GGGR 2023

or religious practices or laws discriminate against these rights; Uneven rights: Women and men have the same rights to apply for national identity cards (if applicable) and passports and to travel outside the country. However, this does not apply to all groups of women; Restricted rights: Women do not have the same rights as men to apply for national identity cards (if applicable) or passports or to travel outside the country; Unequal rights: Women do not have the same rights as men to apply for national identity cards (if applicable) or passports and to travel outside the country. Period : 2019. Source : OECD, Gender, Institutions and Development Database (GID-DB). Election list quotas for women, national (yes/ no) Reports if a country has in place electoral laws specifying quotas for female candidates in national elections to the lower parliamentary house. Period : Data as of 1 March 2023. Source : Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance (IDEA), Gender Quotas Database . Party membership quotas, voluntary, (yes/no) Reports if a country has in place voluntary quotas specifying the number of women for political party membership. Period : Data as of 1 March 2023. Source : IDEA, Gender Quotas Database . Seats held in upper house, % of total seats Percentage of women holding seats in the higher house of representatives as a share of total seats. Applies only to bicameral parliamentary systems. Period : 2023. Source : Inter-parliamentary Union (IPU). Family and care Public spending on family benefits, % of GDP Public spending on family benefits includes financial support that is exclusively for families and children. Spending recorded in other social policy areas such as health and housing may also assist families, but not exclusively, and is not included in the indicator. Period : 2021 or latest year available. Source : OECD, Family database.Unmet family planning Unmet need for family planning is defined as the percentage of women ages 15-49 who do not want to become pregnant but are not using contraception. Period : 2021 or latest year available. Source : USAID Demographic and Health Surveys Program . Early marriage, % Percentage of girls aged 15–19 years who are or have ever been married, divorced, widowed or in an informal union. Period : 2019. Source : OECD, Gender, Institutions and Development Database (GID-DB). Mean age of women at birth of first child The mean age of mothers at first child’s birth is defined as the average completed year of age of women when their first child is born. Period : 2020 or most recent year. Source : United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division, World Population Prospects 2022 . Right to divorce Index measuring whether women and men have the same legal rights to initiate divorce and have the same requirements for divorce or annulment. For each case, the OECD numerical scores have been translated as: Equal rights = Women have the same rights to initiate divorce and the same requirements to finalize divorce or annulment as men, without negative repercussions from their parental authority. This applies to all groups of women. Customary, religious and traditional laws or practices do not discriminate against women’s rights regarding divorce or parental authority after divorce; Near equal rights = Women have the same rights to initiate divorce and the same requirements to finalize divorce or annulment as men, without negative repercussions from their parental authority. This applies to all groups of women. However, there are some customary, religious or traditional laws or practices that discriminate against women’s rights regarding divorce and/or parental authority after divorce; Uneven rights = Women have the same rights to initiate divorce and the same requirements to finalize divorce or annulment as men, without negative repercussions from their parental authority. However, this does not apply to all groups of women; Restricted rights = Women do not have the same rights over divorce as men: either their rights to initiate divorce and/ or the requirements to finalize divorce or annulment are unequal, or their freedom from parental authority after divorce is restricted; Global Gender Gap Report 2023 72