Targeted Action and Financing the Fight Against Antimicrobial Resistance in Asia 2025

136. The ANImal antiMicrobial USE (ANIMUSE) global database was established by the World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH) to facilitate access to WOAH’s database on the amounts and reasons for antimicrobial use in animals. WOAH started on this database since 2015, and intends for the information to guide interventions to reduce the overuse and misuse of medication, to curb the spread of AMR. World Organisation for Animal Health. (n.d.). ANIMUSE. https://amu.woah.org/amu-system-portal/home. 137. WHO, FAO, UNEP , WOAH. (2023). Implementing the global action plan on antimicrobial resistance: First quadripartite biennial report. https://iris.who.int/bitstream/handle/10665/375008/9789240074668-eng.pdf?isAllowed=y&sequence=1. 138. Key informant interview with: Ren Minghui, Peking University, 31 October 2024.  139. Egalin, K.A. (2024). DOST Explores PH Initiatives against AMR during the 33rd Interagency Committee on Antimicrobial Resistance Meeting. Republic of the Philippines, Department of Science and Technology. https://www.dost.gov.ph/ knowledge-resources/news/84-2024-news/3683-dost-explores-ph-initiatives-against-amr-during-the-33rd-interagency- committee-on-antimicrobial-resistance-meeting.html. 140. Somga, J. (2024). National Action Plans - Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) and Aquaculture. WOAH. https://rr-asia.woah. org/app/uploads/2024/11/S3.04_Somga_PH-PNAP-AMR-2024-WOAH-PRES.pdf.  141. One Health Trust. (2025). Antimicrobial Resistance. https://onehealthtrust.org/research-areas/antimicrobial-resistance/. 142. One Health Trust, ResistanceMap. (2025). About ResistanceMap. https://resistancemap.onehealthtrust.org/About.php. 143. Ibid. 144. Key informant interview with David Peterson (ADVANCE-ID), 12 September 2024; online correspondence with Mo Yin (ADVANCE-ID), 25 March 2025. Learn more here: https://www.advance-id.network/. 145. Randstad Enterprise. (2024). Life sciences sector must prioritize talent experience and tech skills development to overcome talent shortages. https://www.randstadenterprise.com/insights/randstad-enterprise-insights/life-sciences-sector-must- prioritize-talent-experience-and-tech-skills-development-to-overcome-talent-shortages/. 146. Understanding Singapore’s Biotech Talent Shortage. (2023). SGInnovate. https://www.sginnovate.com/blog/ understanding-singapores-biotech-talent-shortage.   147. Pillai, S. (2022). Talent shortage in Singapore biotech to grow almost 30% in next 10 years: SGInnovate. The Business Times. https://www.businesstimes.com.sg/startups-tech/startups/talent-shortage-singapore-biotech-grow-almost-30- next-10-years-sginnovate. 148. The Centre for Health Research and Innovation (CHRI-PATH) is a PATH affiliate in India that seeks to create public health impact across the country. Key areas of focus include tuberculosis, maternal newborn child health and nutrition, neglected tropical diseases, malaria, and vaccines. Centre for Health Research and Innovation. (n.d.). Centre for Health Research and Innovation – Better health drives humanity forward. https://chri.org.in/. 149. Key informant interview with Tavpritesh Sethi (AMRSense), 29 October 2024. Learn more here: https://solve.mit.edu/ challenges/trinity-challenge-amr/solutions/82866#; AMRSense won the joint second prize in the second edition of The Trinity Challenge (2024), which focused on the threat of AMR. 150. Laxminarayan, R., Impalli, I., Rangarajan, R., Cohn, J., Ramjeet, K., Trainor, B.W., Strathdee, S., Sumpradit, N., Berman, D., Wertheim, H., Outterson, K., Srikantiah, P ., & Theuretzbacher, U. (2024). Expanding Antibiotic, Vaccine, and Diagnostics Development and Access to Tackle Antimicrobial Resistance. The Lancet, 403(10443), 2534-2550. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(24)00878-X.  151. BioSpace. (2024). Antibiotics Market Size to Reach USD 85.80 Billion by 2033. https://www.biospace.com/antibiotics- market-size-to-reach-usd-85-80-billion-by-2033.   152. Wellcome. (2024, 6 May). Novo Nordisk Foundation, Wellcome and the Gates Foundation join forces to accelerate global health equity and impact [Press release]. https://wellcome.org/news/novo-nordisk-foundation-wellcome- and-gates-foundation-join-forces-accelerate-global-health; Gates Foundation. (2025, February 12). Philanthropic Partnership Launches New Initiative Tackling Antimicrobial Resistance, the Third-Leading Cause of Death Globally, by Fast-Tracking Discovery of New Treatments [Press release]. https://www.gatesfoundation.org/ideas/media-center/press- releases/2025/02/amr-bacteria-treatment-discovery.  153. Cohn, J., Mendelson, M., Kanj, S. S., Shafiq, N., Boszczowski, I., & Laxminarayan, R. (2024). Accelerating antibiotic access and stewardship: a new model to safeguard public health. The Lancet Infectious Diseases, 24(9), e584-e590. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(24)00070-7.  154. NHS England. (2024). Antimicrobial products subscription model: guidance on commercial arrangements. https://www. england.nhs.uk/long-read/antimicrobial-products-subscription-model-guidance-on-commercial-arrangements/. 155. Boluarte, T., & Schulze, U. (2022). The Case for a Subscription Model to Tackle Antimicrobial Resistance. BCG Global. https://www.bcg.com/publications/2022/model-for-tackling-antimicrobial-resistance.   156. Willis, S. (2024). Everything you need to know about the NHS antibiotic subscription model. The Pharmaceutical Journal. https://pharmaceutical-journal.com/article/feature/everything-you-need-to-know-about-the-nhs-antimicrobial-resistance- subscription-model. 157. Key informant interview with: Herb Harwell and Stanton Hor (Clinton Health Access Initiative), 27 March 2025. Learn more here: https://www.clintonhealthaccess.org/. 158. Hayat, Z. (2021). Beyond the Market Monopoly: How Patents Act. Medical Anthropology Quarterly. https://medanthroquarterly.org/rapid-response/2021/07/beyond-the-market-monopoly-how-patents-act/. Targeted Action and Financing the Fight Against Antimicrobial Resistance in Asia 50