The Global Risks Report 2024

87. Cozzi, Laura and Brian Motherway, “The importance of focusing on jobs and fair ness in clean energy transitions”, International Energy Agency, 6 July 2021, https://www.iea.org/commentaries/the-importance-of-focusing-on-jobs-and- fairness-in-clean-energy-transitions; World Economic Forum, Future of Jobs Report 2023, May 2023, https://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_Future_of_Jobs_2023.pdf. 88. Statista Resear ch Department, “Size of the global construction market from 2020 to 2021, with forecasts from 2022 to 2030”, Statista, 31 August 2023, https://www.statista.com/statistics/1290105/global-construction-market-size-with-forecasts/. 89. W orld Economic Forum, Future of Jobs Report 2023, May 2023, https://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_Future_of_ Jobs_2023.pdf. 90. D’Olier -Lees, Trevor, et. al., “Renewable Energy Funding in 2023: A ‘Capital Transition’ Unleashed”, S&P Global, 14 September 2023, https://www.spglobal.com/en/research-insights/featured/special-editorial/renewable-energy-funding-in-2023-a-capital-transition-unleashed. 91. Inter national Monetary Fund (IMF), Global Financial Stability Report: Financial and Climate Policies for a High-Interest-Rate Era, October 2023, https://www.imf.org/-/media/Files/Publications/GFSR/2023/October/English/text.ashx. 92. United Nations Confer ence on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), Least Developed Countries Report 2023: Climate- resilient development finance, 2023, https://unctad.org/system/files/official-document/ldc2023_en.pdf. 93. Korinek, Anton and Joseph E. Stiglitz, “Artificial intelligence, globalization, and strategies for economic development”, NBER W orking Paper #28453, National Bureau of Economic Research, February 2021, https://www.nber.org/system/files/ working_papers/w28453/w28453.pdf. 94. W orld Trade Organization (WTO), Trade in services for development, 2023, https://www.wto.org/english/res_e/booksp_e/ trade_in_services_and_development_e.pdf. 95. W orld Economic Forum, Future of Jobs Report 2023, May 2023, https://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_Future_of_ Jobs_2023.pdf; ZipDo, Essential Jobs Sent Overseas Statistics In 2023, 21 June 2023, https://zipdo.co/statistics/jobs-sent-overseas/; Jesuthasan, Ravin, et. al., “Generative AI will transform three key HR roles”, Mercer, https://www.mercer.com/en-us/insights/people-strategy/future-of-work/generative-ai-will-transform-three-key-hr-roles/, accessed 5 December 2023. 96. Cor nelli, Giulio, Jon Frost and Saurabh Mishra, Artificial intelligence, services globalisation and income inequality, BIS Working Papers No 1135, BIS, October 2023, https://www.bis.org/publ/work1135.pdf; Korinek and Stiglitz, 2021. 97. Ragsdale, Julie and Adam Hall, “The global impact of labor shortages acr oss the construction industry”, WTW, 26 September 2023, https://www.wtwco.com/en-ch/insights/2023/09/the-global-impact-of-labor-shortages-across-the-construction-industry; European Labour Authority, Labour shortages report 2022, 29 March 2023, https://www.ela.europa.eu/sites/default/files/2023-09/ELA-eures-shortages-surpluses-report-2022.pdf; Zuwang, Fang and Kelly Wang, “China’s Jiangsu province eases age limit for construction workers”, Nikkei Asia, 30 May 2023, https://asia.nikkei.com/Spotlight/Caixin/China-s-Jiangsu-province-eases-age-limit-for-construction-workers; LaRocco, Lori Ann and Natalie Rose Goldberg, “The iconic American hard hat job that has the highest level of open positions ever recorded”, CNBC, 29 July 2023, https://www.cnbc.com/2023/07/29/the-hard-hat-job-with-highest-level-of-open-positions-ever-recorded.html. 98. Muggah, Robert, “Opinion: As Chinese aid slows down, the whole world will feel the pinch”, Devex, 20 April 2023, https:// www.devex.com/news/opinion-as-chinese-aid-slows-down-the-whole-world-will-feel-the-pinch-105359. 99. Mer cer, Global Talent Trends study, February 2024 [pre-release findings, data gathered October 2023]. 100. W orld Economic Forum, Future of Jobs Report 2023, May 2023, https://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_Future_of_ Jobs_2023.pdf. 101. Agyemang, Emma and Chris Giles, “Big gover nment is back. How will we pay for it?”, The Financial Times, 5 September 2023, https://www.ft.com/content/b7b7a315-46ce-483d-b374-5eff371aa30c?desktop=true&segmentId=7c8f09b9-9b61-4fbb-9430-9208a9e233c8#myft:notification:daily-email:content. 102. IMF , 2023. 103. Global Initiative Against T ransnational Organized Crime, Global Organized Crime Index 2023: A fractured world, 2023, https://ocindex.net/report/2023/0-3-contents.html. 104. Institute for Economics & Peace, Global Peace Index 2023, https://www.visionofhumanity.org/wp-content/ uploads/2023/06/GPI-2023-Web.pdf; United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), Global Study on Homicide, July 2019, https://www.unodc.org/documents/data-and-analysis/gsh/Booklet1.pdf. 105. “Parallel economy” r efers to the functioning of black markets, while the definition of a “shadow economy” extends beyond black markets to incorporate the informal economy. 106. The net amplification of the r elative power and economic clout, and therefore overall threat, of organized crime is covered extensively in Bastrup-Birk, Julien, Erik Frinking, Linde Arentze, Eline de Jong and Frank Bekkers, Next Generation Organized Crime: Systemic change and the evolving character of modern transnational organised crime, May 2023, https://hcss.nl/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/Next-Generation-Organised-Crime-HCSS-2023-V2.pdf . 107. Inter national Energy Agency (IEA), Critical Minerals Market Review 2023: Key market trends, 2023, https://www.iea.org/ reports/critical-minerals-market-review-2023/key-market-trends; Free Malaysia Today, Cops bust diesel, food smuggling syndicates, 21 October 2023, https://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/category/nation/2023/10/21/cops-bust-diesel-food-smuggling-syndicates/. 108. Fist, T im and Erich Grunewald, “Preventing AI Chip Smuggling to China: A Working Paper”, Center for a New American Global Risks Report 2024 82