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159. Global Antibiotic Research and Development Partnership (GARDP). (2022). License and Technology Transfer Agreement.
https://gardp.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/License-and-Technology-Transfer-Agreement-1.pdf; Cohn, J., Morgan,
G., & Ripin, D. (2022). First-of-its-kind License Agreement Forges Path to Expand Antibiotic Access in Low- and Middle-
Income Countries. World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO). https://www.wipo.int/policy/en/news/global_
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160. L.E.K. Consulting. (2021). Asia-Pacific in the Eye of AMR Storm: Nurturing Innovation To Fight Antimicrobial Resistance.
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161. Cavany, S., Nanyonga, S., Hauk, C., Lim, C., Tarning, J., Sartorius, B., Dolecek, C., Caillet, C., Newton, P .N., & Cooper,
B.S. (2023). The uncertain role of substandard and falsified medicines in the emergence and spread of antimicrobial
resistance. Nature Communications, 14(1), 6153. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-41542-w .
162. Vidhamaly, V., Bellingham, K., Newton, P .N., & Caillet, C. (2022). The quality of veterinary medicines and their implications
for One Health. BMJ Global Health, 7 (8), e008564. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2022-008564.
163. Funders of the Trinity Challenge include Wellcome, Ineos Oxford Institute for Antimicrobial Research, Institute of
Philanthropy (empowered by the Hong Kong Jockey Club Charities Trust), MSD, Novo Nordisk Foundation, Patrick
J. McGovern Foundation and The Pfizer Foundation. Sources: The Trinity Challenge. About: The Trinity Challenge.
https://thetrinitychallenge.org/about-us/; The Trinity Challenge. Our Challenge on Antimicrobial Resistance. https://
thetrinitychallenge.org/the-trinity-challenge-on-antimicrobial-resistance; The Trinity Challenge. Our Challenge on
Community Access to Effective Antibiotics. https://thetrinitychallenge.org/the-trinity-challenge-on-community-access-to-
effective-antibiotics/.
164. WOAH. (2023). In Indonesia, the private sector stands against antimicrobial resistance. https://rr-asia.woah.org/en/news/
in-indonesia-the-private-sector-stands-against-antimicrobial-resistance-2/; FAO. (2022). WAAW: Indonesia Declares
Five Concrete Steps to Control Antimicrobial Resistance. https://www.fao.org/indonesia/news/detail/WAAW-Indonesia-
Declares-Five-Concrete-Steps-to-Control-Antimicrobial-Resistance-/en.
165. Key informant interview with: Khoo Shih, ClavystBio, 13 March 2025. Learn more here: https://www.clavystbio.com/.
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