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FIELD MANUAL
of TREES
Including Southern Canada and the
Northern United States to the South¬
ern Boundary of Virginia, Kentucky
and Missouri, Westward to the Limits
of the Prairie
THIRD EDITION
By
JOHN H. SCHAFFNER
Professor of Botany
and formerly Head of the Department of Botany,
Ohio State University
R. G. ADAMS &l, COMPANY
Columbus, Ohio
Copyright 1926
BY
John H. Schaffner
PREFACE
This little manual represents a revision of the author’s
former “Trees of Ohio and Surrounding Territory,” and at¬
tempts to carry out more definitely the idea of having a
convenient guide by which it is possible to study our trees
at any season of the year. The keys have been made very
complete so that no difficulty should be encountered in iden¬
tification except in the case of closely related species. No
elaborate technical descriptions have been given but a few
brief notes are added in connection with each species, calling
attention to economic, ecological, or other data of general
interest. Characters given in the keys are usually not re¬
peated in the descriptions. A definite characterization is
also given for each germs. This will be found to hold for
all the species occurring in our region and in most cases
for all the species of the genus.
The nomenclature used is essentially that of Britton and
Brown’s “Illustrated Flora of the Northern United States,
Canada and the British Possessions.” 2nd Edition, 1913. A
rather conservative position has been taken in the treatment
of species, since many of the forms recently described are
regarded as merely elementary varieties either Mendelian or
ecological. A single English name is given for each species.
These names have been taken mainly from Sudworth’s “Check
List of the Forest Trees of the United States,” which on the
whole seems to be a very satisfactory basis for an appropri¬
ate list. Synonyms will be found in the index.
Most of our common, cultivated, exotic trees have been
included, since these form an integral part of the landscape,
in many places more conspicuous than the native species.
The study of trees may be made a pleasant and profitable
pastime at any season of the year for all who have an inter¬
est in nature. When the tree has once been identified its
peculiarities should be learned by direct observation until its
(3)
4
Field Manual
individuality becomes perfectly familiar. In winter one cq.n
usually find dry leaves or fruit on the trees, which will
make it possible to tell most of the species at a time when
many think botanical study out of season.
Only minor changes and corrections have been made in
the third edition, so the Manual remains practically as it
was originally published in 1914.
J. H. S.
INTRODUCTION
A tree may be defined, as — a woody plant of any size
which produces naturally one main, erect stem with a definite
crown of branches. A shrub is a woody plant which produces
small irregular or slanting stems usually in tufts. In at¬
tempting to separate “trees” from the larger “shrubs,” one
must necessarily be somewhat arbitrary as nature draws no
definite division line. There are also trees which have no
crown of branches, like the palms.
A tree has three main parts, the root system, the stem or
trunk, and the crown of branches. The root system is for
support in the soil and for taking up water and various
mineral substances. This is accomplished very largely by
delicate organs called root hairs developed near the root tips.
The root hairs are temporary structures developed from the
epidermis of the root (piliferous layer) near the tip and
dying off at the back as the root grows. Although lai’gely
dependent on their environment the roots still have consider¬
able selective power in taking up the salts dissolved in the
soil water. The root system may have a main or tap-root
extending deep into the ground with smaller lateral roots;
or the tap-root may be only slightly developed or entirely
absent, in which case a number of larger branch roots may
extend downward from th«. base of the trunk. The roots
which extend laterally near .the surface sometimes run to a
great distance. Such roots are called tracing roots.
The trunk or bole is a supporting and conducting organ.
The water with dissolved mineral substances taken up by the
roots passes up through the young wood or xylem while the
food material from the young twigs and leaves passes up or
down through the phloem cells of the inner bark. There are
no real vessels for carrying food and water like the blood
vessels of animals, but the sap passes through by osmosis
from one cell to another or from one set of cells to another
as it frequently happens when some of the cross walls are
broken down in a vertical series of cells. The large cells in
6
Field Manual
tlie wood, however, are called wood vessels. Just how the
water is able to pass up to the tops of high trees is not fully
understood. In early spring, as in the sugar maple, the
water accumulates in the sap wood, since there are no leaves
from which it can he thrown off above.
The crown is a system of branches on which the leaves
are developed and exposed to the light. In the leaves most
of the food is manufactured which the tree uses for its
growth and nourishment. This production of organic food
is carried on through the agency of sunlight and chlorophyll,
as the green coloring matter is called. Another impoitant
function of the leaves is the transpiration of the surplus
water brought up from below. The water transpired by a
large tree in a single day is often very great in amount. The
leaves are also important breathing organs, although not ex¬
clusively so; for all the living cells in the entire plant carry
on the process of respiration.
The system of branching in the crown may be of various
types. If the main trunk of a tree extends upward through
the crown to the tip it is said to be excurrent, as in the larch
and Austrian pine. When the terminal bud has no pie-
eminence over others and the main trunk is soon lost; the tree
is round-topped or spreading and is said to be deliquescent,
as in the apple. Excurrent trees are often spire-shaped like
the Norway spruce; while deliquescent stems commonly give
rise to dome-shaped crowns, as in the white elm. If the
terminal bud withers or is self-pruned, as in the linden, the
branching is sympodial. If the leaves are opposite and the
two lateral end buds develop, the terminal bud being self-,
pruned, the result is a sympodial dichotomy, as in the blad-
dernut. Trees in which the terminal buds are persistent and
functional are said to have a monopodial system of branching.
The trunk or any branch of a coniferous or dicotylous
tree consists of four main parts, the pith, the wood, the
cambium or growing layer, and the bark. The wood consists
of a series of annual rings, since if normal growth takes
place only a single ring is produced each year. Each ring
usually consists of two layers called early wood and late
wood. During special seasons or if growth is checked at
times during the growing period more than one ring may be
'Trees of the Northern United States
7
produced, although this is never perfect and can usually be
detected by careful examination. In most trees the inner part
of the wood and the pith are dead and this is called the heart
wood or duramen, while the outer wood is lighter in color
with living cells next the cambium layer, and is called the
sap-wood or alburnum. Sometimes there is a striking dif¬
ference in the color of the two parts. Strands of cells pass
from the pith or annual rings through the wood to the bark.
These are called medullary rays. The peculiar qualities of
wood are due to the character of its cells which have their
walls lignified or thickened by deposits of lignin and cellulose.
The bark usually consists of two main layers called inner
bark and outer bark. The inner bark is often in very thin
layers and is hence called liber. The outer bark is very
diverse in character. Usually it consists mainly of layers of
cork cells which are very impervious to water. Since the
outer bark usually does not increase in diameter as rapidly
as the wood it is finally torn into strips and peels olY on the
outside. Trees have many interesting ways of developing and
getting rid of their outer bark.
More commonly the outer bark is developed as follows:
in a young main stem or twig there is a tissue between the
outer layer of cells or epidermis and the circle of vascular
bundles which is called the cortex. While the stem is de¬
veloping and hardening, the outermost layer of cortical cells
just below the epidermis is modified and begins to grow.
This layer is the cork cambium or phellogen. The layer of
tissue thus formed by the repeated divisions of the cells of
the phellogen is called the periderm or cork. On the inner
side of the phellogen another layer of tissue is produced
which is called the phelloderm or secondary cortex. The
phellogen may continue to produce periderm until the outer
bark becomes very thick; and finally new cork cambiums
may develop farther in the cortex or even in the phloem of
the inner bark. In some plants the cork cambium origi¬
nates from the epidermis and in some form the deeper layers
of the cortex.
Some trees have no special means of shedding their leaves
while others shed them only after a year or more. Most of
our indigenous species are “deciduous.” that is they cast their
8
Field Manual
leaves at the end of each growing season by the formation
of a cleavage plane or separation layer through the base of
the petiole. They also prepare for winter by developing
elaborate winter buds. The function of the winter buds is
mainly to check evaporation from the delicate stem tips dur¬
ing the periods of freezing and thawing.
Many of the smaller branches and twigs of a tree, espe¬
cially when growing in a dense forest, are continually dying
off. But the tree rids itself of these dea9‘ branches by form¬
ing a collar of tissue from the cambium layer around the base
of the dead branch, which finally covers over the wound
when the dead member falls off. This process is known as
natural pruning. By the formation of a similar callus other
wounds are covered up. There is still a more remarkable
process present in many trees by which surplus living
branches are cut off in one way or another. Terminal and
lateral buds are also commonly cut off. This process of
abscission is known as self-pruning. The most common
method is by the formation of a cleavage plane in a basal
joint or in the annual nodes of growth. In some genera
brittle zones are produced. The self-pruning process is very
highly developed in the cottonwood, white oak, white elm,
and silver maple.
Trees grow in height only at the tips of the main stem
or branches. Some trees are naturally shortlived; others
attain an enormous size and age, but from the very nature of
their upright development their life must sooner or later come
to an end. In some cases the individual organism may con¬
tinue by a new development from sprouts growing out of the
stump or the roots.
All of our native trees bear flowers and seeds. After ar¬
riving at a certain age depending on the species, the tips of
some twigs or the axillary buds will develop flowers. In
the more highly developed and typical flowers four sets of
organs are present; the calyx composed of sepals, the corolla
composed of petals, the andrecium composed of stamens, and
the gynecium composed of carpels. The two essential sets
of organs in the flower are the stamens and the carpels.
These are the sporophylls and may both be in the same
flower, when the flower is said to be bisporangiate or in
'Trees of the Northern United States
9
separate flowers, when the flower is monosporangiate. If
the staminate and carpellate flowers are on one individual
the plant is monecious, if on two distinct individuals the
plant is diecious. In this ease the plants are spoken of as
staminate trees and carpellate trees. The stamens produce
microsporangia and the carpels megasporangia or ovules. In
the Anthophyta the carpel usually has three parts called
stigma, style and ovulary, the ovules being completely in¬
closed in the ovulary. Commonly all the carpels of the
gynecium are grown together and in such cases a compound
ovulary is produced with one or more cavities.
In the gymnosperms, which include the Strobilophyta or
our common evergreens, the flower is of a more primitive
type and is usually called a strobilus or cone. The carpels
are not closed around the seeds, hence there is no ovulary,
but the seeds are exposed as the name gymnosperm implies.
The frequently cultivated Ginkgo tree is the lowest type of
tree growing out of doors in our region and has leaves that
remind one of the leaflets of a maiden-hair fern. It is the
only tree we have that is1 completely flowerless. The stamens
and carpels are borne in rosettes with the foliage leaves on
dwarf branches which continue to grow from year to year,
often for a long time. This condition is therefore similar
to what is present in the tree ferns, the plant having no
determinate axes of any kind.
Following a peculiar process known as the reduction divi¬
sion which takes place in the cells inside of the micro¬
sporangium, a considerable number of microspores are de¬
veloped, four for each original cell. In nearly the same
wav, four .megaspores, one of which survives, are usually
produced in each ovule. The flowers are thus modified spore¬
bearing branches or shoots ,of determinate growth producing
two kinds of nonsexual spores. The flowers are nonsexual
organs and the tree itself is always a nonsexual plant called
the sporophyte, although some of its parts may show sec¬
ondary sexual characters and dimorphisms. The microspores
germinate and develop into the pollen grains and the mega¬
spores into the so-called embryo sacs, or minute, parasitic,
male and female gametophytes respectively, which are the
real sexual generation. After pollination has taken place.
Field Manual
]()
which is simply the transfer of the pollen to the ovules or to
the stigmas, a tube grows from the pollen grain into the
embryo sac. The two sperm cells produced in the pollen
grain or in the pollen tube pass down the tube and one unites
with the egg cell of the female gametophyte. This union of
sperm and egg is called fertilization. The resulting cell which
is the oospore germinates and gives rise to an embryo inside
of the ovule, the whole finally constituting the body called
the seed. In the Anthophyta, endosperm is produced in the
seed by the union of the second sperm with two cells from
the female gametophyte. This embryo in the seed is the
sporophyte and after sprouting develops into the tree. The
seed is produced inside of or in connection with the modified
carpels and other contiguous parts, the whole being called
the fruit. The fruits of our trees are of many types usually
with some adaptation for seed distribution, so that the seed
with its little embryonic tree inside may be carried away
from the parent plant to some other and perhaps more favor¬
able environment. Here, if conditions are proper, it sprouts
and begins its life as an independent individual. The whole
process of flower, seed, and fruit production is exceedingly
complex and requires close study and observation if one would
know the more obscure activities going on during the life
cycle of a tree.
KEY TO THE GENERA OF TREES IN THE
SUMMER CONDITION
Based mainly on leaf and twig characters. The number
following the generic name refers to the list number.
1. Foliage leaves with expanded blades, netted-veined. 8.
1. Foliage leaves needle-shaped, narrowly linear, subulate,
or scale-like; conifers. 2.
1. Foliage leaves fan-shaped with dichotomous venation, a
number on thick, wart-like, persistent dwarf branches.
Ginkgo. (1).
2. With typical dwarf branches, persistent for more than
one year. 3.
2. With feather-like dwarf branches, deciduous each year,
the linear leaves spreading into 2 ranks.
Taxodium. (2).
2. Without dwarf branches. 4.
3. Dwarf branches small, self-pruned, with 2-5 foliage
leaves. Pinus. (7).
3. Drawf branches thick, wart-like, persisent, with numer¬
ous deciduous leaves. Larix. (6).
4. Leaf buds scaly; leaves scattered. 5.
4. Feaf buds not scaly, naked; leaves opposite or whorled. 7.
5. Leaf scar on a sterigma, the twigs covered with scales
representing the leaf bases. 6.
5. Leaf scar on the bark; twigs without scales; leaves
flat. Abies. (5).
<V Leaves flat, those on the upper side of the twig much
shorter than the lateral ones; trees. Tsuga. (4).
6. Leaves more or less 4 sided, spreading in all diiec-
tions. Picea. (3).
7. Foliage leaves small, scale-like, appressed, opposite,
4-ranked, closely covering the twigs which are de¬
cidedly flattened and fan-like; leaves of two shapes,
the dorsal and ventral broader and less acuta than
the lateral ones; scales of the carpellate cone 6-10,
not peltate. Thuja. (8).
(11)
12
Field Manual
7. Foliage leaves small, seale-like, appressed, opposite,
Franked, usually much elongated, on somewhat flat¬
tened branches; scales of the carpellate cone 4-6,
the two upper fertile, not peltate. Libocedrus. (9).
7. Foliage leaves small, scale-like, appressed, opposite,
4-ranked, closely covering the slightly flattened twigs
. which are not very fan-like; leaves nearly or cpiite
similar; scales of the carpellate cone peltate.
Chamaecyparis. (10).
7. Foliage leaves of two types, scale-like and subulate,
opposite or in threes; the seale-like leaves 4-ranked,
appressed, causing the twigs to appear quadrangu¬
lar, the subulate leaves spreading; one or both types
of leaves on a plant; carpellate cone developing into
a bluish--black, berry-like fruit. Juniperus. (11).
8. Leaves alternate. 9.
8. Leaves opposite or whorled. 74.
9. Leaves simple. 10.
9. Leaves compound. 62.
10. Leaves pinnately veined or with a simple midrib. 11.
10. Leaves palmately veined or at least with 2 or more
prominent side ribs coming from near the base of
the blade. 53.
11. Leaves truncate or broadly emarginate; with complete
stipular rings at the nodes. Liriodendron. (13).
11. Leaves entire. 12.
11. Leaves serrate, dentate, crenate, pinnatifid, or variously
lobed. 25.
12. With ' stipular- rings at each leaf node; leaves large.
Magnolia. (12).
12. Not with stipular rings. 13.
13. With thorns and milky sap. 14.
13. Without thorns; sap not milky. 15.
14. With thorns beside the axillary buds; leaves not taper¬
ing at the base, acute or even heart-shaped.
Toxylon. (52).
'Trees of the Northern United States 13
14. With terminal thorns and some axillary thorns; leaves
tapering to the base; narrow or slender-cuneate.
Bumelia. (69).
15. Leaves evergreen, coriaceous, some on wood of the pre¬
vious season. 16.
15. No leaves on wood of the previous season. 17.
16. Leaves green on both sides, thick, coriaceous, oblong to
oblanceolate, 5-10 in. long; winter buds very scaly.
Rhododendron. (66).
16. Leaves green on both sides, or glaucous beneath,
coriaceous, 2-5 in. long; oval or oval-lanceolate, winter
buds naked. Kalmia. (67).
16. Leaves bright green above, paler beneath, coriaceous, 4-5
in. long, pointed at both ends; bark aromatic.
Persea. (15).
17. Pith with prominent diaphragms but solid; vascular
bundles in base of petiole 3-7. 18.
17. Pith not both diaphragmed and solid, but sometimes
with lenticular cavities. 19.
18. Leaves 2-ranked; bark with fetid odor; vascular bundles
in base of petiole 5-7. Asimina. (14).
18. Leaves not 2-ranked; vascular bundles in base of peti¬
ole 3. Nyssa. (81).
19. Leaves resin-dotted, waxy-dotted or punctate, oblong,
lanceolate, spatulate, or oblanceolate, short-pointed,
narrowed at the base. Myrica. (63).
19. Leaves not dotted nor punctate. 20.
20. Pith prominently 5-angled; leaves with deciduous stip¬
ules and with bristle tips. Quercus. (56).
20. Pith cylindrical or nearly so; leaves not bristle-tipped.
21.
21. Leaves with the upper 2 lateral veins more or less
parallel with the midrib. Cornus. (79).
21. Leaves pinnately veined to the tip. (22).
22. Bundle scar central; pith sometimes diaphragmed with
lenticular cavities. 23.
Bundle scars 2 or more; pith without lenticular cavi¬
ties. 24.
22.
14
Field Manual
23. Leaves truncate or short-pointed at the base, usually
widest below the middle or somewhat oblong, glabrous
when mature; fruit a large pulpy berry, very astrin¬
gent when green.' Diospyros. (70).
23. Leaves pointed at the base, widest above the middle,
lower surface pubescent; fruit a nut-like drupe.
Symplocos. (71).
24. With prominent deciduous stipules; bark not resinous.
Cydonia. (24).
24. Without stipules; bark resinous, aromatic.
Cotinus. (44).
— 25 —
25. Lateral veins from the midrib straight and parallel or
nearly so; some or all la'teral veins usually ending
in the serrations, teeth or lobes. 26.
25. Lateral veins not straight and parallel. 37.
26. Leaves not 2-ranked. 27.
26. Leaves quite regularly 2-ranked, that is with the third
leaf over the first. 30.
27. Pith 3-angled, buds stalked. Alnus. (60).
27. Pith 5-angled, buds not stalked. 28.
27. Pith cylindrical or nearly so. 29.
28. Leaves or their lobes bristle-tipped, or if not bristle-
tipped then the teeth or lobes not sharply acumi¬
nate; buds clustered at the tip of the twig; nut in
a cup-like involucre of numerous scales.
Quercus. (56).
28. Leaves with sharply acuminate teeth; buds not clus¬
tered at the tip; nuts with a prickly or spiny invo¬
lucre. Castanea. (55).
29. Usually with prominent and typical lateral thorns ;
carpels of the pome bony. Crataegus. (26).
29. Without thorns but sometimes with thorn-like stunted
branches; leaves irregularly dentate, serrate or ere-
nate-dentate ; sometimes lobed; pome fleshy without
grit cells; carpels papery or leathery. Malus. (23).
29. Without thorns; leaves serrate or serrate -dentate; pome
berry-like, carpels not bony. Amelanchier. (25).
'Trees op the Northern United States
15
30. Leaves deeidely inequilateral at the base. 31.
30. Leaves not inequilateral or only very slightly so. 32.
31. Axillary buds prominently stalked; leaves repand-den-
tate. Heamamelis. (45).
31. Buds sessile; leaves doubly serrate, bark not scaling
off in plates. Ulmus. (48).
31. Buds sessile; leaves serrate, bark scaling off in plates
like in the Sycamore. Planera. (49).
32. Lateral veins ending in the large dentations or serra¬
tions which are. always simple (a vein for each). 33.
32. Leaves doubly serrate or sometimes simply serrate, the
lateral veins ending in the main serrations or teeth
but in the smaller ones, or the veins not ending in
the serrations. 34.
33. Leaves ovate or ovate-oblong, short acuminate; teeth
not ‘with slender points; bark smooth, light gray.
Fagus. (54).
33. Leaves oblong lanceolate, acuminate, with slender often
inwardly curved points on the serrations; bark rough.
Castanea. (55).
34. Lateral veins not ending in the serrations or teeth.
Amelanchier. (25).
34. Lateral veins ending in some of the serrations, teeth or
lobes. 35.
35. Bark smooth, the trunk and larger branches with fluted
or projecting ridges; leaves acute or acuminate,
sharply double serrate ; nuts small, in a large-bracted
catkin. Carpinus. (57).
35. Trunk and larger branches not with fluted or project¬
ing ridges. 36.
36. Bark of trunk and larger branches separating into papery
or leathery sheets; trees or shrubs with glabrous,
pubescent, or glandular warty twigs. Betula. (59).
36. Bark of trunk scaly, fine furrowed; twigs glandular-
bristly; earpellate catkin in fruit appearing like that
of the hop. Ostrya. (58).
36. Bark scaling off in plates like in the Sycamore; fruit
coriaceous, nut-like. Planera. (49).
16
Field Manual
37. Leaves 2-ranked. 38.
37. Leaves not 2-ranked. 39.
38. Bark of trunk and larger branches separating into papery
or leathery sheets; leaves doubly serrate, the lateral
veins ending in the main serrations, teeth or lobes.
Betula. (59).
38. Bark not in papery or leathery sheets; leaves not doubly
serrate, the lateral veins not ending directly in the
serrations or teeth. Amelanchier. (25).
39. Leaves not with spines. 40.
39. Leaves evergreen, with spine-tipped lobes. Ilex. (36).
40. Pith not solid, diaphragmed, with lenticular cavities. 41.
40. Pith solid but with prominent diaphragms; vascular
bundles 3 in the base of the petiole. Nyssa. (81).
40. Pith solid, without diaphragms. 42.
41. Leaves oval or obovate, serrate or denticulate, abruptly
acuminate, wedge-shaped at the base, more or less
stellate pubescent beneath; bark of twigs peeling off
in slender shreds; fruit 4-winged. Halesia. (72).
41. Leaves oblong or slightly obovate, acute or acuminate
at both ends, crenate-serrate or repand, short petioled;
twigs of the season and lower surface of leaves pubes¬
cent, not stellate; fruit a nut-like drupe.
Symplocos. (71).
42. Leaves with peltate scales, or resin-dotted, oblanceolate
or wedge-lanceolate. Myrica. (63).
42. Leaves not peltate scaly, nor resin-dotted. 43.
43. Outer bud scales of winter buds more than 1. 44.
43. Outer bud scale 1 ; twigs with brittle zones, hence eas¬
ily detached and leaving peculiar self-pruning scars ;
terminal bud of ripe branches absent ; bundle scars or
vascular bundles in base of petiole. 3. Salix. (65).
44. Pith decidedly 5-angled. 45.
44. Pith cylindrical or nearly so. 46.
45. Bundle scars 3; leaves with gland-tipped teeth, usually
broad-based, usually with 2 prominent glands at the
base of the blade. Populus. (64).
'Trees op the Northern United States
17
45. Bundle scars several, scattered; leaves without glands;
buds clustered at the tip of the twig. Quercus. (56).
46. With stipules or stipular scars. 47.
46. Without stipules or stipular scars; leaves sour, with
prominent scattered hairs on the midrib beneath;
fruit a capsule. Oxydendrum. (68).
47. With typical lateral thorns; fruit a drupe-like pome
with bony ripe carpels. Crataegus. (26).
47. Not witli typical lateral thorns, but some may have
thorn-like stunted branches. 48.
48. Leaves with 1 or more disc-like, wart-like, or tootli-
like glands on the petiole or at the base of the
blade. 49.
48. Leaves not with distinct glands on the top of the
petiole nor at the base of the blade, but they may
be glandular-hairy. 50.
49. Twigs green, red, or red and green; nectar glands disc¬
like, usually 2-4 near the base at the edge of the
blade; terminal bud present; fruit a velvety drupe.
Amygdalus. (28).
49. Glands various; twigs not red and green, some with
cleavage planes in basal joints; terminal bud present
or absent, fruit a .smooth drupe. Prunus. (27).
50. Axillary buds usually superposed; leaves lanceolate or
oblong-lanceolate, tapering towards the short petiole;
fruit a berry-like drupe. Ilex. (36).
50. Axillary buds not superposed. 51.
51. Leaves with gland-tipped serrations; terminal bud absent
on ripe twigs or if present then the lateral veins
prominent and nearly parallel and curving upward at
the margin of the leaf; fruit, a berry-like drupe.
Rhamnus. (34).
51. Leaves not with gland-tipped serrations, or if so then
not as above; terminal bud present; fruit a pome. 52.
52. Leaves sharply and regularly serrate, glabrous when ma¬
ture, petioles long; pome with grit cells. Pyrus. (22).
52. Leaves irregularly dentate or serrate, or more or less
lobed; pome without grit cells. Malus. (23).
18
Field Manual
53.
53.
54.
54.
55.
55.
56.
56.
57.
57.
58.
58.
59.
59.
60.
60.
60.
61.
61.
62.
62.
63.
— 53 —
Base of petiole covering the axillary bud; twigs with
stipular rings. Platanus. (47).
Axillary buds usually evident; twigs without stipular
rings. 54.
Leaves 2-ranked. 55.
Leaves not 2-ranked. 60.
Leaves entire, round-heart-shaped. Cercis. (29).
Leaves serrate, dentate, or lobed. 56.
Pith usually in transverse plates; leaves ovate-lance¬
olate, inequilateral, taper-pointed. Celtis. (50).
Pith solid, not diaphragmed. 57.
With milky sap. 58.
Without milky sap. 59.
Twigs gray or brown, glabrous or nearly so ; leaves
pubescent or glabrous beneath. Morus. (51).
Twigs grayish-green, downy; leaves tomentose beneath.
Papyrius. (53).
Leaves not inequilateral; vascular bundles in base of
petiole 3. Betula. (59).
Leaves inequilateral at the base; vascular bundles in
base of petiole several, scattered. Tilia. (20).
Leaves more or less star-shaped, with 3-7 long pointed
serrate lobes, strongly aromatic when crushed ; pith
5-angled. Liquidambar. (46).
Leaves entire or three-lobed, bark spicy-aromatic; in¬
ternodes very unequal. Sassafras. (16).
Leaves crenate, serrate, dentate, or lobed, not star-shaped
and not spicy-aromatic. 61.
Pith 5-angled; trees usually with resinous buds; leaves
usually broad based. Populus. (64).
Pith cylindrical or nearly so; usually with prominent
typical thorns. Crataegeus. (26).
— 62 —
Pith diaphragmed. with cavities: large trees with pin¬
nate leaves. Juglans. (62).
Pith not diaphragmed. 63.
Leaves trifoliate, odd-pinnate or odd-bipinnate. 64.
'Treks of the Northern United States
19
(33. Leaves evenly pinnate or bipinnate; axillary buds super¬
posed. 73.
64. Lobes or teeth at the base of the leaflets with promi¬
nent green glands beneath; leaves pinnate, very large
with disagreeable odor. Ailanthus. ( 19 ) .
64. Lobes or teeth if present without green glands. 65.
65. Leaflets glandular punctate; pith not 5-angled; small
trees or shrubs. 66.
65. Leaflets not punctate. 67.
66. Leaves pinnate, with stipular spines. Zanthoxylum. (17).
66. Leaves trifoliate, without stipular spines; bark with
disagreeable odor; axillary buds superposed, covered
by the petiole base. Ptelea. (18).
67. Base of petiole covering the axillary bnds, or if not,
the petioles and stems prickly; sometimes with stipu¬
lar spines. 68.
67. Base of petiole not covering the axillary buds; not
spiny or prickly. 70.
68. Leaflets entire. 69.
68. Leaflets serrate or dentate, simply pinnate; pith very
large; bark resinous or milky. Rhus. (42).
68. Leaves serrate, ' bipinnate; petioles and stems prickly.
Aralia. (78).
69. Leaflets mueronate, usually obtuse; with stipular spines;
base of petiole solid. Robinia. (33).
69. Leaflets abruptly acute; without stipular spines; base
of petiole covering the buds like a cap.
Cladrastis. (32).
70. Leaflets entire or if occasionally few-toothed then the
raehis prominently winged. 71.
70. Leaflets serrate, dentate, or lobed, the raehis not
winged. 72
71. Leaflets decidedly inequilateral, obliquely lanceolate or
falcate, acuminate. Sapindus. (38).
71. Leaflets not inequilateral or only slightly so, not slender
falcate, the raehis winged; twigs pubescent.
Rhus. (42).
71. Leaflets not inequilateral or only slightly so, not slender
falcate; raehis not winged; twigs glabrous.
Toxicodendron. (43).
20
Field Manual
72. Pith 5-angled; stipules none, base of petiole with numer¬
ous vascular bundles, scattered or in 3 areas.
Hicoria. (61).
72. Pith not 5-angled; stipules none; leaflets more or less
lobed; vascular bundles in base of petiole scattered;
terminal bud absent. Koelreuteria. (39).
72. Pith cylindrical or nearly so; leaves with stipules; vas¬
cular bundles in base of petiole 3-5. Sorbus. (21).
73. Pith small; base of petiole covering the axillary buds;
usually with prominent thorns. Gleditsia. (30).
73. Pith very large, base of petiole not covering the axillary
buds; without thorns. Gymnocladus. (31).
— 74 — »
74. Leaves simple. 78.
74. Leaves compound. 75.
75. Leaves digitate with 5 or more leaflets. Aesculus. (40).
75. Leaves trifoliate or pinnate. 76.
76. Base of petiole covering the axillary buds; leaflets den¬
tate, lobed, or nearly entire. Acer. (41).
76. Base of petiole not covering the axillary buds. 77.
77. Leaves trifoliate; bark with strong odor; terminal bud
self-pruned. Staphylea. (37).
77. Leaflets 5-13; terminal bud present. Fraxinus. (74).
78. Leaves pinnately veined. 82.
78. Leaves palmately veined or at least with 2 prominent
side ribs from the base. 79.
79. Leaves entire or if somewhat 3-lobed with entire mar¬
gin. 80.
79. Leaves serrate, eremite, dentate or variously lobed. 81.
80. Pith diaphragmed, or with large cavities; petioles usually
hollow; axillary buds superposed. Paulownia. (76).
80. Pith and petioles solid; axillary buds not superposed;
under side of leaves with glands in the axils of the
larger veins. Catalpa. (77).
81. Leaves more or less lobed; fruit a 2-winged samara.
Acer. (41).
Leaves not lobed; fruit a drupe. Rhamnus. (34).
81.
'Trees of the Northern United States
21
82. Leaves serrate, dentate, erenate, or variously lobed. 83.
82. Leaves entire. 85.
83. Bark of ripe twigs green, bundle scar or vascular bundle
in base of petiole 1; pith rhombic. Euonymus. (35).
83. Bark of ripe twigs gray, brown, or red; pith cylindrical
or nearly so. 84.
84. Axillary buds sometimes superposed; leaves finely den¬
ticulate ; twigs light brown, sometimes thorny ; drupe
narrowly oblong. Forestiera. (75).
84. Axillary buds not superposed; twigs not 4-angled,
brown; flowers epigynous; fruit a fleshy drupe; vas¬
cular bundles in the base of petiole 3.
Viburnum. (83).
84. Axillary buds not superposed; leaves serrate with stip¬
ules, small; bundle scar central; twigs brown, some¬
times with thorns; shrub-like trees with drupe-like
berries. Rhamnus. (34).
85. Leaves coriaceous, evergreen, hence on wood of the pre¬
vious season. Kalmia. (67).
85. Leaves deciduous each year. 86.
86. Leaves with two outer lateral veins more or less parallel
with the midrib. 87.
86. Leaves pinnately veined to the tip. 88.
87. Axillary buds not covered by the petiole base ; inflo¬
rescence eymose. Cornus. (79).
87. Axillary buds minute, hidden by the petiole base; flow¬
ers in involucrate heads. Cynoxylon. (80).
S8. Stipules none; fruit an oblong drupe.
1 Chionanthus. (73).
88. Stipules present; fruit dry, in a head.
Cephalanthiis. (82).
KEY TO THE GENERA OF TREES IN THE
WINTER CONDITION
Based mainly on twig and stem charcters. The num¬
ber following the generic name refers to the list number.
1. Foliage leaves persistent and usually evergreen. 2.
1. Foliage leaves deciduous each year. 11.
2. Foliage leaves needle-shaped, subulate, narrowly linear,
or scale-like; conifers. 3.
2. Foliage leaves with expanded blades, netted veined. 8.
3. With dwarf branches, each bearing 2-5 foliage leaves.
Pinus. (7).
3. Without true dwarf branches. 4.
4. Leaf buds scaly. 5.
4. Leaf buds not scaly, naked. 7.
5. Leaf scar not on a sterignia, prominent, circular; leaves
flat. Abies. (5).
5. Leaf scar on a sterignia, the base of the leaf remaining
as a scale on the twig. (i.
,6. Leaves flat, those on the upper side of the twig much
shorter than the lateral ones. Tsuga. '(4).
6. Leaves more or less 4-sided, spreading in all directions.
Picea. (3).
7. Foliage leaves small, scalc-like, appressed, opposite, 4-
ranked, closely covering the twigs of which are de¬
cidedly flattened and fan-like; leaves of two shapes,
the dorsal and ventral broader and less acute than
the lateral ones ; scales of the earpellate cone not
peltate. Thuja. (8).
7. Foliage leaves small, scale-like, appressed, opposite, 4-
ranked, usually much elongated, on somewhat flat¬
tened branches; scales of the earpellate cone 4-6, the
two upper fertile, not peltate. Libocedrus. (9).
7. Foliage leaves small, scale-like, appressed, opposite, 4-
ranked, closely covering the slightly flattened twigs
which are not very fan-like; leaves nearly or quite
similar; scales of the earpellate cone peltate.
Chamaecyparis. (10).
(22)
'Trees of the Northern United States
23
7. Foliage leaves of two types, scale-like and subulate,
opposite or in threes; the seale-like leaves 4-ranked,
appressed, causing the twigs to appear quadrangu¬
lar, the subulate leaves spreading; one or both types
of leaves on a plant; carpellate cone developing into
a bluish-black, berry-like fruit. Juniperus. (11).
8. Leaves with spine-tipped lobes or teeth. Ilex. (36).
8. Leaves without spines. 9.
9. Leaves pubescent at least below, lanceolate, niucronate,
not evergreen; buds clustered at the tip of the twig;
trees with 5-angled pith. Quercus. (56).
9. Leaves glabrous below ; pith not 5-angled. 10.
10. Leaves green on both sides, thick, coriaceous, oblong
to oblanceolate, 5-10 in. long; winter buds very scaly.
Rhododendron. (66).
10. Leaves green on both sides or glaucous beneath, coria¬
ceous, 2-5 in. long, oval to oval-lanceolate; winter buds
naked; erect shrubs. Kalmia. (67).
10. Leaves bright green above, paler beneath, coriaceous, 4-5
in. long, pointed at both ends; bark aromatic.
Persea. (15).
— 11 —
11. Twigs w'ith thick wart-like dwarf branches; gymnos-
perms. 12.
11. Twigs without true dwarf branches. 13.
12. Young twigs covered with scales. Larix. (6).
12. Twigs without scales. Ginkgo. (1).
13. Twigs with numerous small scattered self-pruning scars,
without apparent leaf scars but with minute dry
scale leaves, with feather-like dwarf branches, some
usually remaining in winter; foliage leaves spreading
into two ranks; roots often with knees; a conifer.
Taxodium. (2).
13. Twigs with evident leaf scars and lateral winter buds.
14.
14. Leaf scars alternate. 15.
14. Leaf scars opposite or whorled. 72.
24
Field Manual
15. Twigs with distinct and complete stipular ridges or
rings at the leaf nodes. 1(3.
15. Twigs without complete stipular rings. 18.
16. Leaf scar surrounding the axillary bud. terminal bud
self-pruned; wood with prominent medullary rays.
Plantanus. (47).
16. Leaf scar not surrounding the axillary bud. terminal
bud not self-pruned; buds enclosed in the large con¬
nate stipules. 17.
17. Buds glabrous; twigs brown; pith diaphragmed ; leaf
scars oval or circular; bark spicv-aromatie.
Liriodendron. (13).
17. Buds downy, or if glabrous then* the twigs red: pith
with or without diaphragms; leaf scars l -shaped,
oval, or circular; bark usually aromatic.
Magnolia. . (12).
18'. With thorns, prickles, or spines; or with spur-like
branches ending in thorns. lib
18. Without thorns, prickles or spines, but some may have
thorn-like stunted branches. 26.
19. With stipular spines, a pair for each leaf scar. 20.
19. Twigs with typical lateral thorns, without terminal
thorns. 21.
19. With thorns at the ends of branches or with spur-like
branches ending in thorns, and in addition axillary
thorns may be present. 22.
19. Stems or twigs with prickles; leaf scar extending nearly
around the stem, with about 20 bundle scars; pith
large. Aralia. (78).
20. Leaf scar covering the two or more superposed axillary
buds. Robinia. (33).
20. Leaf scar below the axillary buds; buds reddish, pubes¬
cent. Zanthoxylum. (17).
121. With thorns beside the axillary buds; normally one for
each leaf axil, becoming gradually smaller toward the
tip of the twig, terminal bud absent. Toxy’.on. (52).
21. Thorns axillary, large, rarely branched except on the
main trunk; usually with two lateral buds at the
base which may develop as twigs; numerous axils
without thorns. Crataegus. (26).
'Trees of the Northern United States
25
21. Thorns commonly branched, situated above the axil of
tlie leaf; leaf scar covering the two or more super¬
posed axillary buds ; twigs polished, often zigzag.
Gleditsia. (30).
22. Not with three distinct bundle scars. 23.
22. With three bundle scars. 24.
23. Buds and twigs glabrous or nearly so; with few thorns.
Rhamnus. (34).
23. Buds and sometimes twigs pubescent or downy ; thorns
prominent. Bumelia. (69).
24. Terminal bud self -pruned; twigs some shade of black,
brown, or reddish. Prunus. (27).
24. Terminal bud present. 25.
25. Buds conical, pungent, pubescent, twigs glabrous or
nearly so, mostly yellow-olive; trees with erect
growth the branches not spreading as in most of the
apples. Pyrus. (22).
25. Buds downy or pubescent, twigs usually pubescent, if
glabrous then dark reddish-brown; trees with rounded
crowns and spreading branches. Malus. (23).
— 26 —
26. Leaf scars <|uite regularly 2-ranked, that is with the
third scar over the first. 27.
26. Leaf scars not 2-ranked. 38.
27. Bundle scar 1; visible bud scales 2; twigs brown; pith
sometimes with cavities. Diospyros. (70).
27. Bundle scars 3. 32.
27. Bundle scars more than 3, usually scattered. 28.
28. Pith diaphragmed, soljd; bundle scars 5-7; bark with
fetid odor; terminal bud elongated, naked, silky;
stipular scars none. Asimina. (14).
28. Pith not diaphragmed; bark not with fetid odor. 29.
29. With very prominent medullary rays. 30.
29. Medullary rays inconspicuous. 31.
30. Winter buds usually long-pointed, with several to numer¬
ous dry scales. Fagus. (54).
30. Winter buds rather Meshy, usually with 1-3 visible scales.
Tilia. (29).
i('ield Manual
26
31.
31.
31.
32.
32.
33.
33.
34.
34.
35.
36.
37.
37.
57.
Pith 5-angled, twigs glabrous or somewhat pubesc.no,
reddish or yellowish-brown. Castanea. (50).
Pith cylindrical; visible bud scales more than 3; twigs
glabrous or pubescent but not downy. Moras, (oi/.
Pith cylindrical; visible bud scales x-o, twigs downy,
grayish-green, bark very fibrous. Papyrius. (o3j.
Pith interruptedly diaplnagmed, with • cavities, smau,
greenish-white. Celtis. (50).
Pith solid. 33.
Terminal bud naked, elongated, tomentose; buds promi¬
nently stalked, light gray ; twigs zigzag.
Hamamiis. .(15,).
Terminal bud absent, the twig showing a terminal selr-
pruning scar at the morphological tip; or if present
then with scales ; buds not stalked. 31.
Terminal bud present, long pointed; leai scar narrow
contracted between the bundle scars.
Amelanchier. (25).
Terminal bud absent, or if present then the leaf scar
oval or semicircular. 35.
Twigs dark reddish-brown, speckled, often zigzag; buds
reddish-violet, often superposed or clustered; leaf scars
not oblique but below the lateral bud. Cercis. (29).
Twigs dark brown, not speckled; buds not superposed;
leaf scars oblique. 36.
Bark smooth, trunk and large branches with peculiar
fluted or projecting ridges ; bud scales brown, finely
pubescent; staminate catkins in the bud in winter.
Carpinus. (57).
Trunk not with fluted or projecting ridges. 37.
Bark of trunk scaling off like in the Sycamore; twigs
very slender; no catkins. Planera. (49).
Bark in rough ridges; no catkins; twigs and buds in
most cases pubescent; some species with character¬
istic transverse self -pruning scars on the twigs, others
with corky ridges. Ulmus. (48).
Bark scaly, fine-furrowed, the furrows usually some¬
what spiral; bud scales green with brown tips, nearly
glabrous ; twigs glandular-bristly ; staminate catkins
exposed in winter. Ostrya. (58).
'Trees of the Northern United States
27
37. Bark of trunk and larger branches separating into
papery or leathery sheets; catkins in winter.
Betula. (59).
— 38 —
38. With 2 or more superposed axillary buds; all except
1 may be very small. 39.
38. Axillary buds single or 2 or more side by side; not
superposed. 4(5.
39. Pith diaphragmed, with air cavities. 40.
39. Pith diaphragmed but solid; bundle scars 3; stipular
scars none. Nyssa. (81).
39. Pith not diaphragmed, solid. 41.
40. Pith large, brown; twigs thick, with large leaf sears and
3 prominent bundle scars. Juglans. (62).
40. Pith rather small, white or greenish; leaf scars semi¬
circular; outer bud scales about 2. Halesia. (72).
41. Buds partly sunken, hardly projecting beyond the sur¬
face; terminal bud self-pruned or tips of branches
withering. 42.
41. Buds not sunken in the epidermis. 43.
42. Leaf scar not surrounding the axillary buds; pith large,
chocolate-colored; twigs robust, polished, mottled
white and purplish-brown. Gymnocladus. ( B 1 ) -
42. Lear scar surrounding the axillary buds, quadrangular
U-shaped; bark with pungent odor; pith white.
Ptelea. (18).
42. Leaf scar covering the axillary buds; pith small; twigs
brown, polished, often zigzag. Gleditsia. (50).
43. Pith cylindrical or nearly so. 44.
43. Pith more or less 5-angled, yellowish or brownish; ter¬
minal bud large; bundle scars scattered; trees with
tough twigs. Hicoria. (61).
44. Leaf scar surrounding the hairy axillary buds; bundle
scars 5-9; terminal bud self-pruned. Cladrastis. (32),
44. Leaf scar not surrounding the axillary buds. 45.
45. Bundle scars 3; buds spherical, bark light gray; leaf
scars heart-shaped; stipular scars none.
Sapindus. (38)
28
Field Manual
45. Bundle sear usually 1 ; buds rounded or somewhat
pointed; stipular sears or minute stipules present.
Ilex. (30) .
— 46 —
46. Terminal and lateral buds stalked; pith 3-angled; both
staminate and earpellate catkins present all winter.
Alnus. (60).
46. Buds sessile or nearly so; pith not 3-angled. 47.
47. Leaf scars surrounding the axillary buds which are
usually sunken; terminal bud self-pruned; bark resin¬
ous; pith large. Rhus. (42).
47. Leaf sears not surrounding the axillary buds. 48.
48. Bundle scar 1, or if several then closely crowded and
confluent, appearing as 1. 49.
48. Bundle scars more than 1. 54.
49. Stipular scars and stipules present. 50.
49. Stipular scars and stipules none. 51.
50. Terminal bud present; bud scales dark brown or black.
Rhamnus. (34).
50. Terminal bud present; stipules minute, usually per¬
sistent. Ilex. (36).
51. Terminal bud present. 52.
51. Terminal bud absent. 53.
52. Pith diaphragmed, with cavities; bark reddish; outer
bud scales several, short. Symplocos. (71).
52. Pith not diaphragmed; bark green, very spicy aromatic;
internodes very unequal. Sassafras. (16).
53. With polished, greenish-brown, grayish-yellow, or red
twigs; bark sour; leaf scar prominent, semi-oval, with
a dark central scar usually in the form of a ring;
buds small, not projecting much beyond the epidermis;
the large terminal panicled raceme with capsules per¬
sisting all winter. Oxydendrum. (68).
53. With 2 visible scales in the triangular flattened bud;
pith sometimes with cavities; twigs pubescent; zigzag
at the tip. Diospyros. (70).
TlCKKH OH’ 'I'll IC Noktiikrm IJNITKI) Status
29
54. Outer IiikI scales more thmi l. 55.
54. Outer bud scale 1; twigs iinually with brittle zones and
lienee very easily detached; stipular sears present;
bundle sears 4; pitli small. Salix. (05).
55. i’ith diaphragmed but solid; bundle scars 4; no stip-
ular sears. Nyssa. (81).
55. I’ith not diaphragmed. 50.
50. I’ith more or less 5-angled. 57.
50. I’ith cylindrical or nearly so. 01.
57. Huds clustered at the tip of the twig; bundle sears nu¬
merous, scattered. Quercus. (50).
57. Huds not clustered at the tip. 58.
58. Hundle sears numerous, usually scattered. 59.
58. Hundle sears 4. 00.
59. Hulls small with about 4 outer scales; twigs reddish
or yellowisb-biown, glabrous or pubescent; terminal
bud present or absent; stipular sears prominent.
Castanea. (55).
59. Terminal bud large with 4 or more visible scales, hairy
or peltate pubescent; lateral buds usually superposed;
twigs tough. Hicoria. (01).
0(1. Without stipular or self-pruning sears; crushed buds
fragrant, aromatic, not resinous, glabrous.
Liquidambar. (40).
(10. Stipular and self-pruning sears present; crushed buds
not fragrant though they may have a resinous odor,
resinous or if only slightly so then the twigs pubes¬
cent or tomentose. Populus. (04).
01. I’ith very large, light , brown, bark nut resinous, ill¬
smelling; buds spherical or flattened at the apex,
often clustered at the tip of the twig, brown and
pubescent; bundle sears about 9 along the lower
edge of the very large leaf sear; large trees.
Ailanthus. (19).
01. I’ith small, or if large and brown then the bark resin¬
ous. 02.
02. Ifaik with a resinous or sticky milky sap; pith usually
large, if rather small then the bark aromatic. 03.
30
Pield Manual
62. Bark not resinous. 64.
63. Buds clustered at the tip of the twig;, bark spicy -
fragrant to the smell ; base of petiole prominent with
several bundle scars; fruiting panicles plumose.
Cotinus. (44).
63. Buds not clustered at the tip; bark often very poison¬
ous to the touch; leaf scar partly surrounding the
bud; small trees or shrubs. Toxicodendron. (43).
64. Terminal bud absent. 65.
64. Terminal bud present. 68.
65. Stipules or stipular scars absent or indistinct. 66.
65. Stipules or stipular sears present. 67.
66. Buds clustered at the tip of the twig; young twigs
glandular dotted. Myrica. (63).
66. Buds not clustered at the tip; twigs not gladular;
bundle scars 3. Prunus. (27).
66. Buds not clustered at the tip; twigs not gladular;
bundle scars numerous; outer bud scales 2.
Koelreuteria. (39).
67. Buds and twigs very downy, twigs dark brown or black.
Cydonia. (24).
67. Buds downy or pubescent; twigs glabrous or pubescent,
gray or brown. Rhamnus. (34).
68. Twigs green or yellowish-green, glabrous ; internodes
very unequal; lateral buds minute; small trees.
Cornus. (79).
68. Twigs normally red above and green beneath, glabrous;
bark very bitter; some axils with 2 or 3 hairy buds of
nearly equal size; trees. Amygdalus. (28).
68. Twigs not green or red and green unless the plants are
low shrubs, but gray, brown, black, or reddish. 69.
69. Bundle scars 5 or more in the broad U-shaped leaf scar;
tips of the buds quite downy; small trees.
Sorbus. (21).
69. Bundle scars 3. 70.
70. Buds rounded at the apex, often clustered at the tip
of the twig; twigs glandular dotted. Myrica. (63).
70. Buds rounded at the apex; scales thick; twigs often
zigzzag; plant usually with some thorns, not gland¬
ular dotted. Crataegus. (26).
'Trees of the Northern United States
31
70. Buds pointed; plants sometimes with thorn-like stunted
branches, not glandular dotted. 71.
71. Buds glabrous or slightly pubescent; twigs usually
glabrous and slender, some shade of black, brown,
or reddish, often with 2 or 3 axillary buds ; some
with self-pruning scars. Prunus. (27).
71. Buds downy or strongly pubescent, conical, pungent;
twigs glabrous, mostly yellow-olive; trees with erect
growth, the branches not spreading as in most of the
apples. Pyrus. (22).
71. Buds downy or strongly pubescent; twigs strongly pu¬
bescent or if glabrous then dark reddish-brown; trees
with rounded or spreading crowns. Malus. (23).
71. Buds and twigs very pubescent; terminal bud with
long spreading scales; shrubs or small trees with
globose berry-like drupes containing 2-4 stones.
Rhamnus. (34).
— 72 —
72. Bundle scars 1, or several closely united in a curved
line, appearing as 1. 74.
72. Bundle scars more than 1 but not in an ellipse or ring.
78.
72. Bundle scars numerous, in an ellipse or ring; buds small
and flat or superposed, pith large. 73.
73. Pith with cavities or more or less diaphragmed ; axil¬
lary buds superposed. Paulownia. (76).
73. Pith solid; axillary buds small and flat, not super¬
posed, leaf scars often in threes. Catalpa. (77).
74. Twigs very green, more or less 4-angled; pith diamond¬
shaped or rhomboidal. Euonymus. (35).
74. Twigs not green when ripe but gray, brown or red,
sometimes 4-angled; pith cylindrical or nearly so. 75.
75. Terminal bud absent, the twig usually ending in a
thorn. Rhamnus. (34).
75. Terminal bud present unless the twig is fruiting. 76.
76. Axillary buds often superposed; twigs often with thorns;
leaf scars small. Forestiera. (75).
Field Manual
Axillary buds not superposed; no thorns on the twigs;
leaf sears rather large. 77.
Twigs and buds pubescent; lateral buds cylindrical or
hemispherical; bud scales dry; leaf scar concave, on
the short petiole base ; lenticels large and conspicu¬
ous; fruit a drupe. Chionanthus. (73).
Buds rough or pubescent; twigs glabrous or pubescent,
sometimes 4-angled; lateral buds somewhat flattened,
obtuse; bud scales rather dry; leaf scar close to the
bark; lenticels not large; fruit a samara.
Fraxinus. (74).
Axillary buds minute and sunken; twigs glabrous or
pubescent; stipules dry, prominent; or with promi¬
nent stipular scars. Cephalanthus. (82).
With 4 distinct stipular scars; terminal bud self -pruned ;
twigs green with strong odor. Staphylea. (37).
Without definite stipular scars; twigs not green or if
so then the terminal bud present. 79.
Trees or shrubs with numerous bundle scars,
in 3 areas, in a large heart-shaped leaf
rather large; terminal
scales. Aesculus. (40).
Bundle scars 3 or
sometimes
scar ; pith
bud large, with numerous
5. 80.
sometimes
Terminal bud with 2 long acuminate pubescent outer
scales; line connecting the uppermost leaf scars
notched. 81.
Terminal bud with one main pair of visible scales and
a smaller pair at the base. Viburnum. (83).
Terminal bud with several pairs of visible scales;
bundle scars 3-5; twigs sometimes green.
Acer. (41).
Axillary buds usually minute and undeveloped except
at the base of the peduncle which is self-pruned;
twigs green or reddish-green, glabrous or nearly so.
Cynoxylon. -(80).
Axillary buds normally well developed and prominent;
twigs often very pubescent. Cornus. 1791 .
GENERAL KEY TO THE FAMILIES AND GENERA
Based on the flower and other characters present at the
time of blooming. The number following the generic name
refers to the list number.
1. Ovules naked on an open carpel; pollen falling directly
on the micropyle of the ovule which is mostly with¬
out a pollen-chamber; trees or shrubs; ours usually
evergreen with narrow leaves; monecious, rarely die-
cious. 2.
1. Ovules in a closed carpel or set of carpels provided
with a stigma for the reception of the pollen ; flow¬
ers more commonly showy. 4.
2. Leaves fansliaped, dichotomously veined, on thick wart¬
like dwarf branches; dieeious trees. Ginkgoaceae.
a. Ginkgo. ( 1 ) .
2. Leaves not fanshaped and dichotomously veined, but
needle-shaped, narrowly linear, subulate or scale¬
like. 3.
3. Leaf buds naked; carpels few, spiral; leaves on feather¬
like dwarf branches which are deciduous. Taxodiaceae.
a. Taxodium. (2).
3. Leaf -buds naked; carpels few, opposite, sometimes form¬
ing a black or blue berry-like fruit; leaves opposite
or whorled, rarely scattered, persistent. Junipekaceae.
a. Carpellate cones oblong, the scales not peltate, b.
a. Carpellate cones globose or nearly so, the scales
peltate, or forming a bluish berry-like fruit, c.
b. Cone scales 6-10, the upper fertile. Thuja. (8).
b. Cone scales 4-6, the 2 upper fertile. Libocedrus. (9).
c. Cone with dry peltate scales ; ovules usually 2.
Chamaecyparis. ( 10 ) .
c. Cone becoming blue and fleshy; twigs not flattened;
leaves or some of them often subulate.
Juniperus. (11).
(33)
Field Manual
14
3. Leaf-buds scaly; carpels usually numerous; leaves
spirally arranged, the foliage leaves often situated
on dwarf branches. Pinaceae.
a. Without dwarf branches. b.
a. With dwarf branches. d.
b. Leaf scar on a sterigma, the twigs covered with
scales representing the leaf bases. c.
b. Leaf scars on the bark; twigs without scales;
leaves usually flat; earpellate cones erect.
Abies. (5).
c. Leaves more or less 4-sided, spreading in all direc¬
tions; earpellate cones pendulous. Picea. (3).
c. Leaves flat, those on the upper side of the twig much
shorter than the lateral ones; earpellate cones
small, pendulous. Tsuga. (4).
d. Leaves deciduous, numerous on thick, wart-like
dwarf branches. Larix. (6).
d. Leaves needle-shaped, persistent, 2-7 on small self-
pruned dwarf branches. Pinus. (7).
— 4 —
4. Leaves mostly parallel-veined, sometimes netted-veined ;
parts of the flower very often in threes (trimerous) ;
cotyledon 1 ; the closed vascular bundles scattered
through the pith, usually not in a circle ; no annual
rings of growth. No trees in our region.
Monocotylae.
4. Leaves usually netted-veined; parts of the flower more
commonly in fives (pentamerous) or fours (tetramer-
ous) ; cotyledons usually 2; vascular bundles usually
in a circle around a central pith, forming annual rings
of growth in perennial stems, with hark on the out¬
side. 5.
'Trees of the Northern United States
35
5. DICOTYLAE.
5. Perianth none or of similar segments or divided into
calyx and corolla; corolla when present clioripetalous
(petals distinct), sepals, petals and stamens some¬
times on a disk or hypanthium. 6.
5. Perianth composed of calyx and corolla, calyx may be
minute or suppressed; corolla sympetalous (petals
more or less united). 39.
6. Calyx and corolla both present, calyx may be minute.
7.
6. Only the calyx present, sepals distinct or united, green
or colored; or perianth none. 25.
7. Flowers liypogynous or perigynous; ovulary free or
only slightly adherent to the perigynous disk or hy¬
panthium. 8.
7. Flowers epigynous or apparently epigynous ; calyx above
the ovulary, with or without an hypanthium. 24.
8. Stamens numerous, at least more than 10 and more
than twice the petals. 9.
8. Stamens not more than twice as many as the petals,
when of just the number as the petals then alternate
with them. 12.
8. Stamens of the same number as the petals and oppo¬
site them ; ovulary 2-5-locular, calyx 4-5-cleft, valvate
in the bud; petals involute; fruit a drupe or cap¬
sule; shrubs, small trees, or vines with simple leaves.
Rhamnaceae.
a. Rhamnus. (34).
9. Carpels 1 or more, united, but styles and stigmas may
be several. 10. >
9. Carpels more than 1, distinct; filaments shorter than
the anthers; perianth trimerous; leaves 2-ranked.
Anonaceae.
a. Asimina. (14).
9. Carpels numerous spirally arranged and cohering over
each other, forming an aggregate cone-like fruit;
trees; sepals and petals in threes; twigs with stipular
rings. Magnoliaceae.
36 Field Manual
a. Anthers introrse; leaves not truncate.
Magnolia. (12).
a. Anthers extrorse; leaves truncate.
Liriodendron. (13).
10. Ovulary compound, plurilocular. 11.
10. Ovulary unilocular, 2-ovuled; leaves usually with disk¬
like or tooth-like glands on the petiole or at the base
of the blade. Rosaceae. (Amygdalatae).
a. Young ovulary and drupe glabrous. Prunus. (27).
a. Young ovulary and drupe velvety-pubescent.
Amygdalus. (28).
11. Flower cluster subtended by a large, membranous bract;
calyx deciduous; leaves alternate, 2-ranked; sap mu¬
cilaginous. Tiliaceae.
a. Tilia. (20).
11. Flowers not subtended by a membranous bract; leaves
alternate with deciduous stipules; sepals persistent.
Rosaceae... (Malatae).
See 24 below.
12. Ovulary only 1, carpels 1 to many, united. 15.
12. Carpels 2 or more, distinct, or somewhat united at . the
base. 13.
13. Leaves compound. 14.
13. Shrubs or trees with alternate simple leaves. Hama-
melidaceae.
a. Ovules 1 in each cavity; leaves inequilateral, not
star-shaped. Hamamelis. (45).
a. Ovules several in each cavity, fruit globular, spiny.
Liquidambar. (46).
14. Leaves punctate with pellucid dots, alternate. Rutaceae.
a. Zanthoxylum. (17).
14. Leaves large, pinnate, alternate, not punctate but with
disk-like glands under the teeth or lobes. Sima-
rubaceae.
a. Ailanthus. (19).
15. Carpel 1, ovulary with 1 parietal placenta; leaves alter¬
nate, usually with stipules; usually compound. Faba-
CEAE.
'Tkees of the Northern United States
37
A. Upper petal inclosed by the lateral ones in the bud;
leaves simple or compound mostly with stipules.
Cassiatae.
a. Leaves simple, flowers bisporangiate.
Cercis. (29).
a. Leaves compound, flowers diecious or imperfectly
diecious. b.
b. Stamens 3-5; pith small; usually with thorns.
Gleditsia. (30).
b. Stamens 10; pith large, chocolate-colored; with¬
out thorns; Gymnocladus. (31).
B. Upper petal inclosing the lateral ones in the bud;
leaves compound (sometimes with 1 leaflet) with
stipules. Fabatae.
a. Without stipular spines; leaflets large, 3-6 in.
long; base of petiole covering the axillary
buds like a cap. Cladrastis. (32).
a. With stipular spines; leaflets small, 1-2 in. long;
base of petiole not covering the axillary buds
like a, cap, but solid. Robinia. (33,).
15. Carpels more than 1 as shown by the compound ovul-
ary, cavities, placentae, styles, or stigmas. 16.
16. Ovulary 2-loeular to pluriocular. 17.
16. Ovulary 1-locular, ovules solitary, stigmas 3; shrubs or
trees with resinous or milky sap and alternate leaves
without stipules. Anacardiaceae.
a. Leaves compound; style terminal. b.
a. Leaves simple; style lateral. Cotinus. (44).
b. Petiole base covering the axillary buds, or if not then
the rachis wing-margined; not poisonous.
1 Rhus. (42).
b. Petiole base not completely covering the axillary
buds, the rachis not wing-margined; poisonous to
the touch; glabrous; leaflets entire.
Toxicodendron. (43).
17. Flowers regular or nearly so. 18.
17. Flowers irregular; shrubs or trees with opposite digitate
leaves; ovulary 3-locular. Aesctjlaceae.
38
Field Manual
a. Aesculus. (40).
17. Flowers irregular in the number of the several floral
sets ; leaves pinnate or bipinnate, . alternate ; ovulary
3-locular. Sapindaceae.
a. Koelreuteria. (39).
18. Stamens neither just as many nor twice as many as the
petals. 19.
18. Stamens just as many or twice as many as the petals.
20.
19. Stamens distinct and fewer than the 4 petals; trees or
shrubs with opposite pinnate or simple leaves. Olea-
ceae.
a. Flowers diecious, from catkin-like scaly buds.
Forestiera. (75).
a. Flowers bisporangiate, petals linear.
Chionanthus. (73).
19. Stamens more numerous than the petals; leaves pal-
mately veined, opposite; fruit 2-wi:tged. Some Acer-
ACEAE.
a. Acer (41).
20. Ovules 1 or 2 in each cavity. 21.
20. Ovules several or many in eacli cavity ; stipules between
the opposite and pinnate ly compound leaves, caducous;
shrubs or small trees. Staphyleaceae.
a. Staphylea. (37).
21. Leaves palmately veined, or compound. 22.
21. Leaves pinnately veined, simple, not punctate. 23.
22. Leaves pinnately compound, alternate; our trees with a
globose or lobed berry. Sapindaceae.
a. Sapindus. (38).
22. Leaves palmately veined or pinnately compound; trees
or shrubs with opposite leaves and no stipules. Acer-
aceae.
a. Acer'. (41).
22. Leaves 3-foliate, pellucid-punctate, without stipules.
Some ItUTAOEAB.
'Trees of the Northern United States
39
a. Ptelea. (18).
23. Calyx minute; trees or shrubs with simple mostly alter¬
nate leaves. Ilicaceae.
a. Ilex. (36).
23. Calyx not minute; trees, shrubs, or woody climbers;
ours with opposite leaves and with minute, fugaceous
'Stipules. Cei.astraceae.
a. Euonymus. (35).
— 24 —
24. Perfect stamens 4, styles 2; leaves alternate, palmately
veined and lobed, or if pinnately veined then 2-
ranked. Hamamelidaceae.
See 13 above.
24. Stamens 5, 10, or many; styles 2-5; leaves alternate
with stipules. Rosaceae. (Malatae).
a. Leaves pinnate. Sorbus. (21).
a. Leaves simple. b.
b. Cavities of the ovulary as many as the styles. c.
b. Cavities of the ovulary becoming twice as many as
the styles. Amelanchier. (25).
e. Ovules many in each cavity (carpel). Cydonia. (24).
c. Ovules 1-3 in each cavity of the ovulary. d.
d. Usually with typical thorns; ripe carpels bony.
Crataegus. (26).
d. Without thorns, but some may have thorn-like
stunted branches; ripe carpels papery or leath¬
ery. e. ,
e. Leaves sharply and regularly serrate, glabrous when
mature, petioles long; pome with grit bells.
Pyrus. (22).
e. Leaves irregularly dentate or serrate, or more or less
lobed; pome without grit cells. Malus. (23).
24. Stamens 4 or 5, style and stigma 1 ; leaves opposite or
alternate. Cornaceae.
a. Ovulary 2-locular, flowers bisporangiate. b.
40
Field Manual
a. Ovulary 1-locular, flowers diecious or imperfectly
diecious. Nyssa. (81).
b. Flowers cymose, not involucrate. Cornus. (79).
b. Flowers capitate, with an involucre of 4-6 large
white bracts. Cynoxylon. (80).
24. Stamens 4 or 5 on a flat disk which covers the 3-5-
locular ovulary; shrubs or trees with opposite leaves
and minute fugaceous stipules. Celastraceae.
See 23 above.
24. Stamens 5, styles usually 2-5; leaves bipinnate. Arali-
aceae.
a. Aralia. (78).
— 25 —
25. Leaves opposite. 26.
25. Leaves alternate. 27.
26. Stamens 5-8; leaves palmately veined and simple or
if pinnately compound then the base of the petiole
covering the axillary buds. Aceraceae.
a. Acer. (4}).
26. Stamens 2-4; leaves pinnately veined when simple, or
if pinnately compound then the axillary buds exposed.
Oleaceae.
a. Flowers fasciculate or racemose-fasciculate, not from
prominent scaly buds; leaves compound.
Fraxinus. (74).
a. Flowers fasciculate, from scaly buds; leaves simple.
Forestiera. (75).
27. At least the staminate flowers in catkins or catkin-like
spikes or spherical heads. 31.
27. Flowers not in catkins or catkin-like spikes or heads. 28.
28. With prominent stipular spines; leaves punctate with •
glands. Rutaceae.
a. Zanthoxylum. (17).
28. Without stipular spines. 29.
29. Styles or stigmas 3 or 4; perigynous stamens, 4-5,
alternate with the sepals; ovulary 2-5-locular, ovules
solitary in each cavity. Rhamnaceae.
Trees of the Northern United States
41
a. Rhamnus. (34).
29. Styles or stigmas 2; leaves 2-ranked; ovulary 1-2-
ovuled; stipules fugaceous. Ulmaceae.
a. Flowers in clusters on twigs of the previous sea¬
son, pith not diaphragmed. b.
a. Flowers on elongated twigs of the season; pith
interruptedly diaphragmed. Celtis. (50).
b. Flowers expanding before the leaves; bark in rough
ridges. Ulmus. (48).
b. Flowers expanding with the leaves; bark of trunk
scaling off like in the Sycamore. Planera. (49).
29. Style and stigma 1. 30.
30. Calyx 6-parted; stamens and staminodes about 12, in
4 series; bark spicy-aromatic. Lauraceae.
a. Flowers bisporangiate, panicled; leaves evergreen.
Persea. (15).
a. Flowers monosporangiate, racemose or umbellate;
leaves deciduous, some of them lobed.
Sassafras. (16).
30. Calyx 5-parted; stamens 10 or fewer; bark not aromatic.
Fabaceae. (Cassiatae)
See 15 above.
30. Calyx 5-parted; stamens 5-15; dowers epigynous; pith
solid but diaphragmed. Cornaceae.
a. Nyssa. (81).
31. Twigs with complete stipular rings; base of petiole
covering the axillary bud; flowers monecious, in
dense heads. Platanaceae.
a. Platanus. (47).
31. Twigs without stipular 'rings. 32.
32. Axillary buds superposed; staminate flowers in flexible
catkins; leaves pinnately compound. Juglandaceae.
a. Pith solid. Hicoria. (61).
a. Pith diaphragmed, with cavities. Juglans. (62).
32. Axillary buds not superposed or if so then the stam¬
inate flowers not in flexible catkins; leaves sim¬
ple. 33.
42
Field Manual
33. Carpellate flowers epigynous; pith solid, with dia¬
phragms. Cornaceae.
a. Nyssa. (81).
33. Carpellate flowers hypogynous or perigynous; pith not
diaphragmed. 34.
34. Staminate aiid carpellate flowers in dense spherical
heads, sap not milky; leaves star-shaped, fragrant
when crushed. Hamamelidaceae.
a. Liquidambar. (46).
34. Staminate and carpellate flowers not in dense spherical
heads unless the sap is milky; leaves not star¬
shaped. 35.
35. With milky sap; leaves with twro prominent lateral
veins from the base or if not then the t wigs thorny.
Moraceae.
a. Twigs wdth thorns; carpellate perianth deeply 4-
cleft, carpellate flowers capitate. Toxylon. (52).
a. Twigs without thorns. b.
b. Staminate and carpellate flowers in ament-like
spikes. Morus. (51).
b. Staminate flowers racemose or spikate, the carpel-
late capitate. Papyrius. (53).
35. Sap not milky. 36.
36. Both staminate and carpellate flowers in aments, the
carpellate flowers not subtended by a bur or cup. 37.
36. Carpellate flowers not in aments, subtended by a cup
or involucre; staminate flowers in flexible or some¬
what capitate aments. Fagaceae.
a. Staminate flowers capitate, ovulary 3-angled.
Fagus. (54).
a. Staminate flowers in slender aments. b.
b. Carpellate flowers 2-5 in each involucre, which be¬
comes prickly. Castanea. (55).
b. Carpellate flower 1 in each involucre, which con¬
sists of numerous scales. Quercus. (56).
37. Ovulary 1-locular, many seeded; seeds with a tuft of
cottony hairs. Salicaceae.
Trees oe the Northern United States
43
a. Stamens numerous; x bracts fimbriate or entire, buds
with several exposed scales; pith 5-angled.
Populus. (64).
a. Stamens 2-1U; bracts entire; buds with 1 outer
scale. Salix. (65).
37. Ovulary 1-2 locular, with 1-2 ovules in each cavity;
seeds not with cottony hairs. 38.
38. Carpellate flowers single in the axils of the bracts;
young twigs and leaves glandular dotted; buds clus¬
tered at the tip of the twig. Myricaceae.
a. Myrica. (63).
38. Carpellate flowers 2 or more in each bract of the
ament; twigs and leaves not glandular dotted; buds
not clustered at the tip of twig. Betulaceae.
a. Pith 3-angled; buds stalked; leaves not 2-ranked;
stamens 4. A'lnus. (60).
a. Pith not 3-angled; buds sessile; leaves 2-ranked. b.
b. Staminate flowers 3-6 in the axil of each bract,
with a calyx; carpellate flowers without a calyx;
stamens 2. Betula. (59).
b. Staminate flowers solitary in the axil of each bract,
without a calyx; carpellate flower with a calyx, c.
c. Fruiting bract flat, 3-cleft and incised; bark smooth;
trunk and large branches with peculiar fluted or
projecting ridges. Carpinus. (57).
c. Fruiting bract bladder-like, closed; bark of older
trunks scaly and fine-furrowed. Ostrya. (58).
— 39 —
I
39. Flowers liypogynous (ovulary superior). 40.
39. Flowers epigynous (ovulary inferior). 44.
40. Stamens free from the corolla (or only very slightly
united at the base) as many as the petals (flowers
tetracyclic) and alternate with them, or twice as
many (pentacyclic) or more. 41.
40. Stamens united with the corolla, as many as the petals
and opposite them or twice as many or more. 42.
44
Field Manual
40. Stamens united with the corolla, the fertile ones fewer
than the petals and alternate with them. 43.
41. Sympetalous trees or shrubs often with evergreen leaves
without stipules. Ericaceae.
a. Leaves deciduous in autumn; flowers in panicled
racemes ; leaves sour, with long bristles on the
midrib beneath. Oxydendrum. (68).
a. Leaves evergreen, coriaceous, b.
b. Corolla somewhat irregular, campanulate, without
little sacs. Rhododendron. (66).
b. Corolla regular, saucer-shaped, 10-saccate, the an¬
thers at first held in the little sacs. Kalmia. (67).
41. Choripetalous plants in which the petals are sometimes
partly or completely united,
a. Ovulary 1 -locular (1 carpel) with 1 parietal placenta.
Fabaceae.
See 15 above.
a. Ovulary 4-8-locular, with 1 or 2 ovules in each cavity.
Tlicaceae.
See 23 above.
42. Stamens as many as the lobes of the small white corolla;
leaves entire, simple and alternate; with thorns.
Sapotaceae.
a. Bumelia. (69).
42. Stamens twice as many as the lobes of the greenish-
yellow corolla or more; styles 2-8; plants mostly
monecious or. diecious; leaves alternate, simple, and
entire. Ebenaceae.
a. Diospyros. (70).
43. Flowers regular, stamens usually 2. Oleaceae.
a. Chionanthus. (73).
43. Flowers irregular, zvg'omorphic ; seeds numerous, sta¬
mens 4, didynamous ; pith with cavities. Some
— Scrophulariaceae.
a. Paulownia. (76).
43. Flowers irregular, zyiromorphic ; seeds numerous, fertile
stamens usually 2 with 3 vestiges; pith solid. Big-
noniaceae.
Trees of the Northern United States
45
a. Catalpa. (77).
44. Stamens twice as many as the lobes of the corolla or
more; leaves alternate and simple. 45.
44. Stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla; leaves
opposite or whorled, simple. 46.
45. Corolla yellow; stamens in several series. Symplocaceae.
a. Symplocos. (71).
45. Corolla white; stamens in one series. Styracaceae.
a. Halesia. (72).
46. Stipules present; flowers in dense heads in our species;
usually blackening in drying. Rubiaceae.
a. Cephalanthus. (82).
46. Usually without stipules; flowers in compound cymes
in our species; not blackening in drying. Capri-
foi.iaceae.
a. Viburnum. (83).
CLASSIFICATION AND DESCRIPTION OF THE
SPECIES.
SPERMATOPHYTA. SEED-PLANTS.
Phylum, CYCADOPHYTA.
Class, Ginkgoae.
Order, Ginkgoales.
Ginkgoaceae. Ginkgo Family.
1. Ginkgo Kaempf. Ginkgo.
Trees with dichotomously veined, fan-shaped leaves on
thick, wart-like, persistent, dwarf branches.
Stamens and carpels in clusters on the dwarf branches,
appearing with the leaves.
1. Ginkgo biloba. L. Maiden-hair-tree. A large beau¬
tiful and hardy diecious tree. Seed large, drupe-like. Autumn
leaves orange. Introduced from China and Japan; should be
commonly cultivated for ornament.
Phylum, STROBILOPHYTA.
Class, Coniferae. Conifers.
Order, Pinales.
Taxodiaceae. Bald-cypress Family.
2. Taxodium Rich. Bald-cypress.
Trees with feather-like, annually deciduous (ours) dwarf
branches with the numerous, small, narrow leaves usually
spreading into two ranks, and having the slender twigs cov¬
ered with small self-pruning scars.
Tall trees with horizontal or drooping branches ; mone-
cious; carpellate cones globose, in small terminal clusters;
their scales few, each with two ovules at the base.
1. Taxodium distichum (L) Rich. Bald-cypress. A large
tree, the old bark flaky in thin’ strips. The roots develop
upright conic “knees.” Wood light, soft, brown and very
durable. In swamps and along rivers. N. J. to Fla., west
to Tex., north to Mo. and Ind.
(46)
Trees oi" the Northern United States
47
Pinaceae. Pine Family.
3. Picea Link. Spruce.
Evergreen trees with 4-angled leaves, all of about the
same length, having the twigs covered with sterigma-bearing
scales representing leaf bases.
Conical trees with leaves spirally arranged and spreading
in all directions; monecious; staminate and carpellate cones
often highly -colored; carpellate cones pendulous.
1. Twigs and sterigmata glabrous; carpellate cones cylin-
dric. 2.
1. Twigs pubescent, brown; carpellate cones ovoid or oval.
3.
2. Leaves usually f-1 in. long; carpellate cones 2i-6 in.
long. P. abies.
2. Leaves usually not much over l in. long; very glau¬
cous; carpellate cones f-2 in. long. P. canadensis.
3. Leaves not glaucous; cones deciduous at the end of the
first season. P. rubens.
3. Leaves glaucous; cones persistent for two or more sea'-
sons. P. mariana.
1. Picea Abies (L.) Karst. Norway Spruce. A large tree,
conical in shape when young, with numerous stout spreading
and drooping branches. Amundant in cultivation. Source of
Burgundy pitch. Native of Europe.
2. Picea canadensis (Mill.) B. S. P. White Spruce.
A slender tree sometimes with a strong skunk-like odor.
Leaves light green, slender, in. long, very acute. An
important timber tree with light, soft, weak, and straight-
grained wood. Newf. to Alaska, south to Me., Mich., and
S. Dak.
3. Picea rubens Sarg. Red Spruce. A slender tree with
spreading branches, and slender, sparingly pubescent twigs.
Wood soft, weak and pale reddish. Newf. to northern N. Y.
and Minn.; along the Alleglianies to Va. and Ga.
4. Picea mariana (Mill.) B. S. P. Black Spruce. A
tree with spreading branches and smooth or only slightly
roughened bark. Leaves not over % in. long, stout, green,
closely covering the twigs. Wood light and straight-grained;
48
.Field Manual
used for paper pulp, for general lumber and for masts and
spars of ships. Newf. to N. W. Terr., south to N. J.,
N. C., Mich, and Minn.
4. Tsuga Carr. Hemlock.
Evergreen trees with fiat linear leaves, those on the top
of the twig short, and having the twigs covered with ster-
igma-bearing scales representing leaf bases.
Branches slender, horizontal or drooping; leaves spread¬
ing more or less into 2 ranks; monecious; carpellate cones
small, pendulous.
1. Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carr. Hemlock. A tall tree
with slender, horizontal or drooping branches, the old bark
flaky in scales. Wood very coarse, light, brittle, and soft;
used for wood pulp. Bark used for tanning. Source of
Canada pitch. Self-prunes twigs. N. S. to Minn, south to
Ohio, and Del., along the Alleghanies to Ala., and to Mich,
and Wis.
5. Abies (Tourn.) Hill. Fir.
Evergreen trees with flat linear leaves, rarely prismatic,
without sterigma-bearing scales, but with prominent circular
leaf scars with a central bundle scar.
Carpellate cones erect, the scales deciduous ; monecious ;
carpellate bract longer than the ovuliferous scale.
1. Carpellate bract serrulate, shorter than the ovuliferous
scale or but little longer; leaves obtuse. A. bal-
samea.
1. Carpellate bract aristate, longer than the ovuliferous
scale; leaves mostly emarginate. A. fraseri.
1. Abies balsamea (L.)' Mill. Balsam Fir. A slender
short-lived tree with smooth blistered bark. Wood very light
and soft. Canada balsam is obtained from its. resin. Newf.
to Hudson Bay and Alberta, south to Penn., along the Alle¬
ghanies to Va., and to Mich., Iowa, and Minn.
2. Abies fraseri (Pursli) Poir. Fraser Fir. A slender
tree growing on the high Alleghanies. Bark smooth, with
resin blisters. W. Va., N. Car., and Tenn.
Trees of the Northern United States
49
(5. Larix (Tourn.) Adans. Larch.
Trees with thick wart-like dwarf branches bearing a clus¬
ter of deciduous needle-shaped leaves.
Tall pyramidal, monecious trees with horizontal or ascend¬
ing branches; carpellate cones small, erect, with thin woody
scales.
1. Carpellate cones small, J-f in. long, oval or almost
globular; ovuliferous scales glabrous; native, grow-
in bogs and wet ^places. L. laricina.
1. Carpellate cones rather large 1-1 J in. long; ovuliferous
scales finely tomentose on the back, cultivated in dry
ground. L. larix.
1. Larix laricina (DuRoi) Koch. Tamarack. A slender
tree with close or at length scaly bark. Wood hard, durable,
and very strong; used in ship-building, for railroad ties, posts,
and telegraph poles. In swamps and about the margins of
lakes. Newf. to N. W. Terr., south to Minn., Ind., Ohio,
and N. J.
2. Larix larix (L.) Karst. European Larch. A beautiful
tree with horizontal branches and drooping branchlets, conical
in shape when young; much cultivated in some parts of the
United States. The source of Venice turpentine. Native of
Europe.
7. Pinus (Tourn.) L. Pine.
Evergreen trees with self-pruned dwarf branches bearing
1-7 needle-shaped leaves.
Resinous, monecious trees with very small dwarf branches;
dwarf branches and ordinary twigs covered with scale leaves.
Dwarf branches self-pruned after a number of years. Car¬
pellate cones woody with nuiherous carpels. Our most im¬
portant lumber trees.
1. Dwarf branches with 5 foliage leaves; ovuliferous
scales little thickened at the tip. P. strobus.
1. Dwarf branches with 2-3 foliage leaves; ovuliferous
scales much thickened at the tip. 2.
2. Dwarf branches with 3 foliage leaves, rarely 2 or 4. 3.
2. Dwarf branches mostly with 2 foliage leaves; some of
them may be with 3. 5.
50
Field Manual
3. Leaves 6-10 in. long; carpellate cone oblong-conic or
ovoid. 4.
3. Leaves 3-5 in. long; carpellate cones ovoid. P. rigida.
4. Old sheaths of the dwarf branches %-l in. long; leaves
not glaucous ; carpellate cones oblong-conic. P.
taeda.
4. Old sheaths about j in. long; leaves glaucous; car- '
pellate cones ovoid. P. serotina.
5. Twigs glaucous; resin-ducts parenchymatous; carpel¬
late cones 1J-3 in. long; ovuliferous scales with a
prickle or small spine. 6.
5. Twigs not glaucous. 7.
6. Leaves slender, 2J-5 in. long; buds not very resinous;
prickles of the ovuliferous scales short and small. P.
ecMnata.
6. Leaves stout, 1J-2J- in. long; buds' very resinous;
prickles of the ovuliferous scales long and stour. P.
virginiana.
7. Leaves 1-4 in. long, grayish-green or light' green; ovul¬
iferous scales without or with a small prickle, or with
a thiek point or spine. 9.
7. Leaves 4-6 in.' long, dark-green; ovuliferous scale with¬
out a spine or prickle, or sometimes with a very
small prickle. 8.
8. Foliage lustrous, resin ducts peripheral; carpellate
cones terminal or subterminal, oval-conic ; . ovulifer¬
ous scales pointless when mature. P. resinosa.
8. Foliage dull; resin ducts parenchymatous; carpellate
cones lateral, ovoid-conic; ovuliferous scale with a
small prickle. P. laricio.
9. Leaves 2-J-4 in. long, grayish-green ; twigs orange or
brown; resin ducts parenchymatous; carpellate cones
ovoid; 3-5 in. long. P. pungens.
9. Leaves , in. long. 10.
10. Leaves 1J-2J in. long, grayish-green; twigs dull green¬
ish-yellow or greenish-brown ; resin ducts peripheral ;
carpellate cones ovate-conic, 2-3 in. long. P. nil-
veftrio.
Trees op1 the Northern United States
51
10. Leaves \-l\ in. long; resin ducts parenchymatous; car-
pellate cones oblong-conic, 1-2 in. long, usually up¬
wardly curved. P. banlcsiana.
1. Pinus strobus L. White Pine. A large tree with
nearly smooth bark, except when old; branches horizontal in
whorls. Often forming dense forests. Wood soft and straight¬
grained; used in enormous quantities for building purposes.
One of the most valuable timber trees in the world. Has been
more extensively used in America for lumber than any other
tree. Newf. to Man., south along the Allegh. to Ga. and
to Ohio, Ill. and Iowa.
2. Pinus taeda L. Loblolly Pine. A large tree of veiy
rapid growth with spreading branches and thick, rugged lark,
flaky in age. Wood rather hard; much used for lumber in
the South. Often growing in old fields. N. J. to Fla., Ark.,
and Texas.
3. Pinus serotina Mx. Pond Pine. A tree, usually with
a short trunk and with the bark fissured into small plates.
In swamps and ponds. Wood soft, brittle, and coarse-grained.
Coastal plain. N. J. to Fla.
4. Pinus rigida Mill. Pitch Pine. A tree with spread¬
ing branches, the old bark rough and furrowed, flaky in strips.
Sprouts readily from the stump if cut down or burned. Wood
rather hard and brittle and full of resin; used for fuel, char¬
coal, and coarse lumber. A source of turpentine to a limited
extent. Tn dry, sandy or roeky soil. N. B. to Ont., ITnn.,
Ohio, W. Va. and Ga.
5. Pinus resinosa Ait. Red Pine. A tall tree with i ed¬
dish bark. Wood rather hard but not very durable. Tur¬
pentine is obtained to a limited extent from this species. A
tree of rapid growth. Newf. to Man., Mass., Penn., and
Minn.
6. Pinus lari'cio Poir. Austrian Pine. A tall, open,’
pyramidal tree of rapid growth with the thick spreading
branches in regular whorls. Often cultivated. From Europe1.
7. Pinus stives' tr is L. Scotch Pine. A large and valu¬
able tree with drooping branches; much cultivated. From it
are obtained the red and yellow deal much used as lumber in
Europe. Native of northern Europe.
Field Manual
8. Pinus banksiana Lamb. Jack Pine. A slender tree
with spreading branches, the bark becoming flaky. Wood light
and rather soft. In sandy soil. N. B. and N. W. Terr.,
south to Me., N. Y., Ill., and Minn.
9. Pinus echinata Mill. Yellow Pine. A large tree with
spreading branches; leaves sometimes in 3’s, sometimes in 2’s.
Wood rather hard and very valuable; much used as lumber.
Also furnishes some turpentine. Produces shoots from stumps.
In sandy soil. N. Y. to Fla., Ohio, Ill., Okla., and Texas.
10. Pinus pungens Lamb. Table-mountain Pine. A tree
with spreading branches, the old bark rough and in flakes,
leaves sometimes in 3’s. Wood light and soft; much used for
charcoal. N. .1. to Ga. and Tenn.
11. Pinus virginiana Mill. Scrub Pine. A slender, usually
small tree with spreading or drooping branches; the old
bark flaky and dark-colored. Wood very resinous, soft and
durable but of poor quality. In sandy soil. L. I. to S. C.,
Ala., Tenn., Ohio, and Tnd.
Juniperaccae. Juniper Family.
Subfamily, Cupressalae.
8. Thuja L. Arborvitae.
Evergreen trees or shrubs with decidedly flattened and
fan-like twigs, and with naked buds, the small leaves oppo¬
site, scale-like, appressed and 4-ranked; carpellate cone oblong,
with 6-10 scales, the 4 upper fertile.
Resinous and aromatic;' flowers minute, monecious; ovules
usually 2 on each scale, erect; scales dry coriaceous, not
peltate.
1. Branchlets spreading more or less horizontally with
a distinct upper and lower side; carpellate cones
pendulous, the thin scales appendiculate below the
apex; seeds winged. T. Occidentalis.
1. Branchlets in a vertical plane with both sides alike;
carpellate cones erect, the scales with a prominent
horn-like process below the apex; seeds wingless.
T. orientalis.
1. Thuja occidentalis L. American Arborvitae. Usually
a small conical tree with fan-like branches. Self-prunes
Trees oe the Northern United States
53
twigs. Wood light and durable; used for posts, railroad ties,
etc. Usually in wet soil and along the banks of streams.
N. B. to Man., south to Ohio and N. J., along the Alleghanies
to N. C., and to Ill. and Minn.
2. Thuja orientalis L. Chinese Arborvitae. A small pyra¬
midal or bushy tree with spreading and ascending branches.
Native of Asia. Cultivated in many forms. Probably be¬
longs to a distinct genus, Biota Endl.
9. Libocedrus Endl. Incense-cedar.
Evergreen trees with naked buds and small, scale-like,
appressed, opposite, 4-ranked, usually elongated leaves on
somewhat flatened branches; scales of the earpellate cone 4-6,
the two upper fertile, not peltate.
Tall, resinous aromatic trees with scaly bark, monecious ;
staminate and earpellate cones on separate branchlets; seeds
with unequal lateral wings.
1. Libocedrus decurrens Torr. ' Incense-cedar. A tree
with a tall, straight, slightly lobed trunk, tapering from a
broad base. Wood light, soft, close-grained, and very durable
in contact with the soil. From the Pacific coast ; often culti¬
vated as an ornamental tree.
10. Chamaecyparis Spacli. White-cedar.
Evergreen trees with small, scale-like appressed, nearly or
quite similar leaves, naked buds, and dry peltate earpellate
scales with 2-4 seeds.
Monecious ; earpellate cones globose, with thick, opposite
scales, each with a central point.
1. Leaves dull blue-green; bark thin, divided into flat
ridges. C. thyoides.
1. Leaves bright green;' bark thick, divided into broad
ridges. C. lawsoniana.
1. Chamaecyparis thyoides (L.) B. S. P. Southern
White-cedar. A tree with soft, light, and durable wood ; used
for boat-building, woodenware, shingles, etc. In swamps.
Maine to N. H. to N. .T., Fla., and Miss.
2. Chamaecyparis lawsoniana (Murr.) Pari. Lawson Cy¬
press. A large tree with an abruptly enlarged base and a
spire-like crown of small horizontal or pendulous branches.
54
Field Manual
Bark often 10 in. thick. Wood light, hard, and strong,
abonuding in fragrant resin. From the Pacific coast. Many
varieties in cultivation.
Subfamily, Juniperatae.
11. Juniperus L. Juniper.
Evergreen trees or shrubs with naked buds, subulate or
scale-like leaves, one or both kinds on a tree, and with car-
pellate eone-s developing into a bluish-black berry-like fruit.
Carpellate cones small, globose; plants usually diecious,
sometimes monecious, pungent aromatic; bark usually thin and
shreddy.
1. Leaves all subulate, prickly pointed, verticillate, slender,
, mostly straight; cones axillary. J. communis.
1 . Leaves of 2 kinds, scale-like and subulate, opposite or
verticillate; cones terminal. J. virginiana.
1. Juniperus communis L. Common Juniper. A low tree
with spreading or drooping branches and shreddy bark. Goats
are poisoned from eating the leaves. On dry hills. N. S. to
Alaska, south to N. J., Ohio, Mich., Neb., and in the Rocky
Mts. to N. Mex. Also in Furope and Asia.
2. Juniperus virginiana L. Red Juniper. A tree, with
spreading often irregular branches when old, but conic in
shape when young. Self-prunes twigs. Wood very valuable,
light, Straight-grained, durable, and fragrant; used for posts,
cabinet-work, interior finish, veneers, moth-proof chests and
cooperage, and almost exclusively in the manufacture of lead
pencils. Often infested with the “cedar apple.” Poisonous
to goats. In dry soil; common on bluffs. N. B. to western
Ont. and S. Dak., south to Fla. and Texas.
Phylum, ANTHOPHYTA.
Class, Dicotylae. Dicotyls.
Subclass, Thalamiflokae.
Order, Ranales.
Magnoliaceae. Magnolia Family.
12. Magnolia L. Magnolia.
Shrubs or trees with alternate, simple, entire leaves, not
truncate, and with complete stipule r rings.
Trees of the Northern United States
Bark bitter aromatic; flowers bisporangrate, large, solitary; •
buds covered with connate, sheating stipules; pith usually
diaphragmed but solid; fruit aggregate, cone-like.
1. Leaves auriculate, glabrous. Leaf buds glabrous. ' M.
fraseri.
1. Leaves rounded or truncate at the base, thin. Leaf
buds silky pubescent. M. acuminata.
1. Leaves acute at the base. 2.
2, Leaves light green beneath, 1-2 ft. long. Leaf buds
glabrous. M. tripetala.
2. Leaves glaucous beneath, 3-6 in. long. Leaf buds
pubescent. M. virginiana.
1. Magnolia acuminata L. Cucumber Magnolia. A large
tree with silky pubescent leaf-buds. ' Leaves oval, acute oi
somewhat acuminate, rounded or truncate at the base, J-l ft.
long; flowers greenish-yellow. Wood soft, light, and durable;
used for cabinet-work, pump-logs, and water-troughs. N. \ .
to Ontario and Mo., Ga., Ala., and Ark.
2. Magnolia tripetala L. Umbrella Magnolia. A low
tree with glabrous leaf-buds and irregular branches. Leaves
obovate, acute, cuneate at the base, 1-2 ft. long, flowers white,
slightly odorous. Wood soft and light. Penn, to Ga., Mo..
Ark., and Miss.
3. Magnolia virginiana L. Laurel Magnolia*. A tree with
pubescent leaf-buds. Leaves oval or oblong, acute at the
base, 3-6 in. long; flowers white, deliciously fragrant. In
swamps. Mass, to Penn., Fla.. Ark., and Texas.
4. Magnolia fraseri Walt. Fraser Magnolia. A tree with
spreading branches and glabrous leaf buds. Leaves clon-
gated-obovate or oblong, auriculate, J-2 ft. long; flowers white.
In mountain woods. Va. and Ky. to Fla. and Miss.
Various Magnolias are ip cultivation, the more common
one is Magnolia, soulangiana, Soulange’s Magnolia, a small tree
with large purplish-pink flowers . appearing before the leaves.
13. Liriodendron L. Tuliptree.
Trees with alternate, truncate, simple leaves, with solid,
diaphragmed pith and complete stipular rings.
Field Manual
56
Buds with connate stipules; flowers large, perianth triraer-
ous; anthers linear, extrorse; fruit aggregate, cone-like, dry.
1. Liriodendron tulipifera L. Tuliptree. A very large
magnificent, rapid-growing tree with glabrous leaf -buds. Flow¬
ers greenish-yellow, orange-colored within. Autumn leaves pure
yellow. Next to the Sycamore, probably the largest tree in
the Northeastern United States; trunk sometimes 34 feet in
cireumfercence. Wood light, soft, and straight-grained, easily
worked; heart wood light yellow or brown; sapwood thin,
nearly white. Used for interior finish, shingles, boat-build¬
ing, panels of carriages, wooden pumps, wooden ware of
various kinds, wood pulp, furniture, implements, boxes, shelv¬
ing, drawers, and for carving and toys. ' One of the best
woods for paneling. Should be extensively cultivated. Vt.
and R. I. to Fla., Mich., Ark., and Miss.
Anonaoeae. Custard-apple Family.
14. Asimina Adans. Papaw.
Trees or shrubs with alternate, 2-ranked, simple, entire,
pinnately veined, deciduous leaves and diaphragmed, solid pith.
Buds naked, silky; bark with fetid odor; perianth trimer-
ous ; carpels 3-15.
1 . Asimina triloba (L.) Dunal. Papaw. A small tree
or shrub with smooth dark bark and nodding young twigs. Flow¬
ers axillary, nodding; fruit a large, fleshy, oblong, greenish-
yellow, edible berry, which, however, does not agree with some
persons. A case of severe poisoning from eating the fruit
is recorded. In creek and rover bottoms and on hillsides.
Ont. and N. Y. to Mich., Neb., Tex., and Fla.
Lauraceae. Laurel Family.
15. Persea (Plum.) Gaertn. Bay.
Aromatic, evergreen trees or shrubs with alternate, simple,
pinnately veined, entiro leaves.
Perianth fi-parted; stamens and staminodes 12, in 4 series;
fruit a globose or oblong berry.
1. Persea borbonia (L.) Spreng. Red Bay. A tree with
dark red bark, lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate leaves, and
Trees of the Northern United States
57
puberulent or nearly glabrous leaves. Wood hard, strong,
bright red in color, and rather brittle; used for cabinet-making
and interior finish. Along streams and the border of swamps.
Del. to Fla., Ark., and Texas.
16. Sassafras Nees and Eberm. Sassafras.
Trees with entire or 3-lobed, alternate leaves with 2 prom¬
inent lateral veins, with spicy aromatic bark and unequal inter¬
nodes.
Flowers diecious; perianth 6-parted; fruit a blue drupe.
1. Sassafras sassafras (L.) Karst. Sassafras. A large
rough-barked tree, the sap of the bark and leaves mucilagin¬
ous. Autumn leaves red, yellow, and green. Wood reddish,
light and rather soft, of coarse texture, durable; used in
cooperage, for small boats, and fencing. The bark of the
roots yields a powerful, aromatic stimulant. Fruit pungent,
poisonous. Excessive doses of sassafras tea produce narcotic
poisoning. In dry or sandy soil. Me. to Ont., Mich., Iowa,
Fla., and Texas.
Order, Geraniales.
liutaceae. Rue Family
17. Zanthoxylum L. Prickly-asli.
Trees or shrubs with alternate, pinnately compound, punc¬
tate leaves and with stipular spines.
Bark acrid aromatic; flowers imperfectly diecious; fruit a
capsule with 1-2 seeds.
1. Zanthoxylum americanum Mill. Prickly-ash. A prickly
shrub or small tree with small flowers in sessile axillary cymes;
stamens 3-5; carpels 2-5, distinct, seed oblong, black and
shining. Wood soft and light brown. In woods and thickets.
Quebec to Ya., Ontario, S. Dak. and Kan.
18. Ptelea L. Hoptree.
Shrubs or small trees with alternate, trifoliate, punctate
leaves and superposed buds covered by the petiole base.
Bark bitter; flowers imperfectly monosporangiate ; stamens
4-5; fruit a samara with a membranous wing; ovulary 2-loc-
ular.
58
Field Manual
1. Ptelea trifoliata L. Hoptree. A shrub or small tree
with sunken superposed axillary buds covered by the petiole
base. Bark and flowers with a disagreeable odor. Wood light
brown, heavy, and hard. In woods. Conn, to Fla., Ont.,
Minn., Kan., and Mexico.
Siniarubaceae. Ailanthus Family.
19. Ailanthus Desf. Ailanthus.
Large trees with alternate, pinnately compound, large
leaves having green glands on the under side of the teeth at
the base of the leaflets.
Branches robust with large brown pith; flowers diecious;.
the 5 samaras linear or oblong, usually twisted.
1. Ailanthus glandulosa Desf. Tree-of-heaven. A large
tree of rapid growth with thick branches and smooth bark.
Leaves ill-scented; leaflets with green glands under the lobes
or teeth. Autumn leaves pure yellow. Wood hard and use¬
ful. ' Sprouts freely from the roots and is easily propagated
from root cuttings. A pest in pastures in some states; cows
will not eat grass near the young shoots. Water contaminated
by the leaves is poisonous. Naturalized from China. Ont.
to Mass,, Va., and Kan.
Order, Malvales.
Tiliaceae.' Linden Family.
20. Tilia (Bourn.) L. Linden.
Trees with 2-ranked, simple palmately veined, inequilat¬
eral, serrate or dentate leaves and solid pith.
Flowers bisporangiate, pentamerous, stamens numerous ; dry
drupaceous fruit in cymose clusters, the peduncle subtended by
a broad membranous bract.
1. Leaves glabrous or nearly so on both sides, except on
the veins and in their axils. 2.
1. Leaves glabrous above, pubescent beneath. T. pubes-
cens.
1. Leaves glabrous above, silvery- white beneath. T. hcte.ro-
phylla.
2. Petals with scales at the base; inflorescence without
bracts; leaves comparatively large; native. T.
amerieana.
Trees of the Northern United States
59
2. Petals without scales at the base; inflorescence with
large bracts; leaves comparatively small; cultivated.
T. exiropaea.
1. Tilia americana L. American Linden. A large
straight-trunked tree with spreading branches. Inner bark
very tough; used for mats and coarse rope. Wood soft and
very white, light and uniform in texture, not liable to crack;
called “basswood;” used for wooden-ware, cabinet-work, trunks,
panelling of carriages, in cooperage, and for toys. The bark
and wood of the other lindens are much the same. In rich
soil, on bluffs, and along river bottoms. N. B. to 6a., Mani¬
toba, Kan., and Texas.
2. Tilia pubescens Ait. Downy Linden. A small tree
growing in moist soil, mostly along the coast. A ood as in
americana but lighter in weight. Va. to Fla., west to lex.
3. Tilia heterophylla Vent. White Linden. A tree with
larger leaves than either of the preceding species. Wood
weak, light brown. N. Y. to Fla.,, Ala., Ill., and Tenn.
4. Tilia europaea L. European Linden. A large tree
much cultivated in parks. Its name, Lin, was the oiigin of
the family name of Linnaeus..
Subclass, Caivyciflorae.
Order, Rosales.
Jlonaceae. Rose Family.
Malatae. Apple Subfamily.
21. Sorbus (Tourn.) L. Mountain-ash.
Trees or shrubs with alternate, odd-pinnate leaves, ter¬
minal buds, cylindrical pith, and 3-5 bundlescars in the narrow
leaf scar.
Flowers bisporangiate; fruit a small red berry-like pome,
in compound cymes.
1. Leaflets glabrous above. 2.
1. Leaflets pubescent on both sides; calyx and pedicels
usually woolly. S. aucuparia.
2. Leaflets long-acuminate; fruit less than \ in. in diam¬
eter. S. americana.
2. Leaflets obtuse or short-pointed; fruit more than \ in.
in diameter, o. scopulina.
60
Field Manual
I. Sorbus americana Alarsh. American Mountain-ash.
A small tree with smooth bark. Bark and unripe fruit very
astringent. Wood soft, light brown. In moint ground. Much
prized for ornamental planting. Newf. to Alan., N. Car.,
and Mich.
-. Sorbus scopulina Greene. Western Mountain-ash. A
small tree with .smooth bark. In moist ground. Lab. to
Alaska, N. Eng., Ohio, Mich., and in Rocky Mts. to Colo,
and Utah.
• >. Sorbus aucuparia L. European Mountain-asli. A
small tree, native of Europe. Frequently cultivated. Fruit
poisonous to man, but eaten by some birds. N. S. to N. H.
22. Pyrus (Tourn.) L. Pear.
1 rees or shrubs with alternate, simple, pinnately-veincd,
serrate leaves with long petioles; with stipules or stipular
scars ; with terminal buds, cylindrical pith, and fruit a pome
with grit cells.
Flowers bisporangiate with a fleshy hypanthium united
with the ovulary ; pentamerous ; stamens numerous.
1. Pyrus communis L. Pear. A pyramidal usually slen¬
der tree, often with thorn-like stunted branches. Bark smooth.
Wood hard, fine-grained, reddish-brown. Cultivated for its
large fleshy fruit. Native of Europe and Asia. Me. to N. .T.
and Ohio.
23. Malus Mill. Apple, Crab-apple.
Trees or shrubs with alternate, simple, pinnately-veined,
dentate, serrate or more or less lobed leaves, with stipules or
stipular scars; with terminal buds, cylindrical pith, and fruit
a pome without grit cells.
Flowers bisporangiate with a fleshy hypanthium united
with the ovulary, pentamerous, stamens numerous.
1. Leaves glabrous, at least when mature. 2.
L Leaves persistently pubescent or tomentose beneath. 3.
2. Leaves oblong, oval, or lanceolate, narrowed at the
base. M. coronaria.
2. Leaves ovate, rounded or cordate at the base, often
somewhat lobed. M. glaucescens.
Trees of the Northern United States
61
2. Leaves ovate, acute or acuminate at the apex and
acute at the base, on slender petioles; finely and
nearly evenly serrate. M. baccata.
3. Leaves mostly narrowed at the base; pome 1-2 in. in
diameter. M . ioensis.
3. Leaves rounded or eordate at the base; pome usually
large, 2-4 in. in diameter. M. malm.
1. Malus coronaria (L) Mill. Narrow-leaf Crab-apple.
A small tree usually with thorn-like stunted branches or
spurs. Leaves oblong, oblong-lanceolate, or oval, thick, shin¬
ing above, sometimes pubescent beneath when young, dentate
or often entire. Wood hard, reddish-brown. On low ground.
N. J. to Ill., Kan., Fla., and La.
2. Malus baccata (L.) Borck. Siberian Crab-apple. A
small spreading tree with compact crown. Pedicles very slen¬
der ; fruit small, not becoming mellow. Cultivated.
3. Malus glaucescens Relid. Fragrant Crab-apple. A
small tree with hard and sour fruit suitable for preserving.
Leaves ovate, to triangular-ovate, sparingly pubescent beneath
when young, sharply serrate and often somewhat lobed. Wood
soft and reddish-brown. On low ground. Ont. to Mich.,
S. Car., Iowa, and Mo.
4. Malus ioensis (Wood) Britt. Iowa Crab-apple. A
small tree much resembling M. glaucesscens. Leaves ovate,
oval, or oblong, dentate, crenate or with a few rounded lobes,
white pubescent beneath, at length glabrous above. Minn.,
Wis., and Ill. to Neb., Ky„ La., and Okla.
5. Malus malus (L.) Britt. Common Apple. A medium¬
sized tree with spreading branches. Leaves ovate or oval,
glabrous or nearly so above, pubescent and often woolly be¬
neath. Fruit large, varioufe. Introduced from Europe and
escaped in many places. The seeds are poisonous. Me. to
N. Y., N. J., Ohio, and Ga.
24. Cydonia Tourn. Quince.
Shrubs or low small trees, our cultivated species with
alternate, simple, pinnately veined, entire, deciduous leaves
with stipules or stipular scars; cylindrical pith, and with fruit
a pome containing many seeds in each cavity.
(32
Field Manual
Flowers bisporangiate, perianth pentamerous, pome fleshy.
1. Cydonia cyddnia (L.) Karst. Quince. A low tree
with crooked stem and rambling branches. Cultivated for the
large sour fleshy fruit.
25. Amelanchier Medic. Juneberry.
Shrubs or small trees with alternate, simple, serrate, pin-
nately-veined leaves ; with 3 bundle scars, terminal bud, a
narrow leaf sear, and fruit a berry-like pome.
Flower bisporangiate, perianth pentamerous, pome small
with twice the number of cavities as styles.
1. Leaves acute or acuminate at the apex; top of the
ovulary glabrous or nearly so. 2.
1. Leaves rounded, obtuse or subacute at the apex; top
of the ovulary woolly; petals J-f in. long. A. san¬
guined.
2. Leaves glabrous when mature, but pubescent or woolly
when young, ovate to ovate-lanceolate; base cordate
or rounded. A canadensis.
2. Leaves densely white-woolly beneath, at least when
young, oblong to obovate, rarely sub-cordate at the
base. A. intermedia.
1. Amelanchier canadensis (L.) Med. Common June¬
berry. A medium-sized tree with a small, red or purple,
sweet and edible, berry-like pome. Wood very hard, brown.
In dry soil. Nova Scotia to Ont., Fla., La,, and Ark.
2. Amelanchier intermedia Spach. Swamp Juneberry.
A shrub or small tree growing in swamps and moist soil.
Variable. N. Eng. to Ont., Fla., and La.
3. Amelanchier sanguinea (Pursh) DC. Roundleaf June¬
berry. A tall shrub or small tree growing in woods and
thickets. N. B. to Minn., N. C., and Mich.
26. Crataegus L. Hawthorn.
Small trees or shrubs with simple, serrate or lobed leaves,
with stipules or stipular scars, and usually with t.ypiical axil¬
lary thorns, but without terminal thorns.
Flowers bisporangiate, perianth pentamerous, stamens 5-25 ;
pome drupe-like with bony ripe carpels.
The species of Crataegus are at present in a very unsatis¬
factory condition. Probably many of those included below
Trejgs of the Northern United States
63
are merely hybrids or forms of freely interbreeding elementary
varieties. Many of the specific English nuames the also
unsatisfactory.
Required for identification, the leaves and fruit.
1. Leaves not deltoid-cordate. 2.
1. Leaves conspicuously deltoid-cordate, glabrous. (( or
datae) . 55.
2. Leaves glabrous, glabrous above and pubescent beneath,
or pubescent on both sides. 3.
2. Leaves pubescent above, glabrous beneath; thorns 1-1 in.
long; fruit black. (Douglasianae) . 54.
3 Petioles 1 in. long or longer. 4.
3. Petioles less than V4 in. long. (Parvifoliae). 53.
4. Leaves not deeply cut. 5.
4. Leaves deeply cut, lobes numerous; thorns less than 1
in. long. (Oxyacanthae.). 52.
5. Leaves broadest at the middle or apex, cuneate. 6.
5. Leaves broadest at the base. 12.
6. Leaves broadest toward the apex. 7.
6. Leaves broadest at the middle, s.
7. Leaves shining not impressed-veined above. (Crus-
galli) . 14.
7. Leaves dull, impressed-veined above. (Punctata^). 18.
S. Petioles usually glandless, or if so then the nutlets pitted
on the ventral faces. 9.
8. Petioles always with small stalked glands along their
entire length; nutlets without ventral pits. (Tntri-
catae). 30.
9 Calyx-lobes glandular-laeiniafo, glandular-serrate, or
glandular-margined. 10.
9. Calyx-lobes not glandular-margined ; leaves not im¬
pressed-veined, often trilobed towards the apex.
(Virides). 29.
10. Leaves impresSed-veined. 11.
10. Leaves not impressed-veined, elliptic ovate to orbicular:
calyx-lobes glandular-margined; leaves not trilobate
(Rotundi foliae) . 24.
11. Leaves rhombic-elliptic; calyx-lobes usually deeply cut;
nutlets deeply pitted on the ventral faces. (Maera
canthaej. 21.
64
Field Manual
11. Leaves elliptic to ovate; calyx-lobes less deeply cut; nut¬
lets with shallow pits on the ventral faces. (Brain-
erdianae). 23.
12. Leaves §-2J in. long and wide, membranous; calyx-lobes
usually entire. 13.
12. Leaves 1-4 in. long and wide; calyx-lobes usually ser¬
rate. (Coccineae). 44.
13. Leaves yellow-green often slightly pubescent; fruit soft
at maturity. (Tenuifoliae). 34.
13. Leaves blue-green, usually glabrous; fruit hard at ma¬
turity. (Pruinosae). 38.
— Crus-galli. —
14. Leaves not lobed. 15.
14. Leaves somewhat lobed. 16.
15. Leaves f-4 in. long. C. crus-galli.
15. Leaves J-2§ in. long. C. berberifolia.
16. Styles and nutlets usually 2. C. schizophylla.
16. Styles and nutlets usually 3-5. 17.
17. Lobes of the leaves irregular, obtuse ; fruit globose.
C. denaria.
17. Lobes of the leaves regular, acute; calyx-lobes serrate.
C. fecunda.
— Punctatae. —
18. Fruit ellipsoidal; nutlets usually 3 or 4. 19.
18. Fruit globose. 20.
19. Leaves bright yellow-green, slightly impressed-veined
above. C. cuneiformis.
19. Leaves dull gray-green, strongly impressed-veined above,
obovate, narrow. C. punctata.
20. Nutlets 2 or 3. C. margaretta.
20. Nutlets 4 or 5. C. suborbieulata.
— Macracanthae. —
21. Leaves dark green, glabrous and shining above, cori¬
aceous. 22.
21. Leaves gray-green, pubescent and dull above, subcori-
aceous, rhombic-ovate, lobed. C. calpodendron.
22. Fruit % in. thick or less; leaves large. C. succulenta.
22. Fruit J in. thick or less; leaves small. C. neoflv/vialis.
Tkees of the Northern United States
65
— Brainerdianae. —
23. Fruit and corymbs pubescent ; calvx-lobes sharply glan¬
dular-serrate ; leaves serrate; styles and nutlets 2 or 3.
C. pertomentosa.
23. Fruit and corymbs glabrous; calyx-lobes remotely glan¬
dular-serrate. C. oraincrdi.
— Botnndifoliae. —
24. Leaves longer than wide. 25.
24. Leaves about as wide as long. 26.
25. Leaf lobes acuminate. C. lawrentiana.
25. Leaf lobes acute. C. lucorum.
26. Leaf-lobes acuminate. C. irrasa.
26. Leaf -lobes acute or obtuse. 27.
27. Calyx-tube prominent; fruit subglobose. C. macauleyae.
27. Calyx-tube obscure. 28.
28. Leaves acutely lobed toward the apex ; calyx-lobes
glandular-laciniate. C. bicknellii.
28. Leaves not acutely lobed ; calyx-lobes glandular-mar-
- gined only; fruit globose, red, round in cross-section.
C. chrysocarpa.
— - Virides. —
29. Leaves ovate; lobes shallow; fruit yellow-red. C. ovata.
29. Leaves oblong-ovate, lobes deep; fruit bright red, glau¬
cous. C. viridis ,
— Intricatae. — • *
30. Foliage and fruit pubescent; corymbs villous. 31.
30. Foliage, fruit, and corymbs glabrous. • 32.
31. Fruit globose, greenish to reddish-brown. C. intricata.
31. Fruit ellipsoid or pyriform, yellow. C. stonei.
32. Leaves cordate, lobed. C. popuUfolia.
32. Leaves euneate, lobed. 33.
33. Leaves elliptic-ovate ; fruit pyriform-ellipsoid. C. stra-
minea.
33. Leaves ovate to oval ; fruit globose or subglobose, red¬
dish-green to reddish-brown. C. boyntoni,
— Tenuifoliae. —
34. Fruit ellipsoid, ovoid, or pyriform; calyx-lobes entire. 35.
34. Fruit compressed-globose or subglobose. 36.
35. Leaves much lobed; fruit small, %-% in. thick, with
rather firm flesh. C. roanensix.
66
Field Manual
35. Leaves not conspicuously lobed; fruit large, in. thick,
with soft flesh. C. macrosperma.
36. Lobes of the leaves reflexed. C. g.rayana.
36. Leaf-lobes spreading or ascending. 37.
37. Terminal leaves cuneate. C. alnorum.
37. Terminal leaves cordate. C. populnea.
— Pruinosae.—
38. Leaves elliptic-ovate. C. jesupi.
38. Leaves ovate. 39.
39. Leaves usually cordate. 40.
39. Leaves usually cuneate. 41.
40. Fruit conspicuously angled, strongly pruinose. C. rugosa.
40. Fruit not conspicuously angled, only slightly pruinose.
C. filipes.
41. Lobes of the leaves deep, acuminate. C. leiopliylla.
41. Lobes of the leaves shallow, acute. 42.
42. Fruit without conspicuous angles. C. beata.
42. Fruit conspicuously angled. 43.
43. Leaves deltoid. C. gattingeri.
43. Leaves ovate. C. pruinosa.
— Coocineae. —
44. Mature leaves usually glabrous above; young foliage
bronze-green. 45.
44. Mature leaves tomentose above; young foliage yellow-
green. 50.
45. Leaves oblong-ovate. 46.
45. Leaves broadly ovate. 47.
46. Corymbs nearly glabrous. C. villipes.
46. Corymbs very pubescent. C. anomala.
47. Corymbs and fruit glabrous. C. coccinioides.
47. Corymbs and fruit pubescent or tomentose. 48.
48. Leaves on the vegetative shoots cuneate. 49.
48. Leaves on the vegetative shoots cordate. C. albicans.
49. Leaves concave, 11-3 in. long, ll-2f in. wide. C. pringlei.
49. Leaves plane, 1-1-4 in. long, 11-3J in. wide. C. coooinea.
50. Leaves on the vegetative shoots cuneate at the base. 51.
50. Leaves on the vegetative shoots cordate. C. mollis.
51. Lobes of the leaves broad, shallow, acuminate. C. ar
noldiana.
Trees of the Northern United States
67
51. Lobes narrow, deep, and acute; fruit ellipsoid-pyriform.
C. submollis.
— Oxyacanthae. —
52. Leaves ovate, 3-15-lobed or cleft. C. monogyna.
— - Parvifoliae. —
53. Leaves small, subcoriaceous, corymbs 1-3-flowered. C.
uniflora.
— Douglasianae. —
54. Leaves subcoriaceous, petioles J-f in. long. C. douglasii.
— Cordatae. —
55. Leaves often conspicuously 3-5-lobed, petioles $-2 in.
long. C. vhaenopyrum.
1. Crataegus crus-galli L. Cockspur Hawthorn. A small
tree with spreading branches and numerous slender thorns.
Leaves coriaceous, shining above, sharply serrate. Fruit
ellipsoid-ovoid to subglobose, grenish to red, flesh hard, re¬
maining on the branches until late in the winter. The best
hawthorn for hedges. N. Y. to Ont., south to Conn., Ga.,
and Kan.
2. Crataegus berberifolia T. & G. Barberry-leaf Haw¬
thorn. A small tree with spreading branches and a broad
crown, with few thorns. Leaves oblong-cuneiform, spatulate,
or obovate, rough-pubescent above, white-pubescent or tomen-
tose beneath. Fruit subglobose to short-ellipsoid, yellow,
orange, or red. Ky. to Mo. and the Gulf States.
3. Crataegus schizophylla Eggl. Martha’s Vineyard Haw¬
thorn. A small tree with irregular ascending branches and
numerous thorns. Leaves oblong-ovate to ovate, coarsely ser¬
rate with short acute lobes toward the apex, glabrous, slightly
impressed-veined. Fruit pyriform-ellipsoid, dark red; nutlets
ribbed on the back. Mass.
4. Crataegus denaria Beadle. Palmer’s Hawthorn. A
small tree with spreading branches and a round-topped crown.
Leaves oval, ovate, or oblong-ovate, often slightly lobed to¬
wards the apex. Fruit globose or subglobose, reddish-green or
light red. In low rich soil. Ky. to Mo. and Miss.
5. Crataegus fecunda Sarg. Fruitful Hawthorn. A small
tree with spreading branches and numerous thorns. Leaves
Fiei.d Manuai,
6S
oblong-obovate to oval. Fruit short-ellipsoid to subglobose,
orange-red, slightly pubescent. Rich bottom lands. Ill. and
Mo.
6. Crataegus cuneiformis (Marsh.) Eggl. Marshall’s Haw¬
thorn. A small tree with widely spreading branches, dark
brown scaly bark, and numerous, often branched thorns.
Leaves oblanceolate-obovate. Fruit ellipsoid-pyriform, scarlet
or dark red. N. Y. and Pa. to Ya. and Ill.
7. Crataegus punctata Jacq. Dotted Hawthorn. A small
flat-topped tree with horizontal or ascending branches and
light gray thorns. Leaves obovate, serrate, doubly serrate,
or lobed at the apex. ' Fruit short-ellipsoid, yellow or red,
somewhat edible. Quebec to Pa., Minn., Iowa, and Ky.
8. Crataegus margaretta Ashe. Margaret’s Hawthorn.
A shrub or small tree with ascending branches forming a
round crown. Leaves oblong-obovate to ovate, serrate or
doubly serrate, usually somewhat lobed. Fruit dull rusty
green, yellow, or red, compressed globose to short ellipsoid,
angular. Ont. to Iowa, Mo., Tenn., and Ya.
9. Crataegus suborbiculata Sarg. Caughuawaga Haw¬
thorn. A small tree with spreading branches and a broad
crown. Leaves ovate-orbicular, serrate or doubly serrate.
Fruit globose or compressed-globose, dull green to scarlet. In
limestone areas. Montreal to Mich.
10. Crataegus succulenta Schrad. Longthorn Hawthorn.
A small tree with ascending branches forming a broad irregu¬
lar crown, and with numerous bright, brown thorns. Leaves
rhombic-ovate to obovate, doubly serrate and usually somewhat
lobed toward the apex. Fruit subglobose, dark red. N. S. to
Minn., N. C., Neb., and Col.
11. Crataegus neofluvialis Ashe. New River Hawthorn.
A small tree with ascending and spreading branches, and
numerous thorns. Leaves elliptic-ovate to obovate, doubly ser¬
rate and somewhat lobed towards the apex, coriaceous, dark
green and shining above. Fruit globose or short-ellipsoid,
dark red. Vt. to Wis., N. C., and Iowa.
12. Crataegus calpodendron (Ehrh.) Medic. Pear Haw¬
thorn. A shrub or small tree with ascending and spreading
branches forming a broad crown, with stout thorns and tomen-
tose twigs. Leaves rhombic-ovate, acute or acuminate at the
Trees of the Northern United States
69
apex, ' doubly serrate. Fruit pyriform or ellipsoid, orange-
red or red. N. Y. and N. J. to Minn, and Mo.
13. Crataegus pertomentosa Ashe. Prairie Hawthorn. A
small tree with nearly horizontal branches forming a flattened
crown and with numerous curved thorns. Leaves oblong to
obovate, finely doubly serrate or lobed. Fruit globular or
nearly so, clierry-red, villous when young. Rocky soil. Iowa,
Mo., and Kan.
14. Crataegus brainerdi Sarg. Brainerd’s Hawthorn. A
shrub or small tree with ascending branches. Leaves elliptic
to ovate, finely doubly serrate or lobed. Fruit short-ellipsoid
to globose, cherrv-red to scarlet. N. Eng. to Iowa and Pa.
15. Crataegus laurentiana Sarg. Fernald’s Hawthorn. A
large, much-branched shrub or small tree with long thorns.
Leaves oblong to oblong-ovate, sharply douDiy serrate or lobed.
Fruit ellipsoid, dark crimson. Newf., N. S., Quebec, Me., and
shores of Lake Superior.
16. Crataegus lucorum Sarg. Grove Hawthorn. A shrub
or small tree with ascending branches. Leaves oblong-ovate
to broadly ovate, doubly serrate or lobed. Fruit pyriform —
ellipsoid, crimson. 111. and Wis.
17. Crataegus irrasa Sarg. Blanchard’s Hawthorn. A
shrub or small tree with numerous spines. Leaves ovate to
elliptic, doubly serrate or lobed. Fruit subglobose to short-
ellipsoid, red or scarlet, somewhat pubescent. Quebec to Vt.
and N. Y.
18. Crataegus macauleyae Sarg. Macauley’s Hawthorn.
A small round-topped tree with somewhat pendulous branches.
Leaves ovate to oval, doubly serrate or lobed. Fruit sub-
globose to short-ellipsoid, dark crimson. N. Y.
19. Crataegus bicknelli Eggl. Bicknell’s Hawthorn. A
round-topped shrubby tree with numerous stout thorns.' Leaves
ovate or oblong-ovate, sharply doubly serrate and lobed. Fruit-
globose, red. Mass.
20. Crataegus chrysocarpa Ashe. Roundleaf Hawthorn.
A beautiful, round-topped shrub or small tree with numerous
thorns. Loaves ovate-orbicular or obovate, doubly serrate
or lobed, shining above. Fruit depressed-globose to short-
ovoid, red. N. S. and N. B. to Saskatch., south to N. C.,
Neb., and N. M.
70
Field Manual
21. Crataegus ovata Sarg. Ovate-leaf Hawthorn. A tree
with yellow scaly bark. Leaves ovate-elliptic or obovate,
coarsely serrate or doubly serrate, often somewhat lobed to¬
wards the apex, dark green and shining above. Fruit globose
or compressed-globose, yellow to orange-red. River bottoms.
Ivy. and Mo.
22. Crataegus vlridis L. Green Hawthorn. A tree with
ascending branches and a broad crown, often without thorns.
Leaves oblong ovate, serrate or doubly serrate, often lobed
toward the apex, dark green and shining above. Fruit globose
or compressed-globose, bright red or orange, glaucous. Allu¬
vial soil. Va. to Fla., Ind., Ill., Kan., and Texas.
23. Crataegus intricata Lange. Biltmore Hawthorn. An
irregularly branched shrub or small tree with few thorns.
Leaves elliptic-ovate to broadly ovate, doubly serrate or lobed.
rough-pubescent. Fruit short-ellipsoid to globose, greenish,
yellow of becoming dark reddish-brown, somewhat pubescent.
Open rocky woods. N. Eng. and N. Y., south to S. Car.
and Mo.
24. Crataegus stonei Sarg. Stone's Hawthorn. A much-
branched shrub or small tree with prominent thorns. Leaves
oblong to oblong-ovate, doubly serrate or lobed. Fruit pyri¬
form to short-ellipsoid, light yellow or yellow-green tinged
with red. Rocky soil. Mass., Conn., and N. Y.
25. Crataegus populifolia Walt. Poplar-leaf Hawthorn.
A shrub or small tree with ascending and spreading branches
forming a round crown. Leaves deltoid-ovate or oblong-ovate,
serrate or doubly serrate with aeute lobes. Fruit globose,
light red, without angles. Ya. to S. C.
26. Crataegus straminea Beadle. Alleghany Hawthorn.
An irregularly branched shrub or small tree with occasional
thorns. Leaves elliptic-ovate, doubly serate or lobed. Fruit
pyriform to ellipsoid, angular, yellow-green. Rocky hills. Vt.
to Mich., south to Del., Ala., and Mo.
27. Crataegus boyntoni Beadle. Boynton’s Hawthorn. A
round-topped, irregularly branched shrub or small tree with
occasional thorns. Leaves oval to ovate, doubly serrate or
slightly lobed. Fruit subglobose, orange-red or red-brown.
Shaly soil. Mass, to Mich., south to S. C, and Tenn.
Trees of the Northern United States
71
28. Crataegus roanensis Ashe. Roan Mountain Hawthorn.
A shrub or small tree with ascending branches and numerous
curved thorns. Leaves ovate or oblong-ovate, serrate with
acute straight lobes. Fruit ellipsoid, ovoid, or pyriform,
crimson. Quebec to Wis., N. C., and Tenn.
29. Crataegus macrosperma Ashe. Variable Hawthorn.
A shrub or small tree with ascending branches and numerous
thorns. ' Leaves elliptic-ovate to broadly ovate, doubly ser¬
rate and somewhat lobed. Fruit ellipsoid or pyriform, scarlet
to crimson, often glaucous. N. S. and Me. to Minn., N. C.,
and Tenn.
30. Crataegus grayana Eggl. Gray's Hawthorn. A large
shrub or small tree with ascending branches. Leaves ovate,
doubly serrate with 4-6 pairs of acuminate lobes. Fruit sub-
globose to short ellipsoid, angular, dark cherry-red. N. Eng.
to Ont. and N. Y.
31. Crataegus alnorum Sarg. Edson’s Hawthorn. A broad
shrub or small tree with ascending branches. Leaves ovate,
serrate or doubly serrate with acute lobes. Fruit subglobose,
slightly angular, dark cherry-red. N. Eng. to Mich, and Pa.
32. Crataegus populnea Ashe. Gruber’s Hawthorn. A
shrub or small tree with flattened round crown. Leaves broadly
ovate to elliptic-ovate, slightly villous, serrate or doubly ser¬
rate, sometimes lobed. Fruit glabrous, short-ellipsoid scar¬
let. Low ground. Ont. to Pa. and Del.
33. Crataegus jesupi Sarg. Jesup’s Hawthorn. A large
shrub or small tree with ascending branches. Leaves elliptic-
ovate, serrate or doubly serrate wdth 4 to 5 pairs of acute
lobes. Fruit short-ellipsoid to pyriform, slightly angled, dark
red. Vt. to Wis. south to Pa.
34. Crataegus rugosa Ashe. Rugose Hawthorn. A shrub
or small tree with ascending "branches. Leaves broadly ovate,
serrate or doubly serrate with 4-6 pairs of broad acuminate
lobes, glabrous. Fruit depressed-globose, bright red. Conn,
to Pa., Ind., and N. C.
35. Crataegus fllipes Ashe. Beckwith’s Hawthorn. A
shrub or small tree with ascending branches and numerous
thorns. Leaves ovate, serrate or twice serrate and lobed,
glabrous. Fruit globose or compressed-globose, cherry-red.
Western N. Eng. to Mich, south to Pa.
72
Field Manual
36. Crataegus leiophylla Sarg. Maine’s Hawthorn. A
large shrub or small tree with erect branches and numerous
thorns. ' Leaves broadly ovate, doubly serrate, with 3-5 pairs
of acuminate spreading lobes, dull. Fruit pyriform to globose,
slightly angular, bright or dark scarlet. N. Y. to Pa.
37. Crataegus beata Sarg. Dunbar’s Hawthorn. A shrub
or small tree with ascending or erect branches. Leaves ovate,
doubly serrate with acute lobes, dull. Fruit short ellipsoid,
slightly angular, crimson. Ont. to Pa.
38. Crataegus gattingeri Ashe. Gattinger’s Hawthorn. A
shrub or small tree with ascending branches forming an ir¬
regular crown, and with numerous thorns. Leaves narrowly
ovate to deltoid, serrate or doubly serrate, lobed toward the
apex, glabrous, dark green above. Fruit globose, angular,
red. Pa. to Ind., south to W. Ya. and Tenn.
39. Crataegus pruinosa ( Wendl.) Koch. Waxy-fruited
Hawthorn. A shrub or small tree with ascending branches,
irregular crown, and numerous slender thorns. Leaves elliptic-
ovate to broadly ovate, doubly serrate with 3 or 4 pairs of
broad acute lobes toward the. apex, glabrous. Fruit depressed-
globose or short-ellipsoid, strongly angled, pruinose, scarlet
or purple. Rocky open woods. N. Eng. to Mich., N. ‘ C.
and Mo.
40. Crataegus villipes Ashe. Thinleaf Hawthorn. A tree
with strongly ascending branches. Leaves elliptic-ovate, ser¬
rate or doubly serrate with 4-6 pairs of acute or acuminate
lobes, pubescent or scabrous. Fruit pyriform or ellipsoid, crim¬
son. Maine to Quebec to Mich., south in the mountains
to N. C.
41. Crataegus anomala Sarg. Oblong-leaf Hawthorn. A
shrubby tree with numerous thorns. Leaves oblong to ovate,
serrate or doubly serrate with acute lobes. Fruit pyriform-
ellipsoid, crimson. Quebec to Mass, and N. Y.
42. Crataegus coccinioides Ashe. Eggert’s Hawthorne. A
shrub or small tree with spreading branches. Leaves broadly
ovate, doubly serrate, dark green above. Fruit sub-globose,
obtusely angled. ' Quebec to R. I., west to Mo. and Kan.
43. Crataegus pringlei Sarg. Pringle’s Hawthorn. A
small tree with ascending branches. Leaves ovate to oval,
doubly serrate, with shallow lobes. Fruit short-ellipsoid to
Thicks ok 'i'li io North win I/nitko Htatich
73
pyri form, pubescent, red. Western N. Fn g. Io III., Houtli to Pa.
44. Crataegus coccinea L. Sour let Hawthorn. A himu.I1
tree with ascending arid spreading hranelicH and stout short
thorns. Leaves broadly ovate, acute or acuminate at the apex,
broadly cuneate or truncate at the base, doubly serrate or
lobed, somewhat scabrous. Fruit pyriform to short ellipsoid,
red, somewhat edible. Of cunsiderahle decorative value. Conn,
to Out., 111., Del. and Pa.
45. Crataegus albicans Ashe. Tatnall’s Hawthorn. A
shrub or small tree with spreading branches. Leaves broadly
ovate to oblong-ovate, doubly serrate or lobed. Fruit sub-
globose or somewhat pyriform, dark red. Western N. Mug.
to Mich., south to Del. and Term.
4(i. Crataegus arnoldiana Sarg. Arnold’s Hawthorn. A
small tree with ascending branches, forming a broad crown,
and numerous long thorns. Leaves broadly ovate to oval, ser¬
rate or doubly serrate with broad shallow lobes, tomentose or
scabrous above. Fruit globose or subglobose, bright crimson,
slightly pubescent; flesh thick, juicy, and edible. Muss, and
Conn.
47. Crataegus submbllis Sarg. Emerson's Hawthorn. A
small tree with spreading branches, forming a broad symmet¬
rical crown, and with numerous thorns. Leaves ovate, doubly
serrate find acutely lobed, tomentose, becoming scabrate. Fruit
short ellipsoid to pyriform, orange-red, slightly tomentose,
edible. ' Quebec to Mass, and N. V.
4x. Crataegus mollis & <>.) Seheele. Downy I law
thorn. A tree with spreading branches and densely pubescent
twigs, forming a broad-topped crown. Leaves broadly ovate,
doubly serrate with narrow acute lobes, densely tomentose.
Fruit short-ellipsoid to subglobose, scarlet, edible. Out. to
S. Dak., Term., and Ark.
49. Crataegus monogyna .(aeip Fuglish Hawthorn. A
shrub or tree with ascending branches and numerous thorns.
Leaves ovate, sharply 5 15 lobed or cleft, dark green and glab¬
rous above when mature. Fruit globose or subglobose, red.
Native of Europe. Sparingly escaped in the eastern states.
50. Crataegus uniflbra Mueneh. Dwarf Hawthorn. An
irregular shrub or small tree with numerous, slender, straight,
74
Field Manual
thorns. Leaves obovate to spatulate, crenate or crenate-ser-
rate, shining above. Corymbs 1-3 flowered. Fruit ellipsoid,
pyriform or globose, greenish-yellow or red. In sandy soil.
N. Y. to Fla., west to W. Va., Mo., and Tex.
51. Crataegus douglasii Lindl. Douglas’ Hawthorn. A
shrftb or tree with dark brown scaly bark and short thorns.
Leaves ovate to obovate, doubly serrate and lobed, dark green
and pubescent above. Fruit short-ellipsoid, dark purple; flesh
soft, sweet. From. Mich, northwestward.
52. Crataegus phaenopyrum (L.f.) Medic. Washington
Hawthorn. A shrub or small tree with strongly ascending
branches and numerous thorns. Leaves ovate-triangular, simply
or doubly serrate, often 3-5 lobed, bright green and glabrous
above. Fruit depressed-globose, scarlet. Moist rich ground.
A very desirable species for cultivation. Va. to Ga., Ill., and
Ark. ' Naturalized northward to N. J., Pa., and Ohio.
Amygdalatae. Peach Subfamily.
27. Prunus (Tourn.) L. Apricot, Plum, Cherry.
Shrubs or trees with alternate,, simple, serrate, pinnately-
veined leaves, with disk-like or tooth-like glands on the petiole;
with stipules or stipular scars, cylindrical pith, twigs some
shade of brown, and with the fruit a drupe.
Terminal bud present or self-pruned ; perianth pentamer-
ous; carpel 1, hypanthium deciduous; drupe mostly edible.
1. Terminal bud usually present; leaves eonduplicate in
vernation; stone globose, little or not at all flattened;
inflorescence racemose, corymbose, or umbellate. 2.
1. Terminal bud self -pruned; leaves convolute in vernation;
stone of the drupe compressed; inflorescence umbel¬
late or with only 1 or 2 flowers. 7.
2. Petioles usually not over ^ in. long; leaves ovate, ab¬
ruptly acute at the apex; flowers corymbose, terminat¬
ing twigs of the season. P. mahaleb. ,
2. Petioles usually an inch or more long, or if not, the
leaves not ovate; flowers in umbellate or somewhat
corymbose clusters, or in racemes. 3.
3. Flowers in umbellate or corymbose clusters. 4.
3. Flowers in racemes. 6.
Trees of the Northern United States
75
4. Leaves glabrous or nearly so. 5.
4. Leaves pubescent beneath, at least on the veins, with
prominent hairs; inflorescence umbellate; drupe sweet.
P. avium.
5. Leaves ovate-lanceolate to lanceolte; inflorescence more
or less corymbose; drupe with thin sour flesh. P.
pennsylvanica.
5. Leaves ovate to ovate-lanceolate; inflorescence umbellate,
drupe with thick sour flesh. P. cerasus.
6. Leaves oval-lanceolate to ovate, acuminate or acute;
glands on the petiole usually elongated and tooth-like;
bark black; drupe dark-purple or black, sweet. P.
virginiana.
6. Leaves obovate to oval, abruptly acute or acuminate;
glands on the petiole usually rounded or disk-like;
bark gray; drupe red or purple, astringent. P. n ana.
7. Leaves abruptly acuminate, petiole much less than J as
long as the blade. ' 8.
7. Leaves abruptly long-acute or acuminate, ovate to round-
ovate ; petiole J as long as the blade ; flowers solitary
or in twos; fruit velvety. P. armeniaca.
7. Leaves acute or obtusish, or gradually acuminate. 10.
8. Leaves mostly broad and thick, somewhat pubescent or
roughish beneath; calyx lobes pubescent or glabrous
within. 9.
8. Leaves mostly narrow and peach-like, firm and more or
less shining, glabrous; calyx lobes pubescent on both
sides. P. hortulana.
9. Calyx-lobes entire, pubescent within; fruit globose; flow¬
ers white. P. americana.
9. Calyx lobes glandular-serrate, glabrous within; fruit
subglobose or oval; .flowers white, turning pink. P.
nigra.
10. Leaves glabrous when mature, acute or acuminate. 11.
10. Leaves pubescent beneath, not pointed or only slightly
so, ovate or obovate. P. domestica.
11. Leaves lanceolate; drupe red with little or no bloom.
P. angustifoMa.
11. Leaves ovate, drupe dark purple, with a bloom. P. alle-
ghan.ien.ns.
70
Field Manual
Cherries.
1. Prunus virginiana L. Black Cherry. A large tree
with rough, black, flaky bark; drupe globose, dark-purple or
black, sweet but slightly astringent. Leaves oval, oval-lanceo¬
late, or ovate, acuminate or acute, serrate with appressed
teeth. Leaves very poisonous to cattle, especially when half-
wilted. Kernels very poisonous. ' Wood rather heavy, hard,
strong, of fine texture, of a brown or reddish color; much
used in cabinet-work and interior finish, especially in cars and
boats, also used in turnery. Self-prunes twigs by means of
cleavage planes in basal joints. Ont. to Fla., N. Dak., Kan.,
Tex., and Ohio.
2. Prunus nana Du Roi. Choke Cherry. A shrub or
small tree with gray bark. Leaves obovate or broadly oval,
abruptly acute or acuminate at the apex, rounded at the base,
serrulate with slender teeth, glabrous or nearly so. Drupe
red to nearly black, sometimes yellow, very astringent, not
edible. Leaves poisonous; kernels probably poisonous. Self¬
prunes leafy fruiting branches. Along river banks and in
rocky places. Newf. to Man., Br. Col., Ga., Neb., Texas,
Colo., and Ohio.
3. Prunus mahaleb L. Mahaleb Cherry. A small tree
with pale smooth bark. Leaves ovate, abruptly acute at the
apex, rounded or slightly cordate at the base, denticulate,
glabrous, fragrant. Drupes with thin flesh and slightly flat¬
tened stone. From Europe. Conn, to Ont., N. Y. to Ohio
and Kan.
4. Prunus Pennsylvania L. f. Red Cherry. A small
tree with sour globose, red drupes. Leaves oval or lanceo¬
late, acute 'or acuminate, mainly rounded at the base, glabrous,
serrulate. Leaves poisonous; kernels probably poisonous. In
rocky woods. Newf. to Ga., west to Rocky Mts.
5. Prunus avium L. Sweet Cherry. A medium-sized
tree with globose, black or dark red, sweet, edible drupes.
Leaves ovate, oval, or slightly obovate, abruptly short-ac"-
minate, irregularly serrate. Native of Europe. Ont. to
Mass., Ohio and Va.
6. Prunus cerasus L. Sour Cherry. A small tree with
globose, red or reddish-black, sour, edible drupes. Leaves
ovate or ovate-lanceolate, abruptly acute or acuminate, rounded
Trees of the Northern United States
77
at the base, very resinous when young. Self-prunes the fruit¬
ing branchlets. Native of Europe. N. H. and Mass, to
N. Y. and Ohio.
Plums and Apricot.
7. Primus armeniaca L. Apricot. A small round-topped
tree with reddish bark. Drupe nearly smooth, short stalked,
yellow, edible. Cultivated.
8. Prunus americana Marsh. Wild Plum. A shrub or
small tree with stunted thorn-like branches and thick black
bark. Leaves ovate, or obovate sharply and often doubly ser¬
rate, rounded at the base, slender-petioled. Drupe with a
tough skin, globose, red or yellowish, edible. Often used as
a stock on which to graft domestic plums. Wood hard, red¬
dish in color. N. Y. to Mont., Fla., Colo., and Ohio.
9. Prunus nigra Ait. Canada Plum. A tree with thin
bark. Leaves oval, ovate, or obovate, long-acuminate, crenu-
late-serrate ; drupe oval, orange-red, thick-skinned, with little
or no bloom. Petals pink in age. Newf. to Man., Mass, and
Wis.
10. Prunus hortulana Bail. Wild-goose Plum. A small
tree with spreading branches and thin bark. ' Leaves ovate-
lanceolate to ovate, 'long-acuminate, closely glandular-serrate.
Drupe bright red and thin-skinned, edible. Ill. to Kan.,
Tenn., and Texas.
11. Prunus angustifolia Marsh. Chickasaw Plum. A
small tree with thorn-like stunted branches. Loaves acute,
serrulate, often rounded at the base. Drupe globose, red, and
edible. In dry soil. N. .1. to Fla., west to Rocky Mts.
12. Prunus domestira L. Common Garden Plum. A small
tree with about 100 cultivated varieties. Drupe of various
colors, covered with a thick glaucous bloom.
111. Prunus alleghaniensis Port. Alleghany Plum. A low
shrub or small tree, seldom thorny. Leaves acute or acuminate,
finely serrate, rounded at the base. Drupe pleasantly acid,
globose-ovoid, with a conspicuous bloom. Penn.
28. Amygdalus L. Peach.
Trees or shrubs with alternate, simple, serrate, pinnately-
veined leaves with 2-4 disk-like glands at the edge of the
Field Manual
78
base of the blade, with terminal bud, stipular sears or stipules,
reddish or greenish twigs, and velvety drupe.
Perianth pentamerous, carpel 1, hypanthium deciduous;
drupe mostly edible with a deeply pitted stone.
1. Amygdalus persica L. Peach. A small tree with
beautiful pink or white flowers and a large edible drupe.
Leaves with prominent nectar glands on the petiole or at the
base of the blade. ' Leaves and kernels bitter, poisonous.
Native of Asia; abundantly escaped. N. Y. to Fla. and Kan.
Fabadeae. Pea Family.
4 Cassiatae. Senna Subfamily.
29. Cercis L. Redbud.
Trees or shrubs with 2-ranked, entire, palmately veined
leaves.
Flowers zygomorphic in short lateral fascicles; stamens
10, distinct; fruit a hat bean.
1. Cercis canadensis L. Redbud. A small tree with
bright red-purple flowers before the leaves; fine for orna¬
mental purposes. Wood hard and heavy, beautifully varie¬
gated. In rich soil. Easily cultivated. Ont. and N. Y. to
Iowa, Neb., N. J., Fla., and Texas.
30. Gleditsia L. Honey-locust.
Trees with alternate, evenly pinnate or bipinnate leaves,
superposed buds beneath the petiole base, and usually with
branched axillary thorns
Flowers small, greenish, imperfectly monosporangiate and
diecious; fruit a bean.
1. Pod linear-oblong, many seeded, pulpy within; leaflets
short -stalked, oblong-lanceolate or oval, obtuse at
both ends, inequilateral at the base. G. triacanthos.
1. Pod obliquely oval, 1-seeded, not pulpy; leaflets thicker,
darker green, usually larger, ovate-lanceolate or lan¬
ceolate, the margin more crenulate. G. aquatica.
1. Gleditsia triacanthos L. Honey-locust. A large tree
of rapid growth, usually with stout branching or simple thorns
and with rough bark, the catkin-like racemes often appearing
Trees op the Northern United States
79
on the main trunk and larger branches. Used as a hedge
plant. Autumn leaves pure yellow. Wood heavy, hard, strong
and tough; used for fencing, fuel and wagon hubs. Sprouts
freely from the roots if disturbed by plowing. Grows well
in dry or sandy soil. Ont. and N. Y. to S. Dak., Ga., Kan.,
and Texas.
2. Gleditsia aquatica Marsh. Water Honey-locust. A
tree growing in swamps. Thorns usually little branched.
Wood very hard and bright reddish-brown. Ind. to Mo., S.
Car., Fla., and Texas.
31. Gymnocladus Lam. Coffee-bean.
Trees with alternate, evenly bipinnate leaves, sunken super¬
posed axillary buds, and large cholocate-colored pith.
Flowers greenish, diecious, both types with vestiges of
the opposite sporophylls; fruit a woody bean.
1. Gymnocladus dioica (L.) Koch. Coffee-bean. A
large-, slow-growing tree with rough bark and few branches.
Bean short and thick, the greenish pulp within poisonous.
The bruised leaves are used as a fly poison, and the seeds
have been used as a substitute for coffee. ' Wood compact,
heavy, rather soft, strong, tough, reddish in color, of coarse
texture, and taking a good polish; used to some extent in
cabinet-work. In rich soil. Ont. to Ohio and Penn., Tenn.,
S. Dak., and Okla.
Fdbatae. Pea Subfamily.
32. Cladrastis Raf. Yellow-wood.
*
Trees with alternate, odd-pinnate leaves with entire leaf¬
lets, with the petiole base cavering the superposd buds, and
without milky or resinous sap.
Flowers white, showy, fragrant ; fruit a slender bean.
1. Cladrastis lutea (Mx. f.) Koch. American Yellow-
wood. Trees with smooth bark, close like in the beech. Wood
light-yellow. Tn rich soil; much planted. Ky., Mo., Tenn.,
and N. Oar.
PiBJiD Manual
«u
33. Robinia L. Locust.
Trees or shrubs with alternate add-pinnate non-punctate
loaves and with stipular spines.
Flowers showy, in racemes; fruit a flat bean.
1. Twigs, petioles and pods glabrous or nearly so; (lowers
white. It. pxeudoacacia.
1. Twigs and petioles glandular; pods hispid; flowers
pinkish. It. viscom.
1. Robinia pseudoacacia L. Common Locust. A large
slender tree with very rough bark, of rapid growth. Wood
very heavy, hard, strong, tough, valuable, and very durable in
contact with the ground; used for posts, railroad ties, wagon
hubs, furniture, and in ship building. All parts of the plant
very poisonous. It, is troublesome from sprouting from the
roots. Penn, and Ohio to (la., Iowa, Kan., and Okla.
2. Robinia viscosa Vent. Clammy Locust. A small
tree with rough bark. Underground parts somewhat poison¬
ous. Wood brown, the sap-wood yellow. Va. to (la. Also
escaped in Middle and Eastern States.
Order, Celastrai.KS.
Ithamnaoeae. Buckthorn Fa mily.
34. Rhamnus (Tourri.) L. Buckthorn.
Shrubs or small trees with alternate, rarely opposite, sim¬
ple serrate or minutely serrulate leaves, and with berry like
drupes containing 2-4 stones.
Flowers bisporangiate or dieeious or imperfectly mono-
sporangiato, small, in small axillary clusters. Twigs some¬
times ending in stout thorns.
1. Leaves acute, with 6-10 pairs of lateral veins; nutlets
smooth; umbels pedtinelod; flowers bisporangiate.
It. caroliniana.
1. Leaves with 3 or 4 pairs of lateral veins, the basal pair
prominent; nutlets of the fruit grooved; flowers
dieeious or imperfectly monosporangiato. It. pa-
thartica.
Thicks of the Northern United States
81
1. Rhamnus caroliniana Walt. Carolina Buckthorn. A
tall thornless shrub or small tree with a globose sweet drupe.
In wet soil. Va. and Ohio to Ivan., Fla., and Texas.
2. Rhamnus cathartica L. Common Buckthorn. A
shrub or small tree with black injurious fruit. Somewhat
thorny and used for hedges. The fruit yields a dye and has
powerful medicinal properties. Introduced from Europe.
Eastern states.
Celastracene. Stafftree Family.
35. Euonymus (Tourn.) L. Walioo.
Shrubs or small trees with opposite, simple, pinnately
veined, serrate leaves, green twigs and central bundle-scars.
Flowers regular, small; fruit a 3-5-locular dehiscent cap¬
sule; seeds enclosed in a red aril.
1. Flowers purple; cymes 6-15 flowered; winter buds long-
pointed with long bud scales. E. atropurpureus .
1. Flowers greenish-yellow; cymes 3-7-flowered; winter
buds very short pointed with short bud scales. E .
europaeus.
1. Euonymus atropurpureus Jacq. Wahoo. A high
shrub or small tree with green, obtusely 4-angled twigs. ^ Leaves
dark red and fruit very ornamental in autumn. Self -prunes
small twigs by basal points. Wood nearly white. Ont. to
Fla., Mont, and Okla.
2. Euonymus europaeus L. Spindletree. A shrub or
small tree resembling the preceding. Self-prunes twigs. Cul¬
tivated from Europe. Escaped. N. Y., N. J. and Va.
llioaceae. Holly Family.
t
36. Ilex L. Holly.
Shrubs or trees with alternate, .not two-ranked, simple,
pinnately-veined, serrate or lobed leaves which are sometimes
evergreen; with watery sap; and with berry-like drupes con¬
taining several small stones.
Flowers small, in axillary clusters or solitary, mostly im¬
perfectly dieeious.
82
Field Manual
1. Leaves thick, persistent, evergreen, shiny. I. opaoa.
1. Leaves thin, deciduous, not spiny. 2.
2. Leaves small, obovate or spatulate, crenate; nutlets of
the fruit ribbed. I. decidua.
2. Leaves large, ovate or lanceolate, sharply serrate, nut¬
lets ribbed. I. montana.
1. Ilex decidua Walt. Deciduous Holly. A shrub or
small tree with liglit-gray, glabrous twigs and red drupes.
ood hard and white. In swamps and low ground. D. C.
to Fla., Kan., and Texas.
2. Ilex montana (T. & G.) Gr. Mountain Holly. A
shrub or slender, erect tree growing in mountain woods.
Drupes red. N. Y. to Ga., and Ala.
3. Ilex opaca Ait. American Holly. A trfee of slow
growth with thick, glabrous, evergreen leaves and globose red
or rarely yellow drupes. Twigs with leaves and fruit much
used for Christmas decoration. Wood very white, fine-grained,
hard, strong, tough, light in weight, ana easily worked; used
for cabinet-work and in turnery. Bird-lime is prepared from
the middle bark. In moist soil. Should be much planted for
ornament in suitable places. The leaves should be cut off
when transplanted. Me. to Fla., Penn., Mo., and Texas.
Staphyleaceae. Bladdernut Family.
37. Staphylea L. Bladdernut.
Shurbs or small trees with opposite trifoliate serrate
leaves.
Stipules caducous; flowers in axillary racemes or panicles,
white, bisporangiate, regular; capsule large and bladdery,
triocular.
1. Staphylea trifolia L. American Bladdernut. A shrub
or rarely small tree with smooth striped bark. Branching
a sympodial dichotomy. In moist soil. Quebec to Minn., S.
Car., and Kan.
Trees of the Northern United States
s:(
Order, Sapindales.
Sapindaoeae. Soapberry Family.
38. Sapindus (Tourn.) L. Soapberry.
Trees or shrubs with alternate, odd-pinnate leaves, with
entire, inequilateral, acuminate leaflets, and with solid pith ;
with axillary, exposed, superposed buds; and without stipular
spines.
Flowers imperfectly diecious ; fruit a 1-3-seeded berry.
1. Sapindus drummondii TI. & A. Drummond Soap¬
berry. A tree with white flowers in dense terminal panicles
and very saponaceous, globose berries. Wood hard, light yel¬
lowish brown; used in Texas for cotton baskets. Kan. and
Mo. to La. and Ariz.
39. Koelreuteria Laxm.
Trees with alternate, odd-pinnate or bipinnate leaves with
the leaflets toothed and usually more or less cut and lobed;
without prickles, stipules, or terminal buds, but with numer¬
ous scattered bundle-scars and large cylindrical pith.
Flowers yellow diecious, in large terminal panicles; fruit
a trilocular bladdery capsule; outer bud-scales 2.
1. Koelreuteria paniculata Laxm. Chinese Varnish-tree.
A tree much planted for ornament. Reported as spontaneous
from seed in Indiana.
Aesculaoeae. Buckeye Family.
40. Aesculus L. Buckeye, Horse-chestnut.
Trees or shrubs with opposite palmately compound leave^.
Flowers imperfectly monosporangiate, zygomorphie, in ter¬
minal panicles, capsules leathery, containing large shining nut¬
like seeds.
1. Flowers white, mottled with yellow and purple; leaf¬
lets abruptly acuminate; winter buds gummy; cap¬
sule spiny ; bundle scars arranged in a curved line.
A. hippo castanum.
1. Flowers yellow or purplish; leaflets acuminate, more or
less abrupt; winter buds not gummy; bundle scars
arranged in 3 areas. 2.
&4
Field Manual
2. Capsule spiny, stamens exserted. 3.
2. Capsule glabrous ; stamens not longer than the petals,
corolla yellow or purplish. A. oetandra.
3. Leaflets acuminate, finely serrate, 5-7 ; a tree. A.
glabra.
3. Leaflets long-acuminate, unequally serrate, 7-9; a shrub¬
like small tree. A. arguta.
1. Aesculus hippocastanum L. Horse-chestnut. A large
tree with very resinous, gummy winter buds. Autumn leaves
orange. The seeds are poisonous and symptoms of poisoning
have been produced from eating the green rind. The twigs
contain Aesculin which is fluorescent in aqueous solution. Es¬
caped from cultivation; native of Asia.
2. Aesculus glabra Willd. Ohio Buckeye. A large tree
with rough and fetid bar,,. Leaves, young shoots, and seeds
poisonous to cattle. Wood light and hard to split; used for
making artificial limbs, wooden-ware, and paper pulp. Penn,
to Ala., Mich., Neb., and Okla.
3. Aesculus arguta Buckl. Western Buckeye. A shrub¬
like small tree with smooth bark. On flood plains. Mo.
and Kan. to Texas. Reported from Iowa.
4. Aesculus oetandra Marsh. Yellow Buckeye. A large
tree witli brown- scaly bark. Seeds poisonous. Wood light
and hard to split; used for making artificial limbs, wooden-
ware and paper pulp. Aesculus oetandra hybridia (DC.)
Sarg. has purplish or pink flowers, leaflets pubescent beneath,
and light brown bark. Penn, to Ga., Iowa and Texas.
Aceraceae. Maple Family.
41. Acer (Tourn.) L. Maple.
Trees or shrubs with opposite leaves, with 3-5 bundle scars
in the harrow, contiguous leaf scars, and with a terminal bud
showing several pairs of visible scales.
Sap watery or sometimes milky, often saccharine; fruit a
2-winged samara. Usually diecious or imperfectly diecious.
1. Leaves pinnate or trifoliate; twigs green, glaucous. A.
negnndo.
1. Leaves simple. 2.
Trees oe the Northern United States
85
2. Leaves with very large teeth or lobes, the divisions not
serrate or serrate-dentate. 3.
2. Leaves with the large divisions or lobes serrate or
serrate-dentate. 5.
3. Leaves with stipules which are often large and t'oii-
aceous; leaves green and pubescent beneath at least
on the veins; flowers corymbose, unfolding with the
leaves; wings of fruit diverging a little less than a
right angle. A. nigrum.
3. Leaves without stipules. 4.
4. Leaves with much milky sap in the petiole, glabrous,
dark green above, lighter below, usually with 7
prominent palmate veins; flowers corymbose, un¬
folding with the leaves; wings of the fruit diverg¬
ing nearly in a straight line; petals present; winter
buds rounded. A. platanoides.
4. Leaves with watery or frothy sap, pale and nearly glab¬
rous beneath, usually with 5 prominent palmate
veins; flowers corymbose, unfolding with the leaves;
wings of the fruit diverging a little less than a
right angle; petals none; winter buds pointed. A.
saccharu m.
5. Leaves very sharply and finely serrate, 3-lobed at the
outer end, widest above the middle, the lobes ab¬
ruptly narrow-acuminate, brown pubescent below
when young; twigs green, striped with darker lines;
flowers racerned, terminal, unfolding after the leaves.
A. pennsy Ivanieum .
5. Leaves dentate-serrate or lobed, not abruptly narrow-
acuminate ; twigs not striped. 6.
6. Leaves broadly 3-5-lobed, the lobes rather regularly and
continuously dentate-serrate or dentate-crenate ; flow¬
ers racemed, terminal, unfolding after the leaves. 7.
6. Leaves usually with 3-7 slender, long and pointed lobes,
the lobes irregularly or interruptedly serrate or ser¬
rate-dentate; flowers in dense sessile, lateral clusters,
appearing before the leaves. 8.
86
Field Manual
7. Leaves longer than wide, slightly 3-lobed at the outer
end, usually only very slightly lobed at the lower
end, not glaucous below; bark or twigs green or
grayish; racemes erect; a shrub, rarely a small tree.
A. spicatum.
7. Leaves as broad or broader than long, prominently
5-lobed, glabrous and dark green above, pubescent
and light glaucous below, on long reddish petioles;
bark of twigs reddish-brown ; racemes drooping ;
wings of fruit pubescent, moderately spreading; a
large tree. A. pseudo-platanus.
8. Leaves usually deeply 5-lobed, lobes slender, aeute,
white and glaucous beneath; notches between the
lobes often somewhat rounded; fruiting pedicel short
and stiff, 1-2 in. long; wings divergent; petals none.
A . saccharinum.
. 8. Leaves sharply 3-5 lobed, whitish glaucous beneath,
notches acute ; fruiting pedicel long, slender and
drooping, 2-4 in. long; wings incurved; petals pres¬
ent. A. rubrum.
1. Acer platanoicles L. Norway Maple. A medium-sized
tree with a broad rounded crown, with brown twigs and milky
sap. Leaves sharply 5-7 lobed, very dark green above. Much
cultivated.
2. Acer pseudo-platanus L. Sycamore Maple. A fine tree
with spreading branches. Leaves deeply 3-5 lobed. Self¬
prunes. Much cultivated.
3. Acer pennsylvanicum L. Striped Maple. A small
tree with smoothish green bark striped with darker lines.
Leaves broadest above the middle, thin, glabrous above slightly
pubescent beneath when young, truncate or somewhat cordate
at the base, 3-lobed near the apex. Wood white and soft. In
rocky soil. N. S. to Lake Superior, and along the mountains
to Ga. and Tenn.
4. Acer spicatum Lam. Mountain Maple. A shrub or
small tree, the bark green but not striped. Leaves 3-5-lobed,
the lobes acute or acuminate, glabrous above, pubescent be¬
neath, at least when young. In damp rocky woods. Newf. to
Man., south to N. Car., Tenn., Minn., and Iowa.
Trees of the Northern United States
87
5. Acer saccharum Marsh. Sugar Maple. A large tree
with yellow or sometimes red leaves in autumn. Leaves cor¬
date or truncate at the base, 3-7 lobed, the lobes acuminate,
irregularly sinuate, dark green above, pale and nearly glabrous
beneath. Its sap is the main source of maple sugar and
syrup. An average tree will yield 2-10 lbs. of sugar a season.
A fine shade tree. The ashes give large quantities of potash.
Wood heavy, hard, strong and tough; used for fuel, interior
finish, furniture, keels of boats and ships, implements and
machinery, sucker rods, rims of bicycle wheels, piano action,
school apparatus, large wood type, tool and broom handles,
and wood carving. Newf. to Man., south to Fla. and Texas.
6. Acer nigrum Mx. Black Maple. A large fine tree
with rough blackish bark. Leaves cordate or truncate at tjie
base, 3-7-lobed, the lobes broad and short, green" on both
sides, generally more or less pubescent beneath. It is equally
valuable for the making of sugar. Wood much the same as
in the Sugar Maple, and used for the same purposes. Out.
and Yt. to Ga., S. Dak., La., and Ark.
7. Acer rubrum L. Bed Maple. A tree with flaky or
smoothish bark and reddish twigs. Leaves sharply 3-5-lobed,
the lobes irregularly dentate, acute or acuminate, cordate at
the base, green above, whitish beneath. Wood of consideraDle
value when it shows a “curly grain.” Leaves crimsone, scarlet
or yellow in the autumn. Self-pruning like the following. In
swamps and low ground, also on moist hillsides. N. S. to
Man., Pla., Neb., and Texas.
8. Acer saccharinum L. Silver Maple. A large tree
with flaky bark, the twigs often reddish, self-pruned by basal
joints. Leaves deeply 5-lobed, the lobes rather narrow, acumi¬
nate, coarsely and irregularly dentate, truncate or slightly
cordate at the base, green above, silvery white and more or
less pubescent beneath. A fine shade tree and much planted.
Wood soft and w'hite ; used i for furniture. Yields a small
amount of sugar. Along streams. N. B. to Pla., Ont.,
S. Dak., Neb., and Okla.
9. Acer negundo L. Boxelder. A small «tree with
spreading branches and glabrous, sometimes pubescent, green
and glaucous twigs. Leaves 3-7 foliate, leaflets ovate or oval.
The sap produces a slight amount of sugar. Wood light
88
.Field Manual
and of slight value. Along streams. Planted on the prairies
for small groves and wind breaks. Maine to Man., Fla.,
Kan., and Mex.
Anacardiaceae. Sumac Family.
42. Rhus (Tourn.) L. Sumac.
Small trees or shrubs with alternate pinnately compound
leaves, with sticky milky or resinous sap, and pubescent drupes.
Flowers in panicles, imperfectly bisporangiate, small; sta¬
mens five, styles three; drupe red.
1. Petioles not completely covering the axillary buds;
leaflets entire; rackis of the leaf wing-margined;
leaflets 7-31; twigs and the red drupes pubescent.
B. copallina.
1. Petioles covering the axillary buds; leaflets serrate. 2.
2. Leaves and twigs velvety-pubescent. B. hirta.
2. Leaves and twigs glabrous, somewhat glaucous. B.
glabra.
1. Rhus copallina L. Mountain Sumac. A shrub or
small tree with a dense terminal panicle of small globose,
crimson drupes, covered with short acid hairs. Leaves used
for tanning purposes. Wood soft and light brown. Tn dry
soil. Me. and Out. to Fla., Minn., Neb., and Texas.
2. Rhus hirta (L.) Sudw. Staghorn Sumac. A small
tree or shrub with red, pubescent drupes. Wood very soft
and brittle. In dry or rocky soil. A good lemonade or
“sumacade” is made by steeping the drupes and sweetening
to taste. Leaves used for tanning. Wood soft, greenish-
yellow. N. S. to Ga., Ont„ S. Dak., Mo., and Iowa.
3. Rhus glabra L. Smooth Sumac. A shrub or small
tree with dense panicles of small crimson drupes covered with
short acid hairs. Noted for its beautiful, brilliant, red-colored
leaves in autumn. Leaves used for tanning. Common on hill¬
sides and bluffs. N. S. to Minn., Fla., Miss., and La.
Trees of the Northern United States
89
43. Toxicodendron. Poison Sumac.
Small trees or shrubs, ours with alternate pinnate leaves
with entire leaflets, with poisonous resinous sap, and with
glabrous or slightly pubescent drupes.
Flowers small, in axillary panicles, imperfectly bisporan-
giate ; drupes gray or white.
1. Toxicodendron vernix (L.) Ktz. Poison Sumac. A
shrub or small tree, very poisonous to the touch. Drupes
gray, glabrous in loose axillary panicles. In swamps and wet
places. Wood soft, yellowish brown, poisonous. Maine to
Fla., Ont., Minn., Mo., and La.
44. Cotinus Adans. Smoketree.
Small trees or shrubs with alternate, simple pinnately
veined, entire, deciduous leaves and fragrant resinous sap.
Flowers small, imperfectly bisporangiate, on a large ter¬
minal panicle; stamens 5, styles 3, lateral; drupe oblique,
small, compressed; buds clustered at the tip of the twig.
1. Blade of the leaf slightly decurrent on the petiole,
thin, glabrous or slightly pubescent beneath. C.
americanus.
1 Leaves mostly rounded or obtuse at the base, coii-
aceous, more pubescent. C. cotinus.
1 Cotinus americanus Nutt. American Smoketree. A
small wide-branched tree. Wood soft, orange-yellow, yielding
a rich dve. Mo. and Okla. to Tenn. and Ala.
2. Cotinus cotinus (L). Sarg. European Smoketree. A
small tree, native of Europe, frequently cultivated.
Subclass, Amentiferae.
Order, Platanales.
Hamamelidaceae) Witch-hazel Family.
Subfamily, Hamamelidatae.
45. Hamamelis L. Witch-hazel.
Shrubs or small trees with 2-ranked, simple, inequilateral,
straight -veined leaves and stalked axillary buds.
Flowers bisporangiate or imperfectly bisporangiate, in
axillary clusters; fruit a bilocular, woody or cartilaginous,
nut-like capsule.
90
.Field Manual
1. Hamamelis virginiana L. Witch-hazel. A shrub or
small tree with 2-ranked leaves and stalked buds. Blooms
in late autumn. Wood hard. In low ground and on banks.
N. B. and N. S. to Minn., Mo., Fla. and Texas.
Subfamily, Attingiatae.
46. Liquidambar L. Sweet-gum.
Frees with alternate, simple, palmately veined, fragrant,
star-shaped, serrate leaves and 5-angled pith.
Sap resinous, aromatic; flowers monecious, in heads, the
staininate clusters racemose; capsules in a dense spiny glob¬
ular head.
1. Liquidambar styraciflua L. Sweet-gum. A fine large
tree with wide spreading branches, the twigs often covered
with corky ridges. Leaves with a peculiar sweet fragrance
when crushed. Autumn leaves red, yellow, and brown. Wood
valuable, of medium weight, hard, not strong, tough, and of
fine texture, reddish brown, difficult to season. Sometimes
used as a substitute for black walnut. Used for furniture,
veneer, wooden plates, plaques, baskets, hat blocks and wagon
hubs. In low ground. Conn., N. Y. and Ohio to Fla., Ill.,
Mo., and Mex.
Platanaceae. Planetree Family.
47. Platanus (Tourn.) L. Planetree.
Large trees with alternate simple leaves having the base of
the petiole cover the axillary bud and with complete stipular
rings.
Terminal bud self-pruned; flowers in spherical heads,
monecious, without perianth; fruit in pendant spherical heads
composed of numerous small nutlets.
1 . Bark exfoliating in small plates ; leaves 5-angled only
slightly, 3-lobed, or seldom slightly 5-lobed. P.
oocidentalis.
1. Bark exfoliating in large plates; leaves somewhat 5-
lobed, in some varieties deeply lobed. P. orientalis.
1 • Platanus occidentalis L. Sycamore. A very large
tree, the largest in the northeastern United States, with whitish
or green bark which peels off freely in thin plates; the largest
Trees op the Northern United States
91
trunks usually hollow, sometimes as much as 42 feet m cir¬
cumference. Autumn leaves brown. Wood rather hard, com¬
pact, coarse-grained, difficult to split, tough, and of a light-
brown color; used for tobacco boxes, cooperage, cabinet-work,
and finishing lumber. Along the banks of streams and in
moist ground, but grows well in ordinary mesophytic condi¬
tions. Me. to Ont. and Minn., Fla., Kan., and Texas.
2. Platanus oriental is L. Oriental Planetree. A large
tree much like the preceding, but usually with a comparatively
short, massive trunk and a broad round crown. Leaves more
cut and becoming smooth earlier. Occasionally planted. From
Western Asia and Eastern Europe.
'Order, Urticales.
Ulmaceae. Elm Family.
48. Ulmus (Tourn.) L. Elm.
Trees with alternate, 2-ranked, pinnately straight-veined,
inequilateral, doubly serrate leaves and sessile axillary buds.
Flowers bisporangiate or imperfectly bisporangiate, in clus¬
ters or racemes; fruit a samara; trees of rapid growth.
1. Leaves very rough above; twigs not corky-winged and
not self-pruned, but large numbers of lateral buds
cut off; inner bark sometimes mucilagious. 2.
1. Leaves smooth or sometimes somewhat rough above. 3.
2. Inner bark very mucilaginous, buds rusty-downy, sa¬
mara much less than 1 in. long. U. fulva.
2. Inner bark not mucilaginous, buds not downy, samaras
1 in. long. U. Montana.
3. None of the branches corky -winged; twigs smooth, self-
pruned by basal joints and by cleavage planes in the
nodes of annual growth; samara faces glabrous.
U. amerieana.
3 None of the branches with corky ridges; twigs glab¬
rous or nearly so, not self-pruned; samara glabrous
or nearly so,’ deeply notched. U. campestris.
3. Some or all of the branches corky-winged, or twigs
puberulent, seif -pruned; samara-faces pubescent. 4.
92
Field Manual
4. Most of the branches with corky wing-like ridges;
twigs glabrous or nearly so; leaves .1-3 in. long.
U. alata.
4. Branches often with corky wing-like ridges; twigs
puberulent; leaves 2-5 in. long. U. thomasi.
1. Ulmus americana L. White Elm. A large tree of
rapid growth, with the bark in thick, rough ridges; much
cultivated in cities and along roadsides. Trunks up to 33
feet in circumference. Samara ovate-oval, its faces glabrous.
Wood heavy, hard, flexible, and very tough; used for wheel-
hubs, saddle-trees, rough cooperage and furniture, in boat and
ship building, in the construction of cars and wagons, and
especially for barrel hoops. Common on bluffs and on the
flood plains of rivers and creeks. Graceful in form and very
suitable for cultivation. Newf. to Man., Fla., and Texas.
2. Ulmus thomasi Sarg. Cork Elm. A large tree with
puberulent young twigs, the branches or some of them with
corky wings. Samara oval, its margins densely ciliate. Wood
harder, stronger, and more durable than that of the White
Elm.
Mo.
In rich
soil.
Quebec to Out.,
, Minn., Ky., Neb.,
and
3.
Ulmus
alata
Mx. Winged
Elm. A small
tree,
branches usually with corky wing-like ridges; twigs glabrous
or nearly so. Samara oblong, pubescent on the faces. Wood
very compact; used for wheel hubs. In dry or moist soil.
Va. to Fla., Ill., Mo., and Texas.
4. Ulmus campestris L. English Elm. A tree, rather
pyramidal in shape, the twigs ascending, not drooping except
in “weeping” forms. Samara not ciliate, nearly or quite
glabrous. A good timber tree. Cultivated, from Europe.
5. Ulmus fulva Mx. Slippery Elm. A medium-sized tree
with rough grayish-brown fragrant bark and rough-pubescent
twigs. Samara oval-orbicular, pubescent over the seed. Inner
bark mucilaginous and medicinal. Wood hard and strong but
splitting easily when dry. Along streams, on flood plains and
on hills. Quebec to N. Dak., Fla., and Texas.
(i. Ulmus moutana With. Scotch Elm. A large tree
with spreading branches, or in some varieties with strictly
Trees of the Northern United States
93
upright branches; branchlets pubescent. Leaves rough above,
pubescent beneath, doubly serrate, often somewhat 3-lobed at
the apex. Many varieties fine for planting. From Europe.
49. Planera Gmel. Planertree.
Trees with alternate, two-ranked, straight-veined, inequi¬
lateral, serrate leaves and with bark scaling off in plates.
Trees similar to the elms but with a nut-like fruit and the
flowers expanding with the leaves.
1. Planera aquatica (Walt.) Gmel. Planertree. A small
tree with nearly glabrous leaves growing in swamps and on
wet banks. Wood compact, soft, weak, light brown. Ind. to
Mo., Ky., N. Car., Fla., and Texas.
50. Celtis (Tourn.) L. Hackberry.
Trees or shrubs with 2-ranked, siniple, leaves with two
prominent lateral veins from the base and with interruptedly
diaphragmed pith with cavities.
Flowers in the axils of leaves, on short branches; fruit
an ovoid or globose drupe.
1. Leaves sharply serrate; smooth or scabrous above;
twigs glabrous, especially the fruiting ones, or pu¬
bescent. C. occidentalis.
1. Leaves entire or few-toothed, small. C. mississippi-
ensis.
1 . Celtis occidentalis L. (Jommon Hackberry. A medium¬
sized tree with rough bark. Commonly much distorted with
“witches brooms.” Drupe sweet and edible. Self-prunes the
fruiting twigs in winter. Wood heavy, hard, strong, quite
tough, greenish-white. In dry soil and on flood plains. Que¬
bec to Man., N. Car:, Mo., Kan., and Okla.
2. Celtis mississippiensis Bose. Southern Hackberry. A
medium-sized tree with light gray, rough bark. Usually in
dry soil. Va. to Ill., Mo., Kan., Fla., and ,Texas.
I<’ikm> Manual
u l
Moranvr. Mulberry Family.
Subfamily, M oratin'.
51. Morus (Tourn.) L. Mulberry.
Trees or shrubs with alternate, simple, 2-rankod leaves with
two prominent side ribs from the base, with milky sap, am]
with glabrous or pubescent but not downy twigs.
Flowers mouosporangiate ; fruit aggregate, berry-like.
1. I , eaves scabrous above, pubescent beneath. M. rubra.
1. Leaves smooth and glabrous on both sides, or nearly so.
M. alba.
1. Morns rubra L. Red Mulberry. A small, moneeious
or dieeious tree with rough gray bark, separating in strips.
Fruit dark purple red, edible, delicious. Wood rather heavy,
hard, strong, and rather tough; very durable in contact with
the ground, very valuable for posts; used for farm imple
meats, in cooperage, “acid wood,” and ship building. In rich
soil. Vt. and Out. to Mich., 8. Dak., Fla., and Texas.
2. Morus alba L. White Mulberry. A small rapid-grow¬
ing tree with rough tight-gray bark and spreading branches.
Fruit edible but usually rather insipid. Leaves used for
feeding silk-worms. Wood suitable for posts. Although grow¬
ing best in rich moist soil, it does well in quite dry regions
and should be much planted on the dry prairies, especially
varieties with the better grade of berries. Introduced from
the old world. Me. and Out., to Fla. and Kan.
52, Toxylon Rnf. Osage-orange.
Small trees with alternate simple entire leaves, typical
axillary thorns, and milky sap.
Flowers dieeious, the statu inato racemose, the carpollate
capitate; fruit a large spherical, greenish or yellowish aggre¬
gate. ^ rt .
1. Toxylon pomfferum Uaf. Osage-orange. A small
thorny tree much planted for hedges. Leaves ovate to ovate-
lanceolate, acuminate or taper-pointed. Wood very heavy, ex¬
ceedingly hard and strong, but not tough, brownish-yellow;
valuable for fence posts and lire wood, also for wagon making.
The thorns produce painful wounds. Horses acquire a strong
Trees op the Northern United States
95
liking for the young shoots ancl eat them in large quantities
without apparent ill effects. Mo. and Kan. to Texas. Es¬
caped in Ohio and other eastern states.
53. Papyrius Lam. Paper-mulberry.
Trees with alternate simple 2-ranked leaves having two
prominent side-ribs from the base, with milky sap, and with
downy twigs.
Flowers diecious, the staminate in ament-like spikes, the
carpellate capitate; fruit a globular head of red drupes.
1. Papyrius papyrifera (L.) Ktz. Paper-mulberry. A
small, low-branching, large-headed tree with dark scarlet fruit
which is sweet but insipid. Native of eastern Asia. In
Japan and China the bark is made into paper. Escaped from
cultivation. N. Y. to Ga. and Mo.
Order, Fagales.
Fagaceae. Beech Family.
54. Fagus (Tourn.) L. Beech.
Large trees with alternate 2-ranked simple equilateral pin-
nately straight-veined dentate leaves, with a vein for each
tooth, and with prominnt green medullary rays.
Winter buds usually very long-pointed; flowers monecious;
nut 3-angled, enclosed in a 4-valved bur with soft, short
prickles.
1. Fagus grandifolia Ehrh. American Beech. A large
tree, the lower branches spreading. Autumn leaves pure yel¬
low. Nut sweet and edible. Wood hard, heavy, light-colored,
rather close-grained, not durable in the ground ; used for
making chairs, handles, plane-stocks, shoe-lasts, in turnery, and
for “acid wood.” In rich but not necessarily deep soil. N. S.
to Ont. and Minn., Mo., Fla., and Texas.
55. Castanea (Tourn.) Hill. Chestnut.
Trees or shrubs with simple alternate equilateral pinnately
straight-veined serrate leaves, with a vein for each tooth, with
5-angled pith and inconspicuous medullary rays.
Flowers monecious ; fruit a rounded coriaceous nut ; several
in a globose, mostly 4-valved involucre covered with long
prickles.
96
Field Manual
1. Leaves green on both sides; large trees. C. dcntata.
1. Leaves densely white-tomentose beneath; shrubs or
small trees. C. pumila.
1. Castanea dentata (Marsh.) Borkh. Chestnut. A large
tree of very rapid growth with rough bark in longitudinal
ridges. Nut sweet and edible. Wood soft, light, and coarse¬
grained, durable; used 'for cabinet-work, railway ties, posts,
cooperage, “'acid wood,” and telegraph poles. Sprouts freely
from stumps. In rich gravelly or sandy soil. Me. to Mich.,
6a., and Ark.
2. Castanea pumila (L). Mill. Chinquapin. A shrub or
small tree. Nut very sweet. Wood much like in C. dentata
but heavier. Tn dry soil. N. J. to Ind., Mo., Fla, and Texas.
56. Quercus (Tourn.) L. Oak.
Trees or shrubs with simple alternate leaves, not 2-ranked;
with 5-angled pith; buds clustered at the tip of the twig;
and with scattered bundle-scars.
Flowers monecious, the staminate in slender aments; fruit
a 1 -seeded coriaceous nut (acorn) in an involucrate cup.
L Leaves not bristle-tipped; acorns maturing the' first
year. 2.
1. Leaves with bristle-tips; acorns maturing in the autumn
of the second year. 11.
2. Leaves crenate or dentate, not lobed. 6.
2. Leaves, pinnatified or pinnately lobed. 7.
3. Fruits not on a peduncle, nearly sessile, teeth or shallow
lobes of the leaves acute. 4.
3. Fruits on a ‘peduncle; teeth or shallow lobes of the
leaves rounded. 5.
4. Tall trees, leaves oblong, obovate or lanceolate. Q.
muhlenbergii.
4. Shrub or low tree, leaves obovate or oval ; seed edible.
Q. privoides.
5. Peduncle as long or shorter than the petioles; leaves
gray-tomentulose beneath. 6.
5. Peduncle much longer than the petioles; leaves vhite-
tomentulose beneath. Q. bicolor.
Trees of the Northern United States
97
6. Teeth of the leaves acute or mucronulate ; bark white,
flaky; seed sweet and edible; fruit short peduncled
or sometimes nearly sessile. Q. michauxii.
6. Teeth of the leaves rounded ; bark close ; seed edible ;
petioles slender ; peduncles equalling or shorter than
the petioles. Q. prinus.
7. Mature leaves pale, or glaucous and glabrous below. 8.
7. Mature leaves pubescent or tomentose below, lyrate-pin-
natifid. 9.
8. Bark separating in thjn scales, light gray or light
brown; cup shallow; bracts thick and warty. Q.alba.
8. Bark furrowed and ridged, not scaly, dark gray or dark
brown; cup hemispherical, with imbricated, appressed
scales; cultivated in many varieties. Q. robur.
9. Leaves pubescent beneath, oblong-obovate, usually 5-
lobed, stellate-pubescent above; upper scales of the
cup not awned. Q. stellata.
9. Leaves white-tomentulose beneath. 10.
10. Leaves obovate or oblong, lyrate pinnatifid or deeply
sinuate-lobed ; upper scales awned, forming a fringe
around the acorn. Q. macroc.arpa.
10. Leaves obovate-obloug, deeply 5-9-lobed; acorn often
nearly enclosed in the cup, the upper scales not awned.
Q. lyrata.
11. Leaves entire, oblong, linear-oblong or lanceolate. 12.
11. Leaves 3-5 lobed above the middle, or entire, obovate or
spatulate in outline. 13.
11. Leaves pinnatifid or pinnately lobed. 14.
12. Leaves oblong or lanceolate, tomentulose beneath. Q.
imbricaria.
12. Leaves linear-oblong, green and glabrous on both sides.
Q. phellos.
13. Leaves spatulate, glabrous on both sides; cup saucer¬
shaped, acorn globose-ovoid. Q. nigra.
13. Leaves obovate-cuneat.e, brown-fioccose beneath; cup
deep, acorn ovoid. Q. marylandica.
14. Leaves white or gray-tomentose below. 1 5.
14. Leaves green on both sides. 17.
15. Leaf-lobes lanceolate or linear lanceolate, long; large
trees. 16.
9S
Field Manual
15. Leaf-lobes triangular-ovate, short ; shrubs or low trees.
Q. ilicifolia.
16. Leaves rounded or obtuse at the base, 3-5 lobed; lobes
linear or lanceolate, often falcate. Q. triloba.
16. Leaves cuneate to truncate at the base, 5-11 lobed; lobes
triangular. Q. pagodaefolia.
17. Leaves usually pubescent below; winter buds tomentose;
cup turbinate or hemispherical; inner bark orange.
Q. velutina.
17. Leaves glabrous with the exception of tufts of hairs in
the axils of the veins below; winter buds glabrous or
minutely pubescent. 18.
18. Cup of the acorn top-shaped or hemispheric. 19.
18. Cup of the acorn shallow, saucer-shaped, much broader
than deep. 20.
19. Leaves dull, paler beneath ; acorn ovoid, cup depressed-
hemispheric. Q. borealis.
19. Leaves shining on both sides, lobed to near the mid-rib;
acorn ovoid; cup top-shaped. Q. coccinea.
20. Leaves dull; cup }-l in. broad; acorn ovoid or elon¬
gated. Q. rubra.
20. Leaves shining deeply pinnatifid; cup Li in. broad;
acorn subglobose or ovoid: Q. palustris.
Chestnut Oaks.
1. Quercus prinus L. Rock Chestnut Oak. A large
tree with brown bark, ridged close or slightly flaky. Leaves
oblong, oblong-lenceolate, or obovate, coarsely crenate, glab¬
rous above, finely gray-tomentulose beneath, petioles slender;
cup hemispheric, in- broad, peduncles equalling or shorter
than the petioles; acorn ovoid, 2-3 times as high as the cup,
seed edible but not very sweet. Self-pruncs, Wood hard
and strong; used in fencing and for railroad ties. Bark rich
in tannin. In dry soil. Me. to Ont., Ala., and Tenn.
2. Quercus michauxii Nutt. Cow Oak. A large tree
with faky white bark. Leaves obovate or broadly oblong,
crenately toothed, the teeth often mucronulate, 4-8 in long,
cup depressed-hemispheric, short-peduncled, 1-1} in. broad;
acorns ovoid, about 3 times as high as the cup, sweet and
edible. Wood valuable like the White Oak. In moist soil.
Bel. to Tnd., Mo., Ark., Fla., and Texas.
Trees of the Northern United States
99
3. Quercus muhlenbergii Engelm. Chestnut Oak. A tree
with close gray bark. Leaves oblong, lanceolate, or obovate,
coarsely toothed with acute teeth, shining above, pale and
gray-tomentulose beneath, 4-6 in. long; cup sessile or very
short-peduncled, hemispheric; acorn ovoid about twice as high
as the cup, sweet and edible. Self-prunes abundantly. Wood
strong and durable, much like White Oak. Usually iu dry
soil, commonly on limestone ridges. Vt. and Ont. to Minn.,
Ala., Neb., and Texas.
4. Quercus prinoides Willd. Scrub Chestnut Oak. A
shrub or small tree with gray bark. Leaves obovate, coarsely
toothed, bright green and shining above, gray-tomentulose be¬
neath, narrowed at the base; cup sessile, hemispheric, thin;
acorn ovoid, 2-3 times as long as the cup ; seed sweet and
edible. Self-prunes. In dry sandy or rocky soil. Me. to
Minn., Kan., Ala., and Texas.
5. Quercus bicolor Willd. Swamp White Oak. A large
tree with flaky gray bark. Leaves obovate, or oblong-obovate,
coarsely toothed or sometimes lobed nearly to the middle, dull
and glabrous above, densely white-tomentulose beneath ; ped¬
uncles of the hemisphere cup 2-5 times as long as the petioles;
acorn oblong ovoid, seed rather sweet. Self-prunes. Wood
similar in value
…[truncated]