Endnotes 1. World Health Organization. (2023). Noncommunicable diseases: Key facts. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/ detail/noncommunicable-diseases 2. World Health Organization. (2025, September 25). Noncommunicable diseases. WHO Fact Sheets. https://www.who.int/ news-room/fact-sheets/detail/noncommunicable-diseases 3. United Nations. (2025, January 30). Progress on the prevention and control of non-communicable diseases and the promotion of mental health and well-being: Note by the Secretary-General (A/79/762). https://docs.un.org/en/A/79/762 4. Evidence and examples from these assessments are incorporated throughout the document to support cross-country analysis and policy recommendations. Complete citations are provided in Appendix: PHSSR references. 5. United Nations. (2025, January 30). Progress on the prevention and control of non-communicable diseases and the promotion of mental health and well-being: Note by the Secretary-General (A/79/762). https://docs.un.org/en/A/79/762 6. Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME). (2023). Global burden of disease study 2023. https://www.healthdata. org/research-analysis/gbd 7. World Health Organization. (2025). Age-standardized NCD mortality rate (per 100,000 population). Global Health Observatory. https://www.who.int/data/gho/data/indicators/indicator-details/GHO/gho-ghe-ncd-mortality-rate 8. Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME). (2023). Global burden of disease study 2023. https://www.healthdata.org/research-analysis/gbd 9. Ibid. 10. Ibid. 11. International Agency for Research on Cancer. (n.d.). WHO International Agency for Research on Cancer. Retrieved October 22, 2025, from https://www.iarc.who.int/ 12. Statistics Canada. (2025). Number and rates of new primary cancer cases, by stage at diagnosis, selected cancer type, age group and sex. Table 13-10-0761-01. https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=1310076101 13. World Health Organization. (2025). Age-standardized NCD mortality rate (per 100,000 population). Global Health Observatory. https://www.who.int/data/gho/data/indicators/indicator-details/GHO/gho-ghe-ncd-mortality-rate 14. Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME). (2023). Global burden of disease study 2023. https://www.healthdata.org/research-analysis/gbd 15. Olié, V., et al. (2020). Changes in tobacco-related morbidity and mortality in French women: Worrying trends. European Journal of Public Health, 30(2), 380–385. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31711145/ 16. Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME). (2023). Global burden of disease study 2023. https://www.healthdata.org/research-analysis/gbd 17. Ibid. 18. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). (2023). Health at a glance 2023: OECD indicators. https://www.oecd.org/en/publications/2023/11/health-at-a-glance-2023_e04f8239.html 19. Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME). (2023). Global burden of disease study 2023. https://www.healthdata.org/research-analysis/gbd 20. Tangri, N., et al. (2023). Prevalence of undiagnosed stage 3 chronic kidney disease in France, Germany, Italy, Japan and the USA: Results from the multinational observational REVEAL-CKD study. BMJ Open, 13(5), e067386. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2022-067386 21. Tangri, N., et al. (2025). Impact of improved diagnosis and treatment on holistic CKD burden. Kidney International Reports, 10(8), 2608–2620. https://www.kireports.org/article/S2468-0249(25)00342-0/fulltext 22. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). (2023). Health at a glance 2023: OECD indicators. https://www.oecd.org/en/publications/2023/11/health-at-a-glance-2023_e04f8239.html 23. Delmas, M. C., et al. (2021). Connaissance de la bronchopneumopathie chronique obstructive et de ses facteurs de risque en France [in French]. Bulletin Épidémiologique Hebdomadaire, 35–36, 648–656. https://beh.santepubliquefrance. fr/beh/2018/35-36/2018_35-36_3.html 24. Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME). (2023). Global burden of disease study 2023. https://www.healthdata.org/research-analysis/gbd 25. Robert Koch-Institut. (2024). Rauchen (ab 18 Jahre) [in German]. https://www.gbe.rki.de/DE/Themen/ EinflussfaktorenAufDieGesundheit/GesundheitsUndRisikoverhalten/Tabakkonsum/Rauchen/rauchen_node. html?darstellung=0&kennzahl=1&zeit=2019&geschlecht=0&standardisierung=0 26. Fontbonne, A., et al. (2023). Prevalence of overweight and obesity in France: The 2020 Obepi-Roche Study by the “Ligue Contre l’Obésité”. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 12(3), 925. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36769573/ Acting Early on Non-Communicable Diseases: A Framework for Health System Transformation 28

Acting Early on Non-Communicable Diseases 2026