Technology Technology description Technology readiness level (TRL)TRL rationale Use cases Use case source(s) Fischer-Tropsch (FT) synthetic paraffinic kerosene (SPK)Woody biomass is converted to syngas through gasification, after which a Fischer- Tropsch synthesis reaction transforms the syngas into jet fuel. Feedstocks include a variety of renewable biomass sources, primarily woody biomass such as municipal solid waste, agricultural residues, forest waste, wood and energy crops. ASTM approval was granted in June 2009 with a 50% blend limit.7-8 IEA, 2025. ETP Clean Energy Technology GuideHoneywell UOP’s FT Unicracking® technology enables the conversion of liquids and waxes from various waste sources into Fischer- Tropsch Synthetic Paraffinic Kerosene (FT- SPK), an ASTM D7566-approved form of SAF. Velocys has produced 2,366 litres of ASTM D7566 Annex A1-certified FT-SAF from woody biomass, which was used on a Japan Airlines commercial flight in their first integrated end-to- end demonstration in Japan.Honeywell UOP , 2024. FT UniCracking™ technology for renewable fuels Velocys, 2024. Proving sustainable aviation fuel from woody biomass in Japan FT co-processing In association with the University of Dayton Research Institute, ASTM approved the co- processing of 5% Fischer-Tropsch syncrude with petroleum crude oil to produce SAF.7-8 Deloitte analysis Demonstrated at scale, ASTM- approved, early commercial deployment underway.Honeywell is also active in FT co-processing via their hydrocracking technology, recently announcing advancements that combine hydrocracking with the Fischer-Tropsch process to broaden SAF feedstock options. DG Fuels has selected Honeywell’s FT Unicracking technology for its biofuels manufacturing facility in Louisiana.Honeywell, 2024. Honeywell technology helping to produce sustainable aviation fuel with lower cost and waste FT-SPK with aromaticsBiomass is converted to syngas, which is subsequently converted to synthetic paraffinic kerosene and aromatics by Fischer-Tropsch synthesis, with the addition of aromatic components. This process was ASTM- approved in November 2015 with a 50% blend limit.7-8 Deloitte analysis FT-based SAF is cited as nearing commercial rather than fully mature.Virent is progressing an application under ASTM D4054 for a pure aromatic stream – synthetic aromatic kerosene (SAK) – which can be blended with synthetic paraffinic kerosene (SPK) derived from pathways such as HEFA or FT. A blend of HEFA-SPK (88%) and Virent SAK (12%) was recently used on Virgin Atlantic’s 100% SAF transatlantic flight, preparing the path for drop-in alternative jet fuel. Virent is nearing the final stage of required testing.IEA Bioenergy, 2024. Task 39: sustainable aviation fuel (SAF) report Hydroprocessed esters and fatty acids (HEFA)Triglyceride feedstocks such as plant oil, animal oil, yellow or brown greases, or waste fats, oils and greases are hydroprocessed to break apart the long fatty acid chains, followed by hydroisomerization and hydrocracking. This pathway yields a drop-in fuel and was ASTM- approved in July 2011 with a 50% blend limit.9 IEA, 2025. ETP Clean Energy Technology GuideNeste and World Energy have been producing SAF for several years and there is now a growing number of facilities aiming for SAF production, largely encouraged by supportive policies in the US and EU. Numerous new facilities have been announced for SAF production through the hydrotreatment of fats and oils, although some recent HEFA projects have been cancelled by major oil and gas companies.IEA Bioenergy, 2024. Task 39: sustainable aviation fuel (SAF) report Turning Challenge into Opportunity: Supplier Voices from Heavy-Emitting Sectors 54

Turning Challenge into Opportunity 2025