Community jetties: Seven jetties were inaugurated by November 2022 along NW-1 (e.g. Ravidas Ghat, Ramnagar, Kaithi), with eight more under development. Haldia MMT: Operational to a significant extent, supporting cargo movement toward Kolkata’s port ecosystem. These terminals have also facilitated the introduction of roll-on roll- off vessels, ferry and cruise services for tourists. To address environmental concerns, these boats have transitioned from diesel-engine water taxis to compressed natural gas (CNG)-propelled, hydrogen-fuelled and solar-powered water taxis.57,58,59Cable car ropeway system In 2022, the Varanasi Development Authority approved a cable car ropeway system, with a central terminus at Varanasi Railway Station.60 The under construction ropeway, which will be the first of its kind in India, aims to strengthen connections throughout the city and provide residents and tourists alike with convenient access to Varanasi Railway Station, as well as key points across the city. The ropeway will provide connections to multiple tourist attractions such as the Kashi Vishwanath Temple and the Ganga River. FIGURE 7. Cable car route in Varanasi61 The cable car ropeway will cover about 4 kilometres, with a total of five major stations. The planned operating hours for the Varanasi cable car will be 16 hours per day, promising sustainable relief for traffic congestion and better connectivity to the heavily frequented temple district.62 The ropeway is anticipated to expand to cover all major city stations in Varanasi. The expanded network will also reach academic institutions, which will help to connect commuting students with the Varanasi Railway station.63 Governed by a public-private partnership (PPP), the government tendered the project, opting for the established Swiss technology provided by BARTHOLET. Following completion, the cable car system will be operated by Vishwa Samudra Ropeways for 15 years, ensuring seamless operation and management.64 Main Station, Varanasi Cantt Kashi Vishwanath, Temple District/GodowliaSection 4 Section 3Section 2Section 1 Combatting Congestion: How Cities and Companies are Innovating First- and Last-Mile Transport 17

Combatting Congestion 2025