Nature Positive Role of the Offshore Wind Sector

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77. National Renewable Energy Laboratory. (2017). 2015 Cost of Wind Energy Review. https://www.nrel.gov/docs/ fy17osti/66861.pdf. 78. World Bank. (2020). Climate-smart mining: Minerals for Climate Action. https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/ infographic/2019/02/26/climate-smart-mining. 79. Li, C., J. M. Mogollón, A. Tukker, J. Dong, et al. (2022). Future material requirements for global sustainable offshore wind energy development.  Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 164, article 112603. https://www.sciencedirect.com /science/article/pii/S1364032122004993. 80. For further information, consult these reports in the same nature-positive transition series: World Economic Forum. (2024). Nature Positive: Role of Mining and Metals and World Economic Forum. (2023). Nature Positive: Role of Cement and Concrete. https://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_Nature_Positive_Role_of_the_Cement_and_Concrete_ Sector_2023.pdf. 81. Taskforce on Nature-related Financial Disclosures (TNFD). (2023). 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(2021). Impact of offshore wind development on seabirds in the North Sea and Baltic Sea: Identification of data sources and at-risk species. https://www.birdlife.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/birdlife_offshore_summary_report_ digital-compressed.pdf. 87. Bishop, M. J., M. Mayer-Pinto, L. Airoldi, L., L. B. Firth, et al. (2017). Effects of ocean sprawl on ecological connectivity: Impacts and solutions. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, vol. 492, pp. 7-30. 88. Birdlife. (2023). Winds of Change: Powering Healthy Seas through a Nature Positive Energy Transition. https://www.birdlife.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/Winds-of-Change_BirdLife-Europe-Central-Asia.pdf. 89. Degraer, S., D.A. Carey, J.W.P . Coolen, Z.L. Hutchison, et al. (2020). Offshore wind farm artificial reefs affect ecosystem structure and functioning: A synthesis. Oceanography, vol. 33, no. 4, pp. 48-57. https://doi.org/10.5670/ oceanog.2020.405. 90. Gill, A.B. and D. Wilhelmsson. (2019). Wildlife and Wind Farms, Conflicts and Solutions, Volume 3 Offshore: Potential Effects. Pelagic Publishing. 91. University of Gothenburg. (2023). Researcher: “Marine life benefits from offshore wind power”. https://www.gu.se/en/ news/researcher-marine-life-benefits-from-offshore-wind-power . 92. Hammar, L., D. Perry and M. Gullström. (2016). Offshore Wind Power for Marine Conservation. Open Journal of Marine Science, vol. 6, no.1, pp. 66-78. https://www.scirp.org/journal/paperinformation?paperid=62939. 93. Bergstrom, L., F. Sundqvist and U. Bergstrom. (2013). Effects of an offshore wind farm on temporal and spatial patterns in the demersal fish community. Marine Ecology Progress Series vol. 485, pp. 199-210. https://doi.org/10.3354/meps10344. 94. DNV. (n.d.). Spatial Competition Forecast. https://www.dnv.com/publications/spatial-competition-forecast-237261/. 95. World Economic Forum. (2024). Nature Positive: Role of the Mining and Metals Sector. https://reports.weforum.org/docs/WEF_Nature_Positive_Role_of_the_Mining_and_Metals_Sector.pdf. 96. World Economic Forum. (2023). Nature Positive: Role of the Cement and Concrete Sector. https://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_Nature_Positive_Role_of_the_Cement_and_Concrete_Sector_2023.pdf. 97. Tougaard, J., L. Hermannsen and P . T. Madsen. (2020). How loud is the underwater noise from operating offshore wind turbines? The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, vol.148, pp. 2885-2893. 98. Mooney, T.A., M.H. Andersson, and J. Stanley. (2020). Acoustic impacts of offshore wind energy on fishery resources: An evolving source and varied effects across a wind farm’s lifetime. Oceanography, vol. 33, no. 4, pp. 82-95.  https://doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2020.408. 99. International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) and The Biodiversity Consultancy. (2021). Mitigating biodiversity impacts associated with solar and wind energy development: Guidelines for project developers. https://portals.iucn.org/ library/sites/library/files/documents/2021-004-En.pdf. 100. UN Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNEP-WCMC). (2024). Offshore wind energy and migratory species. https://resources.unep-wcmc.org/products/WCMC_RT590. 101. Martin, G. R. and A. N. Banks. (2023). Marine birds: Vision-based wind turbine collision mitigation. Global Ecology and Conservation, vol. 42. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2351989423000215. Nature Positive: Role of the Offshore Wind Sector 53
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