The Global Risks Report 2024

Security, 24 October 2023, https://www.cnas.org/publications/reports/preventing-ai-chip-smuggling-to-china. 109. Bandura, Romina and Austin Har dman, Environmental, Social, and Governance Best Practices Applied to Mining Operations, Center for Strategic and International Studies, 16 November 2023, https://www.csis.org/analysis/ environmental-social-and-governance-best-practices-applied-mining-operations. 110. W alk Free, Global Slavery Index 2023, June 2023, https://cdn.walkfree.org/content/uploads/2023/05/17114737/Global- Slavery-Index-2023.pdf. 111. Urbina, Ian, “The Crimes Behind The Seafood Y ou Eat”, The New Yorker, 9 October 2023, https://www.newyorker.com/ magazine/2023/10/16/the-crimes-behind-the-seafood-you-eat; INTERPOL, Fisheries Crime, accessed 12 December 2023, https://www.interpol.int/en/Crimes/Environmental-crime/Fisheries-crime. 112. Goodkind, Nicole, “Illegal child labor is on the rise in a tight job market”, CNN, 30 July 2023, https://edition.cnn. com/2023/07/30/economy/child-labor-louisiana-texas/index.html; Turner, Mark and Anthea McCarthy-Jones, “Cyber slavery starts up in Southeast Asia”, East Asia Forum, 14 June 2023, https://www.eastasiaforum.org/2023/06/14/cyber-slavery-starts-up-in-southeast-asia/; UNICEF, Children recruited by armed forces or armed groups, https://www.unicef.org/protection/children-recruited-by-armed-forces, accessed 26 October 2023. 113. Sugiharti, Lilik, Rudi Purwono, Miguel Angel Esquivias and Hilda Rohmawati, “The Nexus between Crime Rates, Poverty, and Income Inequality: A Case Study of Indonesia”, Economies Special Issue: Nexus between Politics and Economics in the Emerging Countries – II, vol. 11, no. 2, 13 February 2023, https://www.mdpi.com/2227-7099/11/2/62; Global Initiative Against Transnational Organized Crime, How Globalisation Affects Transnational Crime: A CFR discussion with Network Member, Phil Williams, 31 May 2012, https://globalinitiative.net/analysis/how-globalisation-affects-transnational-crime/; Bastrup-Birk, et al., 2023. 114. Economist Intelligence Unit, Democracy Index 2022: Frontline democracy and the battle for Ukraine, 2023, https://www. eiu.com/n/campaigns/democracy-index-2022/; Bastrup-Birk, et al., 2023. 115. It should be noted that cyber -dependent criminal activity may operate under a different organizational model, compared to cyber-enabled or cyber-assisted criminal activity. For an overview, see United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), Digest of Cyber Organized Crime, October 2021, https://www.unodc.org/documents/organized-crime/tools_and_publications/21-05344_eBook.pdf; Di Nicola, Andrea, “Towards digital organized crime and digital sociology of organized crime”, Trends in Organized Crime, 30 May 2022, https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12117-022-09457-y. 116. Ther e is a positive nexus between crime, income and inequality, which suggests that even countries becoming more affluent face a higher crime risk. Notably, however, low-income countries will remain largely excluded as targets, as weak economic conditions tend to contain the pervasiveness of criminal activity, even though deeper poverty levels may trigger more criminal actions. See: Global Initiative Against Transnational Organized Crime, 2023, and Sugiharti, et al., 2023. 117. Doyle, Sean, “Cyber crime and violent crime are converging: here’s how to deal with it”, World Economic Forum, 31 October 2023, https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2023/10/cybercrime-violent-crime/. 118. The interaction of technology with crime can be dif ferentiated into three categories: cyber-assisted crimes are facilitated by information communication technologies (ICT); cyber-enabled crimes are traditional crimes that are magnified by ICT; and cyber-dependent crimes are those that can only be committed using computers, computer networks or other forms of ICT. See: UNODC, 2021, and Di Nicola, 2022. 119. UNODC, 2019. 120. Economist Intelligence Unit, 2023; Bastrup-Birk, et al., 2023. 121. Limaye, Y ogita, “Inside the Taliban’s war on drugs – opium poppy crops slashed”, BBC, 6 June 2023, https://www.bbc. com/news/world-asia-65787391; Felbab-Brown, Vanda, “How the Taliban Supressed Opium in Afghanistan – and Why There’s Little to Celebrate”, Time, 17 July 2023, https://time.com/6294753/taliban-opium-suppression-afghanistan/. 122. Debusmann Jr ., Bernd, “Can Joe Biden’s plan stop the flow of fentanyl to the US?”, BBC News, 22 November 2023, https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-67489395; Murray, Christine, “How fentanyl changed the game for Mexico’s drug cartels”, Financial Times, 25 July 2023, https://www.ft.com/content/5d030731-4625-4521-81e4-b492108a87d7?emailId=f3a86169-2892-41dd-a199-92d84f841019&segmentId=22011ee7-896a-8c4c-22a0-7603348b7f22; Yousif, Nadine, “How the fentanyl crisis’ fourth wave has hit every corner of the US”, BBC, 17 September 2023, https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-66826895. 123. Global Initiative Against T ransnational Organized Crime, 2023. 124. Eur opean Union Agency for Law Enforcement Cooperation (Europol), European Financial and Economic Crime Threat Assessment 2023: The Other Side of the Coin: An Analysis of Financial and Economic Crime, 2023, https://www.europol.europa.eu/cms/sites/default/files/documents/The%20Other%20Side%20of%20the%20Coin%20-%20Analysis%20of%20Financial%20and%20Economic%20Crime%20%28EN%29.pdf. 125. T ransparency International, Corruptions Perception Index 2022, https://www.transparency.org/en/cpi/2022, accessed 6 November 2023. 126. Eur opol, 2023. 127. Kurmanath, K. V ., “Beware, your email box can become target of stealth cyber attacks”, The Hindu Businessline, 23 September 2023, https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/info-tech/beware-your-email-box-can-become-target-of-stealth-cyber-attacks/article67334570.ece; Martin, R., “Thinking about the security of AI systems”, National Cyber Security Centre, 30 August 2023, https://www.ncsc.gov.uk/blog-post/thinking-about-security-ai-systems. Global Risks Report 2024 83