Global Economic Futures Competitiveness in 2030 2025

1. World Economic Forum. Future of Jobs Survey 2024. 2. The White House. (2025). Regulating Imports with a Reciprocal Tariff to Rectify Trade Practices that Contribute to Large and Persistent Annual United States Goods Trade Deficits. https://www.whitehouse.gov/presidential-actions/2025/04/ regulating-imports-with-a-reciprocal-tariff-to-rectify-trade-practices-that-contribute-to-large-and-persistent-annual-united- states-goods-trade-deficits/. 3. International Monetary Fund (IMF). (2025). World Economic Outlook: A Critical Juncture Amid Policy Shifts. https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/Issues/2025/04/22/world-economic-outlook-april-2025. 4. Ibid. 5. World Economic Forum. (2019). Global Competitiveness Report 2019. https://www.weforum.org/publications/how-to-end-a-decade-of-lost-productivity-growth/. 6. Bayoumi, T., Saito, M. & Turunen, J. (2013). Measuring Competitiveness: Trade in Goods or Tasks?. International Monetary Fund. https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WP/Issues/2016/12/31/Measuring-Competitiveness-Trade-in-Goods-or- Tasks-40515. 7. European Commission. (2025). A Competitiveness Compass for the EU. https://commission.europa.eu/topics/eu-competitiveness/competitiveness-compass_en. 8. World Economic Forum. (2019). Global Competitiveness Report 2019. https://www.weforum.org/publications/how-to-end-a-decade-of-lost-productivity-growth/. 9. World Bank. (2024). World Development Report 2024. The Middle-Income Trap. https://www.worldbank.org/en/publication/wdr2024. 10. World Economic Forum. (2025). Global Economic Futures: Productivity in 2030. https://www.weforum.org/publications/global-economic-futures-productivity-in-2030/. 11. Ciera, X., Frias, J., Hill, J. & Li, Y. (2020). A Practitioner’s Guide to Innovation Policy. Instruments to Build Firm Capabilities and Accelerate Technological Catch-up in Developing Countries. World Bank Group. https://documents.worldbank.org/en/publication/documents-reports/documentdetail/158861581492462334. 12. United States Chamber of Commerce. (2024). Map: New Business Applications Surge Across the Country. https://www.uschamber.com/small-business/new-business-applications-a-state-by-state-view . 13. Based on World Bank. (n.d.). Entrepreneurship Database. https://www.worldbank.org/en/programs/entrepreneurship. 14. World Economic Forum. (2025). Chief Economists Outlook: May 2025. https://www.weforum.org/publications/chief- economists-outlook-may-2025/. 15. World Economic Forum. Future of Jobs Survey 2024. 16. Global Trade Alert. (n.d.). GTA Data Center. https://globaltradealert.org/. 17. International Monetary Fund. (2025). World Economic Outlook: A Critical Juncture Amid Policy Shifts. https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/Issues/2025/04/22/world-economic-outlook-april-2025. 18. Caldara, D. et al. (2025). Trade Policy Uncertainty. Economic Policy Uncertainty. https://www.policyuncertainty.com/ trade_cimpr.html. 19. International Monetary Fund (IMF). (2025). Fiscal Monitor: Fiscal Policy under Uncertainty. https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/FM/Issues/2025/04/23/fiscal-monitor-April-2025. 20. International Monetary Fund (IMF). (2025). World Economic Outlook: A Critical Juncture Amid Policy Shifts. https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/Issues/2025/04/22/world-economic-outlook-april-2025. 21. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). (2025). OECD Regulatory Policy Outlook 2025. https://www.oecd.org/en/publications/oecd-regulatory-policy-outlook-2025_56b60e39-en.html. 22. Ibid. 23. Broughel, J. & Hahn, R. W. (2020). The Impact of Economic Regulation on Growth: Survey and Synthesis. Mercatus Working Paper. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3684759. 24. Budina, N. et al. (2023). Structural Reforms to Accelerate Growth, Ease Policy Trade-offs, and Support the Green Transition in Emerging Market and Developing Economies. IMF Staff Discussion Notes No. 2023/007. https://www.imf.org/en/ Publications/Staff-Discussion-Notes/Issues/2023/09/21/Structural-Reforms-to-Accelerate-Growth-Ease-Policy-Trade- offs-and-Support-the-Green-538429. 25. World Economic Forum. Executive Opinion Survey 2024. 26. United States Congress. (2022). Inflation Reduction Act. https://www.congress.gov/bill/117th-congress/house-bill/5376/text. 27. United States Congress. (2022). CHIPS and Science Act. https://www.congress.gov/bill/117th-congress/house-bill/4346. 28. European Commission. (n.d.). The Green Deal Industrial Plan. https://commission.europa.eu/strategy-and-policy/ priorities-2019-2024/european-green-deal/green-deal-industrial-plan_en.Endnotes Global Economic Futures: Competitiveness in 2030 31