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Pfizer -BioNTech COVID -19 Vaccine
C4591022 NON -INTERVENTIONAL STUDY PROTOCOL
Version 34.0, 29 November 2021 09 May 2022

PFIZER CONFIDENTIAL
CT24 -WI-GL02 -RF02 3.0 Non-Interventional Study Protocol Template For Secondary Data Collection Study
20-May-2021
Page 1 of 50
NON -INTERVENTIONAL (NI) STUDY PROTOCOL
Study information
Title Pfizer -BioNTech COVID -19 Vaccine
Exposure during Pregnancy: A Non -
Interventional Post -Approval Safety Study
of Pregnancy and Infant Outcomes in the
Organization of Teratology Information
Specialists (OTIS)/MotherToBaby
Pregnancy Registry
Protocol number C4591022
Protocol version identifier 34.0
Date 29 November 2021 09 May 2022
EU Post Authorization Study (PAS)
register number To be registered before the start of data
collection
Active substance COVID -19 mRNA Vaccine is single -
stranded, 5’ -capped messenger RNA
(mRNA) produced using a cell -free in vitro
transcription from the corresponding DNA
templates, encoding the viral spike (S)
protein of SARS -CoV -2
Medicinal product Pfizer -BioNTech COVID -19 Vaccine
(BNT162b2)
Research question and objectives Is the risk of pregnancy and infant safety
outcomes increased among pregnant women
in the Organization of Teratology
Information Specialists
(OTIS)/MotherToBaby Pregnancy Registry
who were vaccinated with the Pfizer -
BioNTech COVID -19 vaccine during
pregnancy comp ared with those who did not
receive any COVID -19 vaccine during
pregnancy ?
Study Objective
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Page 2 of 50 • To assess whether pregnant women
who received the Pfizer -BioNTech
COVID -19 vaccine during pregnancy
experienced increased risk of
pregnancy and infant safety
outcome s, including major
congenital malformations,
spontaneous abortion, elective
termination/abortion, stillbirth,
preterm delivery, small for
gestational age, and small for age
postnatal growth at one year of age,
relative to pregnant women who
received no COV ID-19 vaccines
during pregnancy.
Author Christina Chambers, PhD, MPH
Professor of Pediatrics
School of Medicine
University of California San Diego
9500 Gilman Drive, MC 0828
La Jolla, CA 92093
Tel: +1 858 -246-1704
Email: [email protected]

This document contains confidential information belonging to Pfizer. Except as otherwise agreed to in writing,
by accepting or reviewing this document, you agree to hold this information in confidence and not copy or
disclose it to others (except where required by applicable law) or use it for unauthorized purposes. In the event
of any actual or suspected breach of this obligation, Pfizer must be promptly notified.

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C4591022 NON -INTERVENTIONAL STUDY PROTOCOL
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PFIZER CONFIDENTIAL
CT24 -WI-GL02 -RF02 3.0 Non-Interventional Study Protocol Template For Secondary Data Collection Study
20-May-2021
Page 3 of 50 1. TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. TABLE OF CONTENTS ................................ ................................ ................................ .......3
2. LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ................................ ................................ ................................ 5
3. RESPONSIBLE PARTIES ................................ ................................ ................................ ....7
4. ABSTRACT ................................ ................................ ................................ ........................... 8
5. AMENDMENTS AND UPDATES ................................ ................................ ..................... 11
6. MILESTONES ................................ ................................ ................................ ..................... 14
7. RATIONALE AND BACKGROUND ................................ ................................ ................ 15
8. RESEARCH QUESTION AND OBJECTIVES ................................ ................................ .16
9. RESEARCH ME THODS ................................ ................................ ................................ ....16
9.1. Study Design ................................ ................................ ................................ ........... 16
9.2. Setting ................................ ................................ ................................ ...................... 17
9.2.1. Inclusion Criteria ................................ ................................ ........................ 17
9.2.2. Exclusion Criteria ................................ ................................ ....................... 17
9.2.3. Follow -Up ................................ ................................ ................................ ...18
9.3. Variables ................................ ................................ ................................ .................. 18
9.3.1. Identification of Exposure and Comparator ................................ ............... 18
9.3.2. Classification of Pregnancy and Infant Outcomes ................................ ......19
9.3.2.1. Major Congenital Malformations ................................ .............. 20
9.3.2.2. Spontaneous abortion ................................ ................................ 21
9.3.2.3. Elective termination/abortion ................................ .................... 21
9.3.2.4. Stillbirth ................................ ................................ ..................... 21
9.3.2.5. Preterm delivery ................................ ................................ ........ 21
9.3.2.6. Small for gestational age at birth ................................ ............... 21
9.3.2.7. Small for age postnatal growth at one year of age .................... 21
9.3.3. Demographic and Clinical Characteristics ................................ ................. 23
9.4. Data Source ................................ ................................ ................................ ............. 26
9.4.1. Modalities of Recruitment ................................ ................................ .......... 28
9.4.2. Maternal Interviews ................................ ................................ .................... 29
9.4.3. Medical Records and General Pediatric Evaluation ................................ ...30
9.4.4. Scientific Advisory Board ................................ ................................ .......... 31
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Page 4 of 50 9.5. Study Size ................................ ................................ ................................ ................ 31
9.6. Data Ma nagement ................................ ................................ ................................ ...34
9.7. Data Analysis ................................ ................................ ................................ .......... 34
9.7.1. Statistical Methods ................................ ................................ ...................... 34
9.7.2. Primary Analyses ................................ ................................ ........................ 35
9.7.3. Secondary Analyses ................................ ................................ .................... 38
9.7.3.1. Stratified/Subgroup Analyses ................................ .................... 38
9.7.3.2. Individual Dose Effects ................................ ............................. 38
9.7.3.3. Evaluation for a Pattern of Major Congenital
Malformations ................................ ................................ ................... 39
9.7.3.4. Lost to Follow -Up ................................ ................................ .....39
9.7.4. Sensitivity Analyses ................................ ................................ .................... 39
9.7.5. Missing Data ................................ ................................ ............................... 40
9.7.6. Analysis Software ................................ ................................ ....................... 40
9.8. Quality Control ................................ ................................ ................................ ........ 40
9.9. Limitations of the Research Methods ................................ ................................ ......41
9.10. Other Aspects ................................ ................................ ................................ ........ 43
10. PROTECTION OF HUMAN SUBJECTS ................................ ................................ ........ 44
10.1. Patient Information ................................ ................................ ................................ 44
10.2. Participant Consent ................................ ................................ ............................... 44
10.3. Institutional Review Board (IRB)/Independent Ethics Committee (IEC) ............ 44
10.4. Ethical Conduct of the Study ................................ ................................ ................ 44
11. MANAGEMENT AND REPORTING OF ADVERSE EVENTS /ADVERSE
REACTIONS ................................ ................................ ................................ ...................... 44
12. PLANS FOR DISSEMINATING AND COMMUNICATING STUDY RESULTS ........ 45
13. REFERENCES ................................ ................................ ................................ .................. 46
14. LIST OF TABLES ................................ ................................ ................................ ............. 50
15. LIST OF FIGURES ................................ ................................ ................................ ........... 50
ANNEX 1. LIST OF STAND ALONE DOCUMENTS ................................ ......................... 50
ANNEX 2. ADDITIONAL INFORMATION ................................ ................................ ......... 50

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20-May-2021
Page 5 of 50 2. LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
Abbreviation Definition
AE adverse event
BMI body mass index
CBER Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research
CDC Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
CI confidence interval
COVID -19 Coronavirus disease 2019
EUA Emergency Use Authorization
EU PAS European Union Post Authorization Study
FDA Food and Drug Administration
HCP health care provider
HIPAA Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act
HR hazard ratio
IEC independent ethics committee
IRB Institutional Review Board
IPTW inverse probability of treatment weighting
LMP last menstrual period
MACDP Metropolitan Atlanta Congenital Defects Program
MI multiple imputation
MICE multivariate imputation by chained equations
mRNA messenger ribonucleic acid
NCHS National Center for Health Statistics
OTIS Organization of Teratology Information Specialists
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PFIZER CONFIDENTIAL
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20-May-2021
Page 6 of 50 Abbreviation Definition
PASS Post-Authorization Safety Study
PDA patent ductus arteriosus
PFO patent foramen ovale
PMC postmarketing commitment
RR risk ratio
SAP Statistical Analysis Plan
SARS -CoV -2 severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2
SOP standard operating procedure
Tdap tetanus, diphtheria, and acellular pertussis
UCSD University of California San Diego
US United States
VAMPSS Vaccines and Medications in Pregnancy Surveillance
System
WHO World Health Organization
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20-May-2021
Page 7 of 50 3. RESPONSIBLE PARTIES
Principal Investigator(s) of the Protocol
Name, degree(s) Job Title Affiliation Address
Christina
Chambers, PhD,
MPH Principal
Investigator, OTIS
Mother to Baby University of
California, San
Diego 9500 Gilman Dr. #0828
La Jolla, CA, 92093 -
0828
Kenneth Lyons
Jones, MD Co-Investigator,
OTIS Mother to
Baby University of
California, San
Diego 9500 Gilman Dr. #0828
La Jolla, CA, 92093
Renu Garg, PhD,
MPH Non-Interventional
(NI) Study Lead Pfizer, Inc. 235 East 42nd Street
New York, NY
10017

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20-May-2021
Page 8 of 50 4. ABSTRACT
Title: Pfizer -BioNTech COVID -19 Vaccine Exposure during Pregnancy: A Non -
Interventional Post -Approval Safety Study of Pregnancy and Infant Outcomes in the
Organization of Teratology Information Specialists (OTIS)/MotherToBaby Pregnancy
Registry
Main author: Christina Chambers, University of California San Diego (UCSD) and the
Organization of Teratology Information Specialists (OTIS)
Rationale and backgr ound: In December 2019, a novel coronavirus (severe acute
respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 [SARS -CoV -2]) was first identified by public health
officials in China. The World Health Organization (WHO) declared the SARS -CoV -2
outbreak and associated disease (Coronavirus disease 2019 [COVID -19] a global pandemic
in March 2020. Despite public health efforts, the incidence of COVID -19 has continued to
rise, largely affecting middle -aged persons with worsening clinical sequelae linked to
increasing age and comor bid conditions (e.g., cardiovascular disease, diabetes and chronic
lung disease). As of 17 May 2021, over 32.9 million COVID -19 cases and 586,330 deaths
have been reported in the United States (US) alone ( The Center for Systems Science and
Engineering at Johns Hopkins University, 2021 ). The Food and Drug Administration ( FDA )
initially granted Emergency Use Authorization (EUA) for the Pfizer -BioNTech COVID -19
vaccine two-dose primary series on 11 December 2020 in individuals 16 years of age and
older , and approved the vaccine for this population on 23 August 2021 (FDA, 2021a ; FDA,
2021b ). FDA expanded the EUA on 10 May 2021 to include children 12 -15 years of age , and
on 29 October 2021 to include lower -dose vaccine administration for children 5 -11 years of
age (FDA, 2021 c; FDA, 2021 d). The EUA was further amended on 12 August 2021 to
include the administration of a third primary series dose in certain immunocompromised
individuals 12 years of age and older , and on 22 September 2021 to allow for use of a single
booster dose at least six months after completion of the primary se ries in certain populations
(FDA, 2021 e).
Available data suggest that pregnant women who become infected with COVID -19 may be
more likely to be hospitalized and may be at increased risk of preterm delivery ( MMWR,
2020 ). Pfizer is conducting a Phase 2/3 clinical trial of the safety and immunogenicity of the
Pfizer -BioNTech COVID -19 vaccine in pregnant women. Interim analyses of Pfizer’s Phase
3 clinical trial for vaccine candidate BNT162b2 were reported in December 2020 and
showed that the two -dose regimen had 95% efficacy in the prevention of COVID -19 among
individuals without evidence of prior SARS -CoV -2 infection. While the current product
labeling communicates that data are insu fficient, the Pfizer -BioNTech COVID -19 vaccine
may be received by pregnant women when they and their healthcare providers believe that
risk/benefit considerations favor its use. As of 25 October 2021 , more than 169,000 women
reported to the Centers for Dis ease Control and Prevention ’s (CDC ) V-safe surveillance
system that they were vaccinated during pregnancy (CDC, 2021a ). Therefore, information
regarding the real -world safety of vaccination during pregnancy is essential from a public
health perspective.
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PFIZER CONFIDENTIAL
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20-May-2021
Page 9 of 50 This non -interventional study is designated as a Post -Authorization Safety Study (PASS) and
is a postmarketing commitment (PMC) to the FDA .
Research question and objectives : Is the risk of pregnancy and infant safety outcomes
increased among pregnant women in the Organization of Teratology Information Specialists
(OTIS)/MotherToBaby Pregnancy Registry (OTIS Pregnancy Registry ) who were vaccinated
with the Pfizer -BioNTech COVID -19 vaccine during pregnancy compared with those who
did not receive any COVID -19 vaccine during pregnancy ?
Study Objective
• To assess whether pregnant women who receiv ed the Pfizer -BioNTech COVID -19
vaccine during pregnancy experience d increased risk of pregnancy and infant safety
outcomes, includi ng major congenital malformations, spontaneous abortion, elective
termination/abortion, stillbirth, preterm delivery, small for gestational age, and small
for age postnatal growth at one year of age , relative to pregnant women who receiv ed
no COVID -19 vaccines during pregnancy .
Study design: This proposed study is a prospective, observational cohort study of pregnancy
and infant safety outcomes in pregnant women with exposure to the Pfizer -BioNTech
COVID -19 vaccine using data from the OTIS Pregnancy Registry . The birth
prevalence /incidence rates of pregnancy outcomes and incidence proportion of the infant
outcome for women exposed to any dose of the Pfizer -BioNTech COVID -19 within one
month prior to the first day of the last menstrual period (LMP) to end of pregnancy will be
compared to those observed in a comparator cohort unexposed to any COVID -19 vaccine
during this period.
Population: The study population includes pregnant women aged 18 years or older of all
ages participating in the OTIS Pregnancy Registry on or after 11 December 2020 (i.e., date
FDA granted EUA for the Pfizer -BioNTech COVID -19 vaccine ). The OTIS Pregnancy
Registry includes women who resid e in the US or Canada. Women with a known pregnancy
outcome at the time of study enrollment (e.g., positive prenatal diagnostic test results for a
major congenital malformation prior to study entry ), exposure to known human teratogens
during pregnancy, or receipt of a ny vaccine during pregnancy other than the Pfizer -
BioNTech COVID -19 vaccine, influenza vaccine, or Tdap vaccine are not eligible for study
entry.
Variables: Exposure will be defined as receipt of the Pfizer -BioNTech COVID -19 vaccine
obtained by maternal report and/or medical record, with information on the gestational
timing and date(s) of vaccinat ion captured. A copy of the COVID -19 vaccine record is
requested to supplement maternal report of vaccination. Pregnancy outcomes of interest
include major congenital malformations, spontaneous abortion, elective termination/abortion
for any reason, stillb irth, preterm delivery, and small for gestational age . The infant outcome
of interest is small for age postnatal growth of live born infants at one year of age. Each
pregnancy and infant outcome will be analyzed separately, and the following exposed cohort
and unexposed cohort will be defined for each outcome analysis (depending on a
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Page 10 of 50 participant’s timing of vaccination/study enrollment as it relates to the at -risk period for an
outcome) :
• Pfizer -BioNTech COVID -19 Vaccine -Exposed
– Pregnant women with exposure to at least one dose of the Pfizer -BioNTech
COVID -19 vaccine within one month before the first day of LMP up to and
including end of pregnancy
• COVID -19 Vaccine -Unexposed (Comparator)
– Pregnant women with no exposure to any COVID -19 vaccine within one month
before the first day of LMP up to and including end of pregnancy.
Information on study outcomes will be obtained by maternal report and /or medical record
review. Potential confounders or covariates to be collected include maternal age,
race/ethnicity, socioeconomic status, pregnancy and health history, lifestyle factors,
comorbidities , medication use, vaccine exposures (including COVID -19 va ccination prior to
and during pregnancy ), vitamin/mineral exposures, and prenatal tests . For women who
received the Pfizer -BioNTech COVID -19 vaccine, information will also be collected on the
specific doses ( i.e., 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and booster) of the vaccine received .
Data source: This study will use data collected as part of the OTIS Pregnancy Registry from
maternal interviews, medical records (obstetric, delivery hospital, pediatric, vaccine provider,
and/or other specialty provider i f applicable), and pregnancy exposure diary.
Study size: The target sample size for the study is 2000 pregnant women : 1100 pregnant
women in the Pfizer -BioNTech COVID -19 vaccine exposure cohort and 9 00 pregnant
women in the COVID -19 vaccine -unexposed compa rator cohort .
Data analysis: The distributions of demographic and baseline characteristics will be
summarized within the exposure and comparator cohort. The following measures will be
calculated for the pregnancy and infant outcomes: birth prevalence of ma jor congenital
malformations ; incidence rates of spontaneous abortion, elective termination/abortion,
stillbirth, and preterm delivery ; and incidence proportions of small for gestational age and
small for age postnatal growth at one year of age . For each outcome, risk estimates will be
described separately for the Pfizer -BioNTech COVID -19 vaccine exposure cohort and the
comparator cohort. The outcomes will be compared between the Pfizer -BioNTech COVID -
19 vaccine -exposed and vaccine -unexposed cohort s. Where feasible, comparisons will also
be made using methods to control potential confounding and to evaluate outcomes following
receipt of specific doses ( i.e., 1st, 2nd, 3rd, booster) in pregnancy .
Milestones: Pregnant women participat ing in the OTIS Preg nancy Registry on or after 11
December 2020 (date of EUA for the Pfizer -BioNTech COVID -19 vaccine ) are eligible for
study enrollment . The start of data collection (defined as start date of data extraction for the
first interim report ) will be 01 October 2021 . Four annual interim reports will be submitted.
The final study report and analysis is projected for December 202 4.
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Page 11 of 50 5. AMENDMENTS AND UPDATES
Amendment
Number Date Protocol
Section(s)
Changed Summary of Amendment(s) Reason
1 20 August
2021 6. Changed the date for “Final study
report” from 01 December 2025 to 31
December 2025. Information Request from Center
for Biologics Evaluation and
Research (CBER) received on 27
July 2021 ; CBER follow -up
request on 19 August 2021.
6. Changed the date for “End of data
collection” from 01 August 2025 to 30
June 2025. Allows for a 6 -month period
after end of data collection to
conduct analyses and prepare
final study report.
9.3.1 .,,
9.4.3 .,,
Table 1 Added clarification that a participant is
classified as exposed if she reports in
the maternal interviews that she
received the Pfizer -BioNTech COVID -
19 vaccine or if there is supporting
documentation in the medical record for
receipt of the Pfizer -BioNTech COVID -
19 vaccine. To cla rify the use of maternal
interviews and medical records in
the classification of Pfizer -
BioNTech COVID -19 vaccine
exposure status.
9.3.2.1 . Added information on the expert
dysmorphologist who review s and
classif ies major congenital
malformations including the
qualifications and rationale for selection
of the reviewer . Information Request from Center
for Biologics Evaluation and
Research (CBER) received on 27
July 2021 .
Table 2 ,
9.4.2 .
Added c larifications on data elements
that are collected as part of existing
registry procedures . Information Request from CBER
received on 27 July 2021 .
9.4.1 . Provided additional information on
patient -initiated recruitment efforts and
retention plans , including recruitment
and retention strategies for diverse
populations. Information Request from CBER
received on 27 July 2021 .
9.5. Added rationale for the target sample
size. Information Request from CBER
received on 27 July 2021 .
Table 4 Added sample size and power
calculations for the infant outcome of
small for age postnatal growth at one
year of age ; Information Request from CBER
received on 27 July 2021 .
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Page 12 of 50 Amendment
Number Date Protocol
Section(s)
Changed Summary of Amendment(s) Reason
Added detail s on how the exposed and
comparator sample sizes for each of the
study endpoints were derived.
Corrected sample sizes for comparator
cohort Ns in Table 4. Error was made in transferring
sample size estimates of
comparator cohort to Table 4 in
the previously submitted
protocol .
2 29 November
2021 4.,,
6.,,
7. Updated milestones. To reflect current recruitment
timelines.
7. Updated Rationale and Background. 1) To reflect the current approval
and authorization status of the
Pfizer -BioNTech COVID -19
vaccine in the United States, and
2) to update the number of
women who reported to the
Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention V -safe surveillance
system that th ey received the
vaccine during pregnancy.
9.1.,,
9.5.,,
9.7.3.1 .,,
Table 2,
Table 4,
Table 5
Increased sample size to allow for
increased capture of women receiving a
booster dose of the Pfizer -BioNTech
COVID -19 vaccine during pregnancy ;
added 3rd and booster doses to the
variable for specific dose of Pfizer -
BioNTech COVID -19 vaccine; added
subgroup analysis to include 3rd and
booster doses. To add safety assessment of 3rd
and booster doses after
authorization.
9.3.1 Added clarification based on ACOG
guidelines how gestational weeks are
defined if first day of LMP is unclear or
if ultrasound dates differ from LMP -
derived dates. To clarify how gestational weeks
are calculated.
3
09 May 2022
4,
9.2.1,
Table 2 Removed inclusion criteria of maternal
age 18 or older To allow for enrollment of
individuals who are <18 years of
age as per CBER request given
vaccine authorization/approval in
younger ages.
Table 2 Change definition of g estational age at
vaccination/study enrollment from 13, To align with the SAP and
definitions used for the study
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Page 13 of 50 Amendment
Number Date Protocol
Section(s)
Changed Summary of Amendment(s) Reason
13-19.9, ≥20 weeks gestation to ≤13,
13.1-19.9, ≥20

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Page 14 of 50 6. MILESTONES
Milestone Planned Date
Registration in the EU PAS register 29 September 2021
Start of data collection 01 October 20211
Interim Annual Reports1 31 January 2022
31 January 2023
31 January 2024

End of data collection 30 June 20242
Final study report 31 December 2024
1 Pregnant women participa ting in the OTIS Pregnancy Reg istry on or after 11 December 2020 after EUA
for the Pfizer -BioNTech COVID -19 vaccine are eligible for study inclusion . The start of data collection is
defined as the planned date for starting data extraction for the first interim report.
2 The end of data collection is defined as the planned date on which the analytic dataset will be first
completely available ; the analytic dataset is the minimum set of data required to perform the statistical
analysis for the primary objective(s) .
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Page 15 of 50 7. RATIONALE AND BACKGROUND
In December 2019, a novel coronavirus (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2
[SARS -CoV -2]) was first identified by public health officials in China. The World Health
Organization (WH O) declared the SARS -CoV -2 outbreak and associated disease
(Coronavirus disease 2019 [COVID -19] a global pandemic in March 2020. Despite public
health efforts, the incidence of COVID -19 has continued to rise, largely affecting middle -
aged persons with wors ening clinical sequelae linked to increasing age and comorbid
conditions (e.g., cardiovascular disease, diabetes and chronic lung disease). As of 17 May
2021, over 32.9 million COVID -19 cases and 586,330 deaths have been reported in the
United States (US) alone ( The Center for Systems Science and Engineering at Johns Hopkins
University, 2021 ).
Pfizer and BioNTech have partnered to develop a novel (messenger ribonucleic acid) mRNA
vaccine against SARS -CoV -2 for the prevention of COVID -19 (Candidate BNT162b2).
Pfizer is conducting a Phase 1/2/3, randomized, placebo -controlled, observer -blind, dose -
finding, vaccine candidate -selection, and efficacy study among healthy individuals
(NCT04368728). Interim analyses of Pfizer’s Phase 3 clinical trial for vaccine candidate
BNT162b2 were reported in December 2020 and showed that the two -dose regimen had 95 %
efficacy in the prevention of COVID -19 among individuals without evidence of prior SARS -
CoV -2 infection. Based on the safety and efficacy data, as well as a review of manufacturing
information regarding product quality and consistency, the Food and Drug Administration
(FDA) determined that the known and potential benefits of the vaccine outweighed the
known and potential risks for the prevention of COVID -19 in individuals 16 years of age and
older ( FDA, 2021 a). The FDA initially granted Emergency Use Authorization (EUA) for the
Pfizer -BioNTech COVID -19 vaccine two-dose primary series on 11 December 2020 in
individuals 16 years of age and older , and approved the vaccine for this population on 23
August 2021 (FDA, 2021a ; FDA, 2021b ). FDA expanded the EUA on 10 May 2021 to
include children 12 -15 years of age , and on 29 October 2021 to include lower -dose vaccine
administration for children 5 -11 years of age (FDA, 2021 c; FDA, 2021 d). The EUA was
further amended on 12 August 2021 to include the administrat ion of a third primary series
dose in certain immunocompromised individuals 12 years of age and older, and on 22
September 2021 to allow for use of a single booster dose at least six months after completion
of the primary series in certain populations (FDA, 2021 e).
Studies in women with COVID -19 infection are limited. The available data suggest that
pregnant women who become infected with COVID -19 may be more likely to be
hospitalized and may be at increased risk of preterm deli very ( MMWR, 2020 ). The COVID -
19 vaccine is likely to be utilized by pregnant women when they and their healthcare
providers believe that risk/benefit considerations favor its use. Also, given the frequency of
unplanned pregnancies, information regarding the safety of the COV ID-19 vaccine in human
pregnancy is essential from a public health perspective. As of 25 October 2021 , more than
169,000 women reported to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) V-safe
surveillance system that they were vaccinated during pre gnancy ( CDC, 2021 a). Therefore,
information regarding the real -world safety of vaccination during pregnancy is essential from
a public health perspective.
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Page 16 of 50 The current Pfizer -BioNTech COVID -19 vaccine product label for healthcare providers
specifies that safety data are insufficient or not available to assess vaccine -associated risks in
pregnant or lactating women. However, Pfizer is conducting an ongoing Phase 2/3 clinical
trial of the safety and immunogenicity of the vaccine in pregnant women. In addition, this
protocol proposes an observational study to evaluate pregnancy and infant safety outcomes
among pregnant women enrolled in an established North American pregnancy registry who
were exposed to the Pfizer -BioNTech COVID -19 vaccine .
This non -interventional study is designated as a Post -Authorization Safety Study (PASS) and
is a postmarketing commitment (PMC) to the FDA .
8. RESEARCH QUESTION AND OBJECTIVES
Is the risk of pregnancy and infant safety outcomes increased among pregnan t women in the
Organization of Teratology Information Specialists (OTIS)/MotherToBaby Pregnancy
Registry (OTIS Pregnancy Registry ) who were vaccinated with the Pfizer -BioNTech
COVID -19 vaccine during pregnancy compared with those who did not receive any CO VID-
19 vaccine during pregnancy ?
Study Objective
• To assess whether pregnant women who receiv ed the Pfizer -BioNTech COVID -19
vaccine during pregnancy experience d increased risk of pregnancy and infant safety
outcome s, including major congenital malformations , spontaneous abortion, elective
termination/abortion , stillbirth, preterm delivery, small for gestational age, and small
for age postnatal growth at one year of age , relative to pregnant women who receiv ed
no COVID -19 vaccine s during pregnanc y.
9. RESEARCH METHODS
9.1. Study Design
This proposed study is a prospective, observational cohort study of pregnancy and infant
safety outcomes in pregnant women of all ages in the OTIS Pregnancy Registry who received
the Pfizer -BioNTech COVID -19 vaccine any time from one month before the first day of the
last menstrual period (LMP) to the end of pregnancy. The comparator cohort includes
pregnant women who received no COVID -19 vaccines within one month before the first day
of LMP to end of pregnanc y. The pregnancy outcomes are major congenital malformations,
spontaneous abortion, elective termination/abortion, stillbirth, preterm delivery, and small for
gestational age ; the infant outcome is small for age postnatal growth at one year of age. The
target sample size for the study is 2000 pregnant women: 1100 pregnant women in the
Pfizer -BioNTech COVID -19 vaccine exposure cohort and 900 pregnant women in the
COVID -19 vaccine -unexposed comparator cohort . The main measures of effect are
unadjusted and adj usted risk ratios (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) comparing the
Pfizer -BioNTech COVID -19 vaccine exposed cohort to the comparator cohort for the
outcomes of major congenital malformations, small for gestational age, and postnatal growth;
and unadj usted and adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% CIs comparing the Pfizer -
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Page 17 of 50 BioNTech COVID -19 vaccine exposed cohort to the comparator cohort for the outcomes of
spontaneous abortion, elective termination /abortion , stillbirth, and preterm delivery.
9.2. Setting
This study will use data that are collected as part of the existing OTIS Pregnancy Registry
(described further in Section 9.4Section Data Source) and converted to a structured database
for analysis. The registry includes pregnant women who reside in the US or Canada and
allows for direct capture of information from participants through various health interviews.
To obtain information pr ovided by the treating physicians, data are collected from medical
records for pregnant women and their infant s.
When pregnant women are in contact with the OTIS Research Center, enrollment in the
OTIS Pregnancy Registry is voluntary and requires informed consent of the pregnant woman.
The study encourages enrollment as early as possible in the pregnancy before any prenatal
testing results are known. This is accomplished by encouraging clinicians to refer patients,
and patients who contact an OTIS service o r who self -refer, to enroll upon first positive
pregnancy test. These efforts reduce possible bias based on prior knowledge of a normal or
abnormal ultrasound and allow for better estimation of risk of spontaneous abortion.
9.2.1. Inclusion Criteria
Individuals must meet all of the following inclusion criteria to be eligible for inclusion in the
study:
• Residence in the US or Canada
• Age 18 years or older
• Enrolled in the OTIS Pregnancy Registry and c urrently pregnant on or after 11
December 2020 (i.e., date of EUA for the Pfizer -BioNTec h COVID -19 vaccine)
9.2.2. Exclusion Criteria
Individuals meet ing any of the following criteria will not be included in the study :
• Previous entry into th is study for a prior pregnancy
• Receipt of any vaccine other than the Pfizer -BioNTech COVID -19 vaccine, influen za
vaccine, or Tdap vaccine (e.g., Moderna or Johnson & Johnson COVID -19 vaccines,
human papillomavirus vaccine, hepatitis B vaccine, etc.) from one month before the
first day of LMP up to and including end of pregnancy
• Exposure to known human teratogens during pregnancy within one month before the
first day of LMP up to and including end of pregnancy
• Known pregnancy outcome at time of study enrollment (e.g., positive prenatal
diagnostic test results for a major congenital malformation prior to study entry)
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Page 18 of 50 9.2.3. Follow -Up
Pregnant women are entered in a cohort at the time of enrollment into the OTIS Pregnancy
Registry. Information is collected on their pregnancy to date and they are then followed for
the duration of their pregnancy. In addition, infants will be followed for potential safety
events through their first year of life. Follow -up will end at the earliest of the following
events:
• Lost to follow -up, i.e., an enrolled individual who withdraws or who fails to complete
the outcome interview despite a standard number of telephone attempts and attempt to
contact by mail as per study procedure manual within one year of the participant’s
estimated due date.
• Receipt of any vaccine other than the Pfizer -BioNTech COVID -19 vaccine, influenza
vaccine, or Tdap vaccine (e.g., Mode rna or Johnson & Johnson COVID -19 vaccines,
human papillomavirus vaccine, hepatitis B vaccine, etc.) during pregnancy
• Occurrence of spontaneous abortion, elective termination/abortion, or stillbirth
• End of follow -up (i.e., one -year post -partum)
• End of stud y period
• Infant death
• Maternal death during pregnancy.
9.3. Variables
Variables for the exposures, outcomes, demographics, and clinical characteristics of interest
are included below. Data on these variables will be collected via maternal interview and
medical record review per standard process described in the OTIS Pregnancy Registry
protocol. Detailed operational definitions will be provided in the Statistical Analysis Plan
(SAP) .
9.3.1. Identification of Exposure and Comparator
Vaccine exposure data are obtained by maternal report and/or medical record to classify
Pfizer -BioNTech COVID -19 vaccine exposure status . The two sources of information are
used in order to minimize misclassification of exposure status . Detailed information
regarding vaccine exposure status of participants is obtained through the maternal interviews
including at enrollment, at interim timepoints during pregnancy, and at pregnancy outcome
interview (0 to 6 weeks after the expected due date or end of pregnancy ). Participants are
directly queried about the specific vaccines they received , including information on the
gestational timing, dates of exposure, and brand. Vaccine exposures are coded using the
Slone Drug Dictionary. Maternal report that a COVID -19 vaccine was received is
complemented by r equesting a copy of the COVID -19 vaccine record. In addition, medical
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Page 19 of 50 records from the obstetric provider, hospital of delivery, and any specialty provider are
reviewed (when available) for all participants.
A participant is classified as unexposed if she reports that she did not receive any COVID -19
vaccine and her medical record (when available) shows no indication that she received any
COVID -19 vaccine. A participant is classified as exposed if she reports in the maternal
interviews that she received the Pfizer -BioNTech COVID -19 vaccine or if there is supporting
documentation in the medical record for receipt of the Pfizer -BioNTech COVID -19 vaccine .
If maternal report indicates no receipt of a COVID -19 vaccine but the medical record
indicates discordance such that the Pfizer -BioNTech COVID -19 vaccine was administered,
the medical record would supersede maternal report and the participant would be classified
as Pfizer -BioNTech COVID -19 vaccine -exposed. Moreover , where maternal report indicates
that the Pfizer -BioNTech COVID -19 vaccine was received but documentation in the medical
record is discordant (i.e., no indication in medical record that COVID -19 vaccine was
administered), the maternal repor t would supersede medical record for classification as
exposed.
The estimated gestational weeks to qualify participants for the study for exposure and to
classify outcomes is based on weeks from the first day of LMP which is counted as day 0. In
circumstan ces where the date of LMP is not available or uncertain, or when a prenatal
ultrasound estimates a gestational week that is discrepant according to obstetric guidelines,
gestational week of pregnancy will be assigned based on the earliest available ultraso und
(ACOG, 2017 ).
Table 1 below provides a description of variables for exposures to be included in this study.
Each pregnan cy and infant outcome will be analyzed separately, and the following exposure
and comparator cohorts will be defined separately for each outcome analysis ( depending on a
participant’s timing of vaccination/study enrollment as it relates to the at -risk peri od for an
outcome ):
• Pfizer -BioNTech COVID -19 Vaccine (Exposure)
– Receipt of at least one dose of the Pfizer -BioNTech COVID -19 vaccine during
the study period at any time from one month before the first day of LMP up to
and including end of pregnancy
• COVID -19 Vaccine -Unexposed (Comparator)
– Receipt of no COVID -19 vaccine s during the study period within one month
before the first day of LMP up to and including end of pregnancy
9.3.2. Classification of Pregnancy and Infant Outcomes
The following pregnancy and infant outcome variables (refer to Table 1) are obtained by
maternal report and /or medical record review (when available) as part of existing procedures
for the pregnancy registry.
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Page 20 of 50 9.3.2.1. Major Congenital Malformations
The method fo r classifying major congenital malformations for purpose of analysis has been
described by the study investigators and the OTIS Research Group ( CDC, 2000 ; Olsen et al.,
2010 ) and has been used in pr evious studies conducted by OTIS.
A major congenital malformation is defined as a defect that has either cosmetic or functional
significance to the child (e.g., a cleft lip). Major congenital malformations diagnosed during
pregnancy and up to 1 year of age are reported by participants or the healthcare provider, or
are identified through medical record review. Independent confirmation of certain defects is
required via medical record review. For example, a heart murmur thought to represent a
ventricular sep tal defect prior to 1 year of age will be included if it is confirmed as a heart
defect by cardiac ultrasound. Similarly, a midline cutaneous marker at L2 -L3 noted will be
included as occult spinal dysraphism only if confirmed by appropriate imaging studie s.
Classification of major defects is performed uniformly across cohorts according to the CDC
Metropolitan Atlanta Congenital Defects Program (MACDP) coding criteria ( CDC, 2017 ).
• Some major congenital malformations are known consequences of pregnancy events,
such as preterm delivery, and are therefore not directly due to vaccine exposure. For
example, isolated patent ductus arteriosus or isolated inguinal hernia in an infant
delivered before 36 weeks’ gestation are consi dered consequences of prematurity, and
therefore, using CDC coding criteria, none of these defects are counted as major
congenital malformations. Other structural defects, such as club foot or cranial
synostosis, could be due to position of the infant in t he uterus or could be primary
defects initiated earlier in pregnancy. In most cases, it is not possible to know the true
onset or etiology of the defect. Therefore, using CDC coding criteria, these anomalies
are counted as major congenital malformations un iformly across all cohorts.
• One exception to u sing the CDC coding criteria is that chromosomal anomalies will
not be counted as major congenital malformations as it is unlikely that a vaccine
exposure could cause a chromosomal defect.
The uniform coding re duces differences in outcome definitions between studies for a better
interpretation of results in the event they are compared. It is anticipated that the occurrence of
defects that are unrelated to vaccine exposure in the proposed study population will be
nondifferential across cohorts. Therefore, their inclusion, when indicated, represents part of
the baseline risk for major congenital malformations in each cohort. This should not impact
the risk estimates and measures of association.
Major congenital ma lformations identified by prenatal ultrasound or examination of the
products of conception following elective termination/abortion or spontaneous abortion will
not be included in the primary analysis due to potential bias involved in non -uniform use of
prenatal diagnosis and pathology evaluation for all abortuses .
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Page 21 of 50 As per recommend ations in the FDA draft Guidance for Industry Postapproval Pregnancy
Safety Studies (May 2019) , an expert dysmorphologist and co -investigator for OTIS
Pregnancy Registry studies , Dr. Kenneth Lyons Jones, reviews all the medical records and
reports of major congenital malformations. The review is done blinded to exposure status and
performed in the same manner for exposed and comparator cohort s. Dr. Jones is a
pediatrician and the le ading authority on environmental causes of congenital anomalies . He is
the author of the main textbook in this field titled Smith’s Recognizable Patterns of
Malformation, 8th Edition ( Jones et al ., 2021 ).
9.3.2.2. Spontaneous abortion
Defined as non -deliberate fetal death which occurs prior to 20 weeks from the first day of
LMP.
9.3.2.3. Elective termination/abortion
Defined as deliberate termination of pregnancy at any time in gestation. Reasons for elective
termination/ab ortion are captured and are classified as due to medical reasons or social
reasons.
9.3.2.4. Stillbirth
Defined as non -deliberate fetal death any time in gestation at or after 20 weeks from the first
day of LMP.
9.3.2.5. Preterm delivery
Defined as live birth prior to 37 weeks ’ gestation as counted from the first day of LMP.
9.3.2.6. Small for gestational age at birth
Defined separately for weight, length, and head circumference (binary endpoints) as birth
size less than or equal to the 10th centile for sex and gestational age usin g standard pediatric
CDC growth curves for full term or preterm infants ( CDC, 2000 ; Olsen et al., 2010 ).
9.3.2.7. Small for age postnatal growth at one year of age
Defined separately for weight, length, and head circumference (binary endpoints) as
postnatal size less than or equal to the 10th centile for sex and age using National Center for
Health Statistics (NCHS) pediatric growth curves, and adjusted postnatal age for preterm
infants if the postnatal meas urement is obtained at less than 1 year of age ( CDC, 2000 ).
Table 1. Exposure, Comparator, Exclusion, and Outcome Variables
Variable Role Data Source(s) Operational Definition
Exposure to the
Pfizer -
BioNTech Exposure Maternal report Maternal report of exposure to the Pfizer -
BioNTech COVID -19 vaccine of at least one dose
any time from one month prior to the first day of
LMP to end of pregnancy
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Page 22 of 50 Table 1. Exposure, Comparator, Exclusion, and Outcome Variables
Variable Role Data Source(s) Operational Definition
COVID -19
vaccine Vaccine record (e.g.,
COVID -19 vaccine
or yellow card)
Medical record
Gestational
timing of the
Pfizer -
BioNTech
COVID -19
vaccine use Exposure Maternal report
Vaccine record (e.g.,
COVID -19 vaccine
or yellow card)
Medical record Dates of the Pfizer -BioNTech COVID -19 vaccine
administration one month prior to the first day of
LMP up to and including end of pregnancy
No vaccine
exposure during
pregnancy Comparator Maternal report

Medical record Maternal report of no exposure to any vaccines at
any time from one month prior to the first day of
LMP to end of pregnancy
Exposure to
non-study
vaccines during
the pregnancy
window up to
study
enrollment Exclusion
criterion Maternal report
Vaccine record (e.g.,
COVID -19 vaccine
or yellow card)
Medical record Maternal report of exposure to any vaccine other
than the Pfizer -BioNTech COVID -19 vaccine,
influenza vaccine, or Tdap vaccine (e.g., Moderna
or Johnson & Johnson COVID -19 vaccines,
huma n papillomavirus vaccine, hepatitis B
vaccine, etc.)
Maternal
pregnancy
exposure to a
known human
teratogen Exclusion
criteri on Maternal report

Medical record Maternal pregnancy exposure to a known human
teratogen (e.g., Type I Diabetes)
Major
congenital
malformation Pregnancy
outcome Maternal report
Medical record
OTIS investigator
review A major structural or chromosomal defect that has
either cosmetic or functional significance to the
child (e.g., a cleft lip). Classified using the CDC
Metro politan Atlanta Congenital Defects Program
(MACDP) coding criteria ( CDC , 2017 )
• According to the CDC MACDP guidelines, the
following do not qualify as major congenital
malformations:
o Those findings that are present in infants
with outcomes at <36 weeks gestational
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Page 23 of 50 Table 1. Exposure, Comparator, Exclusion, and Outcome Variables
Variable Role Data Source(s) Operational Definition
age or if gestational age is unavailable,
weighing <2500 grams, and are attributed
to prematurity alone, such as patent ductus
arteriosus (PDA), patent foramen ovale
(PFO), and inguinal hernias
o Infants with only transient or infectious
conditions, or biochemical abnormalities,
are classified as being without major
congenital malformations unless there is a
possibility that the condition reflects an
unrecognized major congenital
malformation
Spontaneous
abortion Pregnancy
outcome Maternal report
Medical record Non-deliberate embryonic or fetal death that
occurs prior to 20 weeks’ gestation (CDC, 2021 b)
Stillbirth Pregnancy
outcome Maternal report
Medical record A non -deliberate fetal death that occurs at or after
20 weeks’ gestation but prior to delivery (Prager S
et al., 2021 )
Preterm
delivery Pregnancy
outcome Maternal report
Medical record A spontaneous or induced delivery at
<37 gestational weeks (as counted from the first
day of LMP) (CDC, 2021 c)
Small for
gestational age Infant
outcome Maternal report
Medical record Birth size (weight, length, or head circumference)
≤10th percentile for sex and gestational age using
NCHS pediatric growth curves for full term
infants. Prenatal growth curves specific to preterm
infants are used for preterm infants ( Olsen et al.,
2010 ; Schlaudecker EP et al ., 2017 )
Small for age
postnatal
growth at one
year of age Infant
outcome Medical record Postnatal size (weight, length or head
circumference) ≤10th percentile for sex and age
using NCHS pediatric growth curves and adjusted
postnatal age for preterm infants
Abbreviations: CDC, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention;
LMP , last menstrual period; MACDP, Metropolitan Atlanta Congenital Defects Program; NCHS, National
Center for Health Statistics

9.3.3. Demographic and Clinical Characteristics
Potential confounders and other covariates to be collected include maternal age,
race/e thnicity, socioeconomic status, pregnancy and health history, lifestyle factors,
comorbidities, medication, vaccine and vitamin/mineral exposures, and prenatal tests.
Table 2 provides a description of corresponding variables to be included in this study. The
SAP will provide greater detail on covariable definitions, such as a listing of known human
teratogens.
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Page 24 of 50 Table 2. Demographic and Clinical Variables
Variable Role Data Source(s) Operational Definition
Age Confounder Maternal report Maternal age (years) at due date, continuous
and categorical (< 18, 18 -25, 25 -29, 30 -34,
>34)
Race Confounder Maternal report Maternal/Paternal race (Caucasian/White,
Black, Asian/Pacific Islander, Native
American, Other)
Ethnicity Confounder Maternal report Maternal/Paternal ethnicity (Hispanic, Non -
Hispanic)
Education Confounder Maternal report Maternal Educational Category (years of
completed education <12, 12 -15, >15)
Socioeconomic
category Confounder Maternal report Hollingshead Socioeconomic Category based
on maternal and paternal occupation and
education (1 -5) (Hollingshead A , 1975)
Geographic area of
residence Confounder Maternal report Geographic area of residence (e.g., US,
Canada)
Referral source Confounder Maternal report Source options: Sponsor, OTIS service, health
care provider ( HCP ), Internet, Other, UC Rely
Gestational age at
vaccination/study
enrollment Confounder Maternal report

Medical record Weeks of pregnancy at time of enrollment,
continuous and categorical (<(≤13, 13.1-19.9,
≥20): gestational age is calculated from the
first date of LMP
Trimester of
vaccination/study
enrollment Confounder Maternal report

Medical record 1st, 2nd, or 3rd trimester categorization based on
gestational age at vaccination/study
enrollment
Height Confounder Maternal report Maternal height (cm)
Pre-pregnancy body
weight Confounder Maternal report

Medical record Maternal pre -pregnancy body weight (kg)
Pre-pregnancy body
mass index ( BMI ) Confounder Maternal report Maternal pre -pregnancy BMI (<18.5, 18.5 -
24.9, 25 -29.9, ≥30)
Number of prior
pregnancies Confounder Maternal report

Medical record Number of times ever pregnant (1, 2 -3, 4-5,
≥6)
Number of previous
live birth or stillbirth
deliveries Confounder Maternal report

Medical record Number of previous live birth or stillbirth
deliveries (0, 1 -2, 3-4, ≥5)
Previous pregnancies
with a major
congenital
malformation Confounder Maternal report ≥1 previous pregnanc y with a major structural
or chromosomal defect diagnosed in utero or
post-partum – Yes/No
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Page 25 of 50 Table 2. Demographic and Clinical Variables
Variable Role Data Source(s) Operational Definition
Type of major
congenital
malformation in
previous pregnancies Confounder Maternal report A major structural or chromosomal defect that
has either cosmetic or functional sig nificance
to the child (e.g., a cleft lip) classified using
CDC coding criteria
Number of previous
pregnancies ending in
spontaneous abortion Confounder Maternal report

Medical record Number of previous pregnancies ending in
spontaneous abortion (0, 1, 2, ≥3)
Number of previous
pregnancies ending in
elective
termination/abortion Confounder Maternal report

Medical record Number of previous pregnancies ending in
elective termination/abortion (0, 1, 2, ≥3)
Previous pregnancies
ending in preterm
delivery Confounder Maternal report ≥1 previous pregnanc y ending in preterm
delivery – Yes/No
Previous pregnancies
ending in fetal growth
restriction Confounder Maternal report ≥1 previous pregnancy ending in fetal growth
restriction – Yes/No
Number of previous
ectopic pregnancies Confounder Maternal report

Medical record Number of previous pregnancies ending in
ectopic pregnancy (0, 1, 2, ≥3); ectopic
pregnancy is defined as a pregnancy in which
the fetus develops outside the uterus, typically
in a fallopian tube .
Family history of
genetic disorders and
major congenital
malformations Confounder Maternal report Any family history of a major structural or
chromosomal defect that has either cosmetic
or functional significance to the child as
defined using the CDC coding criteria –
Yes/No
Prenatal vitamin,
multivi tamin, or folic
acid use in pregnancy Confounder Maternal report Prenatal, Multivitamin or Folic Acid
supplement use by timing (began prior to
conception, post -conception only, not taken at
all)
Alcohol use in
pregnancy Confounder Maternal report Yes/No; dose and frequency are captured
Tobacco use in
pregnancy Confounder Maternal report Yes/No
Prenatal diagnostic
tests prior to
enrollment Confounder Maternal report

Medical record Tests performed prior to enrollment
(Ultrasound level 1, Ultrasoun d level 2,
Chorionic Villus Sampling, Amniocentesis)
Prenatal diagnostic
tests any time during
pregnancy Confounder Maternal report

Medical record Tests performed any time in pregnancy
(Ultrasound level 1, Ultrasound level 2,
Chorionic Villus Sampling, Amniocentesis)
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Page 26 of 50 Table 2. Demographic and Clinical Variables
Variable Role Data Source(s) Operational Definition
Pregnancy
complications Confounder Maternal report

Medical record Pregnancy induced hypertension
Preeclampsia
Gestational diabetes
Comorbid maternal
medical history Confounder Maternal report

Medical record Comorbid maternal medical history (e.g.,
chronic hypertension, asthma)
Current medication
use Confounder Maternal report Prescription and over -the-counter medications
are captured for the period of time from the
first day of LMP through the end of
pregna ncy. Dose, frequency, duration, and
indication including stop and start dates are
collected
Exposure to the
influenza or Tdap
vaccine Confounder Maternal report

Medical record Maternal report of exposure to an influenza or
Tdap vaccine any time from one month prior
to the first day of LMP up to and including
end of pregnancy
Pfizer -BioNTech
COVID -19 vaccine
dose Covariate Maternal report
Medical record Maternal report of the specific doses (1st, 2nd,
3rd, booster) of the Pfizer -BioNTech COVID -
19 vaccine any time from one month prior to
the first day of LMP up to and including the
end of pregnancy
COVID -19 vaccine
prior to pregnancy Confounder Maternal report

Medical record Maternal report of exposure to at least one
dose of any COVID -19 vaccine any time prior
to one month before the first day of LMP
COVID -19 infection
symptoms and/or
positive test during
pregnancy Confounder Maternal report

Medical record Symptom in ventory from maternal interviews;
test results from maternal report and medical
record
COVID -19 infection
positive test prior to
pregnancy Confounder Maternal report

Medical record Test results from maternal report and medical
record
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; CDC, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention;
cm, centimeters; kg, kilograms; HCP, health care provider; LMP, last menstrual period; OTIS, Organization
of Teratology Information Specialists.

9.4. Data Source
The OTIS Pregnancy Registry was established in 1999 for addressing questions regarding
drug and vaccine safety in pregnancy among other research objectives. It is conducted by the
OTIS Research Group , a network of university and health department -based telepho ne
information centers serving pregnant women and healthcare providers throughout the US and
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Page 27 of 50 Canada ( Leen -Mitchell et al, 2000 ). These services receive over 70,000 spontaneous
inquiries per year from women and healthcar e providers about the safety or risk associated
with environmental exposures in pregnancy, including medications and vaccines. Trained
Teratogen Information Specialists at each site provide appropriate risk assessment and
referral for all patient and healt hcare provider callers free of charge.
These services also provide a basis for collaborative research. Pregnant women who call are
recruited for the OTIS Pregnancy Registry, and the healthcare providers are requested to
contact the OTIS Pregnancy Registry to provide patient referrals. Active recruitment
strategies are also used, e.g., direct mailings to healthcare providers, website, and
professional meetings. Enrollment in the OTIS Pregnancy Registry is voluntary and requires
informed consent by the pregna nt woman. The OTIS Research Center is responsible for
verifying the participant selection criteria, enrolling each participant and securing informed
consent, oral and written (when available or applicable), providing all pregnancy
(intake/enrollment and in terim I and II) and post -partum follow -up interviews and medical
record review, recording and storage of all data, and subsequent data analysis and
interpretation.
As part of the OTIS Pregnancy Registry protocol, data are collected using maternal
interview(s), medical record review (obstetric, delivery hospital, pediatric, vaccine provider,
and/or other specialty provider if applicable), and the pregnancy exposure diary (see ).
Table 3 ).
Table 3. Timing of Cohort Enrollment , Interviews, Examinations, and Medical
Records
Any Time
In
Pregnancy 20-22
Weeks’
Gestationb 32-34
Weeks’
Gestationc 0-6
Weeks
Post-
Delivery 0-12
Months
Post-
Delivery 1 Year
Post-
Delivery
Referrala √
Enrollment and
Consenta √
Enrollment Interviewa √
Interim Interview I √
Interim Interview II √
Pregnancy Outcome
Interview and Request
for Medical Records √
Medical Record
Acquisition and Review √
Pediatric 1 -Year
Medical Records
Request and Review √
a. Participants may enroll in the study any time during pregnancy.
b. If participant is enrolled and Intake Interview is conducted after 18 weeks’ gestation, only one interim
interview is conducted during pregnancy at 32 -34 weeks gestation.
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Page 28 of 50 Table 3. Timing of Cohort Enrollment , Interviews, Examinations, and Medical
Records
Any Time
In
Pregnancy 20-22
Weeks’
Gestationb 32-34
Weeks’
Gestationc 0-6
Weeks
Post-
Delivery 0-12
Months
Post-
Delivery 1 Year
Post-
Delivery
c. If participant is enrolled and Intake Interview is conducted at 30 weeks’ gestation or after, no Interim
Interview is collected.

Medication or vaccine exposures entered into the database are coded using the Slone Drug
Dictionary. Major congenital malformations are coded using the MACDP coding list. Data
are recorded on hard copies of forms and these records are retained by OTIS at the OTIS
Research Center. These forms are con sidered the primary data sources for studies and can be
adapted to add new data elements. Data from these forms are extracted and entered into a
customized OTIS study database located in the Research Center.
9.4.1. Modalities of Recruitment
All exposed and compar ison individuals will be recruited through spontaneous callers to
participating OTIS member services in locations throughout North America and through
active recruitment strategies, e.g., direct mailings to healthcare providers, website, and
professional m eetings, in alignment with the OTIS Pregnancy Registry Protocol. Each OTIS
service will provide exposure counseling in the routine manner for all exposed and
unexposed women who initially make contact with the service with questions regarding a
current pre gnancy. Subsequently, each OTIS service will request permission to refer the
participant to the Research Center at the University of California, San Diego. Potential
participants who agree to be referred will contact the Research Center or be contacted if they
prefer. Women can self -refer via the OTIS Pregnancy Registry website, telephone, email,
text, or chat. Healthcare providers can also contact the OTIS Pregnancy Registry and refer
patients; however, in all cases the participant is the individual who pr ovides informed
consent for participation and completes the interview -based data collection.
To reach a broad population and raise awareness about the study , OTIS Pregnancy Registry
studies use direct to consumer social media . OTIS also has partnerships wi th healthcare
provider systems such as Kaiser Permanente, agencies such as CDC, and professional
societies including the Society for Maternal Fetal Medicine, the American Academy of
Pediatrics , and the American Academy of Allergy Asthma and Immunology. Par tners
promote the OTIS Pregnancy Registry network and studies on their websites and through
presentations and exhibits at professional meetings. These strategies have resulted in cohort
recruitment of a diverse sample including representation of women from each of the major
race/ethnicity groups as well as across the range of socioeconomic status.
Once the target sample size is met for th is Pfizer -BioNTech COVID -19 vaccine study (see
Section 9.5Section Study Size), recruitment efforts for the study will cease, and study
enrollment will be closed. However, the OTIS Pregnancy Registry will remain open for
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Page 29 of 50 enrol lment for its other ongoing studies unrelated to the Pfizer -BioNTech COVID -19 vaccine
study .
Retention of participants in the OTIS Pregnancy Registry is supported by frequent contact
with the enrolled participant, building and maintaining a relationship be tween the study
interviewer and the mother herself, and by ensuring the multiple alternative contact
numbers/addresses are obtained and updated. Retention rates in OTIS Pregnancy Registry
studies are typically extremely high at 95% or better.
9.4.2. Maternal Inte rviews
Below is a detailed description of each interview as conducted under the OTIS Pregnancy
Registry protocol:
• Intake/Enrollment Interview : A structured maternal intake telephone interview is
conducted at enrollment by a trained Research Associate from the OTIS Research
Center. This interview includes questions on the following: pregnancy history ,
including major congenital malformations , genetic disorders, number of live births,
and multiple gestations ; current health history; pre -pregnancy weight and height;
socioeconomic and demographic information including maternal and paternal
occupation, education and ethnicity; income category ; current medication use, both
prescription and over the counter; other environmental or occupational exposures,
alcoh ol, tobacco, caffeine and illicit drug use, vaccine exposure prior to and during
pregnancy; current pregnancy complications including illnesses; family history of
adverse pregnancy outcomes, including major congenital malformations and genetic
disorders ; names and addresses of health care providers; and vaccine use from one
month prior to LMP and throughout pregnancy. To supplement future interviews and
improve recall, participants are given a pregnancy exposure diary to record any
additional exposures (med ications, vaccinations, vitamins, etc.) or events as the
pregnancy progresses. Each woman is also sent the informed consent document and
the US Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) Authorization
Addendum (when applicable) via electro nic signature or paper, and a research
HIPAA compliant obstetric medical record release form.
• Interim Interviews I and II : Telephone interviews are conducted at 20 -22 and 32 -34
weeks’ gestation (if enrolled at those times) by a trained Research Associate f rom the
OTIS Research Center. Women who have enrolled prior to 18 weeks post -LMP will
be interviewed by telephone at 20 -22 weeks post -LMP, 32 -34 weeks post -LMP and
within 2 to 6 weeks after the expected due date. Women who have enrolled between
19 and 20 w eeks post -LMP will be interviewed at 32 -34 weeks post -LMP (See
Table 2 Schedule of Follow -up). These interviews are intended to update records of
pregnan cy exposures (medications, vaccinations, vitamins, etc.), results of prenatal
tests, events of interest since last interview (including if the pregnancy has ended
prior to the expected due date), and contact info.
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Page 30 of 50 • Pregnancy Outcome Interview : A structured telephone interview are conducted by a
trained Research Associate from the OTIS Research Center at 0 to 6 weeks after the
expected due date, or at an interim interview point or earliest convenient time for the
participant if pregnancy has ended. This interview elicits information based on type
of birth:
o For women with live born infants: date of delivery, hospital location and
mode of delivery; sex, birth weight, length and head circumference; Apgar
scores; description of delivery or birth complications including
malformations; type and length of hospital stay for pregnant women and their
infant s; delivering physician’s and infant physician’s names and addresses;
method of infant feeding; pregnancy weight gain; and additional exposures
and results of pre natal tests occurring since the previous interview.
o For women with spontaneous abortions: date and type of outcome; hospital
location if applicable; prenatal diagnosis; pathology results if available; and
additional exposures and results of prenatal tests occurring since the previous
interview.
o For women with stillborn infants: all of the abov e for women with
spontaneous abortions, plus sex, delivery or birth complications including
malformations, birth size and autopsy results if available.
9.4.3. Medical Records and General Pediatric Evaluation
Upon completion of the outcome interview, each woman is sent a packet electronically or by
hard copy mail containing research HIPAA compliant medical records release forms for the
delivery hospital, obstetrician, pediatrician, vaccine provider, and specialist if applicable. For
women whose pregnancies have end ed in spontaneous abortion, elective
termination/abortion, or stillbirth, records release forms are mailed for the specialist’s
evaluation, if applicable, and if prenatal diagnosis, pathology or autopsy reports are available.
Each eligible woman is asked t o sign (electronically or wet signature) the medical records
release forms, as well as UCSD HIPAA Authorization Addendum (if they or their infant
receives medical care at UCSD/Rady Children’s hospital) and to return them along with the
pregnancy exposure d iary form.
Upon receipt of the signed medical records release forms, a standard physical evaluation
form is mailed to each pediatrician or other physician responsible for the care of each live
born infant. This form includes information on infant size at t he time of the latest
examination and an open -ended question about postnatal complications and congenital
anomalies.
At one year of age, another research HIPAA compliant medical records release form for the
pediatrician, or health care provider caring for the child, is sent to the mother of the infant for
signature electronically or by hard copy mail. The signed form with a standard physical
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Page 31 of 50 evaluation form is sent to the health care provider to request updated information on growth,
and major congenital ma lformations.
Medical records for pregnant women and their infants are also captured at birth and again for
the infant at one year of age. Medical records are reviewed by trained abstractors to
supplement information self -reported by the participant related to vaccine exposure,
outcomes, prenatal tests, and medical history.
9.4.4. Scientific Advisory Board
An existing external Scientific Advisory Board under the Vaccines and Medication in
Pregnancy Surveillance System (VAMPSS) provides oversight for the study and reviews
study summary data on an annual basis. Members of the Board provide advice to the Registry
investigators on interpretation of the data and provide advice on strategies for the
dissemination of information regarding the study.
The VAMPSS Scientific Advisory Board is managed by the American Academy of Allergy
Asthma and Immunology. The Scientific Advisory Board is comprised of membership
representing specialization in maternal fetal medicine, biostatistics, vaccine epidemiology,
and representation fro m the Centers for Disease Control, National Institutes of Health/Child
Health Institute, the American Academy of Pediatrics, and a consumer representative. The
Board is chaired by a designated member, and each member has one vote. A dedicated
charter descr ibes roles and responsibilities of the Board members, and members complete
conflict of interest disclosures on an annual basis.
9.5. Study Size
Recruitment goals are set at 1100 participants in the Pfizer -BioNTech COVID -19 vaccine
expos ure cohort and 900 partic ipants in the comparator cohort, for a total of 2000
participants enrolled in the study . The target sample size for the Pfizer -BioNTech COVID -
19 vaccine exposure cohort was increased from an initial sample size of 900 to 1100 to allow
for increased capture of women receiving a booster dose during pregnancy. The rationale for
the target sampl e size of 1100 pregnant women in the exposed cohort and 900 pregnant
women in the comparator cohort was based on several considerations for feasibility of
enrollment. These considerations included early trends in referrals of COVID -19 vaccinated
pregnant w omen to the OTIS Pregnancy Registry, inclusion of women exposed to a booster
dose as well as a reasonable time period for recruitment of pregnant women and the
necessary time to collect outcome data to one year postpartum. An additional consideration
was r easonable statistical power to detect differences for each outcome of interest . Balance in
the cohort numbers by trimester of exposure in the vaccine -exposed cohort and by trimester
of enrollment in both cohorts will be monitored on a monthly basis, and ov erall balance
addressed by adjusting recruitment activities as needed. It is not possible to predict if the
recruitment rates will be equal in all years, and therefore, sample size is based on estimates
that may require revision as the study progresses.
As women will be eligible to enroll at any time in pregnancy, the gestational age at
enrollment is expected to vary from 2 weeks to 41 weeks. Based on the gestational week at
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Page 32 of 50 enrollment, only the portion of the overall sample enrolled prior to 20 weeks’ gest ation will
be eligible for the analysis of spontaneous abortion. We estimate based on prior experience
that half the overall sample will enroll prior to 20 weeks. Similarly, only the subset of the
sample enrolled prior to 37 weeks’ gestation will be eligib le for the analysis of preterm birth.
It is estimated that 95% of the overall sample will enroll before 37 weeks. For the outcome of
major birth defects, the main subset eligible for this assessment will be restricted in the
exposed cohort to women who rec eived at least one dose of the Pfizer -BioNTech COVID -19
vaccine from one month prior to LMP to the end of the first trimester . Pregnant women who
received the Pfizer -BioNTech COVID -19 vaccine only during the ir second or third trimester
will be excluded fro m the analysis. Based on previous experience in OTIS studies, the
estimated lost to follow -up rate is 5% ( Chambers et al, 2016 ).
Based on these assumptions, for the outcome of major birth defects, it is estimated that 85%
will result in live birth after exclusion of pregnancy losses (10%) in women enrolled in the
first half of pregnancy, and lost -to-follow -up (5%). For spontaneous abortion, it is estimated
that half of the overall sample will enroll prior to 20 weeks’ gestat ion. For preterm delivery,
it is estimated that 80% of the overall sample will enroll prior to 37 weeks’ gestation and will
end in a singleton live birth. For the outcome of small for gestational age, it is estimated that
85% of the overall sample will en d in a singleton live birth.
Baseline birth prevalence, incidence rates, and incidence proportions of major congenital
malformations, preterm delivery, and small for gestational age, respectively, are based on
previous OTIS Pregnancy Registry studies and o n general population data. Table 4 gives the
power for various detectable relative risks (RRs) /hazard ratios (HRs) for two-sided alpha
level of 0.05 in the comparisons of the exposed cohort to the comparator cohort for the range
of background risks of the outcomes of interest.
Table 4. Sample Size and Power for a Specified Effect Size
Outcome N in Exposed
Cohort N in Compar ator
Cohort Birth Prevalence/
Incidence in
Compar ator
Cohort Detectable
Relative Risk /
Hazard Ratio Power1
Major congenital
malformations2 311 765 3%3 2.1 65.8%
2.5 86.7%
2.7 92.6%
Spontaneous
abortion 550 450 10%4 1.5 66.6%
1.7 90.1%
1.8 95.6%
Preterm delivery 880 720 10%5 1.4 69.1%
1.5 85.6%
1.6 94.7%
Small for
gestational age 935 765 10%6 1.4 71.7%
1.5 87.6%
1.6 95.8%
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Page 33 of 50 Table 4. Sample Size and Power for a Specified Effect Size
Outcome N in Exposed
Cohort N in Compar ator
Cohort Birth Prevalence/
Incidence in
Compar ator
Cohort Detectable
Relative Risk /
Hazard Ratio Power1
Small for age
postnatal growth
at one year of age 935 765 10%6%6 1.4 71.7%
1.5 87.6%
1.6 95.8%
1. Arcsine transformation using pwr.2p.test() in R package ‘pwr’ to obtain effect size h, where ℎ=2 ∗
sin−1√𝑝1−2∗sin−1√𝑝2 and p1 = event rate in the exposed cohort, p 2 = event rate in the comparison
cohort, assuming 2 sided alpha = 0.05.
2. Among livebirths.
3. CDC, 2017.
4. Avalos et al., 2012.
5. Ferré et al., 2016.
6. CDC, 2017; Nellhaus, 1968; Olsen et al., 2010.
NOTES
i. Major Congenital Malformations
• N in exposed cohort for Major congenital malformations based on assumptions that 366 exposed
to at least one dose from 1 month prior to LMP through the first trimester, and of these 10% will
be lost to spontaneous abortion or still birth, and 5% lost to follow -up; 85% of the 366 enrolled will
thus yield 311 eligible for the analysis.
• N in comparator cohort = 900 enrolled x 85% resulting in at least one live birth = 765.
ii. Spontaneous Abortion
• N in exposed cohort for spontaneous aborti on based on estimate that ½ will be exposed and enroll
in the first 20 weeks of gestation and thus be at risk of spontaneous abortion until 20 completed
weeks; N of 1100 enrolled and exposed x 50% enrolled and exposed prior to 20 weeks = 550.
• N in comparat or cohort = 900 of which 50% will be enrolled prior to 20 weeks = 450.
iii. Preterm Delivery
• N in exposed cohort based on 95% of the 1100 enrolled and exposed to at least one dose prior to
37 weeks, 10% pregnancy loss, and 5% lost to follow -up for an overall es timated 80% eligible for
the analysis; 1100 enrolled x 80% = 880.
• N in comparator cohort based on same assumptions; 900 enrolled x 80% = 720.
iv. Small for Gestational Age
• N in exposed cohort based on 1100 enrolled and exposed to at least one dose from 1 month prior
to LMP up through the end of pregnancy, 10% pregnancy loss, and 5% lost -to-follow -up; 1100 x
85% = 935.
• N in comparator cohort based on same assumptions; 900 x 85% = 765.
v. Small for Age Postnatal Growth at One Year of Age
• N in exposed cohort based on 1100 enrolled and exposed to at least one dose from 1 month prior
to LMP up through the end of pregnancy; 10% pregnancy loss and 5% lost -to-follow -up; 1100 x
85% = 935.
• N in comparator cohort based on same assumptions; 900 x 85% = 765.
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Page 34 of 50 9.6. Data Management
As per the OTIS Pregnancy Registry protocol, data are collected using maternal interview,
medical record, and the pregnancy diary. Maternal interview data are recorded on hard copies
of forms, and these forms will be retained by OTIS. These forms are considered the primary
data sources for the registry . Medical records and medical record abstraction forms are hard
copies or electronic copies and are retained on a secure server or in locked files . Data from
maternal int erview and medical record abstraction forms are extracted and entered into a
customized OTIS registry database located in the Research Center and developed specifically
for the OTIS Pregnancy Research Studies.
The database itself has built in range limits for key variables that prevent certain data entry
errors. In addition, all data entry forms are reviewed for logical errors by the registry data
manager on a bi -monthly basis, and 100% of key variables are double -checked for data entry
accuracy. The regist ry statistician also conducts reviews of the cumulative data in the
database for distributions and values that are illogical. The registry manager is responsible
for working with the data manager and the supervisory staff to oversee the data validation
procedures.
Access to the database is controlled by password, with different access privileges assigned to
the managers, interviewers and data entry staff, and administrative staff; these privileges are
outlined in detail in the OTIS Data Management Guide, D ata Entry Standard Operating
Procedure (SOP), and supplements to these guides. An audit log is built into the database to
archive all such entry edits.
Hard copies of participant files and participant signed consent forms are kept in locked
cabinets in lo cked file rooms, or electronically secured files, under the supervision of the
study investigators.
9.7. Data Analysis
9.7.1. Statistical Methods
The distributions of demographic and baseline characteristics will be summarized within
each exposure cohort. The followi ng measures will be calculated for the pregnancy and
infant outcomes: birth prevalence of major congenital malformations ; incidence rates of
spontaneous abortion, elective termination/abortion, stillbirth, and preterm delivery ; and
incidence proportions of small for gestational age and small for age postnatal growth at one
year of age . For each outcome, risk estimates will be described separately for the Pfizer -
BioNTech COVID -19 vaccine exposure cohort and each of the comparator cohorts. The
outcomes will b e compared between the Pfizer -BioNTech COVID -19 vaccine -exposed
cohort and the comparator cohort. Where feasible, comparisons will also be made using
methods to control potential confounding. Detailed methodology for summary and statistical
analyses of data collected in this study will be documented in the SAP, which will be dated,
filed and maintaine d by the sponsor. The SAP may modify the plans outlined in the protocol;
any major modifications of endpoint definitions or their analyses would be reflected in a
protocol amendment.
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Page 35 of 50 9.7.2. Primary Analyses
The eligible populations and time periods for analyses m ay differ by pregnancy outcome
depending on a participant’s timing of vaccine exposure/study enrollment as it relates to the
at-risk period for an outcome, in addition to type of birth ().(Table 5 ). For example, the
analyses for major congenital malformations will be restricted to women exposed to at least
one dose of the Pfizer -BioNTech COVID -19 vaccine during their first trimester (or enrolled
in the study for COVID -19 unvaccinated comparator) whose pregnancies resulted in at least
one live born infant. For preterm delivery, only those women exposed to at least one dose of
the Pfizer -BioNTech COVID -19 vaccine (or enrolled in the study for unvaccinated
comparator) prior to 37 weeks’ gestation and whose pregnancies resulted in a live -born
singleton are eligible for the analysis. The denominators for each exposure/comparator cohort
and outcome analysis will include participants as follows:
Table 5. Denominators for Outcomes by Exposure/Comparator Cohort
Outcome Pfizer -BioNTech COVID -19
Vaccine -Exposed
(Exposure) COVID -19 Vaccine -
Unexposed
(Comparator)
Major congenital
malformations Participants who received the
Pfizer -BioNTech COVID -19
vaccine (1st, 2nd, 3rd, or booster
dose) any time from one month
before the first day of LMP
through their first trimester and
whose pregnancy resulted in >1
live birth Participants who did not receive
any COVID -19 vaccines any
time from one month before the
first day of LMP up to and
including end of pregnancy and
whose pregnancy resulted in >1
live birth
Spontaneous abortion Participants who received the
Pfizer -BioNTech COVID -19
vaccine (1st, 2nd, 3rd, or booster
dose) any time fro m one month
before the first day of LMP up to
20 weeks’ gestation and were
enrolled in the study prior to 20
weeks’ gestation Participants who did not receive
any COVID -19 vaccines any
time from one month before the
first day of LMP up to and
including end of pregnancy and
were enrolled in the study prior
to 20 weeks’ gestation
Elective
termination/abortion Participants who received the
Pfizer -BioNTech COVID -19
vaccine (1st, 2nd, 3rd, or boo ster
dose) any time from one month
before the first day of LMP up to
and including end of pregnancy Participants who did not receive
any COVID -19 any time from
one month before the first day
of LMP up to and including end
of pregnancy
Stillbirth Particip ants who received the
Pfizer -BioNTech COVID -19
vaccine (1st, 2nd, 3rd, or booster Participants who did n ot receive
any COVID -19 vaccines any
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Page 36 of 50 Table 5. Denominators for Outcomes by Exposure/Comparator Cohort
Outcome Pfizer -BioNTech COVID -19
Vaccine -Exposed
(Exposure) COVID -19 Vaccine -
Unexposed
(Comparator)
dose) any time from one month
before the first day of LMP up to
and including end of pregnancy,
but must have follow -up at or after
20 weeks’ gestation time from one month before the
first day of LMP up to and
including end of pregnancy , but
must have follow -up at or after
20 weeks’ gestation
Preterm delivery Participants who received the
Pfizer -BioNTech COVID -19
vaccine (1st, 2nd, 3rd, or booster
dose) any time from one month
before the first day of LMP up to
37 weeks’ gestation , were enrolled
in the study prior to 37 weeks’
gestation, and whose pregnancy
resulted in a live -born singleton Participants who did not receive
any COVID -19 vaccines any
time from one month before the
first day of LMP up to and
including end of pregnancy ,
were enrolled in the study prior
to 37 weeks’ gestation, and
whose pregnancy resu lted in a
live-born singleton
Small for gestational
age Participants who received the
Pfizer -BioNTech COVID -19
vaccine (1st, 2nd, 3rd, or booster
dose) any time from one month
before the first day of LMP up to
and including end of pregnancy
and whose preg nancy resulted in a
live-born singleton Participants who did not receive
any COVID -19 vaccines any
time from one month before the
first day of LMP up to and
including end of pregnancy and
whose pregnancy resulted in a
live-born singleton
Small for age postnatal
growth at one year of
age Participants who received the
Pfizer -BioNTech COVID -19
vaccine (1st, 2nd, 3rd, or booster
dose) any time from one month
before the first day of LMP up to
and including end of pregnancy
and whose pregnancy resulted in a
live-born singleton Participants who did not receive
any COVID -19 vaccines any
time from one month before the
first day of LMP up to and
including end of pregnancy and
whose pregnancy resulted in a
live-born singleton

For the endpoint of major congenital malformations , the birth prevalence among pregnancies
resulting in at least one live born infant will be compared between the Pfizer -BioNTech
COVID -19 vaccine expos ure cohort and the comparator cohort. A point estimate of the crude
(i.e. unadjusted) risk r atio (RR) of the exposed cohort versus the comparison cohort , as well
as its 95% confidence interval (CI), will be computed using normal approximation method.
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Page 37 of 50 When the expected frequency of any of the cells of the contingency table is less than five, the
CI will be obtained by an exact method using the software StatXact.
Due to the observational nature of the study, the above crude estimate of RR will be adjusted
for potential confounders (Rosenbaum, 2002 ), provided that there are sufficient number of
events. A list of potential confounders will be provided in a separate table in the SAP for
each outcome prior to the final analysis, based on scientific knowledge including literature
review. In addition, all of the fol lowing three criteria will be applied in accordance with the
definition of confounders (Greenland et al., 1999 ; Xu et al., 2018 ): 1) by assessing each
considered variable in a logistic regression model containing the exposure variable and the
outcome variable to determine if inclusion of that single covariate changes the estimate of the
odds ratio for exposure by 10% or more; 2) standardized mean differences greater than 0.1;
3) association with t he outcome with p -value < 0.2 in the unexposed cohort. Care will be
taken not to include those variables that are strongly associated with the exposure variable
but only weakly associated with the outcome variable (Brookha rt et al., 2006 ).

The confounders identified above will be used to build the propensity score for exposure
(Rosenbaum, 2002 ). R package ‘twang’ or similar R package available at the time of analysis
will be used for this purpose, following which standardized mean differences will be used to
check the balance of the covariates between the cohorts.
The primary analysis will be performed with inverse probability of treatment weighting
(IPTW) using the propensity score to esti mate the causal risk ratio . In the IP TW approach,
we will use stabilized weights that are further trimmed to be between 0.1 and 10 if necessary
(Austin and Stuart, 2015 ). The bootstrap variance estimator will be used following the IP TW
approach.
An additional analysis of major congenital malformations will be conducted using outcome
regression , i.e., a logistic regression model will be fitted with major congenital malformation
(Y) as the outcome, and exposure (A) and propensity score (L) as regressors. Outcomes
regression tends to be more stable and efficient than IP TW especially given the expected rare
number of events (Xu et al., 2018 ), and has known robust pr operties against model
misspecification (Vansteelandt and Daniel, 2014 ). Standardization will be performed to
obtain the estimated causal risk ratio ( Hernán and Robins, 2019 ). The variance estimator will
be obtained using bootstrap .
The analysis of spontaneous abortion and stillbirth is complicated by left truncation in the
data, i.e., women enter the study at arbitrary times in gestation (Xu et al., 2012 ). Only those
women who are enrolled prior to 20.0 weeks of gestation are eligible for the analysis of
spontaneous abortion. Since they are not followed from gestational age zero, survival
analysis methods will be used to handle left truncation, as well as right -censoring when a
participant is lost -to-follow -up prior to 20 weeks’ gestation. The Cox proportional hazards
marginal structural model incorporating time -dependent vaccine exposure will be used for
the causal hazard ratio (HR) of different cohorts, a s well as to obtain the 95% CIs . To
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Page 38 of 50 account for potential confounding, propensity score methods with the IP TW approach will be
applied. Stillbirth will be analyzed in a similar fashion.
The analysis of preterm delivery can also be complicated by left truncation in the data, i.e.,
women enter the study at arbitrary times in gestation. Only those women who are enrolled
prior to 37.0 weeks of gestation are eligible for the analysis of preterm delivery. These data
will be a nalyzed similarly to spontaneous abortion, as described above, using survival
analysis methods, to handle possible left truncation and right -censoring.
The analysis of elective termination/abortion will be descriptive as the number of events is
expected to be low.
The following are binary endpoints: small for gestational age at birth in weight, length, and
head circumference; and small for age postnatal growth at one year of age ≤10th centile in
weight, length, and head circumference. The analysis of the p roportion of infants with each
of these outcomes will be similar to the analysis of the outcome major congenital
malformations and will be restricted to pregnancies ending in a live born singleton. For these
outcomes, exposure to the Pfizer -BioNTech COVID -19 vaccine in any trimester will be
compared to the unexposed cohort .
9.7.3. Secondary Analyses
9.7.3.1. Stratified/Subgroup Analyses
For the endpoint of major congenital malformations , the comparison will also be carried out
within each of two strata, according to whether the participant had prenatal diagnostic
testing, such as level 2 ultrasound, amniocentesis or chorionic villus sampling, prior to
enrollment in the study or not.
In stratified analyses, the separate effects of vaccine exposure during the first, second, and
third trimester of pregnancy will be studied as applicable to the following pregnancy
outcomes: preterm delivery, small for gestational age, and small for age postna tal growth at
one year of age.
A variable for prior COVID -19 infection will be used in the propensity score generation for
the adjusted analyses, and, if numbers permit, a stratified analysis for prior COVID -19
infection will be conducted as well .
9.7.3.2. Individu al Dose Effects
Secondary analyses will also address the potentially different effects of the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and
booster dose s during relevant pregnancy windows (e.g., 1st trimester exposure for the
outcome of major congenital anomalies, and prior to 20 we eks’ gestation for the outcome of
spontaneous abortion) . More specifically these will be considered four separate exposures .
An additive effects marginal structural model will be used for each pregnancy outcome.

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Page 39 of 50 9.7.3.3. Evaluation for a Pattern of Major Congenit al Malformations
The following steps will be taken to evaluate any pattern of major congenital malformations:
A review of major congenital malformations will be made by category. A review of specific
major congenital malformations will be conducted taking into consideration timing and
biological plausibility. In addition, specific defects that are plausibly related to second or
third trimester exposure will also be evaluated.
9.7.3.4. Lost to Follow -Up
Pregnancies enrolled in the cohort study for which outcome information is unobtainable
within 1 year after the estimated date of delivery are considered lost to follow -up. It is
possible that outcomes among pregnancies lost to -follow -up could differ from t hose with
documented outcomes. Because of differences in follow -up and reporting patterns, it is
currently not possible to assess with any certainty what impact with regard to potential biases
the lost to follow -up may have on any analysis of the cohort st udy. Should lost to follow -up
numbers be substantial, however, efforts at comparing some of the characteristics of each
cohort will be made in an attempt to address this potential source of bias. However, the OTIS
Research Center prior experience has been that the lost to follow -up rate is extremely low,
typically 5%.
9.7.4. Sensitivity Analyses
The following sensitivity analyses will be performed for the outcome of major congenital
malformations.
• A sensitivity analysis will be performed for the outcome of major c ongenital
malformations among all pregnancies excluding those that are lost -to-follow -up. The
analysis population will be those with exposure to the Pfizer -BioNTech COVID -19
vaccine at any time from one month prior to the first day of LMP to the end of the
first trimester excluding those that are lost -to-follow -up. The analysis population for
the comparison cohort will be all pregnancies excluding those that are lost -to-follow -
up. The purpose of this analysis is to account for major congenital malformations that
may occur in pregnancies that are terminated or spontaneously lost and are therefore
excluded from the primary analysis of major congenital malformations among live
births.
• A second sensitivity analysis will be performed for the outcome of major cong enital
malformation s stratified on any abnormal finding (yes/no) among those with prenatal
testing prior to enrollment.
• In a third sensitivity analysis, both the exposure and comparator cohorts will be
restricted to women who enrolled in the study during t heir first trimester.
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Page 40 of 50 • A fourth sensitivity analysis will be conducted to expand the comparator cohort to
include women who received any dose of the Pfizer -BioNTech COVID -19 vaccine
only in their second or third trimester .
• Sub-analyses using graphical presentation based on gestational timing of exposure to
the Pfizer -BioNTech COVID -19 vaccine will also be performed.
An additional sensitivity analysis will be performed for the outcome of preterm delivery
stratified on elective cesarian section or labor induction leading to delivery prior to 37 weeks’
gestation vs. delivery prior to 37 weeks’ gestation following spontaneous labor.
9.7.5. Missing Data
Multiple imputation (MI) will be conducted to handle the missing data. Missing values
typically occur in less than 5% of the cases for any single covariate based on prior
experience. They are assumed to be missing at random. When there are missing values in any
of the selected confounders, multiple imputation (MI) will be conducted, using the R package
MICE (multivariate imputation by chained equations). Demographic information, pregnancy
history, information about current pregnancy, and concurrent diseases will be used as
possible ‘predictors’ in MICE. The generalized R2 will be used as a measure of correlat ions
between each ‘target’ (i.e. , the variable to be imputed) and a predictor. If the value of R (i.e.,
square root of R2) is over 0.1, the variable will be retained as a predictor. Predictors with
strong collinearity might be excluded (for example, one of race and ethnicity, and one of
gravidity and parity). Although each outcome within each cohort comparison has its unique
set of participants, MI is conducted for missing data using the entire dataset, i.e., on all
cohorts combined.

For the outcome of spontaneous abortion, for some cases the exact date of the event might be
unknown, and instead a window for possible spontaneous abortion time is available. This is
known as interval censored data, and can also be handled using MI. An ex act spontaneous
abortion time will be imputed by sampling uniformly from the corresponding time window.
The number of above imputations will be 10, i.e. , 10 datasets with imputed data will be
created. Each imputed data set gives a point estimate of the re gression coefficients as well as
its standard deviation, which will be combined across the 10 datasets to obtain the final
estimate of the causal RR /HR and their 95% CI’s. Further details will be provided in the
SAP.
9.7.6. Analysis Software
All summaries and sta tistical analyses will be performed using the current version of open -
source statistical programming language R and StatXact.
9.8. Quality Control
Data used in this study are secondary use of data collected as part of the existing OTIS
Pregnancy Registry protoc ol, which includes established quality control practices. Interview
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Page 41 of 50 and examination data will be recorded on hard copies of forms, and medical records and
medical record abstraction forms will be electronic or hard copies of forms. These records
and forms will be retained at the Research Center. Data from these forms will be extracted
and entered into a customized database located at the Research Center. The data will be
extracted and entered by trained study personnel with extensive experience with this ty pe of
information. Entries will be periodically reviewed for logical errors, and a random subset of
intake and outcome forms will be double -checked for data entry accuracy. The method and
duration of storage of data is addressed in the informed consent, th at each participant will
agree to in order to receive medical record information. All records are maintained for a
minimum of 15 years following study completion.
Access to the database will be controlled by password. Hard copies of participant files and
signed consent forms will be kept in a locked cabinet under the supervision of the study
investigators.
The data will be entered by trained study personnel with extensive experience with this type
of information. Data will be collected and entered into the database according to the SOPs for
data collection and data entry established for this study.
The data manager will calculate monthly error rates for each data entry staff person and for
the study overall and will recommend and initiate training/retraini ng where quality standards
are not being met. The study manager will oversee this process and verify that training
standards are achieved.
For the study endpoint of major congenital malformations, verification of the outcome
identified , and classification is performed on a monthly basis is provided by blinded review
by co -investigator, Kenneth Lyons Jones, MD.
9.9. Limitations of the Research Methods
This study will use data from the well -established OTIS Pregnancy Registry which collects
detailed data on prena tal/birth exposures (including timing of exposures during pregnancy)
and outcomes. The primary limitation of this cohort study utilizing volunteer participants is
potential selection bias in that women who agree to enroll in the study may represent
particu larly high - or low -risk pregnancies ( Johnson et al. , 2001 ). For example, women who
receive the vaccine and have a history of spontaneous abortion (high baseline risk) may be
more likely to preferentially enroll than women wh o did not receive the vaccine and who did
not have a history of prior spontaneous abortion because of concerns about their pregnancy.
In addition, the study results will be strictly generalizable to women fitting the profile of the
sample of women who enro ll. The use of inverse probability weighting to account for
differences between the exposure and comparator cohorts will address these concerns to
some extent. The data analysis stratifying on use of prenatal testing and on gestational timing
of enrollment will also help control for confounding introduced by potential selection bias.
Another limitation of the study design relates to the evaluation of the incidence of
spontaneous abortion. Incidence rates of early spontaneous abortion, i.e., at 7 -9 weeks pos t-
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Page 42 of 50 LMP or less, will not be measured in a study that enrolls women after recognition of
pregnancy. Therefore, spontaneous abortion will be defined as late first -trimester and early
second -trimester pregnancy loss. Analysis of spontaneous abortion will be re stricted to those
who enroll prior to 20 weeks’ gestation. In addition, if a high proportion of women enroll
later in pregnancy, other survival biases may be introduced. A sensitivity analysis by
gestational age at enrollment will be performed in order to address these questions. Analyses
will be stratified by gestational age at enrollment to help address the potential selection bias.
As early prenatal testing is so prevalent in the US and Canada, it may be difficult to achieve
adequate numbers of particip ants if all pregnancies with prenatal testing prior to enrollment
are excluded from the analysis. Therefore, the study will include pregnant women enrolled
prior to outcome but after a prenatal test has been performed as long as the test does not
indicate the presence of a major congenital malformation. The FDA guidance document
(FDA Postapproval Pregnancy Safety Studies Draft Guidance for Industry, 2019 )
acknowledges that such an approach may be necessary to accrue adequate numb ers.
However, this practice could potentially bias the results by lowering the overall estimate of
the birth prevalence of major congenital malformations ( Honein et al. , 1999 ).
The calculation of frequency of major congenital malformations excludes fetal losses
(spontaneous abortions, elective terminations/abortions, or fetal deaths) for which no major
congenital malformations have been detected as they may introduce a classification bias. It is
unknown what percenta ge of these pregnancies consists of potentially normal outcomes or
pregnancies with major congenital malformations. The study attempts to obtain information
on major congenital malformations detected at the time of the outcome. However, the
malformation st atus of the aborted fetus may not be known. For this reason, the primary
comparison for the endpoint of the study will be conducted among pregnancies ending in at
least one live birth; a separate sensitivity analysis of the endpoint will be conducted inclu ding
all pregnancies with known outcome.
It is expected that exposure to the Pfizer -BioNTech COVID -19 vaccine will occur in
unintended pregnancies as more than half of all pregnancies in the US are unintended
(Henshaw, 1998 ). Therefore, the possibility of confounding by age, race, and other
demographic variables will be considered. For example, the rate of unintended pregnancies is
higher among low -income women/families than among the other socioeconomic cohorts. It is
possib le that demographic variables will be associated with vaccination as well (MMWR,
2021 ). As such, in reviewing annual reports, if clear differences in demographic factors (i.e.,
age, race/ethnicity, socioeconomic status , educati on) are noted, enhancement of recruitment
efforts to increase diversity will be taken into consideration .
Although all possible efforts will be made to retain participants in the registry or follow up
with their healthcare providers, some participants will be lost during follow up. It could be
possible that participants lost during follow up and with missing data on outcomes may be
different compared to those with complete follow up data. In previous OTIS studies, lost -to-
follow -up rates have been low, typi cally <5% (Chambers et al., 2016 ). However, the
characteristics of women lost to follow up will be compared to those who are retained in
order to understand the direction and magnitude of the bias due to loss to follow up.
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Page 43 of 50 The study design has relative strengths with respect to the control of a large number of
potential confounders. Information will be collected repeatedly throughout pregnancy on a
variety of factors which may be related to exposure and to pregnancy outcome, and the use of
a vaccine comparison cohort can aid in addressing confounding. Misclassification bias due to
poor recall is thought to be reduced in prospective study designs such as this, as each
participant is interviewed at several predetermined interva ls during pregnancy. Another
strength of the study design is the anticipated minimal lost -to-follow -up rate. Based on
previous experience of the investigators in the OTIS Pregnancy Studies and other similar
studies, and the frequent participant contact, lo st-to-follow -up is expected to be less than 5%,
and therefore not expected to pose a threat to the validity of study results.
Finally, the sample size that is projected to be achievable for this study has limitations in
statistical power for the outcome of major congenital malformations. The investigators and
the Scientific Advisory Board’s expert review and comment on the data and the inclusion of
evaluation of a pattern of major anomalies are strengths.
9.10. Other Aspects
Not applicable.

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Page 44 of 50 10. PROTECTION OF HUMAN SUBJECTS
10.1. Patient Information
This study involves data that exist in anonymized structured format and contain no patient
personal information. If automated/algorithmic methods, such as natural language
processing, will be used to convert unstructured data to structured data during the
implementation of the protocol, no patient personal data will be accessed.
10.2. Participant Consent
As this study involves anonymized structured data, which according to applicable legal
requirements do not conta in data subject to privacy laws, obtaining informed consent from
patients by Pfizer is not required.
10.3. Institutional Review Board (IRB)/Independent Ethics Committee (IEC)
There must be prospective approval of the study protocol, protocol amendments, and othe r
relevant documents (e.g., informed consent forms if applicable) from the relevant IRBs/IECs.
All correspondence with the IRB/IEC must be retained. Copies of IRB/IEC approvals must
be forwarded to Pfizer.
This protocol and informed consent documents are a pproved by the Institutional Review
Board (IRB) at the University of California, San Diego. The chairperson or the recording
secretary of the IRB sign a form indicating approval. Notification of the Board’s approval of
the study is provided to the Sponsor prior to initiation of the study.
10.4. Ethical Conduct of the Study
The study will be conducted in accordance with legal and regulatory requirements, as well as
with scientific purpose, value and rigor , and follow generally accepted research practices
described in Guidelines for Good Pharmacoe pidemiology Practice ( ISPE, 2016 ), in
accordance with the ethical principles of the Declaration of Helsinki (World Medical
Association, 2013 ) and HIPAA (Health Insura nce Portability and Accountability Act)
(National Institutes of Health, 2002 ; Andrews et al., 1996 ).
11. MANAGEMENT AND REPORTING OF ADVERSE EVENTS/ADVERSE
REACTIONS
This study involves data that exist as structured data by the time of study start. In this
structured pregnancy database, individual patient data are not retrieved or validated, and it is
not possible to link (i.e., identify a potential association between) a particular product an d
medical event for any individual. Thus, the minimum criteria for reporting an adverse event
(AE) (i.e., identifiable patient, identifiable reporter, a suspect product, and event) cannot be
met.

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Page 45 of 50 12. PLANS FOR DISSEMINATING AND COMMUNICATING STUDY RESULTS
A final report describing the study endpoints will be prepared by the OTIS Research Center
and provided to the Pfizer team. Pfizer will communicate the results to FDA and other
regulatory authorities as appropriate . Conference abstracts and manuscripts based on specific
endpoints of interest may be developed for publication purposes and will be reviewed by
Pfizer for comment. The final report will be disclosed on the EU PAS Register.
In addition, the OTIS Research Center will develop annual interim reports an d any additional
ad hoc reports with the advice of the VAMPSS Scientific Advisory Board members. Each
report will be a composite of the cumulative data to date and will supersede any previous
reports. Descriptive analyses may be presented, but no formal in terim statistical analysis is
planned. The rationale for this is that given sample size limitations, an interim analysis will
likely be statistically underpowered to provide informative results. However, at each interim
Scientific Advisory Board review, co nsideration will be given to any findings that might
indicate that a formal interim analysis should be performed. The final analysis will be
conducted when the cohort study has been completed.
In the event of any prohibition or restriction imposed (e.g., c linical hold) by an applicable
competent authority in any area of the world, or if the party responsible for collecting data
from the participant is aware of any new information which might influence the evaluation of
the benefits and risks of a Pfizer pro duct, Pfizer should be informed immediately.
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Page 46 of 50 13. REFERENCES
1. ACOG Practice Bulletin 700 (2017). Available at https://www.acog.org/clinical/clinical -
guidance/committee -opinion/articles/2017/05/methods -for-estimating -the-due-date.
Accessed November 18, 2021.
2. Andrews EA, Avorn J, Bortnichak EA, Chen R, Dai WS, Dieck GS, et al (1996).
Guidelines for Good Epidemiology Practices for drug, device, and vaccine research in
the United States. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf; 5:333 -8.
3. Austin PC and Stuart E (2015) . Moving towa rds best practice when using inverse
probability of treatment weighting (IPTW) using the propensity score to estimate causal
treatment effects in observational studies. Stat Med ;34:3661 -79.
4. Avalos LA, Galindo C, Li D -K (2012). A systematic review to calculate background
miscarriage rates using life table analysis. Birth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol
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80.

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Page 50 of 50 14. LIST OF TABLES
Table 1. Exposure, Comparator, Exclusion, and Outcome Variables .................... 21
Table 2. Demographic and Clinical Variables ................................ ........................ 24
Table 3. Timing of Cohort Enrollment, Interviews, Examinations, and
Medical Records ................................ ................................ ....................... 27
Table 4. Sample Size and Power for a Specified Effect Size ................................ .32
Table 5. Denominators for Outcomes by Exposure/Comparator Cohort ............... 35

15. LIST OF FIGURES
Not applicable

ANNEX 1. LIST OF STAND ALONE DOCUMENTS
None

ANNEX 2. ADDITIONAL IN FORMATION
Not applicable

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