Targeted Action and Financing the Fight Against Antimicrobial Resistance in Asia 2025

118. WHO, FAO, UNEP , WOAH. (2023). Implementing the global action plan on antimicrobial resistance: First quadripartite biennial report. https://iris.who.int/bitstream/handle/10665/375008/9789240074668-eng.pdf?isAllowed=y&sequence=1. 119. Salam, Md. A., Al-Amin, Md. Y., Pawar, J.S., Akhter, N., & Lucy, I.B. (2023). Conventional methods and future trends in antimicrobial susceptibility testing. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences, 30(3), 103582. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. sjbs.2023.103582.  120. Temasek Foundation and Vital Strategies. (2023). Infectious Disease Detection Capabilities of South-East Asian Countries: A Landscape Analysis of Surveillance Systems and Stakeholders. https://www.vitalstrategies.org/wp-content/uploads/ Infectious-Disease-Detection-Capabilities-of-South-East-Asian-Countries.pdf . 121. Temasek Foundation and Vital Strategies. (2023). Infectious Disease Detection Capabilities of South-East Asian Countries: A Landscape Analysis of Surveillance Systems and Stakeholders. https://www.vitalstrategies.org/wp-content/uploads/ Infectious-Disease-Detection-Capabilities-of-South-East-Asian-Countries.pdf . 122. PPT and LIMS Summary from Janet Midega, AMR Research Lead at Wellcome; SEDRILIMS. (2024). Background. https://www.sedrilims.com/hc/en-gb/articles/8541916830993-Background.   123. UNEP . (2023). Bracing for Superbugs: Strengthening environmental action in the One Health response to antimicrobial resistance. https://www.unep.org/resources/superbugs/environmental-action.  124. Key informant interviews with: Ana Luisa Pereira Mateus, Scientific Coordinator, AMR and Veterinary Products, Pondpan Suwanthada, AMR Coordinator Asia and Tikiri Priyantha, AMR Technical Officer, South-East Asia (WOAH), 12-25 November 2024.  125. Forte Biotech, founded by alumni of the National University of Singapore’s Graduate Research Innovation Programme, was the winner of the Food Systems & Sustainable Agriculture track at the inaugural Net Zero Challenge 2023. The Net Zero Challenge is co-organized by Touchstone Partners and Temasek Foundation and is Viet Nam’s leading platform to support early-stage climate innovations with the potential to solve environmental challenges at scale. Source: National University of Singapore. Source: Forte Biotech: Made With Farmers, For Farmers. https://enterprise.nus.edu.sg/startup- story/fortebiotech/. 126. The Lowy Institute. (2022). Water Torture: Asia-Pacific’s “WASH” Crisis in Need of Solutions. https://www.lowyinstitute.org/ the-interpreter/water-torture-asia-pacific-s-wash-crisis-need-solutions.  127. WHO, FAO, WOAH. (2020). Technical Brief on Water, Sanitation, Hygiene (WASH) and Wastewater Management to Prevent Infections and Reduce the Spread of Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR), p32. https://www.who.int/publications/i/ item/9789240006416.  128. Wateroam is a recipient of T-Ignite, a funding initiative by Temasek and The Majurity Trust to help impact enterprises deliver long-term impact solutions at scale. Source: Temasek. (2025). Bringing Clean Water to Millions with Wateroam. https://www.temasek.com.sg/en/news-and-resources/stories/community/seeds-of-change/bringing-clean-water-to- millions-with-wateroam. 129. Munk, P ., Brinch, C., Møller, F.D., Petersen, T.N., Hendriksen, R.S., Seyfarth, A.M., Kjeldgaard, J.S., Svendsen, C.A., van Bunnik, B., Berglund, F., Global Sewage Surveillance Consortium, Larsson, D.G. J., Koopmans, M., Woolhouse, M., & Aarestrup, F.M. (2022). Genomic analysis of sewage from 101 countries reveals global landscape of antimicrobial resistance. Nature Communications, 13(7251). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-34312-7. 130. Nguyen, A.Q., Vu, H.P ., Nguyen, L.N., Wang, Q., Djordjevic, S.P ., Donner, E., Yin, H., & Nghiem, L.D. (2021). Monitoring antibiotic resistance genes in wastewater treatment: Current strategies and future challenges. Science of the Total Environment, 783(146964). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146964.   131. Naghavi, M., Vollset, S.E., Ikuta, K.S. et al. (2024). Global burden of bacterial antimicrobial resistance 1990-2021: a systematic analysis with forecasts to 2050. The Lancet, Volume 404, Issue 10459, p1199-1226. https://www.thelancet. com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(24)01867-1/fulltext. 132. Okeke, I. et al. (2024). The scope of the antimicrobial resistance challenge. The Lancet, Volume 403, Issue 10442. https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(24)00876-6/fulltext. 133. Key informant interviews with: Ana Luisa Pereira Mateus, Scientific Coordinator, AMR and Veterinary Products; Pondpan Suwanthada, AMR Coordinator Asia; and Tikiri Priyantha, AMR Technical Officer, South-East Asia (WOAH) on 12-25 November 2024; and Pawin Padungtod, Senior Technical Coordinator, Emergency Centre for Transboundary Animal Diseases (ECTAD, FAO), on 7 November 2024. 134. The International FAO Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring (InFARM) system is an IT platform established by the FAO to assist countries in collecting, collating, analysing, visualizing and effectively utilizing their AMR monitoring and surveillance data. This data is primarily gathered from livestock, fisheries and aquaculture, as well as associated food products; where InFARM would then integrate with other global AMR surveillance platforms such as WHO’s GLASS and WOAH’s ANIMUSE databases. However, contribution of data to InFARM is voluntary and members enrolled in the platform can choose to make the data publicly available or not. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. (n.d.). InFARM System. https://www.fao.org/antimicrobial-resistance/resources/infarm-system/en/. 135. The Global Antimicrobial Resistance and Use Surveillance System (GLASS) platform is the first collaborative effort spearheaded by WHO to standardize AMR surveillance globally. GLASS was created as part of the Global Action Plan to tackle AMR (GAP-AMR, launched in 2015), and seeks to enhance surveillance measures so as to inform policies and infection prevention and control responses, assess the spread of AMR, and monitor the impact of local, national and global strategies targeting AMR. World Health Organization. (2023). Global Antimicrobial Resistance and Use Surveillance System (GLASS). https://www.who.int/initiatives/glass. 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