1. Case Study: An Agricultural Data Cooperative for Farmers and Farmer Cooperatives, the United States Agency for International Development (USAID), https://developmentgateway.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/Agricultural-Data_ CaseStudy_Feb2023.pdf. 2. Percival Lucena, Alecio P . D. Binotto, Fernanda da Silva Momo, Henry Kim, A Case Study for Grain Quality Assurance Tracking based on a Blockchain Business Network, Proceedings of the Symposium on Foundations and Applications of Blockchain (FAB 18) March 9, 2018, Los Angeles, California, USA, https://arxiv.org/abs/1803.07877v1. 3. Scaling Agritech at the Last Mile: Converging Efforts for Farmers’ Prosperity, World Economic Forum Insight Report, June 2023, https://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_Scaling_Agritech_at_the_Last_Mile_2023.pdf. 4. Case Study: An Agricultural Data Cooperative for Farmers and Farmer Cooperatives, the United States Agency for International Development (USAID), https://developmentgateway.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/Agricultural-Data_ CaseStudy_Feb2023.pdf. 5. Insights collected from stakeholder interviews conducted with representatives from the cited organizations 6. University of Sharjah, My FarmWell [mobile app]. Available at: https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=ae.uos. myfarmwellapp (Accessed: 17 September 2025). 7. Ibid. 8. Ibid. 9. News Article: Pig farmers in Papua New Guinea capitalize on blockchain technology, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), June 2019, https://www.fao.org/e-agriculture/news/pig-farmers-papua-new-guinea-capitalize- blockchain-technology. 10. Insights collected from stakeholder interviews conducted with representatives from the cited organizations. 11. 2023 - R4 Rural Resilience Initiative Initiative Factsheet, World Food Programme, https://www.wfp.org/publications/2023-r4- rural-resilience-initiative-factsheet. 12. Insights collected from stakeholder interviews conducted with representatives from the cited organizations 13. Ibid. 14. Ibid.Endnotes Data and Digital Readiness in Food Systems 14

Data Digital Readiness Food Systems 2025