30x30 Ocean Action Plan 2025

30x30 Ocean Action Plan53 52REFERENCES 1. CBD Decision 15/4 (2022). 2. Target 3. Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework https:/ /www.cbd.int/gbf/ targets/3. 3. O’Leary, B. C. et al. Effective Coverage Targets for Ocean Protection. Conservation Letters 9, 398–404 (2016). 4. IUCN. Guidelines for Applying the IUCN Protected Area Management Categories to Marine Protected Areas. (IUCN, 2019). 5. FAO. A Handbook for Identifying, Evaluating and Reporting Other Effective Area-Based Conservation Measures in Marine Fisheries. (FAO, Rome, Italy, 2022). doi:10.4060/cc3307en. 6. Grorud-Colvert, K. et al. The MPA Guide: A framework to achieve global goals for the ocean. Science 373 (2021). 7. Marine Protection Atlas. MPAtlas https:/ /mpatlas.org/. 8. UNEP-WCMC and IUCN. Protected Planet Report 2024. https:/ /digitalreport.protectedplanet.net (2024). 9. UNCLOS Art. 142. 10. UNCLOS Art. 194(5). 11. UNCLOS Art. 197. 12. UNCLOS Art. 56. 13. UNEP-WCMC. Marine Protected Areas. Protected Planet https:/ /www.protectedplanet.net/en/ thematic-areas/marine-protected-areas. 14. Australia, Belgium, Chile, Colombia, France, Germany, Kazakhstan, Monaco, Netherlands, New Zealand, Palau, Seychelles, United States. This was calculated on September 2nd 2025 using MPAtlas data, aggregating overseas territories to their respective sovereign country. Exact values and countries may vary depending on when a country updates its MPA information with the WDPA and is then updated within the MPAtlas. 15. UNEP-WCMC. Marine Protected Areas. Protected Planet https:/ /www.protectedplanet.net/en/ thematic-areas/marine-protected-areas . 16. Target 1. Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework https:/ /www.cbd.int/gbf/ targets/1. 17. CBD. Online Reporting Tool for NBSAPS and National Reports (CHM-ORT). https:/ /ort.cbd.int/ dashboard#0.4/0/0 . 18. The Coalition launched and presented its “SIDS’ Integrated Nature-Climate Action Roadmap” at COP28. 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Areas beyond national jurisdiction (ABNJ) include the high seas as well as the “Area”, defined in UNCLOS Article 1.1 as “the seabed and ocean floor and subsoil thereof, beyond the limits of national jurisdiction”. 27. Smith, D. & Jabour, J. MPAs in ABNJ: lessons from two high seas regimes. ICES Journal of Marine Science 75, 417–425 (2018). 28. UNEP-WCMC. Marine Protected Areas. Protected Planet https:/ /www.protectedplanet.net/ en/thematic-areas/marine-protected-areas. 29. Marine Protection Atlas. High Seas. MPAtlas https:/ /mpatlas.org/countries/HS. 30. ASOC. CCAMLR MPAs: Where Do We Go from Here? https:/ /www.asoc.org/wp-content/ uploads/2023/10/CCAMLR-MPAs-where-do-we-go-from-here-CCAMLR-2023.pdf (2023). 31. Teschke, K. et al. Planning marine protected areas under the CCAMLR regime – The case of the Weddell Sea (Antarctica). Marine Policy 124, 104370 (2021). 32. CCAMLR. Marine Protected Areas. CCAMLR MPA Information Repository https:/ /cmir.ccamlr. org/. 33. OSPAR Commission. OSPAR Convention. https:/ /www.ospar.org/convention. 34. Status of the OSPAR Network of Marine Protected Areas in 2023. OSPAR Assessment Portal https:/ /oap.ospar.org/en/ospar-assessments/committee-assessments/biodiversity- committee/status-ospar-network-marine-protected-areas/assessment-sheets-mpa/mpa- status-2023/. 35. Roessger, J., Claudet, J. & Horta e Costa, B. Turning the tide on protection illusions: The underprotected MPAs of the ‘OSPAR Regional Sea Convention’. Marine Policy 142 (2022). 36. UN. Agreement on Marine Biological Diversity of Areas beyond National Jurisdiction. https:/ / www.un.org/bbnjagreement/en. 37. High Seas Alliance. Prioritize Ocean Protection: World Leaders Call on All Nations to Urgently Ratify the High Seas Treaty. https:/ /highseasalliance.org/2024/09/24/prioritize-ocean- protection-world-leaders-call-on-all-nations-to-urgently-ratify-the-high-seas-treaty/ (2024). 38. UN DOALOS. Measures such as area-based management tools, including marine protected areas. BBNJ Factsheets https:/ /www.un.org/bbnjagreement/sites/default/files/2024-07/ BBNJAgreementFactsheet3ABMTs.pdf (2024). 39. CBD Decision 14/8 (2018). 40. NEAFC. NEAFC Other Effective Area Based Conservation Measures (OECM). North-East Atlantic Fisheries Commission https:/ /neafc.org/oecm. 41. Text provided by Bani Maini, Jenna Sullivan-Stack, and Kirsten Grorud-Colvert, on behalf of the Marine OECMs Working Group facilitated by Oregon State University, USA. 42. Government of Canada and Fisheries and Oceans Canada. Marine refuges across Canada. Fisheries and Oceans Canada (DFO) https:/ /www.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/oceans/oecm-amcepz/ refuges/index-eng.html (2025).