South Africa 01 st Lack of economic opportunity or unemployment 02 nd Insufﬁcient public services and social protections (incl. education, infrastructure, pensions) 03 rd Crime and illicit economic activity 04 th Disruptions to critical infrastructure 05 th Economic downturn (e.g. recession, stagnation) South Korea 01 st Economic downturn (e.g. recession, stagnation) 02 nd Societal polarization 03 rd Inequality (wealth, income) 04 th Extreme weather events (ﬂoods, heatwaves etc.) 05 th Adverse outcomes of artiﬁcial intelligence technologies Spain 01 st Societal polarization 02 nd Talent and/or labour shortages 03 rd Insufﬁcient public services and social protections (incl. education, infrastructure, pensions) 04 th Debt (public, corporate, household) 05 th Lack of economic opportunity or unemployment Sri Lanka 01 st Economic downturn (e.g. recession, stagnation) 02 nd Lack of economic opportunity or unemployment 03 rd Debt (public, corporate, household) 04 th Talent and/or labour shortages 05 th Inﬂation Sweden 01 st Crime and illicit economic activity 02 nd Economic downturn (e.g. recession, stagnation) 03 rd Inﬂation 04 th Decline in health and well-being 05 th Lack of economic opportunity or unemployment Switzerland 01 st Decline in health and well-being 02 nd Cyber insecurity 03 rd Disruptions to a systematically important supply chain 04 th Geoeconomic confrontation (sanctions, tariffs, investment screening etc.) 05 th Economic downturn (e.g. recession, stagnation) Taiwan, China 01 st Decline in health and well-being 02 nd Misinformation and disinformation 03 rd Disruptions to a systematically important supply chain 04 th Erosion of human rights and/or civic freedoms 05 th Inﬂation Thailand 01 st Debt (public, corporate, household) 02 nd Economic downturn (e.g. recession, stagnation) 03 rd Lack of economic opportunity or unemployment 04 th Adverse outcomes of artiﬁcial intelligence technologies 05 th Inequality (wealth, income) Tunisia 01 st Lack of economic opportunity or unemployment 02 nd Insufﬁcient public services and social protections (incl. education, infrastructure, pensions) 03 rd Economic downturn (e.g. recession, stagnation) 04 th Debt (public, corporate, household) 05 th Inﬂation Türkiye 01 st Lack of economic opportunity or unemployment 02 nd Inﬂation 03 rd Erosion of human rights and/or civic freedoms 04 th Economic downturn (e.g. recession, stagnation) 05 th Societal polarization Ukraine 01 st State-based armed conﬂict (proxy, civil wars, coups, terrorism, etc.) 02 nd Economic downturn (e.g. recession, stagnation) 03 rd Inﬂation 04 th Disruptions to critical infrastructure 05 th Biological, chemical, or nuclear weapons or hazards United Arab Emirates 01 st Inﬂation 02 nd Asset bubble burst 03 rd Adverse outcomes of artiﬁcial intelligence technologies 04 th Economic downturn (e.g. recession, stagnation) 05 th Talent and/or labour shortages United Kingdom 01 st Economic downturn (e.g. recession, stagnation) 02 nd Insufﬁcient public services and social protections (incl. education, infrastructure, pensions) 03 rd Misinformation and disinformation 04 th Talent and/or labour shortages 05 th Lack of economic opportunity or unemployment United Republic of Tanzania 01 st Erosion of human rights and/or civic freedoms 02 nd Debt (public, corporate, household) 03 rd Lack of economic opportunity or unemployment 04 th Misinformation and disinformation 05 th Biodiversity loss and ecosystem collapse United States of America 01 st Economic downturn (e.g. recession, stagnation) 02 nd Decline in health and well-being 03 rd Misinformation and disinformation 04 th Adverse outcomes of artiﬁcial intelligence technologies 05 th Disruptions to a systematically important supply chain TABLE C.2 Top ﬁve risks identiﬁed by the Executive Opinion Survey (EOS) 2025 Global Risks Report 202689