177. Hoffman, M. K., et al. (2020, January 25). Low-dose aspirin for the prevention of preterm delivery in nulliparous women with a singleton pregnancy (ASPIRIN): A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. The Lancet, 395(10220), 285–293. https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(19)32973-3/abstract 178. m-mama is a collaboration between Touch Health and the Vodafone Foundation. In 2022, the President of Tanzania declared that m-mama would become the national emergency transport system for pregnant women and would bring m-mama to 184 districts of the country within 18 months. Touch Health. (n.d.). m-mama. Retrieved November 28, 2024, from https://touch-aed8ef.webflow.io/m-mama 179. World Health Organization, 2022. Equity within digital health technology within the WHO European Region: A scoping review. https://www.who.int/europe/publications/i/item/WHO-EURO-2022-6810-46576-67595 180. Brusniak, K., et al. (2020, October 14). Challenges in acceptance and compliance in digital health assessments during pregnancy: Prospective cohort study. JMIR mHealth uHealth, 8(10), e17377. https://mhealth.jmir.org/2020/10/e17377 181. Gurol-Urganci I., et al. ( 2022, January 10). Obstetric interventions and pregnancy outcomes during the COVID-19 pandemic in England: A nationwide cohort study. PLOS Medicine. https://journals.plos.org/plosmedicine/ article?id=10.1371/journal.pmed.1003884 182. Vickery, M., et al. (2020, September). Midwives’ views towards women using mHealth and eHealth to self-monitor their pregnancy: A systematic review of the literature. European Journal of Midwifery, 4, 1–11. https://www. europeanjournalofmidwifery.eu/Midwives-views-towards-women-using-mHealth-and-eHealth-to-self-monitor-their- pregnancy,126625,0,2.html 183. United Nations Population Fund. (2024, May 30). Advancing sexual and reproductive health and rights in the private sector: The case for action and accountability in the workplace. https://www.unfpa.org/sites/default/files/pub-pdf/ Policy%20Paper.pdf 184. World Economic Forum. (2024, June). Global gender gap 2024. https://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_GGGR_2024.pdf 185. McKinsey & Company. (2024, September 17). Women in the workplace 2024: The 10th-anniversary report. https://www.mckinsey.com/featured-insights/diversity-and-inclusion/women-in-the-workplace 186. Liu, H., Wei, J., & Zhang, L. (2021, April 6). Research: Adding women to the C-suite changes how companies think. Harvard Business Review. https://hbr.org/2021/04/research-adding-women-to-the-c-suite-changes-how-companies-think 187. McKinsey & Company. (2023, December 5). Diversity matters even more: The case for holistic impact. https://www. mckinsey.com/featured-insights/diversity-and-inclusion/diversity-matters-even-more-the-case-for-holistic-impact 188. McDonagh, M., & Fitzsimons, L. (2022, December 7). Women Count 2022. The Pipeline. https://d2e9sck8yc9g7g. cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/06103843/Women-Count-2022-FINAL.pdf 189. Mason, L., et al. (2017, December 8). “We do not know”: A qualitative study exploring boys perceptions of menstruation in India. Reproductive Health, 14(1), 174. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29216895/ 190. Schreiber, M. (2024, May 28). Teaching girls (and boys) about menstruation takes moxie. NPR. https://www.npr. org/2024/05/28/g-s1-1310/menstruation-menstrual-education-periods-stigma 191. For the full methodology on how the economic impact is calculated, please refer to the technical appendix for: World Economic Forum & McKinsey Health Institute. (2024). Closing the women’s health gap: The $1 trillion opportunity to improve lives and economies. https://www.mckinsey.com/~/media/mckinsey/mckinsey%20health%20institute/our%20 insights/closing%20the%20womens%20health%20gap%20a%201%20trillion%20dollar%20opportunity%20to%20 improve%20lives%20and%20economies/closing-the-womens-health-gap-technical-appendix.pdf 192. High-income country (HIC) archetypes: Germany, Japan, Singapore, the United Kingdom and the United States; upper-middle-income country (UMIC) archetypes: Brazil, South Africa and Türkiye; lower-middle-income country (LMIC) archetypes: India, Indonesia, Kenya and Morocco; and low-income country (LIC) archetypes: Ethiopia, Tanzania and Uganda. 193. Nature Editorial Board. (2020). Accounting for sex and gender makes for better science. Nature, 588(7837), 196. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33299202/ 194. Thompson, K., Vassallo, A., Finfer, S. & Woodward, M. (2022, February). Renewed rationale for sex- and gender- disaggregated research: A COVID-19 commentary review. Women’s Health, 18. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/ PMC8814978/ 195. Peters, S. A. E., & Woodward, M. (2023). A roadmap for sex- and gender-disaggregated health research. BMC Medicine, 21(354). https://bmcmedicine.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12916-023-03060-w 196. Conroy, G. (2020). Three reasons to share your research failures. Nature Index. https://www.nature.com/nature-index/ news/three-reasons-to-share-your-research-science-failures 197. Fikre, K., Gubbels, G., Teklesilasie, W, & Gerards, S. (2023, May 26). Effectiveness of midwifery-led care on pregnancy outcomes in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 23(386). https://bmcpregnancychildbirth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12884-023-05664-9 198. World Health Organization (WHO). (2024. April 26). Proportion of births attended by skilled health personnel (%). https://data.who.int/indicators/i/F835E3B/1772666 199. WHO. (n.d.). NCD country capacity survey. Retrieved July, 2024, from https://www.who.int/teams/ncds/surveillance/ monitoring-capacity/ncdccs Blueprint to Close the Women’s Health Gap: How to Improve Lives and Economies for All 60

Blueprint to Close the Women%E2%80%99s Health Gap 2025