Nature Positive Role of the Offshore Wind Sector

102. Commonwealth of Australia. (2023). National Light Pollution Guidelines for Wildlife. Appendix F – Marine Turtles. https://www.dcceew.gov.au/sites/default/files/documents/national-light-pollution-guidelines-wildlife.pdf . 103. NIRAS and Renewable Grids Initiative. (2015). Subsea cable interactions with the marine environment. https://renewables-grid.eu/fileadmin/user_upload/Files_RGI/RGI_Publications/RGI_Subsea_cables_report.pdf. 104. To better understand these potential disturbances and fill the knowledge gap, several grid operators are collaborating with environmental groups to carry out further studies, such as FlatEMF: Renewable Grid Initiative. (n.d.). Join the FlatEMF study to discover the impact of subsea electricity cables on marine wildlife. https://renewables-grid.eu/publications/press- releases/detail/news/join-the-flatemf-study-to-discover-the-impact-of-subsea-electricity-cables-on-marine-wildlife.html. 105. Kirchgeorg, T., I. Weinberg, M. Hörnig, R. Baier, et al. (2018). Emissions from corrosion protection systems of offshore wind farms: Evaluation of the potential impact on the marine environment. Marine pollution bulletin, vol. 136, pp. 257-268. 106. Liu, P . and C. Y. Barlow. (2017). Wind turbine blade waste in 2050. Waste Management, vol. 62, pp. 229-240. 107. Knauber, S. (2023). Wind power with vision: RWE to install recyclable rotor blades at Thor offshore wind farm to drive sustainability. RWE. https://www.rwe.com/en/press/rwe-offshore-wind-gmbh/2023-06-14-rwe-to-install-recyclable-rotor- blades-at-thor-offshore-wind-farm/. 108. Ørsted. (2021). Ørsted commits to sustainable recycling of wind turbine blades. https://orsted.com/en/media/news/2021/0 6/702084352457649. 109. Siemens Gamesa. (n.d.). RecyclableBlade. https://www.siemensgamesa.com/global/en/home/explore/journal/recyclable- blade.html. 110. WindEurope. (2021). Wind industry calls for Europe-wide ban on landfilling turbine blades. https://windeurope.org/ newsroom/press-releases/wind-industry-calls-for-europe-wide-ban-on-landfilling-turbine-blades/. 111. Meldrum, J., S. Nettles-Anderson, G. Heath and J. Macknick. (2013). Life cycle water use for electricity generation: a review and harmonization of literature estimates. Environmental Research Letters, vol. 8, no. 1. 112. WindEurope. (2014). Saving water with wind energy. https://windeurope.org/intelligence-platform/product/saving-water- with-wind-energy/. 113. Bredariol, T. O., J. Lim and L. Staas. (2024). Energy is vital to a well-functioning water sector. International Energy Agency (IEA). https://www.iea.org/commentaries/energy-is-vital-to-a-well-functioning-water-sector . 114. World Resources Institute. (2024). More Critical Minerals Mining Could Strain Water Supplies in Stressed Regions. https://www.wri.org/insights/critical-minerals-mining-water-impacts. 115. Estimates vary, but in general, wind power emits 7-11 grams (g) of carbon dioxide per kilowatt hour (g CO2/kWh) of electricity generated. That compares with about 40g for solar, 450g for natural gas and 900-1,000g for coal. 116. Carbon Trust. (2024). Industry launches new guidance for measuring the carbon footprint of offshore wind farms. https://www.carbontrust.com/news-and-insights/news/industry-launches-new-guidance-for-measuring-the-carbon- footprint-of-offshore-wind-farms. 117. International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). (2023). Nature positive for business. https://portals.iucn.org/library/ sites/library/files/documents/2023-023-En.pdf. 118. The Nature Conservancy (TNC). (2015). Achieving Conservation and Development: 10 Principles for Applying the Mitigation Hierarchy. https://www.conservationgateway.org/Documents/TNCApplyingTheMitigationHierarchy.pdf. 119. The Biodiversity Consultancy. (2016). Government policies on biodiversity offsets. https://www.thebiodiversityconsultancy. com/fileadmin/uploads/tbc/Documents/Resources/Government-policy-2.pdf. 120. International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). (2016). Policy on Biodiversity Offsets. https://iucn.org/sites/default/ files/2022-06/iucn_biodiversity_offsets_policy_jan_29_2016_0.pdf. 121. World Economic Forum. (2023). Using a People-positive Approach to Accelerate the Scale-up of Clean Power: A C-Suite Guide for Community Engagement. https://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_Using_a_People_positive_Approach_to_ Accelerate_the_Scale_up_of_Clean_Power_2023.pdf. 122. Taskforce on Nature-related Financial Disclosures. (2024). Guidance on engagement with Indigenous Peoples, Local Communities and affected stakeholders. https://tnfd.global/publication/guidance-on-engagement-with-indigenous- peoples-local-communities-and-affected-stakeholders/. 123. Science Based Targets Network (SBTN). (n.d.). Stakeholder engagement guidance. https://sciencebasedtargetsnetwork.org/ companies/take-action/cross-step-guidance/stakeholder-engagement-guidance/. 124. Forest People’s Programme. (2008). Key Elements to the Initiation, Performance and Maintenance of Good Faith Consultations and Negotiations with Indigenous and Tribal Peoples and Communities. https://www.forestpeoples.org/sites/ fpp/files/publication/2010/09/fppkeyelementsgoodfaithdec08eng.pdf. 125. World Economic Forum. (2023). Using a People-positive Approach to Accelerate the Scale-up of Clean Power: A C-Suite Guide for Community Engagement. https://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_Using_a_People_positive_Approach_to_ Accelerate_the_Scale_up_of_Clean_Power_2023.pdf. 126. Fazendeiro, L., F. M. Alves, S. Progscha, A. Wientjes, et al. (2024). Database of Participatory Practices and Social Innovations in Wind Energy Developments. JustWind4All. https://zenodo.org/records/10626411. 127. Ørsted. (2024). Ørsted successfully pilots new technology that further optimises offshore wind monopile installation. https://orsted.com/en/media/news/2024/07/orsted-successfully-pilots-new-technology-that-fur-13959650. Nature Positive: Role of the Offshore Wind Sector 54