Global Cooperation Barometer 2025

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Endnotes 1. United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). (n.d.). A ‘Super Year’ for Elections. https://www.undp.org/super-year- elections. 2. Burn-Murdoch, J. (2024). Democrats join 2024’s graveyard of incumbents. Financial Times. https://www.ft.com/content/ e8ac09ea-c300-4249-af7d-109003afb893. 3. United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs. (2024). With less than one fifth of targets on track, world is failing to deliver on promise of the Sustainable Development Goals, warns new UN report. https://www.un.org/en/with- less-than-one-fifth-of-targets-on-track#:~:text=The%20report%20reveals%20that%20only,one%2Dthird%20stalled%20 or%20regressing. 4. United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). (n.d.). Peoples’ Climate Vote 2024. https://peoplesclimate.vote/. 5. United Nations. (2024). UN’s Guterres urges global solutions as uncertain world edges toward a ‘powder keg’. https://news.un.org/en/story/2024/09/1154771. 6. United Nations High Commission on Refugees (UNHCR). (n.d.). Data and Statistics: Global Trends. https://www.unhcr.org/global-trends#:~:text=Over%20117.3%20million%20people%20were%20forcibly%20 displaced%20at%20the%20end%20of%202023.&text=This%20equates%20to%20more%20than%201%20in%20 every%2069%20people%20on%20Earth.&text=The%20number%20of%20displaced%20people%20has%20 increased%20every%20year%20for%2012%20years. 7. United Nations. (2024). World on Track to Achieve Only 17 Per Cent of 2030 Agenda Targets, Speakers Warn, as Second Committee Takes Up Sustainable Development Reports. https://press.un.org/en/2024/gaef3604.doc. htm#:~:text=With%20only%20six%20years%20remaining,as%20it%20took%20up%20that. 8. Abnett, K. & A. Withers. (2025). 2024 is the hottest year on record, EU scientists say. Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/ business/environment/2024-will-be-hottest-year-record-eu-scientists-say-2024-12-09/. 9. International Monetary Fund (IMF). (2024). Steady but Slow: Resilience Amid Divergence. https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/Issues/2024/04/16/world-economic-outlook-april-2024. 10. United Nations Trade and Development (UNCTAD). (2024). A world of debt Report 2024. https://unctad.org/publication/world-of-debt. 11. Letzing, J. (2024). What’s an ‘intelligent economy’ and why are some economies more intelligent than others? World Economic Forum. https://www.weforum.org/stories/2024/04/how-some-economies-get-intelligent-while-others-don-t/. 12. McKinsey & Company. (2023). The economic potential of generative AI: The next productivity frontier. https://www.mckinsey.com/capabilities/mckinsey-digital/our-insights/the-economic-potential-of-generative-ai-the-next- productivity-frontier#introduction. 13. Georgieva, K. (2024). AI Will Transform the Global Economy. Let’s Make Sure It Benefits Humanity. IMF Blog. https://www.imf.org/en/Blogs/Articles/2024/01/14/ai-will-transform-the-global-economy-lets-make-sure-it-benefits- humanity. 14. Singla, A., A. Sukharevsky, L. Yee, M. Chui, et al. (2024). The state of AI in early 2024: Gen AI adoption spikes and starts to generate value. McKinsey & Company. https://www.mckinsey.com/capabilities/quantumblack/our-insights/the-state-of-ai. 15. Larson, J., J. S. Denford, G. S. Dawson and K. C. Desouza. (2024). The evolution of artificial intelligence (AI) spending by the U.S. government. Brookings. https://www.brookings.edu/articles/the-evolution-of-artificial-intelligence-ai-spending-by- the-u-s-government/. 16. Jiang, B. (2024). China’s AI industry could see US$1.4 trillion in investment in 6 years, executive says. myNEWS. https://www.scmp.com/tech/big-tech/article/3277743/chinas-ai-industry-could-see-us14-trillion-investment-6-years- executive-says. 17. Newman, M. and J. Love. (2024). Saudis Plan $100 Billion AI Powerhouse to Rival UAE Tech Hub. Bloomberg. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2024-11-06/saudis-plan-100-billion-ai-powerhouse-to-rival-uae-s-tech-hub . 18. Reuters. (2024) India announces $1.2 bln investment in AI projects. https://www.reuters.com/technology/india-announces- 12-bln-investment-ai-projects-2024-03-07/. 19. Shepardson, D., M. Martina and T. Hunnicutt. (2024). US finalizes rules to curb AI investments in China, impose other restrictions. Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/technology/artificial-intelligence/us-finalizes-rules-curb-ai-investments- china-impose-other-restrictions-2024-10-28/. 20. Evenett, S., A. Jakubik, F. Martín and M. Ruta. (2024). The Return of Industrial Policy in Data. https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WP/Issues/2023/12/23/The-Return-of-Industrial-Policy-in-Data-542828. 21. International Chamber of Commerce (ICC). (n.d.). G7 Creating a Modern Digital Trade Ecosystem. https://www.iccgermany.de/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/Creating-a-Modern-Digital-Trade-Ecosystem-G7.pdf. 22. Heid, B., M. Linder, S. Mayer, A. Orthofer, et al. (2023). What would it take to scale critical climate technologies? https://www.mckinsey.com/capabilities/sustainability/our-insights/what-would-it-take-to-scale-critical-climate- technologies. The Global Cooperation Barometer 2025 Second Edition 28
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