1. International Labour Organization (ILO). (2019). Implementing the ILO Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention No. 169: Towards an inclusive, sustainable and just future, p. 53. https://www.ilo.org/sites/default/files/wcmsp5/groups/ public/%40dgreports/%40dcomm/%40publ/documents/publication/wcms_735607.pdf 2. Ibid., p. 91. 3. Canadian Council for Aboriginal Business and Global Affairs Canada. (2023). Adàwe: Export experiences of Indigenous entrepreneurs. www.international.gc.ca/trade-commerce/assets/pdfs/inclusive_trade-commerce_inclusif/indigenous- autochtone/report-adawe-rapport-eng.pdf 4. International Labour Organization (ILO). (2019). Implementing the ILO Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention No. 169: Towards an inclusive, sustainable and just future, pp. 56–58. https://www.ilo.org/sites/default/files/wcmsp5/groups/ public/%40dgreports/%40dcomm/%40publ/documents/publication/wcms_735607.pdf 5. Canadian Council for Aboriginal Business and Global Affairs Canada. (2023). Adàwe: Export experiences of Indigenous entrepreneurs, p. 20. www.international.gc.ca/trade-commerce/assets/pdfs/inclusive_trade-commerce_inclusif/ indigenous-autochtone/report-adawe-rapport-eng.pdf 6. Morin, J., & Gauquelin, M. (2016). Trade agreements as vectors for the Nagoya Protocol’s implementation. Centre for International Governance Innovation. https://www.cigionline.org/static/documents/documents/Paper%20no.115.pdf 7. For a discussion of additional steps WTO members could consider, see Schwartz, R., & Whiteduck, J. (2020, April 27). A proposal for a joint declaration on trade and Indigenous Peoples. Centre for International Governance Innovation. https://www.cigionline.org/articles/proposal-joint-declaration-trade-and-indigenous-peoples/ 8. Stoddart-Smith, C. (2023, September 24). Actioning inclusivity: The WTO’s TPRM and Indigenous Rights. OpinioNative. https://opinio-native.com/opinions/actioning-inclusivity-the-wtos-tprm-and-indigenous-rights 9. See, for instance, World Trade Organization. (n.d.). Australia – General Notes – Annex 7. WTO eGPA Gateway. Retrieved February 20, 2025, from https://e-gpa.wto.org/en/GPACoverage/Annex7/141 10. New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade. (2022, November 25). Joint statement initiative on e-commerce: Discussion paper on digital inclusion language for consideration by JSI participants. Communication from New Zealand. INF/ECOM/70, para 2.3. https://www.mfat.govt.nz/assets/Trade-agreements/WTO-e-commerce-negotiations/Joint- Statement-Initiative-on-E-commerce-discussion-paper-on-Digital-Inclusion.pdf 11. World Trade Organization. (2024). Joint statement initiative on electronic commerce. INF/ECOM/87, Article 26. https://docs.wto.org/dol2fe/Pages/SS/directdoc.aspx?filename=q:/INF/ECOM/87.pdf&Open=True 12. See, for instance, New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade. (n.d.). Comprehensive and progressive agreement for trans-Pacific partnership. Article 29.6, Treaty of Waitangi. Retrieved February 20, 2025, from https://www.mfat.govt.nz/assets/Trade-agreements/TPP/Text-ENGLISH/29.-Exceptions-and-General-Provisions.pdf 13. Australian Government Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade. (n.d.). Australia–United Arab Emirates comprehensive economic partnership agreement. Chapter 17: Indigenous Peoples trade and investment economic cooperation. Retrieved February 20, 2025, from https://www.dfat.gov.au/trade/agreements/not-yet-in-force/australia-uae- comprehensive-economic-partnership-agreement-cepa/australia-uae-cepa-official-text 14. Business and Economic Research Limited. (2024, December 12). Snapshot: Te ōhanga Māori 2023 (The Māori economy 2023). https://berl.co.nz/sites/default/files/2024-12/Te%20%C5%8Changa%20M%C4%81ori%202023%20-%20High- level%20Snapshot.pdf 15. Council of Indigenous Peoples. (n.d.). Indigenous Peoples Comprehensive Development Fund Loan Zone. Retrieved February 20, 2025, from https://www.cip.gov.tw/zh-tw/news/data-list/23DD6FC526F7465A/index. html?cumid=23DD6FC526F7465A 16. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. (2023, August 8). Public procurement performance. https://www.oecd.org/en/publications/public-procurement-performance_0dde73f4-en.html 17. Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC). (n.d.). Increasing access to the benefits of trade for Indigenous businesses and entrepreneurs. Retrieved February 20, 2025, from https://aimp2.apec.org/sites/PDB/Lists/Proposals/DispForm. aspx?ID=3310; APEC. (n.d.). Increasing access to the benefits of trade for Indigenous businesses and entrepreneurs II. Retrieved February 20, 2025, from https://aimp2.apec.org/sites/PDB/Lists/Proposals/DispForm.aspx?ID=3546Endnotes Enabling Indigenous Trade: Actionable Guidance for Governments 23

Enabling Indigenous Trade 2025