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280. There is lively debate about whether voluntary within- and out-of-value chain conservation and restoration could be used
to take responsibility for unmitigated biodiversity impacts, which is out of the scope of this report. For more information
on the concerns and guardrails to be put in place for corporates considering investing in biodiversity credits specifically:
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weforum.org/docs/WEF_Biodiversity_Credits_A_Guide_to_Support_Early_Use_with_High_Integrity_2023.pdf.
281. Vale. (2022). Integrated Report 2022. https://vale.com/documents/d/guest/vale_relatointegrado2022-en-final-1.
282. BHP Foundation. (2020). Forest Conservation in the Canadian Boreal. https://www.bhp.com/es/-/media/project/bhp1ip/
bhp-com-en/documents/sustainability/communities/bhp-foundation/environmental-resilence/190606_bhpfoundation_
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283. The Paulson Institute, The Nature Conservancy, Cornell Atkinson Center for Sustainability. (2020). Financing Nature:
Closing the Global Biodiversity Financing Gap. https://www.paulsoninstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/
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284. Intergovernmental Forum on Mining, Minerals, Metals and Sustainable Development (IGF). (2021). Guidance for
Governments: Environmental Management and Mining Governance. https://www.iisd.org/system/files/2021-05/igf-
guidance-governments-environmental-management-mining-en.pdf.
285. United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). (2020). Mineral Resource Governance in the 21st Century.
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286. Convention on Biological Diversity. (n.d.). National Biodiversity Strategies and Action Plans (NBSAPs).
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287. International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). (2013). Guidelines for Applying Protected Area Management
Categories. https://portals.iucn.org/library/sites/library/files/documents/PAG-021.pdf.
288. Key Biodiversity Areas (KBAs). (n.d.). Homepage. https://www.keybiodiversityareas.org/.
289. Inter-American Commission on Human Rights (IACHR). (2013). Indigenous Peoples in Voluntary Isolation and Initial Contact
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290. European Environment Agency. (2024). Best available techniques (BAT) to cut the use and impact of hazardous chemicals
(Signal). https://www.eea.europa.eu/en/european-zero-pollution-dashboards/indicators/best-available-techniques-bat-to-
cut-the-use-and-impact-of-hazardous-chemicals.
291. Intergovernmental Forum on Mining, Minerals, Metals and Sustainable Development (IGF). (2023). Relinquishment of
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292. Institute for Sustainable Futures, prepared for Earthworks. (2021). Reducing new mining for electric vehicle battery metals:
responsible sourcing through demand reduction strategies and recycling.
https://earthworks.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/UTS-EV-battery-metals-sourcing-20210419-FINAL.pdf.
293. Intergovernmental Forum on Mining, Minerals, Metals and Sustainable Development (IGF). (2023). Mining Policy
Framework: Mining and sustainable development. https://www.iisd.org/system/files/2023-12/igf-mining-policy-framework-
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294. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). (2023). Handbook on Environmental Due Diligence in
Mineral Supply Chains. https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/finance-and-investment/handbook-on-environmental-due-diligence-
in-mineral-supply-chains_cef843bf-en; Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). (2016). Due
Diligence Guidance for Responsible Supply Chains of Minerals from Conflict-Affected and High-Risk Areas.
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conflict-affected-and-high-risk-areas_9789264252479-en.
295. World Economic Forum. (2023). The “No-Excuse” Framework to Accelerate the Path to Net-Zero Manufacturing and
Value Chains. https://www.weforum.org/publications/the-no-excuse-framework-to-accelerate-the-path-to-net-zero-
manufacturing-and-value-chains/.
296. GFANZ’s framework is primarily aimed at financial institutions but can also be applied to firms in the real economy:
Glasgow Financial Alliance for Net Zero (GFANZ). (2022). Financial Institution Net-zero Transition Plans: Fundamentals,
Recommendations, and Guidance, Final Report. https://assets.bbhub.io/company/sites/63/2022/09/Recommendations-
and-Guidance-on-Financial-Institution-Net-zero-Transition-Plans-November-2022.pdf.
297. United Nations Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNEP-WCMC). (2024). Exploring Natural
Capital Opportunities, Risks and Exposure. https://encorenature.org/en.
298. World Resources Institute (WRI). (n.d.). Aqueduct. https://www.wri.org/aqueduct.
299. World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF). (n.d.). Biodiversity Risk Filter. https://riskfilter.org/biodiversity/home; World Wide Fund
for Nature (WWF). (n.d.). Water Risk Filter. https://riskfilter.org/water/explore/introduction.
300. United Nations Environment Programme Finance Initiative (UNEP-FI). (2022). Prioritising nature-related disclosures:
considerations for high-risk sectors. https://www.unepfi.org/publications/prioritising-nature-related-disclosures-
considerations-for-high-risk-sectors/.
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