Global Cooperation Barometer 2025

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23. Krishnan, M., C. Bradley, H. Tai, T. Devesa, S. Smit and D. Pacthod. (2024). The hard stuff: Navigating the physical realities of the energy transition. McKinsey Global Institute. https://www.mckinsey.com/mgi/our-research/the-hard-stuff-navigating- the-physical-realities-of-the-energy-transition. 24. United Nations. (2015). Paris Agreement. https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/english_paris_agreement.pdf. 25. Song, Z. (2024). Access to medical technology saves lives. How can we make it more accessible in low- and middle-income countries? World Bank Blogs. https://blogs.worldbank.org/en/health/Access-to-medical-technology-saves-lives. 26. Cueni, T. (2021). Challenges and solutions to scaling-up COVID-19 vaccine manufacturing capacity. The International Federation of Pharmaceutical Manufacturers and Associations (IFPMA). https://www.ifpma.org/insights/challenges-and- solutions-to-scaling-up-covid-19-vaccine-manufacturing-capacity/. 27. United Nations Security Council. (2023). International Community Must Urgently Confront New Reality of Generative, Artificial Intelligence, Speakers Stress as Security Council Debates Risks, Rewards. https://press.un.org/en/2023/sc15359.doc.htm. 28. World Trade Organization (WTO). (n.d.). World Trade Statistics 2023: Key insights and trends. https://www.wto.org/english/res_e/statis_e/statistics2023_e.htm. 29. International Monetary Fund. (2024). World Economic Outlook: Policy Pivot, Rising Threats. https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/Issues/2024/10/22/world-economic-outlook-october-2024. 30. Seong, J., O. White, M. Birshan, L. Woetzel, et al. (2024). Geopolitics and the geometry of global trade. McKinsey & Company. https://www.mckinsey.com/mgi/our-research/geopolitics-and-the-geometry-of-global-trade. 31. World Trade Organization (WTO). (2024). Global goods trade on track for gradual recovery despite lingering downside risks. https://www.wto.org/english/news_e/news24_e/stat_10oct24_e.htm#:~:text=Global%20goods%20trade%20 is%20projected,updated%20forecast%20on%2010%20October . 32. Seong, J., O. White, M. Birshan, L. Woetzel, et al. (2024). Geopolitics and the geometry of global trade. McKinsey & Company. https://www.mckinsey.com/mgi/our-research/geopolitics-and-the-geometry-of-global-trade. 33. UN Trade and Development (UNCTAD). (2024). World Investment Report 2024. https://unctad.org/publication/world-investment-report-2024. 34. Ibid. 35. The cost decrease reflected, in part, the cooperation of countries across the global supply chain (such as basic research in the US and Japan; mass production capabilities in China, where more than 70% of global supply originates; and extraction of raw materials in Australia and Chile, among other countries). 36. Tan, C. (2024). Breaking the Circuit: US-China Semiconductor Controls. 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Clean Energy Market Monitor. https://www.iea.org/reports/clean-energy- market-monitor-november-2024. 42. United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). (2024). Emissions Gap Report 2024. https://www.unep.org/resources/ emissions-gap-report-2024; Hausfather, Z. and P . Friedlingstein. (2024). Analysis: Global CO2 emissions will reach new high in 2024 despite slower growth. CarbonBrief. https://www.carbonbrief.org/analysis-global-co2-emissions-will-reach- new-high-in-2024-despite-slower-growth/. 43. Krishnan, M., C. Bradley, H. Tai, T. Devesa, et al. (2024). The hard stuff: Navigating the physical realities of the energy transition. McKinsey Global Institute. https://www.mckinsey.com/mgi/our-research/the-hard-stuff-navigating-the-physical- realities-of-the-energy-transition. 44. McKinsey & Company. (2024). Global Materials Perspective 2024. https://www.mckinsey.com/industries/energy-and- materials/our-insights/global-materials-perspective. 45. Daharwal, M., H. Engel, S. Frandsen, K. Jayaram, et al. (2023). Solving the climate finance equation for developing countries. https://www.mckinsey.com/capabilities/sustainability/our-insights/solving-the-climate-finance-equation-for- developing-countries. 46. Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME). (2023). Conflict and health. https://www.healthdata.org/news-events/ insights-blog/global-health-insights/conflict-and-health. 47. World Health Organization (WHO). (2024). Ageing and health. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/ageing- and-health. The Global Cooperation Barometer 2025 Second Edition 29
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