Top ﬁve risks identiﬁed by the Executive Opinion Survey (EOS) TABLE C.2 Risk categories Economic Environmental Geopolitical Societal Technological Source World Economic Forum Executive Opinion Survey 2024. Uzbekistan 1 st Water supply shortage 2 nd Energy supply shortage 3 rd Pollution (air, water, soil) 4 th Public debt 5 th Labour and/or talent shortage Venezuela, Bolivarian Republic of 1 st Energy supply shortage 2 nd Economic downturn (e.g. recession, stagnation) 3 rd Insufﬁcient public services and social protections 4 th Water supply shortage 5 th Inﬂation Viet Nam 1 st Adverse outcomes of artiﬁcial intelligence technologies 2 nd Economic downturn (e.g. recession, stagnation) 3 rd Inﬂation 4 th Labour and/or talent shortage 4 th Water supply shortage Yemen 1 st Armed conﬂict (interstate, intrastate, proxy wars, coups etc.) 2 nd Economic downturn (e.g. recession, stagnation) 3 rd Unemployment or lack of economic opportunity 4 th Poverty and inequality (wealth, income) 5 th Chronic health conditions and decline in well-being Zambia 1 st Energy supply shortage 2 nd Food supply shortage 3 rd Water supply shortage 4 th Poverty and inequality (wealth, income) 5 th Economic downturn (e.g. recession, stagnation) Zimbabwe 1 st Energy supply shortage 2 nd Food supply shortage 3 rd Water supply shortage 4 th Inﬂation 5 th Economic downturn (e.g. recession, stagnation) Global Risks Report 2025 91