Document text
Don Lancaster’s
Tech Musings
December, 1997
very now and then some old
idea gets rediscovered. One
that might seem "gee whiz"
brilliant on the surface, but
has some really nasty hidden gotchas.
Let’s look at one that has caused me
some grief in the past. Figures one
and two will get us started.
This one involves...
Reactance Limiting
Say you are using the 110 volt ac
power line and need to run a much
lower voltage device. What are your
choices? You might use a step-down
transformer, and pick up some safety
isolation in the process. You could
use a Series resistor, inefficiently and
hotly burning your difference up as
heat. Or, you could rapidly turn your
input on and off, changing the duty
cycle in a much more efficient and
easily adjusted manner. This is what
triac lamp dimmers and switch mode
supplies are all about. And are often
your most popular choice today.
But we have a fourth and sneaky
route. You can use the reactance of a
capacitor or an inductor to provide
the voltage drop for you. In theory, a
"pure" capacitor or a "pure" inductor
stores energy without dissipation. A
reactive voltage drop sometimes can
end up "lossless".
Ferinstance, in figure 1, we use an
inductor known as a ballast to limit
current to an older single fluorescent
bulb desk lamp. There are three steps
to the operation: Both switches are
initially closed. The lamp’s filaments
both light, heating the emitters in the
bulb. Your inductor behaves as a
reactance limiter to hold the filament
current to a design level. After a
second or two, the start button is
released. All of a sudden we have
open circuited an inductor with a
large stored magnetic field in it. Your
suddenly collapsing field generates a
rather large voltage spike of many
thousands of volts, "striking" your
bulb and lighting it. Your ht bulb
now conducts and the reactive ballast
acts as a "lossless" run-time current
regulator for you.
Miracle motor suppressed!
Handheld data acquisition
Another hydrogen resource
Reactance limiting concepts
Web FM radio search service
Use of inductive reactance limiting
has worked out fairly well for a long
time. But these days, we’ll use switch
mode electronic ballasts instead. The
newer electronic ballasts are smaller,
lighter, and more internally efficient.
Some are dimmable. They often run
the lamps at higher frequencies, for
more efficient phosphor excitation
and eliminating dangerous strobe
effects. They are also gentler on the
power line.
Can we use a capacitor as a simple
and cheap ac reactive current limiter?
At first glance, the answer is yes. But
there might be some severe problems
lurking in the shadows.
Not to mention that this stunt has
recently been outlawed. For instance,
figure two shows a recently proposed
line operated generator for hydrogen
and oxygen. An electrolysis cell will
need only 1.5 volts for operation. So
the lion’s share of the ac voltage drop
takes place across the capacitor. And
do so simply and efficiently.
What could possibly go wrong?
go wrong?
GO MLOUE
Well, for openers, we have got a
deadly "hot chassis" shock hazard. If
the user expects only a volt or two to
be present at their cell, they are in for
a rude surprise. Two options here:
Either provide for a safety isolation
transformer, or else seal the entire
circuit up so nothing is touchable.
Next, any poorly chosen capacitor
can and will explode! A cheap cap,
or one with too high an ESR effective
series resistance, or one not properly
ac current rated can quite easily self
destruct. Electrolytics, in particular,
are a big no-no here.
I do suspect that battle scars still
remain on Watson Hall at Lafayette
College from the 1960 cap explosion
that was a key controlling part of a
fall weekend float competition. Or so
"some sources close to an associate
of the barber of a usually reliable
spokesperson" tell me.
Fortunately, it was after we won.
Asides: This also was my first tv
typewriter having a one character six
foot high display that serially spelled
out CRUSH LEHIGH. Referring to a
grossly inferior remedial school from
a ghetto to the west.
Watson Hall also used to have five
floors. But that is another story.
Where were we? Oh yeah. Let us
get back to the dangers of capacitor
reactance limiting. The charge on a
capacitor cannot suddenly change, so
if you close the switch near an ac line
peak the full line voltage can appear
briefly across your load! In this case,
a 1.5 volt system has nearly 200 volts
suddenly thrust upon it. Such an ugly
transient can cause heavy damage,
besides badly glitching your power
line with a nasty spike.
A series posistor can help, but is
not a cure. Thus, using a cap in series
with a pilot light or LED may very
current limiting
inductive ballast
ac power
line
fluorescent lamp
roa
O oO
push to start
Fig. 1 - FLUORESCENT LAMP BALLAST can offer you "lossless" inductive
reactance current limiting.
Copyright c 1997 by Don Lancaster and Synergetics (520) 428-4073 www.tinaja.com All commercial rights and all electronic media rights fully reserved. Reposting is expressly forbidden.
Tech Musings
115 volt 60 Hertz
ac power line
oxygen hydrogen
out out
1.5 volt
electrolysis cell
Fig. 2 — BESIDES BEING ILLEGAL, what else do you see wrong with this
capacitive reactance current limiter circuit?
much shorten the lamp’s life.
Bad idea.
Any series capacitor is largely a
current regulator, so output voltage
will shift badly with changing load.
With no load, you end up with the full
ac line at your output! Because an
electrolysis cell is supposed to be a
constant voltage device, this is not
normally a problem.
Until you are almost out of water.
This series cap is also a high pass
filter, so harmonics are emphasized.
Your ninth harmonic gets relatively
"amplified" by twenty decibels. Once
I did try to use a series cap on a 400
Hertz aerospace app. I was amazed to
observe huge seventeenth harmonic
glitches. Turns out they were highly
"amplified" slot noise from the 400
Hertz lab generator. Similarly, any
spikes or transients get relatively
"amplified" and raise havoc.
Last, and by no means least, use of
reactance limiting is now illegal in
Europe, and shortly will be in the US.
100 pF 10Hy
10 uF 1.0Hy
44.9 >
>
1.0F 0.1 Hy
0.1 WF 0.01 Hy
0.01 0.1 1.0 10
current limit in amperes
Fig. 3 -—- MAXIMUM CURRENT LIMITING VALUES for inductors or capacitors
connected to the 115 volt, 60 Hertz ac power line.
Highly stringent restrictions severely
limit any harmonic or reactive energy
you are allowed to put in or take out
of the commercial power line.
The 60 Hertz current limit you’ ll
get for various sizes of inductors or
capacitors appears in figure three.
Safer and saner alternates to series
capacitors are offline switch mode
operation and the new power factor
correction chips. From such sources
as Maxim, Motorola, Unitrode, Burr
Brown, Analog Devices, and many
others. Details on new power quality
regulations appear in Compliance
Engineering. Plus, of all places, in
Power Quality magazine.
Great New FM Service
Check hittp:wmbr.mit.edu/station
s/locate.html for a free FM station
online directory service. You can
find out what that weak mystery
station at 91.7 is without having to
wait for call letters. You can make
complete lists for every expected
station in your area, local, distant,
fringe, or manic.
Or, if you are planning a trip, just
enter the cities for each 30 miles into
your route and extract a list of strong
local stations to listen to. Better yet,
print up a custom glove compartment
book for every town that you are ever
likely to visit.
We looked into FM DX tricks and
techniques on back in HACK86.PDF.
You’ll do best with an elevated ten
element Yagi antenna and some 12
decibel line amplifier sent to a high
quality receiver. Such as the Denon
TU650-RD. Especially one that lets
you switch select a narrower mono IF
bandwidth.
But note that local radio stations
might have low level spurs at wildly
different frequencies. In my case, a
local spur trashes Tucson’s superb
KXCL. Also, strong signals can cause
cross mod and may splatter stuff into
unexpected places. So be sure your
ultra weak signal is not really just a
nearby station in disguise.
Shades of Gray
There sure are a lot of webizens
questioning just how and why all of
those "overunity" miracle motors are
getting suppressed. A pair of older
examples are called the Gray motor
and the Adams motor. There are a
Copyright c 1997 by Don Lancaster and Synergetics (520) 428-4073 www.tinaja.com All commercial rights and all electronic media rights fully reserved. Reposting is expressly forbidden.
2.0
cell
voltage
0 100 200
Temperature in degrees C
EXOTHERMIC
thermoneutral
voltage
reversible
voltage
300 400 500
Fig. 4 - NOT ALL HYDROGEN ENERGY need come from the electricity input
to an electrolysis cell. Up to one sixth of the energy can sometimes come
from waste heat instead. Sadly, this effect is more curious than useful.
dozen equally improbable candidates.
The usual cause for suppression of
a miracle motor is labwork that is so
utterly and mesmerizingly awful that
it is not even wrong.
At that point, the developer will
realize the error of his ways and will
quietly move on to other things. Or
else the supporters find working with
a misguided and a wildly intractable
"inventor" to flat out not be worth the
hassle. Life is too short.
But given enough obstinance, the
miracle motor eventually becomes a
prime candidate for marketing as a
"suppressed" pseudoscience ripoff.
With the usual overwording, murky
copies and shaky videos.
And that is why miracle motors get
suppressed. For the money.
To date, there has never been any
miracle motor that has been able to
survive a diligent enough search for
bad enough labwork. Miracle motors
simply do not work.
There are several reasons for bad
labwork. First and foremost is not
understanding what a true scientific
experiment, or correct measurement,
decent documentation, and realistic
interpretation is all about. Second is
confusing average and rms currents.
Ordinary ac meters lie like a rug!
Third is failing to understand what
a counter emf is and how it works.
Fourth is not getting an independent
verification.
Fifth, and the real killer, is failing
to realize just how excruciatingly
difficult it is to accurately measure
real power. Especially with strange
waveforms, nonlinearities, sparking,
noise, harmonics, fields, reactance,
or subtle hidden effects.
Most of those casual free energy
enthusiasts often fail to pick up on a
key point: The beginning electrical
engineering students have spent over
a century and a half perfecting bad
labwork. They labor thousands of
hours each day. Year in and year out.
Creatively finding newer and better
ways to trash up measurements, to
misintrepret results, fudge reports, or
jump to wildly wrong conclusions.
They are the undisputed all-time
world champions at this.
You have to ask: "Why have all of
these bad labwork professionals
consistently failed to ever find even
the faintest trace of some fumes of
anything even remotely overunity?"
While doing so with proper training,
tools, and environment?
If you want to convince me your
miracle motor works, you’ve got to
December, 1997
(a) Prove to me you do know how to
measure instantaneous real power; (b)
Show me one net watt of long term
continuous overunity production; and
(c) Show me acceptible independent
experimental verification.
This from an engineer. A scientist
would also insist on (d) show me a
peer reviewed and refereed paper in a
respected mainstream journal.
More on these miracle motors is
located at www.keelynet.com and at
www.eskimo.com/~billb. More on the
problems measuring real power in
MUSE112.PDF. Lots more on motor
efficiency is found at www.rmi.org
and www.epri.com. And more on a
genuine new opportunity to legally
improve ac motor efficiency is at my
www.tinaja.com/magsn0O1 html
Handheld Data Acquisition
There are lots of small dedicated
computers getting used these days.
Doing everything from logging UPS
deliveries to evaluating forest stands
to entering bar codes to counting
cows to warehouse inventory apps. I
thought we might gather some of the
key players together as our resource
sidebar for this month.
On one hand, all of these small
handhelds do their job very well. On
another, they always seem pricey and
klutzily "behind the curve" compared
to emerging general purpose laptops
and digital personal assistants. One
major reason is high non recurring
engineering or NRE costs; another is
the restricted sales volume caused by
fragmented niche markets.
The leading two trade journals are
Automatic I.D. News and Portable
Design. Other useful mags include /D
Systems, Sensors, Measurement and
Control, the Scan Tech News, and
Pen Computing.
There are dozens of handheld data
computer manufacturers. Your two
real biggies seem to be Data General
and Fujitsu Personal Systems. A pair
of outfits having case-keyboard-lcd
solutions are Two Technologies and
QSI Corporation.
Resellers of new and used gear are
Ryzex Remarketing and Dynasys.
One fine website is Bar Code | at
www.adamsI1.com/pub/russadam
Included are book lists and extensive
web links. A second site with lots of
tutorial info is mgfx.com. A third is
Copyright c 1997 by Don Lancaster and Synergetics (520) 428-4073 www.tinaja.com All commercial rights and all electronic media rights fully reserved. Reposting is expressly forbidden.
Tech Musings
Aha! Software
PO Box 391845
(800) 242-7638
A.I.M.
1326 Freeport Rd
(412) 963-8588
2190 Regal Pkwy
Euless TX 76040
(800) 648-4452
Antronics
(206) 776-6758
(216) 243-8100
Compsee
400 N Main St
(800) 768-5248
Data General
(508) 898-5000
Data Limited
1312 Indiana Ave
LaPorte IN 46350
(800) 526-1299
Data Vision
30 Indian Dr
Ilvyland PA 18974
(800) 486-0620
Mountain View CA 94039
Pittsburgh PA 15238
American Microsystems
19709 Scriber Lake Rd #H
Lynnwood WA 98036
Automatic ID News
7500 Old Oak Blvd
Cleveland OH 44130
Mt Gilead NC 27306
4400 Computer Drive
Westboro MA 01580
Dynasys
182 Turnpike Rd
Westborough MA 01581
(508) 836-8700
EasyReader
2225 Sperry Ave Ste 1400
Ventura CA 93003
(805) 650-7888
Fujitsu Personal Systems
3545 N First St
San Jose CA 95134
(800) 642-7616
Granite Communications
9 Townsend West Ste 1
Nashua NH 03063
(603) 881-8666
Handheld Products
7510 E Independence #100
Charlotte NC 28227
(800) 782-4263
Intermec
6001 36th Ave West
Everett WA 98203
(800) 347-2623
ID Systems
174 Concord St
Peterborough NH 03458
(603) 924-9631
Khyber
150 N Miller Rd
Fairlawn OH 44333
(330) 869-5555
Measurement & Control
2994 W Liberty Ave
Pittsburgh PA 15216
(412) 343-9666
Mintek
2196 Main St
Dunedin FL 34698
(813) 734-9175
Norand
550 2nd St SE
Cedar Rapids IA 52401
(800) 553-5971
Pen Computing
88 Sunnyside Blvd Ste 203
Plainview NY 11803
(516) 681-5208
Portable Design
10 Tara Blvd 5th Fl
Nashua NH 03062
(603) 891-0123
Puma
2550 N First St Ste 500
San Jose CA 95131
(408) 321-7650
QSI Corporation
2211 SW Temple #50
Salt Lake City UT 84115
(801) 466-8770
Ryzex Remarketing
805 W Orchard Dr
Bellingham WA 98225
(360) 734-9131
Scan Tech News
275 Washington St
Newton MA 02158
(617) 964-3030
Sensors
174 Concord St
Peterborough NH 03458
(603) 924-9631
System ID Warehouse
1401 Capital Ave
Plano TX 75074
(888) 397-9783
Teklogix
28202 Cabot Rd
Laguna Niguel CA 92677
(714) 365-5675
Texas Micro
5959 Corporate Dr
Houston TX 77036
(800) 627-8700
Texion
PO Box 21548
San Antonio TX 78221
(210) 922-5377
Two Technologies
419 Sargon Way
Horsham PA 19044
(215) 441-5305
Uniform Code Council
8163 Old Yankee St Ste J
Dayton OH 45458
(937) 435-3870
Warehouse Management
201 King of Prussia Rd
Radnor PA 19089
(610) 964-4000
Wesiern Design Center
2166 E Brown Rd
Mesa AZ 85203
(602) 962-4545
Wireless LAN Alliance
409 Sherman Avenue
Palo Alto CA 94306
(415) 328-5555
Aha’s links to Mobile Computing at
www. ahasoft.com/complink.htm
Key trade associations are AIM,
focusing on automatic data collection
and identification. Plus WLANA, the
Wireless LAN Alliance. And UCC,
the Uniform Code Council.
Let me know if I missed anybody
important here.
Another Hydrogen Resource
One good but misleadingly titled
book is Fuel From Water. By one
Michael Peavey. Published by Merit
Products. Lindsay Books now has it
in stock at $20.
Yeah, this one is clearly boom-rah
boosterism that is way off scale on
optimism. But it does have all of the
needed numbers and solid research
references you'll need to intelligently
study hydrogen. Even some accurate
figures for the energy density of
gasoline are included.
This text does point out something
rather surprising: Under some rare
circumstances, a hydrogen generator
can return modestly more energy
than is input as electricity.
In a water electrolysis cell, there
are two possible energy inputs, heat
and electricity. Well, with optimum
NEED HELP?
Phone or write all your US Tech
Musings questions to:
Don Lancaster
Synergetics
Box 809-EN
Thatcher, AZ, 85552
(520) 428-4073
US email: [email protected]
Web page: www.tinaja.com
conditions, as much as one sixth of
the energy needed to make hydrogen
can come from waste heat.
Figure four shows details.
At room temperature electrolysis,
you should find a threshold of 1.23
volts. Below which no hydrogen gets
produced. There is a thermoneutral
voltage of 1.47 volts where all of the
reaction electricity will get converted
into splitting water without adding or
removing heat.
Now for the neat part: Heat gets
absorbed from the surroundings in an
endothermic electrolysis reaction if
you are between 1.23 volts and 1.47
volts. Above 1.47 volts, your reaction
will become exothermic and excess
heat gets dumped to ambient.
Your bottom line here: Burning
hydrogen releases 79.3 watt hours per
mole of energy. But at its optimum
production point, a mere 63.5 watt
Copyright c 1997 by Don Lancaster and Synergetics (520) 428-4073 www.tinaja.com All commercial rights and all electronic media rights fully reserved. Reposting is expressly forbidden.
Analog Devices
PO Box 9106
Norwood MA 02062
(617) 329-4700
Burr-Brown
6730 S Tucson Blvd
Tucson AZ 85706
(520) 746-1111
Compliance Engineering
1 Tech Drive
Andover MA 01810
(508) 681-6600
Coriolis Books
7339 E Acoma Dr #7
Scottsdale AZ 85260
(602) 483-0192
Cypress Semiconductor
3901 N First St
San Jose CA 95134
(800) 858-1810
Electronotes
1 Pheasant Ln
Ithaca NY 14850
(607) 273-8030
Horn Speaker
PO Box 1193
Mabank TX 75147
(903) 848-0304
Internet
2730 Nevada Ave S
Minneapolis MN 55427
(800) 328-8456
Jnl Internet Law
1185 Americas Ave
New York NY 10036
(800) 638-8437
Lindsay Publications
PO Box 538
Bradley IL 60915
(815) 935-5353
Maxim
120 San Gabriel Dr
Sunnyvale CA 94086
(800) 998-8800
Micro Linear
2092 Concourse Dr
San Jose CA 95131
(408) 433-5200
Mobile Computing
29160 Heathercliff #200
Malibu CA 90265
(310) 579-3400
Motorola
5005 E McDowell Rd
Phoenix AZ 85008
(800) 521-6274
Natl Renewable Energy Lab
1617 Cole Blvd
Golden CO 80401
(303) 231-7681
Newnes
313 Washington Street
Newton MA 02158
(617) 928-2500
Pem
PO Box 1000
Danboro PA 18916
(800) DIAL-PEM
Power Quality
2742 Eastman Ave #33-34
Ventura CA 93003
(805) 650-7070
Qualcomm Inc
6455 Lusk Blvd
San Diego CA 92121
(619) 587-1121
Renewable Energy Rev
1617 Cole Blvd
Golden CO 80401
(303) 384-6604
Snaptron
2468 E 9th St
Loveland CO 80537
(970) 663-2820
Synergetics
Box 809
Thatcher AZ 85552
(520) 428-4073
Texas Instruments
PO Box 809066
Dallas TX 75380
(800) 336-5236
Unitrode
7 Continental Blvd
Merrimack NH 03054
(603) 424-8610
hours per mole have to come from
electricity while 13.5 watt hours per
mole could get extraced from the
ambient heat energy. Thus, up to one
sixth of the hydrogen produced can
sometimes come from waste heat.
Sadly, this "one sixth" gain only
takes place at low currents and low
production rates. You get a lot more
hydrogen a lot faster with the higher
voltage exothermic reactions. Any
Copyright c 1997 by Don Lancaster and Synergetics (520) 428-4073 www.tinaja.com All commercial rights and all electronic media rights fully reserved. Reposting is expressly forbidden.
gain usually is swamped by resistive
cell loses as well.
Finally, you can bet that if the best
electrolysis cell is endothermic, the
best fuel cell would pretty much have
to be equally exothermic.
New Tech Lit
From Texas Instruments, two fat
data books about Data Transmission
Circuits. One is on communication
December, 1997
new from
DON LANCASTER
ACTIVE FILTER COOKBOOK
The sixteenth (!) printing of Don’s bible on analog
op-amp lowpass, bandpass, and highpass active
filters. De-mystified instant designs. $28.50
RESEARCH INFOPACKS
Don’s instant cash-and-carry flat rate consulting
service. Ask any reasonable technical question
for a detailed analysis and complete report. See
www.tinaja.com/info01 for specifics. $75.00
CMOS AND TTL COOKBOOKS
Millions of copies in print worldwide. THE two
books for digital integrated circuit fundamentals.
About as hands-on as you can get. $28.50 each.
INCREDIBLE SECRET
MONEY MACHINE II
Updated 2nd edition of Don’s classic on setting
up your own technical or craft venture. $18.50
LANCASTER CLASSICS LIBRARY
Don’s best early stuff at a bargain price. Includes
the CMOS Cookbook, The TTL Cookbook, Active
Filter Cookbook, PostScript video, Case Against
Patents, Incredible Secret Money Machine II, and
Hardware Hacker II reprints. $119.50
LOTS OF OTHER GOODIES
Tech Musings V or VI
Ask the Guru lor ll or lll ....
Hardware Hacker Il, Ill or IV .
Micro Cookbook |
PostScript Beginner Stuff
PostScript Show and Tell
PostScript Video & secrets
PostScript Reference II
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PacesiandingEs Programming
PostScript: A Visual Approach
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LaserWriter Reference
Type 1 Font Format
Acrobat Reference
Whole works (all PostScript)
Technical Insider Secrets
BOOK-ON-DEMAND PUB KIT
Ongoing details on Book-on-demand publishing,
a new method of producing books only when and
as ordered. Reprints, sources, samples. $39.50
THE CASE AGAINST PATENTS
For most individuals, patents are virtually certain
to result in a net loss of sanity, energy, time, and
money. This reprint set shows you Don’s tested
and proven real-world alternatives. 28.50
BLATANT OPPORTUNIST |
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Box 809-EN
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Tech Musings
controllers, the other on line circuits.
From Cypress, their Universal Serial
Bus Specification manual. And from
Qualcomm, a brand new Synthesizer
Products data book.
A thorough tutorial on solar cells
appears in Renewable & Sustainable
Energy Reviews of March/June 1997.
Included is a detailed bibliography.
Copies may be available through the
National Renewable Energy Lab. The
same journal also has a geothermal
energy update in it.
Bernie Hutchins’ Electronotes has
long been the finest electronic music
synthesizer newsletter. While lower
profile than before, these are most
definitely still being published. Back
copies also remain available.
A good web gateway for wavelets:
www. waveloe.org/wavelet/links.html
New books: From Newnes, Stuart
R. Ball’s Embedded Microprocessor
Systems. From Lindsay, his very own
Vacuum Tube Regenerative Receiver
book; and through Jeff Duntemann’s
Coriolis, great heaping bunches of
new software development titles.
Freebie samples: Snap Shot dome
switches from Snaptron; new flexible
plastic netting from InterNet (whose
company name is obviously a really
baaaad choice); and self-clinching
fasteners from PEM.
Featured magazines for this month:
The Horn Speaker on antique radio; a
rather costly Journal of Internet Law
newsletter; and Mobile Computing.
For the insider secrets of starting
up your own tech venture, pick up a
copy of my Incredible Secret Money
Machine II. Details are in my nearby
Synergetics ad. You can preview
parts of the text on my Guru’s Lair at
http://www.tinaja.com/ismm01 html.
Along with scads of my other
reprints, ezines, and lots of carefully
chosen annotated links. You’ll also
find full details of my new and fast
InfoPack research service.
Also a reminder that my Guru’s
Lair is now welcoming banner ads.
At a cost that can end up well under
two cents per click-through.
As usual, most of the mentioned
items should appear in the Names &
Numbers or the Handheld Computing
Resources sidebars. Always do check
here before you call our US technical
helpline shown in that Need Help?
box you’l] find nearby.
Let’s hear from you. There’s some
exciting new opportunities here. +
Copyright c 1997 by Don Lancaster and Synergetics (520) 428-4073 www.tinaja.com All commercial rights and all electronic media rights fully reserved. Reposting is expressly forbidden.