Technology Technology description Technology readiness level (TRL)TRL rationale Use cases Use case source(s) Hydroprocessed fermented sugars to synthetic isoparaffins (HFS-SIP)Microbial conversion of sugars into hydrocarbons is also used; feedstocks include cellulosic biomass (such as herbaceous biomass and corn stover). Pretreated waste fats, oils and greases can also serve as eligible feedstocks. This approach was ASTM- approved in June 2014 with a 10% blend limit.Prototype – lignocellulosic sugars: 5 Pre-commercial – conventional sugars: 7Deloitte analysis DSHC routes using conventional sugar feedstocks are at TRL 7-8, while the same processes based on cellulosic feedstocks are at TRL 5.Amyris is a prominent company in the HFS-SIP pathway, specializing in genetically engineered yeast to produce farnesene, which is then hydroprocessed into a jet fuel component. Amyris is currently enhancing its fermentation processes for complex lignocellulosic sugar streams, collaborating closely with the US National Advanced Biofuels Consortium. TotalEnergies, another major player in HFS-SIP , has contributed to developing and promoting SAF solutions across multiple pathways. As a co-developer and commercial partner with Amyris, TotalEnergies announced its readiness to market up to 10% farnesane blends following ASTM approval.de Jong, S. & Hoefnagels, R., 2023. Overview of different production pathways for sustainable aviation fuels. ScienceDirect TotalEnergies (2024). Total and Amyris’ renewable jet fuel ready for use in commercial aviation Carbon dioxide removal (CDR) Technology Technology descriptionTechnology readiness level (TRL) TRL rationale Use cases Use case source(s) Biochar production using pyrolysisBiochar is the conversion of biomass into a charcoal-like product that can displace fossil fuel use in heat generation. It is one example of bioenergy with carbon capture & storage (BECCS).9 IEA, 2025. ETP Clean Energy Technology GuideNetZero is a provider of climate biochar intended to remove carbon from the atmosphere. The company’s platform specializes in long-term carbon removal from the atmosphere by turning agricultural residues extracted from residual plant matter and buried in the soil, enabling farmers with higher yields and lower fertilizer use in agriculture and companies to neutralize their unavoidable emissions and co-generate renewable energy.NetZero, 2022. NetZero: carbon removal and biochar solutions Biodiesel and biokerosene from gasification (Fischer-Tropsch)Biomass is gasified by heating it in a high temperature, low oxygen environment. The resultant gas is processed to increase its hydrogen content, then a catalyst (e.g. iron) is used to convert carbon monoxide and hydrogen into hydrocarbons.8 IEA, 2025. ETP Clean Energy Technology GuideRaven SR is a developer of waste-conversion technology intended to create environmentally friendly, efficient and clean hydrogen and synthetic fuels. The company’s technology transforms biomass, municipal solid waste, bio-solids, industrial, sewage, medical waste and natural gas into hydrogen, sulphur and nitrogen-free liquid fuels, additives, solvents and electricity, thereby providing clean technology to convert waste into renewable fuels and energy.Raven SR, 2018. Raven SR: renewable fuels from waste and CO2 Turning Challenge into Opportunity: Supplier Voices from Heavy-Emitting Sectors 55

Turning Challenge into Opportunity 2025