Open but Secure Europe%E2%80%99s Path to Strategic Interdependence 2025

1 Leonard, M. (2024). Living in Trump’s world. European Council on Foreign Relations (ECFR). https://ecfr.eu/article/living- in-trumps-world/. 2 Bachulska, A. et al. (2024). The idea of China. European Council on Foreign Relations (ECFR). https://ecfr.eu/publication/ idea-of-china/. 3 Aydintasbas, A. et al. (2023). Strategic interdependence: Europe’s new approach in a world of middle powers. European Council on Foreign Relations (ECFR). https://ecfr.eu/publication/strategic-interdependence-europes-new-approach-in-a- world-of-middle-powers/. 4 Garton Ash, T. et al. (2023). Living in an à la carte world: What European policymakers should learn from global public opinion. European Council on Foreign Relations (ECFR). https://ecfr.eu/publication/living-in-an-a-la-carte-world-what- european-policymakers-should-learn-from-global-public-opinion/. 5 Torreblanca, J.I. (2023). Onwards and outwards: Why the EU needs to move from strategic autonomy to strategic interdependence. European Council on Foreign Relations (ECFR). https://ecfr.eu/article/onwards-and-outwards-why-the- eu-needs-to-move-from-strategic-autonomy-to-strategic-interdependence/. 6 European Commission (2024). The future of European competitiveness. Part A: A competitiveness strategy for Europe. https://commission.europa.eu/document/download/97e481fd-2dc3-412d-be4c-f152a8232961_en. 7 Munich Security Conference (2024). Munich Security Report 2024. https://securityconference.org/en/publications/ munich-security-report-2024/. 8 Belin, C. et al. (2024). Imagining Trump 2.0: Six scary policy scenarios for a second term. European Council on Foreign Relations (ECFR). https://ecfr.eu/publication/imagining-trump-2-0-six-scary-policy-scenarios-for-a-second-term/. 9 Grand, C. (2024). Defending Europe with less America. European Council on Foreign Relations (ECFR). https://ecfr.eu/ publication/defending-europe-with-less-america/. 10 There have been six multiannual financial frameworks (MFFs) to date, including 2021-2027. The MFF is established for a period of at least five years and sets out provisions with which the annual budget of the EU must comply. Source: European Parliament. (2024). Multiannual financial framework. https://www.europarl.europa.eu/factsheets/en/sheet/29/ multiannual-financial-framework. 11 Grand, C. (2024). Defending Europe with less America. European Council on Foreign Relations (ECFR). https://ecfr.eu/ publication/defending-europe-with-less-america/. 12 United Nations. (1980). Venice Declaration on the Middle East. https://www.un.org/unispal/document/auto- insert-209872/. 13 Crabtree, J. (2024). Looking beyond China: Why it’s time to refresh the EU’s Indo-Pacific strategy. European Council on Foreign Relations (ECFR). https://ecfr.eu/article/looking-beyond-china-why-its-time-to-refresh-the-eus-indo-pacific- strategy/. 14 Hobbs, C. et al. (2024). Brazil: Europe’s bridge to the global south. European Council on Foreign Relations (ECFR). https://ecfr.eu/publication/brazil-europes-bridge-to-the-global-south/. 15 Hajjar, B. (2020). The children’s continent: keeping up with Africa’s growth. World Economic Forum. https://www. weforum.org/stories/2020/01/the-children-s-continent/. 16 Brown, W. (2024). Aligned in the sand: How Europeans can help stabilise the Sahel. European Council on Foreign Relations (ECFR). https://ecfr.eu/publication/aligned-in-the-sand-how-europeans-can-help-stabilise-the-sahel/. 17 Horner, J. (2024). Sudan’s humanitarian catastrophe demands a surge in European support for its civil society. European Council on Foreign Relations (ECFR). https://ecfr.eu/article/sudans-humanitarian-catastrophe-demands-a-surge-in- european-support-for-its-civil-society/. 18 Malloch-Brown, M. (2024). New challenges put the Bretton Woods institutions at a crossroads. Financial Times. https:// www.ft.com/content/aac498ea-eaa3-40d9-8886-2b700254f984. 19 Rizzi, A. (2024). Art of the deal: Four ways Europeans can find new trade partners in the Trump era. European Council on Foreign Relations (ECFR). https://ecfr.eu/article/art-of-the-deal-four-ways-europeans-can-find-new-trade-partners-in-the- trump-era/. 20 Grand, C. (2024). Defending Europe with less America. European Council on Foreign Relations (ECFR). https://ecfr.eu/ publication/defending-europe-with-less-america/. 21 International Energy Agency. (2023). The energy world is set to change significantly by 2030, based on today’s policy settings alone. https://www.iea.org/news/the-energy-world-is-set-to-change-significantly-by-2030-based-on-today-s-policy-settings- alone. 22 European Commission. (2024). The European Green Deal: Striving to be the first climate-neutral continent. https:// commission.europa.eu/strategy-and-policy/priorities-2019-2024/european-green-deal_en. 23 Hale, T. et al. (2024). Spain’s Pedro Sánchez calls on EU to ‘reconsider’ Chinese EV tariffs. Financial Times. https://www. ft.com/content/2d071e73-631c-47ad-b1b4-b8e62f05fd4e. Endnotes Open but Secure: Europe’s Path to Strategic Interdependence 28