A recent class of drugs originally developed for type 2 diabetes and obesity management – technically known as glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) – is now being explored for its potential in treating neurodegenerative conditions such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease. Early research suggests that these drugs may have neuroprotective properties, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and insulin-sensitizing effects that could slow or modify disease progression.55 GLP-1RAs, once administered, cross the blood- brain barrier and interact with the brain’s neurons and glial cells. They have been shown to reduce inflammation and promote the removal of toxic proteins, both of which, if left untreated, are linked to the development of Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s.56 This class of drugs has also been shown to enhance brain cell longevity and energy regulation, which may improve cognitive and motor function. Newer formulations are being developed to improve delivery to the brain, with the aim of enhancing their potential therapeutic effects.57 Preliminary observational data from use in the general population58 have suggested possible associations with improved outcomes in individuals living with neurodegenerative conditions. Initial clinical studies have shown mixed results, but with promising signals. At present, the long-term potential of GLP-1RAs remains optimistic, but sophisticated, rigorous clinical trials are required, and are now under way, to confirm this and establish optimal protocols for drug use with desired outcomes. If proven effective in treating Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease, GLP-1s could have tremendous global economic impact. With over 55 million people living with dementia, the global market for GLP-1 drugs is projected to grow to $55.7 billion by 2031.59 Similarly, benefitting society, the emotional and monetary costs associated with caring for and treating those living with these diseases would drop dramatically. Regulatory approval remains a hurdle, as long- term clinical efficacy data are needed. Additionally, high drug costs may limit access, requiring policy interventions for affordability. Careful safety monitoring is essential, particularly regarding weight loss in frail patients. As advanced clinical trials continue, GLP-1RAs are being closely studied for their potential to improve outcomes in neurodegenerative diseases. While early research is encouraging, future impact will depend on the strength of emerging evidence and continued collaboration across the scientific, regulatory and healthcare communities.Thomas Hartung Professor, Doerenkamp Zbinden Chair for Evidence-based Toxicology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health Boxed Icons Expand specialized clinical trials – Design and implement phase II/III clinical trials specifically focused on neurodegenerative applications of GLP-1RAs with longer duration to capture disease modification effects.Ecosystem readiness map KEY ACTIONS TO ACHIEVE SCALE TechnologicalSocial EconomicEnvironmentalPolicy Image: GLP-1RAs show promise for treating Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s by reducing inflammation and improving brain health. Credit: Midjourney and Studio Miko. Prompt (abbreviated): “Close-up of synapses connecting with flowing, orange energy.” Read more: For more expert analysis, visit the GLP-1s for neurodegenerative disease transformation map. Authored by: Thomas Hartung and Jeff M.P . Holley. Top 10 Emerging Technologies of 2025 22