1. World Economic Forum. (2025). The Global Risks Report 2025 20th Edition. https://www.weforum.org/publications/series/global-risks-report/. 2. Ibid. 3. International Energy Agency. (2025). Growth in global energy demand surged in 2024 to almost twice its recent average. https://www.iea.org/news/growth-in-global-energy-demand-surged-in-2024-to-almost-twice-its-recent-average. 4. World Meteorological Organization. (2025). WMO confirms 2024 as warmest year on record at about 1.55°C above pre-industrial level. https://wmo.int/news/media-centre/wmo-confirms-2024-warmest-year-record-about-155degc-above- pre-industrial-level. 5. International Energy Agency. (2025). Growth in global energy demand surged in 2024 to almost twice its recent average. https://www.iea.org/news/growth-in-global-energy-demand-surged-in-2024-to-almost-twice-its-recent-average. 6. International Energy Agency. (2025). Global Energy Review 2025. https://iea.blob.core.win dows.net/assets/5b169aa1-bc88-4c96-b828-aaa50406ba80/GlobalEnergyReview2025.pdf. 7. Statista. (2024). Artificial intelligence (AI) market size worldwide from 2020 to 2030. https://www.statis ta. com/forecasts/1474143/global-ai-market-size#:~:text=AI%20mar ket%20size%20world wide%20from%20 2020%2D2030&text=The%20market%20for%20artificial%20intelligence,billion%20U.S.%20dollars%20in%202030. 8. Heatmap. (2024). The IEA Isn’t Sweating Data Center Electricity Demand. https://heatmap.news/technol ogy/iea-world-energy-outlook-2024. 9. International Energy Agency. (2024). What the data centre and AI boom could mean for the energy sector. https://www.iea.org/commentaries/what-the-data-centre-and-ai-boom-could-mean-for-the-energy-sector . 10. The White House. (2025). Fact Sheet: President Donald J. Trump Declares National Emergency to Increase our Competitive Edge, Protect our Sovereignty, and Strengthen our National and Economic Security. https://www.whitehouse.gov/fact- sheets/2025/04/fact-sheet-president-donald-j-trump-declares-national-emergency-to-increase-our-competitive-edge- protect-our-sovereignty-and-strengthen-our-national-and-economic-security/#:~:text=President%20Trump%20will%20 impose%20an,at%2012%3A01%20a.m.%20EDT . 11. The White House. (2025). Annex-I. https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/Annex-I.pdf. 12. These rankings provide a high-level snapshot of relative progress and set the stage for deeper regional and country-level insights in the next section. The ETI is a dynamic benchmark, with methodological refinements and framework updates applied each year to reflect evolving transition priorities and data availability. As a result, year-on-year comparisons of rank positions between editions may not be directly comparable and should be interpreted with caution. 13. Netherlands, Germany, Portugal, Estonia, Iceland, the UK, the US, Israel, Chile, New Zealand, Japan, Republic of Korea, Belgium, Bulgaria, Luxembourg, Canada, Albania, Ireland, Czechia, Viet Nam, Panama, Indonesia, Nigeria, Jordan, Sri Lanka, El Salvador, India, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Cambodia, Philippines, Kyrgyz Republic, Paraguay, Oman, Bangladesh, Cote d’Ivoire, Tajikistan, Guatemala, Pakistan, Islamic Republic of Iran, Mozambique, Nicaragua. 14. Financial Times. (2024). Strategic interests galvanise Gulf’s renewables spending. https://www.ft.com/con tent/275ad801-0862-4123-8028-158ec18205f0. 15. Emirates Nuclear Energy Company. (2024). Barakah Nuclear Energy Plant. https://www.enec.gov.ae/barakah-plant/. 16. Swedish Energy Agency. (2024). Our strategic priorities in energy research and innovation. https://www.energimyn digheten.se/en/innovations-r--d/Our-strategic-priorities-in-energy-research-and-innovation/. 17. World Intellectual Property Organization. (2024). Sweden ranking in the Global Innovation Index 2024. https://www.wipo.int/gii-ranking/en/sweden. 18. European Parliament. (2024). Finland’s climate action strategy. https://www.euro parl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/BRIE/2024/767180/EPRS_BRI(2024)767180_EN.pdf. 19. World Economic Forum. (2023). Finland is on track to meet some of the world’s most ambitious carbon neutrality targets. This is how it has done it. https://www.weforum.org/stories/2023/06/finland-carbon-neutral-2035-goals/. 20. European Parliament. (2024). Denmark’s climate action strategy. https://www.euro parl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/BRIE/2024/767173/EPRS_BRI(2024)767173_EN.pdf. 21. International Energy Agency. (n.d.). Energy system of Finland. https://www.iea.org/countries/finland. 22. International Energy Agency. (n.d.). Energy system of Norway. https://www.iea.org/countries/norway. 23. World Economic Forum. (2022). Norway’s massive sovereign-wealth fund sets net-zero goals. https://www.weforum.org/ stories/2022/09/norways-massive-sovereign-wealth-fund-sets-net-zero-goal/. 24. Government of Switzerland. (2024). Switzerland’s information necessary for clarity, transparency and understanding in accordance with definition 1/CP.21 of its updated and enhanced first nationally determined contribution (NDC) under the Paris Agreement (2021–2030). https://un fccc.int/sites/default/files/2024-11/Switzer lands%20First%20NDC_2021_2030_ Update%202024_including%20ICTUs.pdf.Endnotes Fostering Effective Energy Transition 2025 66