. The platoon
leader selects the course of action specified by the
commander in the OPORD.
Based on the situation, issue FRAGOs to refine the plan,
ensuring it supports the company commander's intent.
Report the situation and recommend an alternative course of
action based on known information in response to an
unforeseen enemy or battle field situation.
Direct the platoon to execute tactical movement (employing
bounding overwatch and support by fire within the platoon)
and reconnaissance by fire to further develop the situation
and gain the information he needs to clarify a vague
battlefield picture.
Considerations in choosing a course of action. Because he will
have little time for analysis at this point, the platoon leader should
already have developed a clear understanding of the available
courses of action. As noted earlier in this section, he first analyzes
the commander's OPORD to determine how it will affect his choice
of a course of action. In most cases, the commander will have
identified the criteria for anticipated actions on contact in terms of
the enemy's capabilities (that is, whether the enemy is a superior or
inferior force). He also will have specified criteria for destroying,
fixing, and bypassing the enemy as well as the applicable
disengagement criteria. The platoon leader can then evaluate
various responses to possible enemy actions during the planning
phase, in the company rehearsal, and in informal war-gaming and
rehearsals with the platoon.
Refinements to the original plan or development of a new course of
action may change the scheme of maneuver. In most situations, the
intent of maneuver is to gain positions of advantage over the
enemy, forcing him to fight in two directions. One element moves
to the position of advantage while another element overwatches
and supports.
If necessary, the platoon leader should issue a revised set of graphic
control measures as part of the FRAGO. Examples include
waypoints to assist in navigation along desired routes to a position
of advan tage and TRPs to help the platoon orient weapons and
fires.
Use of platoon tasks as courses of action. During execution of
actions on contact, the platoon collective tasks described in Section
VI of this chapter are available as courses of action. These include
destroy an inferior force; attack by fire; overwatch/support by fire;
assault; bypass; reconnaissance by fire; hasty defense; and hasty/in-
stride breach. If the commander’s plan has already addressed the
situation adequately, the platoon leader directs the platoon to
execute the specified task or course of action. If the situation
dictates adjustments to the plan, he can recommend an alternative
course of action to the commander.
Recommend/Execute a Course of Action
Once he has chosen a course of action, the platoon leader continues his
evaluation of the situation by determining whether or not the course of
action is the same one ordered by the commander in the OPORD or during
the rehearsal. If it is, he orders the platoon to execute it and reports his
intentions to the commander.
If the situation dictates a change to the course of action specified in the
original plan, however, the platoon leader must recommend a new course
of action to the commander. He then directs the platoon to execute the
course of action selected by the commander, who may or may not follow
the recommendation. The platoon leader cross-talks with other platoon
leaders as necessary to obtain support in accordance with the commander's
intent.
More information will become available as the platoon executes the course
of action. The platoon leader or PSG keeps the company commander
abreast of the situation with SPOTREPs and SITREPs; accuracy of these
reports is critical because the task force commander and S2 use them to
confirm or deny the situational template.
Key information the commander needs includes the number, type, and
location of enemy elements the platoon has observed, engaged,
destroyed, or bypassed. Additionally, the platoon leader must inform the
commander of the platoon's current location (or that he is moving to or set
at a particular location). Finally, he must inform the commander of any
changes in the platoon's combat power or logistical status.
Based on details of the enemy situation, the platoon leader may have to
alter his course of action during execution. For example, as the platoon
maneuvers to destroy what appears to be a lone enemy tank, it discovers
six more tanks in prepared lighting positions; in this situation, the platoon
leader would inform the commander and recommend an alternate course of
ac tion, such as an attack by fire against the enemy tank company. (Figures
3-12A through 3-12D, pages 3-29 and 3-30, illustrate a similar situation in
which changes to the course of action become necessary.)
The platoon continues to execute the selected or refined course of action
until it accomplishes the original mission, receive s a FRAGO from the
commander changing the mission or course of action, or is ordered to
execute consolidation and reorganization on the objective.
EXAMPLES OF ACTIONS ON CONTACT
The following examples illustrate actions on contact for two potential
situations. The illustrations are organized to show the four-step process for
executing actions on contact.
Actions on Contact with an Anticipated Inferior Force
Figures 3-1 1A through 3-1 1C, pages 3-26 through 3-28, show actions on contact when
the platoon encounters an inferior enemy element. In this case, the commander and
platoon leader have anticipated contact with such a force and have planned for actions on
contact by including possible courses of action in their OPORDs and/or rehearsals.
Figure 3-11 A. Platoon makes initial contact,
deploys using action drill, and reports.
Figure 3-1 IB. Platoon develops the situation.
F. Platoon leader chooses to aaaault (ki accordance
with commander's OPORD)
Q. Platoon leader Worms the commander and orders
the platoon to execute the aaaault
H Platoon aasaiite and destroy# BMP
Figure 3-1 1C. Platoon leader chooses course of action;
platoon executes the assault.
Actions on Contact with an Unanticipated Superior Force
Figures 3-12A through 3-12D, pages 3-29 and 3-30, show actions on contact when the
platoon unexpectedly encounters a superior enemy force.
A. Section receives direct fire
and Identifies a T-72
B. Section reacts by returning
fire and sending a contact
report
C. Platoon loader deploys
platoon by orderhg an
action drll
Figure 3-12A. Platoon makes initial contact, deploys, and reports.
D. One seotlon suppresses
tank while other section
uses taotloal movement
to gain positional
advantage
E. Platoon leader/PSO
sends oontaot report
to oommander
F. Platoon destroys
tank
Figure 3-12B. Platoon executes battle drill; platoon leader evaluates
the situation as drill is executed.
G.
H.
Platoon laadar'PSG a«nda
SPOTREP to aommandar
(tank destroyed)
Platoon makes oontaat
with sbc more T-72s
Platoon leader ordara
platoon to seek ooivsred
and concealed position,
then send* contact
report
Figure 3-12C. Platoon develops the situation and identifies superior
enemy force.
J. Platoon leader Bends 8POTREP
(alx T-7Ze) and racommenda
that platoon and oompany
execute attack by firs against
the dug-h enemy
K. Commander approves and orders
company to attack by fke
L. Platoon uses direct fire to engage
enemy and receives Indrect fke
support
A*
Figure 3-12D. Platoon leader chooses and recommends alternate
course of action; platoon executes new course of action.
BATTLE DRILLS
When the tank platoon makes contact with the enemy, the platoon leader
usually initiates a battle drill. Drills can be initiated following reports or
observation of enemy activity, but are most commonly or dered upon
receipt of enemy fires.
Battle drills provide virtually automatic responses to situations in which
the immediate and, as appropriate, violent execution of an action is vital to
the platoon's safety or to its success in combat. They allow the platoon
leader to protect the platoon from the effects of enemy fires, to quickly
mass the platoon's combat power and fires, or to move the platoon to a
position of advantage over the enemy.
Drills are standardized collective actions, executed by each tank crew with
minimal instruction and without application of a deliberate thought
process. They can be earned out under almost any type of battlefield
conditions and from any formation or technique of movement, although
execution can be affected by the factors of METT-T. (NOTE: Platoon
leaders should note that the use of battle drills does not relieve them of the
requirement for logical, timely decision-making when critical situations
arise on the battlefield.)
The platoon can expect to execute any of the following standard battle
drills: change of formation drill, contact drill, action drill, react to indirect
fire drill, react to air attack drill, react to a nuclear attack drill, and react to
a chemical/biological attack drill. Commanders and leaders at all levels
must be ready to augment or adjust these seven basic drills based on the
threat, terrain, and ROE. In addition, they must ensure their platoons
rehearse battle drills until they are able to execute the drills perfectly no
matter what command and control problems arise.
NOTE: In the figures that accompany the following discussion of the
seven battle drills, vehicle numbers are used to illustrate the wingman
concept. In the field, the location and sequence of vehicles during the drill
will be prescribed in the platoon SOP and/or the orders for the operation.
The tactical situation will also influence vehicle location.
Change of Formation Drill
This drill is executed to accomplish a rapid change of formation in response to a change
in terrain or enemy situation. The platoon leader must ensure that each TC knows the new
for mation and the relative position of each tank in the new formation. He uses visual
signals and/or the radio to initiate the drill. Figure 3-13 illustrates the movement of
individual tanks during a change of formation from column to wedge to line.
Contact Drill
The contact drill enables the platoon to orient weapon systems and engage an enemy
without changing its direc tion or speed of movement along the axis of advance. This drill
is used when contact is made with small anus fire or when the platoon sights the enemy
without being engaged and does not want to stop or slow its movement. The platoon
leader initiates the contact drill using vis ual signals and/or the radio. Over the radio, he
uses the contact report format and adds the execution element "FIRE" as a platoon fire
command.
Figure 3-14 illustrates a contact drill from a wedge formation. Note the
main gun orientation for wingman Tank 2. If a tank's weapon systems are
masked by another tank, the masked tank maintains weapons orientation
and flank security as prescribed in the OPORD; this helps to prevent
fratricide.
Figure 3-14. Contact drill.
Action Drill
The action drill permits the entire platoon to change di rection rapidly in response to
terrain conditions, obstacles, FRAGOs from the commander, or enemy contact. The
platoon leader uses visual signals or the radio to order the action drill, which can be
initiated with or without enemy contact.
Action drill without enemy contact. The platoon leader can execute an
action drill to avoid a danger area or obstacle or to respond to FRAGOs
from the commander. When the platoon leader initiates the action drill,
tanks come on line and continue to move in the prescribed direction unless
the platoon leader di rects a change of formation. Figures 3-15A and 3-
15B illustrate tanks' relative positions during various action drills without
contact.
Figure 3-15A. Action drill without enemy contact.
Antlon rear from fr»
Figure 3-15B. Action drill without enemy contact (continued).
Action drill with enemy contact. Following a contact re port alerting the
platoon that enemy contact involves antitank weapon systems, the platoon
leader can direct an action drill to orient his platoon's frontal armor toward
the antitank fire while moving to cover and concealment. If the platoon
cannot reach a covered and concealed position or achieve weapon
standoff, the platoon leader directs 36 through 3-38, illustrate examples of
action drills in reaction to enemy contact.
Figure 3-16A. Action drill with enemy contact.
“CONTACT -BfcPS-NORTtCAST*
“ACTION NGHT
Figure 3-16B. Action drill with enemy contact (continued).
'CONTACT-6 hP-SOUTH"
■action rear:
Figure 3-16C. Action drill with enemy contact (continued).
Figure 3-16D. Action drill with enemy contact (continued).
React to Indirect Fire Drill
When the platoon receives unexpected indirect fire, it moves out of the impact area
unless it is also engaged in direct fire contact or is directed to remain stationary. TCs
place their hatches in the open protected position; other crewmen close their hatches.
Crews also close ballistic doors (M1A2 crews stow the CITV). They mask based on the
automatic masking crite ria established in the OPORD or if they suspect the use of
chemical agents. The platoon leader sends a SPOTREP to the commander.
If the platoon is moving when it receives suppressive artillery fire, it
executes an action drill to avoid the impact area or continues to move to
clear the impact area and continue the mission (see Figure 3-17). If it is
stationary, the platoon should attempt to clear the impact area. (NOTE:
Several factors, such as the commander's orders or the enemy situation,
may prevent the platoon from moving during direct fire engagements or
defensive operations. For example, the commander may require the
platoon to occupy hide or turret-down positions while continuing the
mission. In such a case, the platoon leader must request permission from
the commander before clearing the impact area.) Once the platoon clears
the artillery impact area, individual crews place their hatches in the
appropriate position, open ballistic doors (Ml A2 crews turn on the CITV),
check antennas, and return to positions or continue the mission.
The commander should address the platoon's reaction to anticipated
indirect fires in the actions on contact subparagraph of the OPORD. When
the platoon receives anticipated indirect fires, it reacts according to the
commander's guidance, which it should already have analyzed and
rehearsed. If the platoon needs to execute a course of action different from
that directed by the commander, the platoon leader should request
permission from the commander before executing the alternate action.
Platoon
actions right
to avoid
artllary
Platoon
actions loft
to maintain
direction
Platoon
actions left
toward original
path of travel
%
*
Platoon
actions right
to resume
original axis
and direction
of travel
Figure 3-17. React to indirect fire drill.
React to Air Attack Drill
When the platoon observes high-performance aircraft, helicopters, or unmanned aerial
vehicles (UAV) that could influence its mission, it initially takes passive air defense
measures unless the situation requires immediate active measures. In a passive air
defense, the platoon takes actions (such as dispersing or stopping) to avoid detection
altogether and/or to minimize the aircraft's target acquisition capability. The platoon also
prepares for active air defense measures. (NOTE: When the platoon is operating as part
of a company team or troop, tank crews must be familiar with required actions in the
company-level battle drill.) Passive air defense involves three steps:
Step 1 . Alert the platoon with a contact report.
Step 2. Deploy or take the appropriate actions. If the platoon is not in
the direct path of an attacking aircraft, the platoon leader orders
tanks to seek cover and con cealment and halt with at least a 100-
meter interval between vehicles; the platoon also may be ordered to
continue moving as part of the company.
Step 3. Prepare to engage. TCs and loaders get ready to engage the
aircraft with machine gun or main gun fire on order of the platoon
leader.
If the platoon leader determines that the platoon is in the direct path of an
attacking aircraft, he initiates the active react to air attack drill, which
entails these actions:
Step 1. The platoon initiates fire. The primary intent is to force air
craft to take self-defense measures that alter their attack profile and
reduce their effectiveness. The platoon leader may use a burst of
tracers to designate an aim point for platoon machine gun antiaircraft
fires (see Figure 3-18). Vol ume is the key to effectiveness of these
fires; tanks throw up a "wall of steel" through which aircraft must
fly. The main gun is effective against hovering attack helicopters.
The platoon leader may also direct some vehicles to engage high-
performance aircraft with MPAT main gun rounds.
Step 2. Tanks create a nonlinear target by moving as fast as possible
at a 45-degree angle away from the path of flight and toward
attacking aircraft (see Figure 3-19, page 3-42). The platoon
maintains an interval of at least 100 meters between tanks, forcing
aircraft to make several passes to engage the entire platoon.
Step 3. Tanks move quickly to covered and concealed positions and
freeze their movement for at least 60 seconds after the last flight of
aircraft has passed.
Step 4. The platoon leader sends a SPOTREP to update the
commander.
Two foolball field lead
"Wall of Steel" Technique
Re Ter criuc
point 4
RefarBnc© point 2
Reference
point 1
" CO N TACT-BAN DITS-S OU TH
WATCH Hfl Y TRACER-FIRE."
Figure 3-18. Machine gun aim points.
Exposed vehicles move at an oblique angle to the direction of
aircraft flight toward the nearest cover or concealment
Figure 3-19. Evading enemy aircraft.
React to a Nuclear Attack Drill
When the platoon observes a brilliant flash of light and a mushroom-shaped cloud,
crewmembers must act quickly to minimize the effects of a nuclear detonation. This drill
involves four steps:
Step 1. Take immediate protective actions, including the following:
If mounted, button up and close the breech and ballistic doors
(M1A2 crews stow the CITV). If time permits, position the
vehicle behind a protective terrain feature and turn off the
master power until the effects of the blast have passed.
Dismounted crewmen drop to the ground and cover exposed
skin until blast effects have passed.
Step 2. Implement SOPs and accomplish related actions in the
following areas:
Reestablish communications.
Prepare and forward an NBC-1 report.
Implement continuous monitoring.
Submit a SITREP to the commander.
Step 3. Reorganize the platoon:
Evacuate casualties and fatalities.
Redistribute personnel as needed.
Conduct essential maintenance.
Step 4. Continue the mission.
React to a Chemical/Biological Attack Drill
The platoon initiates this drill during an operation whenever an automatic masking event
occurs, the chemical agent alarm sounds, M8 detection paper indi cates the presence of
chemical agents, or a soldier suspects the presence of chemical or biological agents. (See
Appendix D for more information on NBC operations.) This drill involves four steps:
Step 1. Crewmen recognize and react to the hazard:
Put on protective mask (and hood) within 15 seconds.
Alert remainder of the platoon and company.
Within 8 minutes, assume MOPP 4 (refer to the discussion in
Appendix D), then button up and/or activate the tank
overpressurization system.
Step 2. Implement SOPs in these areas:
Administer self-aid and buddy-aid to platoon members with
symptoms of chemical/biological agent poisoning (see
Appendix D).
Ensure individuals decontaminate their skin.
Conduct operator's spraydown and decontamination of
equipment as necessary.
Initiate continuous monitoring with M256 detection kits;
submit NBC-1 and follow-up reports as needed.
Step 3. Continue the mission.
Step 4. Monitor for chemical/biological agents; as the situation
warrants, initiate actions to reduce MOPP levels and discontinue
agent monitoring. (See Appendix D for additional information.)
NOTE: If the M256 detection kit records a negative reading inside an
overpressurized Ml A2 tank, the crew can initiate unmasking procedures.
Section VI. EXECUTION - PLATOON TACTICAL
TASKS
The commander may direct the platoon to execute the collective tactical
tasks described in this section as part of the company's planned scheme of
maneuver. He will cover employment of the tasks in the company
OPORD. In addition, the platoon can use the tactical tasks as courses of
action when it executes actions on contact (refer to the discussion in
Section V).
Destroy an inferior force
To maintain the tempo of an attack, the commander may order the platoon
to destroy an inferior force, based either on his original plan or on
recommendation of the platoon leader. The platoon leader usually employs
maneuver techniques (fire and tactical movement) in executing this task or
course of action. When the platoon is in contact with the enemy, he
designates one section to overwatch or support by fire to suppress and/or
destroy the enemy while the other section moves.
The moving element uses appropriate movement techniques as well as
covered and concealed routes to move to a position of advantage over the
enemy. This position may offer dominating terrain that allows the platoon
to attack enemy positions by direct fire, or it may provide covered routes
that enable the section to close with and assault the enemy.
After the platoon leader designates the route to the next possible
overwatch position, the overwatch leader identifies graphic control
measures and assigns responsibility for suppression of identified enemy
positions. Cross-talk among sections and vehicles is important in ensuring
mutual support while the overwatch is providing supporting fires during
the other section's movement to the position of advantage.
After successfully destroying the inferior enemy force, the platoon
positions itself where it can most effectively prepare for subsequent
actions. Figure 3-20 illustrates three potential situations in which a platoon
is ordered to destroy an inferior force.
Talk platoon tderrttflet
tne BKF iDfward Di m
motorized rifle platoon.
The comnarxlef ordere
toe platoon to destroy
toe BMP and to then
oooipy an BSP position
to suppress the platoon.
Tank platoon IdenUdae
on enemy OP (one BftP
with demoirte). The
commander orders
destruction ol the OP
and plane to eantlnue
movement south.
Platoon ktenttflea
enemy ter*e
conducting refueang
operations wtto no
sewztty. The
commander ordere
the platoon to execute
an attack by the.
’T
I I I I I
£ii
Figure 3-20. Scenarios for destruction of an inferior enemy force.
Attack by fire
The commander may order the platoon to execute this task, either as
specified in his original plan or on recommendation of the platoon leader.
The purpose is to destroy the enemy using long-range fires from
dominating terrain or using standoff of the main gun. The platoon can use
an attack by fire to destroy inferior forces when the platoon leader does not
desire to close with the enemy or when the platoon is part of a company-
level effort. In addition, the platoon may occupy an attack by fire position
as part of a company-level hasty defense with the goal of destroying a
superior force.
In executing this task, the platoon uses tactical movement to move to a
position that allows it to employ weapon standoff or that offers cover for
hull-down firing positions. It also must be ready to move to alternate firing
positions for protection from the effects of enemy direct and indirect fires.
As time permits, the platoon leader designates TRPs and as signs sectors
of fire and tentative firing positions for individual tanks. He issues a
platoon fire command specifying the method of fire, firing pattern, and
rate of fire the platoon must sustain to accomplish the task in support of
the company.
A successful attack by fire destroys the enemy force. Figures 3-21 A and 3-
2 IB illustrate attack by fire situations.
Figure 3-21A. Company employs attack by fire against convoy.
Figure 3-21B. Platoon uses attack by fire against enemy
reconnaissance platoon as part of a hasty defense.
Overwatch/support by fire
Either as specified in his original plan or on recommendation of the
platoon leader, the commander may order the platoon to provide
overwatch or support by fire during the movement of a friendly force. The
purpose is to suppress the enemy using long-range direct and indirect fires
from a dominat ing piece of terrain or using the standoff of the main gun.
This support sets the conditions that allow moving (supported) friendly
elements to engage and destroy the enemy.
The techniques involved in occupying an overwatch or support by fire
position and in focusing and controlling fires are similar to those for an
attack by fire. Some specific considerations exist, however. As noted, the
overwatch/support by fire task is always tied directly to the movement
and/or tactical execution of other friendly forces. In executing overwatch
or support by fire, the platoon must maintain a high level of situational
awareness relative to the supported force so it can lift and shift direct and
indirect fires as required to prevent fratricide. Throughout this type of
operation, the supporting platoon maintains cross-talk with the moving
force on the company net. In addition to reducing fratricide risk, cross-talk
allows the platoon to provide early warning of enemy positions it has
identified and to report battle damage inflicted on the enemy force.
A successful overwatch/support by fire operation suppresses the enemy,
permitting the moving (supported) force to conduct tactical movement,
breaching opera tions, or an assault. Figure 3-22 illustrates a support by
fire situation in support of an assault.
Figure 3-22. Platoon supports by fire to suppress an enemy
element during a company assault.
Assault
The commander may direct the platoon to execute an assault, either on its
own or as part of a larger assault force. The purpose of the assault is to
seize key terrain or to close with and destroy the enemy while seizing an
enemy-held position. Designation of the platoon as the assault force may
be made as part of the commander's original plan or on recommendation of
the platoon leader.
The platoon usually assaults the enemy while receiving supporting fires
from an overwatch element. If supporting fire is not available, the platoon
con ducts tactical movement to a position of advantage over the enemy,
then conducts the assault. A successful assault destroys the enemy
elements or forces them to withdraw from the objective.
To prepare for the assault, the assault force occupies or moves through an
assault position. This should be a predetermined covered and concealed
position that provides weapon standoff from the enemy. The pla toon
leader receives updated enemy information from support by fire elements.
He assigns targets or weapons orientations and confirms the axis and limits
of advance for the assault. On order, the platoon assaults on line, moving
and firing as quickly as possible to destroy the enemy and seize the
objective. The assault must be extremely violent. If the platoon assaults
buttoned up, machine gun fire from the support force or wingman tanks
can provide close-in protection against dismounted enemy elements on the
objective. If tanks are unbuttoned, the TCs and loaders use personal
weapons, hand grenades, and machine guns to provide close-in protection.
Following a successful assault, the assault force occupies a defensible
position, either on the objective or on the far side of it, and begins
consolida tion and reorganization procedures. Figures 3-23A and 3-23B
(pages 3-49 and 3-50) illustrate two assault situations.
Figure 3-23 A. Tank section assaults an inferior force
as another section supports by fire.
Figure 3-23B. Platoon executes an assault as two other
platoons support by fire.
Bypass
As part of his original plan or on recommendation of the platoon leader,
the commander may order the platoon to bypass the enemy to maintain the
tempo of the attack. This course of ac tion can be taken against either an
inferior or superior force. The commander may designate one platoon to
suppress the enemy, allowing the other platoons to use covered and
concealed routes, weapon standoff, and ob scuration to bypass known
enemy locations. (NOTE: Units may have to execute contact drills while
executing the bypass.)
Once clear of the enemy, the supporting platoon hands the enemy over to
another force, breaks contact, and rejoins the company. If necessary, the
platoon leader can employ tactical movement to break contact with the
enemy and continue the mission; he can also request supporting direct and
indirect fires and smoke to suppress and obscure the enemy as the platoon
safely breaks contact. See Figures 3-24A and 3-24B, pages 3-51 and 3-52,
for an example of a bypass.
Figure 3-24A. Bypass.
Figure 3-24B. Bypass (continued).
Reconnaissance by fire
Based on his original plan or a recommendation from the platoon leader,
the commander may direct the platoon to execute reconnaissance by fire
when enemy contact is expected or when contact has oc curred but the
enemy situation is vague. The platoon then conducts tactical movement,
occupying successive overwatch positions until it makes contact with the
enemy or reaches the objective.
At each overwatch position, the platoon leader may designate TRPs. He
then either requests indirect fires or employs direct fires on likely enemy
locations to cause the enemy force to return direct fire or to move, thus
compromising its positions. He directs individual tanks or sections to fire
their caliber .50 and/or coax machine guns into targeted areas. (NOTE: In
some circumstances, main gun fire can also be used.)
Individual tanks and sections not designated to reconnoiter by fire observe
the effects of the firing tanks and engage enemy forces as they are
identified. Focus of the reconnaissance by fire is on the key terrain that
dominates danger areas, on built-up areas that dominate the surrounding
terrain, and on uncleared wooded areas. (NOTE: A disciplined enemy
force may not return fire or move if it determines that the pattern or type of
fires employed will be nonlethal. The platoon leader must analyze the
situation and direct the use of appropriate fires on suspected positions. For
example, he would use small arms fire against suspected dismounted
elements but employ main guns to engage bunkers or other fortified
positions.)
Hasty occupation of a platoon BP (hasty defense)
The platoon may use this task if it is fixed or suppressed by enemy fire and
no longer has the ability to move forward or bypass. It may also set up a
hasty defense when the enemy executes a hasty attack. The platoon
maintains contact or fixes the enemy in place until additional combat
elements arrive or until it is ordered to move. When the platoon must
conduct a hasty defense, the commander has responsibility for continuing
to develop the situation.
Hasty/in-stride breach
When they expect to make contact with enemy obstacles, the commander
and platoon leader must plan and rehearse actions at an obstacle, tailoring
their preparations to templated locations for the expected obstacles. They
must ensure the platoon knows how to accomplish early detection of both
anticipated and unexpected obstacles and how to react instinctively when
contact is made.
A critical consideration is that the tank platoon has only limited ability to
deal independently with an obstacle or restriction. If it is equipped with
mine plows or other breaching assets, the platoon can create track-width
lanes through most wire, mine, and other reinforcing obstacles. The
commander and platoon leader must keep in mind, however, that the
platoon cannot internally accomplish all of the SOSR elements of the
breach (suppress the enemy; obscure the breach; create the lane and
secure the far side; reduce the obstacle). Refer to the discussion of
breaching operations, including SOSR procedures, in Chapter 5.
When tanks encounter an unexpected obstacle, crewmembers must assume
that the enemy is covering the obstacle with observation and fire. They
must immediately seek cover and establish an overwatch to evaluate the
situation. The overwatch tanks scan for evidence of enemy forces in and
around the obstacle and on dominant terrain on the far side of the obstacle.
They attempt to locate a bypass so the operation can continue without
delay. If no bypass is found, the overwatch determines the dimensions of
the obstacle and sends a report to the commander so he can designate a
course of action. (NOTE: It is critical that the tank platoon initially remain
under cover while evaluating the situation. The platoon must NEVER
attempt to approach the obstacle area or breach the obstacle without first
killing or obscuring enemy elements overwatching the obstacle.)
If he needs to develop the situation further, the commander ideally will use
scouts or infantry to reconnoiter the obstacle, with the tanks continuing to
provide overwatch. This usually requires him to move mounted or
dismounted elements to the far side. If this reconnaissance locates a bypass
route, the commander often will order the unit to execute a bypass as the
preferred course of action. If a bypass is not possible, he may order a
breaching operation, with the tanks either executing a hasty breach within
their capabilities or supporting a deliberate breach.
Section VII. EXECUTION - CONSOLIDATION AND
REORGANIZATION
The platoon executes consolidation and reorganization on the objective to
ensure that it is prepared to destroy an enemy counterattack or is prepared
to resume the attack as soon as possible.
Consolidation
Consolidation consists of actions taken to secure an objective and to
defend against an enemy counterattack. The company commander
designates platoon positions and weapons orientations. The platoon takes
these steps:
Eliminate remaining enemy resistance and secure enemy
prisoners of war (EPW).
Occupy positions on defensible terrain as designated in the
OPORD or FRAGO. Tanks move to hull-down positions,
and the platoon leader assigns sectors of fire. If the location
designated in the OPORD/FRAGO is not defensible, the
platoon leader notifies the commander and searches for
terrain that is defensible and supports the commander's
intent. The platoon leader informs the commander of the
new location.
Establish OPSEC and coordinate mutual support with
adjacent platoons.
4 for details on hasty defense).
Reorganization
Reorganization, the process of preparing for continued fighting, is
normally accomplished by SOP. Responsibilities during reorganization
include the following:
TCs take these actions:
Reload machine guns and redistribute main gun ammunition
to ready areas.
Move crewmen wounded in action (WIA) to a covered
position and provide first aid.
Send a SITREP to the PSG reporting casualties and supply
status of equipment, ammunition, and fuel.
Conduct essential maintenance.
The PSG takes these actions:
Compile SITREPs from TCs and, as required by unit SOP,
submit a con solidated report to the platoon leader or first
sergeant (1SG).
Direct cross-leveling of supplies within the platoon.
Oversee evacuation of casualties.
Coordinate the movement of EPWs to the EPW collection
point.
The platoon leader takes these actions:
Forward a consolidated SITREP to the commander.
Redistribute personnel as necessary to maintain combat
readiness.
Oversee consolidation of soldiers killed in action (KIA).
Reestablish communications with elements that are out of
contact.
NOTE: SITREPs are sent using voice or digital format (or a combination).
Refer to FKSM 17-15-1, FKSM 17-15-3, and unit SOPs for additional
information.
CHAPTER 4
DEFENSIVE OPERATIONS
The immediate purpose of any defensive operation is to defeat an enemy attack. Military
forces defend until they gain sufficient strength to attack. Additionally, defensive
operations are undertaken to gain time, to hold key terrain, to preoccupy the enemy in
one area so friendly forces can attack elsewhere, and to erode enemy resources at a rapid
rate while reinforcing friendly operations.
CONTENTS
SECTION I. Fundamentals of the Defense
SECTION II. Planning
SECTION III. Preparation
SECTION IV. Execution
Section I. FUNDAMENTALS OF THE DEFENSE
Characteristics of the Defense
FM 100-5 describes several characteristics of an effective defense: preparation; security;
disruption, mass, and concentration; and flexibility. To optimize these characteristics in
the defense, the tank platoon leader must consider the following factors.
Preparation
The critical element affecting preparation is time management, begin ning with receipt of
the WO, OPORD, or FRAGO. Effective use of the available time allows the platoon
leader to conduct a thorough reconnaissance of engagement areas, BPs, displacement
routes, and the axis for possible counterattacks. Section III of this chapter describes
preparation at the platoon level in detail.
Security
The OPSEC measures discussed in Appendix C will assist the platoon leader in
maintaining security during the planning, preparation, and execution of the defense. The
platoon leader must integrate his security plan with that of the company. He enhances the
platoon's early warning capability by identifying potential mounted and dismounted
avenues of approach and then positioning early warning devices and OPs to cover these
avenues.
Disruption, Mass, and Concentration
Augmenting the platoon's direct fires with reinforcing obstacles and indirect fires is a key
step in disrupting enemy operations. Platoons achieve mass and concentration by
maximizing the number of tanks that can fire into an engagement area or that can move
from primary positions to alternate and supplementary positions to concentrate fires on
the enemy.
Flexibility
The platoon leader contributes to the flexibility of company operations by developing a
thorough understanding of the company plan, including on-order and be-prepared
missions. He must be alert to any possible contingencies that have not been addressed by
the commander. During
the preparation phase of the defense, the platoon increases flexibility
by conducting thorough reconnaissance and mounted rehearsals of all possible plans. A
crucial indicator of the platoon's flexibility is its ability to move quickly, and under all
battlefield conditions, between primary, alternate, and supplementary fighting positions
as well as subsequent and supplementary BPs.
Defensive patterns
The two patterns described in FM 100-5 are mobile and area defenses. A mobile defense
is executed to destroy the attacking force by permitting the enemy to advance into a
position that exposes him to counterattack by a mobile reserve. The focus of area
defenses is on retention of terrain; defending units engage the enemy from an
interlocking series of positions and destroy him, largely by direct fires. In support of
mobile and area defensive operations, a company team may be tasked to execute one or
more of the following missions and tasks: defend BPs, defend in sector, defend a
strongpoint, counterattack, screen, delay, execute a reserve mission, and withdraw.
Role of the Tank Platoon
Section II. PLANNING
The planning phase of a defensive operation is a continuous process that begins when the
platoon leader receives the higher order (WO, FRAGO, or OPORD). It ends when the
platoon leader issues his own OPORD or FRAGO. Planning may continue into the
preparation phase as the platoon gains more information through the higher headquarters
plan and from further reconnaissance and rehearsals.
Ideally, the platoon leader takes part in two reconnaissance operations during the
planning phase. He is normally part of the commander's
reconnaissance, along with the XO, other platoon leaders, the FIST, and the 1 SG. The
platoon leader's own reconnaissance includes his TCs and PSG. To save time, the
commander and platoon leader attempt to issue their OPORDs or, as a minimum, a
detailed WO during the respective ground reconnaissance operations.
During the commander's reconnaissance, the platoon leader must identify, record, and
mark the tentative TRPs, decision points, lighting positions, and routes he thinks the
platoon will use in executing the defense. It is important for him to have sufficient day
and night marking materials such as engineer stakes and tape, chem lights, or thermal
paper. He records the eight-digit grid coordinates of each position; this will allow him to
provide precise locations that the platoon can use in navigation or orientation. Ideally, the
platoon leader can record positions electronically using a hand-held GPS or the POSNAV
system; if neither is available, he must rely on his map-reading skills to manually identify
and record accurate position locations.
As planning progresses, it is important that the platoon leader make a careful evaluation
of the following considerations based on the BOSs.
Intelligence
Security decisions are based on enemy capabilities. Platoons use OPs to provide early
warning of the enemy's actions; their REDCON status and other OPSEC preparations
then enable them to respond in a timely manner. See Appendix C for more information
on OPSEC measures.
OPSEC is especially critical during the platoon leader's ground reconnaissance. The
platoon leader ensures that he provides security for the reconnaissance based on the
commander's guidance. Because it is probable that enemy elements are already in the
area, he must ensure that platoon reconnaissance elements have the capability to protect
themselves effectively.
As he conducts the reconnaissance, the platoon leader orients his map and references
graphic control measures to the terrain. He conducts a terrain analysis, using the results in
conjunction with his knowledge of possible enemy courses of action to identify key
terrain that may define potential enemy objectives. He identifies mounted and
dismounted avenues of approach and determines the probable formations the enemy will
use when occupying support by fire positions or when assaulting the platoon's position.
Based on his analysis and available fields of observation and fire, the platoon leader
confirms vehicle positions that will allow the platoon to mass fires into the company
engagement area.
The platoon leader should complete his reconnaissance by conducting initial coordination
with adjacent platoons to establish mutual support and to cover dead space between the
platoons. At the conclusion of the reconnaissance, he may leave an OP to report enemy
activity in the area of operations.
Command and CONTROL & Maneuver
The platoon leader must understand the company plan and decision points; he develops
his plan based on these factors as well as the commander's intent. The commander
normally determines operational considerations such as OPSEC, occupation of firing
positions, initiation of direct fires, primary and supplementary platoon sectors of fire, and
disengagement criteria; however, he may allow the platoon leader to make decisions
covering some or all of these areas.
The primary concern in selecting fighting positions is the platoon's ability to concentrate
and mass lethal fires into its sectors of fire. Whenever possible, primary and alternate
fighting positions should allow engagement of the enemy in the flank and from two
directions. Supplementary fighting positions should always be planned to allow the
platoon to defend against enemy forces that penetrate adjacent platoon positions or that
move along additional avenues of approach for which the commander has assumed risk.
Dispersion among fighting positions reduces vulnerability of platoon vehicles to enemy
fires; however, dispersion increases the demands for local security in the area between
vehicles.
Ideally, the platoon will occupy hull-down firing positions as the enemy crosses the direct
fire trigger line. The trigger line should optimize weapon standoff, while the firing
positions and the designated firing pattern should be selected to create the opportunity for
flank engagements.
NOTE:
| LEQfiHD: P Prliwry A AHwn«t» 3 Supplamsnttry ~j
Figure 4-2. Battle positions.
Disengagement criteria and the resulting disengagement plan should identify a break
point and provide for internal overwatch if it is not provided by another platoon (see
Figures 4-3A and 4-3B). The plan should designate covered routes to alternate,
supplementary, and subsequent fighting positions and BPs.
As the planning phase progresses, individual TCs, under the direction of the PSG, should
begin executing priorities of work to prepare their vehicles and soldiers based on
guidance contained in the platoon WO. In addition, crews may conduct rehearsals of
standard actions, such as berm drills and ammunition transfer.
Displacement by platoon.
72
Displacement by section.
Figure 4-3B.
Fire Support
The platoon leader posts targets on his overlays (in both traditional and digital format).
Although most fire support planning is done by the company FIST, the platoon leader
can, if necessary, provide the FIST with nominations for additional targets for inclusion
in the battalion fire support plan. As these targets are approved, he plots them on his
overlays. If a target is disapproved, the platoon leader notes its grid coordinates so he can,
if needed, submit a speedy call for fire using the grid method. See Chapter 6 for methods
of transmitting calls for fire.
The platoon leader should plan and request artillery targets on potential avenues of
approach, at choke points along the avenues of approach, at possible enemy support by
fire positions, at obstacles, and in dead space within the platoon's battle space. He should
also be prepared to request a mix of smoke and DPICM rounds in front of his BP to break
an enemy assault or behind his BP to help the platoon disengage from the enemy.
Each artillery target should have a decision point overwatched by at least a crew or
section. The decision point triggers the call for fire on a target to ensure that the impact of
the rounds coincides with the enemy's arrival. The platoon's laser range finders or target-
designation capabilities (on digitally equipped tanks) enhance its effectiveness in
triggering artillery fires using decision points (see FKSM 17-15-1 for additional
information). The location of the decision point is based on the enemy's expected rate of
advance over the terrain, the time of flight of the rounds, and the priority of fires. The
company FIST should assist in determining all decision points.
The platoon leader should plan and coordinate mortar targets on dismounted avenues of
approach. In addition, because mortar smoke is generally more responsive than smoke
delivered by field artillery (FA), he may be able to gain a tactical advantage by
employing mortar support in certain situations. (See Appendix D for information on
smoke operations.)
Mobility and survivability
The platoon leader may be responsible for supervising engineer efforts. He should
incorporate plans for linkup, supervision, and handoff of engineer assets into his timeline.
The platoon leader's key considerations in countermobility planning are a thorough
understanding of the commander's intent for each planned obstacle and knowledge of the
time and personnel he must allocate to supervise or assist emplacement of the obstacle.
He must keep in mind that both the platoon and the company have only limited ability to
transport and emplace obstacles. This means that in most situations the platoon will have
to depend on the task force for obstacle planning and transport and on engineers for
emplacement.
The commander's intent will guide the emplacement of obstacles based on the following
principles and characteristics:
Obstacles are integrated with and reinforce the scheme of maneuver and
the direct fire plan.
They are integrated with existing obstacles.
They are employed in depth and positioned where they will surprise
enemy forces.
They should be covered by direct and indirect fires at all times.
In general, obstacles are used to disrupt, turn, fix, and block the enemy based on the
factors of METT-T. Figure 4-4, page 4-10, illustrates considera tions for obstacle
employment in relation to platoon BPs. If the commander does not specify an intent for
obstacles, the platoon leader should analyze the situation and plan hasty or engineer-
emplaced obstacles to meet these purposes:
To block the final assault of an enemy force to the front of the platoon (the
circled number "1" in Figure 4-4).
To block the seams between vehicles or between adjacent platoons (the
circled "2").
To disrupt enemy forces that are assaulting on the flanks of the platoon
(the circled "3").
To shape the engagement area by forcing enemy elements to turn, slow
down, stop, or flank themselves at known ranges in the engagement area
(the circled "4").
Figure 4-4. Considerations for obstacle employment.
The platoon leader must plan the priority of survivability efforts. His plan should specify
the sequence (first through fourth) in which his tanks will receive digging assets. When
designating priorities, he considers the survivabil ity of unimproved positions and the
relative importance of each firing position within the BP. The engineer platoon leader,
section leader, or dozer operator can estimate how much time it will take to improve
firing positions. These estimates will range from 45 minutes to 2 hours depending on soil
and light conditions and the type and amount of engineer equipment available. Figure 4-5
illustrates dug-in positions and lists considerations for their construction and use.
Hull-down Turret-down Hide
position position position
I \ /
240-240
- Berms attract attention. Dig down, not up.
- Da not put spall ta the front, sides, or rear of the ffrlng
position. Reduce spoil so that It blends hto existing terrain.
- Tie down all antennHS and keep reflective surfaces covered
- Make sure the ftlng position has a covered exit route and a
covered route to the next thing position.
- Conatruol overhead oovsr and add camouflage to create a
hide position If time and materials are available.
4-5. Dug-in firing positions.
Figure
Air defense artillery
See Chapter 6 for a discussion of ADA planning and employment.
COMBAT SERVICE SUPPORT
The platoon leader conducts resupply operations to replenish basic loads in accordance
with the company plan. Ammunition may be pre -positioned on the battlefield to facilitate
resupply once the battle begins. The platoon leader determines prestock requirements
based on the commander's intent and scheme of maneuver. He discusses prestock
requests with the commander, identifying resupply locations, the types (usually
ammunition) and amounts of supplies involved, the time required to conduct resupply,
and any necessary security considerations.
Section III. PREPARATION
Preparation of a BP begins after the platoon leader has issued his order and ends at the
"defend not later than" time specified in the OPORD. (Some preparation activities may
occur while the platoon leader is preparing his order or after the "defend NLT" time.) The
platoon leader designates these preparations as priorities of work and identifies them in
the platoon WO or OPORD. He must weigh competing demands of security, firing
position and obstacle preparation, rehearsals, and coordination against the amount of time
available for the preparation; this requirement places a premium on effective troop-
leading procedures and time management during the preparation process.
The commander may designate the level of preparation for each BP. There are three
levels, listed here in descending order of thoroughness and time required:
Occupy. This is complete preparation of the position from which the
platoon will initially defend. The position is fully reconnoitered, prepared,
and occupied prior to the "defend NLT" time in the OPORD.
Prepare. This level includes the steps conducted during the planning and
preparation phases for the deliberate occupation of a BP.
Reconnoiter. This level of preparation consists of the steps conducted
during the ground reconnaissance of the planning phase.
The following discussion of the preparation phase is based on the organization of BOSs.
Intelligence
OPSEC is critical during defensive preparations. The platoon should adhere to the
procedures outlined in Appendix C to limit the effectiveness of enemy reconnaissance
efforts.
Intelligence is constantly updated by higher headquarters as the battlefield situation
develops, such as when the enemy fights through a screening or covering force. The
platoon leader keeps the platoon informed with periodic intelligence updates. The
updated information may force him to reevaluate and adjust his timeline to ensure
preparations are as complete as possible. For example, the platoon leader may determine
that engineer assets only have time to dig hull-down firing positions rather than turret-
down and hide positions; in another situation, he may direct the engineers to prepare
fighting positions for only one section because the other section has access to terrain that
provides excellent natural hull-down firing positions.
During the preparation phase, the platoon leader may conduct reconnaissance of
subsequent or supplementary BPs. This simultaneous planning of subsequent positions
during the preparation of initial positions is a critical component in effective time
management.
COMMAND and CONTROL &
MANEUVER
Based on the amount of time available and the results of the commander's reconnaissance
with the platoon leader, tank platoons occupy a BP by executing either a hasty occupation
or a deliberate occupation.
Hasty Occupation
Tank platoons conduct a hasty occupation under a variety of circumstances. During a
movement to contact, the platoon may prepare to destroy a moving enemy force by
conducting a hasty occupation of BPs or attack by fire positions in defensible terrain.
During defensive operations, hasty occupation may take place during counterattack
missions, after disengagement and movement to subsequent or supplementary BPs, or in
response to FRAGOs reflecting a change of mission.
A hasty occupation usually occurs in response to a prearranged signal or a FRAGO.
Often, only a minimum of planning time and information is available prior to execution,
although in some situations, such as after disengagement, the platoon may occupy
prepared positions it has previously reconnoitered. As a minimum, the platoon leader
must have the following information when he orders a hasty occupation of a BP:
Where the commander wants to kill the enemy. The commander
designates company TRPs that define the company engagement area and
platoon sectors of fire or that identify locations where the platoon will
mass its fires.
The tentative location of the BP.
The platoon leader passes this information to the platoon. He may supplement it with
tentative section or vehicle fighting positions within the BP and platoon TRPs defining
section sectors of fire, or he can elect to use the company TRP alone to mass platoon fires
to the left and to the right of the TRP. Depending on the situation, the platoon leader
issues the information in person, over the radio, or by digital overlay (if available).
The platoon leader then directs the platoon to approach the position from the flank
or rear. Based on terrain factors, the platoon assumes a modified line formation facing
the center of the engagement area. Vehicle dispersion is generally 100 to 250 meters
between tanks, again based on engagement area and terrain considerations. TCs
automatically move to turret-down positions; they execute a short halt and overwatch the
engagement area.
The platoon leader continues to develop the situation. He identifies additional TRPs
defining the company engagement area and/or platoon or section sectors of fire; he also
designates tentative vehicle positions (as necessary), routes into and out of the BP, and
the location of subsequent BPs. As time permits, the platoon leader establishes the
following fire control measures: the trigger line and engagement criteria; the fire pattern
to be used; and disengagement criteria and the disengagement plan.
The platoon is now ready to move to hull-down firing positions to engage the enemy.
The platoon leader reports "ESTABLISHED" to the company commander. If the
enemy has not reached the trigger line and time is available, the platoon leader initiates
the steps necessary for a deliberate occupation of the BP.
Deliberate Occupation
The tank platoon can conduct deliberate occupation of a BP when all of the following
conditions exist: time is available, the enemy is not expected or has not been located
within direct fire range, and a friendly element is forward of the BP with the mission of
providing security for the occupying force.
The platoon begins by occupying a hide position behind the BP. It assumes a formation
that will provide 360-degree security based on considerations of METT-T and OAK-OC.
TCs move to the platoon leader's vehicle and prepare to reconnoiter the position. The
platoon leader briefs his gunner on actions to take if the reconnaissance group does not
return by a specified time or if contact occurs.
The platoon leader, TCs, and a security element (usually the loaders from the wingman
tanks) dismount and move to the BP. If possible, platoon vehicles provide overwatch for
the reconnaissance group. Otherwise, the platoon leader positions dismounted OPs as
necessary. The reconnaissance group can then move mounted or dismounted around the
BP and engagement area.
NOTE: AGS-equipped platoons must use gunners to man dismounted OPs. A better
option, when available, is to use dismounted infantry.
If the platoon leader has already conducted a leader's reconnaissance with the
commander, he uses his own reconnaissance to acquaint his TCs with the BP, briefing his
OPORD from an advantageous location within the BP. If there has been no prior leader's
reconnaissance, the platoon leader should, if possible, conduct a complete ground
reconnaissance with the TCs. This allows him to confirm his map reconnaissance and
tentative plan before he issues the OPORD. (NOTE: If he is unable to issue the full
OPORD during the reconnaissance, the platoon leader should, as a minimum, issue a
detailed WO.)
Members of the reconnaissance party should use marking materials (for daylight and
limited visibility recognition) to indicate key locations. They should record the eight-digit
grid coordinates for these locations, either manually on their maps or by using electronic
means such as the GPS or POSNAV system (if available).
To be most effective, the reconnaissance begins from the enemy's per-spective in the
engagement area, with the party looking toward the BP. (The platoon leader must receive
permission from the commander to move in front of the BP.) The platoon leader should
explain the enemy situation, outlining probable courses of action and the effects of terrain
on enemy movement. He also identifies the enemy's potential support by fire positions as
well as assault avenues through the platoon's BP.
The platoon leader and TCs then mark the company engagement area with platoon and
section sectors of fire. Artillery TRPs, decision points, and tentative obstacle locations
may also be marked. As necessary, fire control measures may be designated and/or
marked using easily identifiable terrain features.
When reconnaissance of the engagement area is complete and all TCs are sure of where
the platoon leader wants to kill the enemy, the platoon leader and TCs move back to the
BP. They discuss details of the platoon fire plan, including the trigger line, engagement
criteria, fire pattern, disengagement criteria and disengagement plan, and routes to
supplementary or subsequent BPs. They also make plans to identify and mark primary
and alternate fighting positions.
Prior to departing the BP, the platoon leader briefs the OPs on actions to take if the
platoon does not return on time or if contact is made with the enemy. He also must
coordinate with adjacent platoons to establish overlapping fields of fire and to eliminate
gaps and dead space between the platoons. More information on coordination is found
later in this section.
After completing the reconnaissance and coordination, the platoon leader and TCs move
back to their vehicles. The TCs remount, start vehicles simultaneously, and move to hide
positions behind their primary lighting positions. On order, the platoon moves
simultaneously into turret-down firing positions (see Figure 4-6A). These positions allow
the tanks to fire only their caliber .50 or loader's M240 machine gun. Observation can be
executed using the CITV (if available); the gunner's primary sight also provides
observation capability.
Figure 4-6A. Turret-down positions.
The platoon leader checks with the OPs to ensure that the enemy situation has not
changed, then orders platoon vehicles to occupy their primary hull-down firing positions
(see Figure 4-6B). Tank crews orient on the engagement area and complete their sketch
cards. Each crew sends its completed sector sketch to the platoon leader, either by
messenger or by digital transmission (IVIS or applique system, if available); the crew
retains a copy of the sketch card for its own reference. Tanks then move individually to
their hide positions and assume the appropriate REDCON status (see Appendix C for a
discussion of OPSEC).
l -4a~ 'l
Figure 4-6B. Hull-down positions.
Using the sector sketches and his knowledge of the situation, the platoon leader prepares
the platoon fire plan. He begins this process by plotting grids lines on a piece of acetate
placed over a map of the engagement area and platoon BP. He then plots the following
information:
Range lines, trigger points, and break points (these may coincide).
OPs (if used).
Obstacles (if used).
Indirect fire targets, including final protective fires (FPF), if allocated.
Dead space.
The platoon leader completes the fire plan, entering all required marginal information. He
reports "ESTABLISHED” to the commander and forwards the fire plan to him by runner
or digital transmission; he also disseminates the plan within the platoon. Figure 4-7
illustrates a traditional handwritten pla
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