Unleashing the Potential of Industrial Clusters 2025

Endnotes 1. World Economic Forum. (2024). Net-Zero Industry Tracker 2024: Key insights. https://www.weforum.org/publications/net- zero-industry-tracker-2024/key-insights/. 2. European Commission. (2024). GHG Emissions of All World Countries. https://edgar.jrc.ec.europa.eu/booklet/GHG_ emissions_of_all_world_countries_booklet_2024report.pdf. 3. Represents estimated CO2e emissions, jobs and GDP/economic data reported by a limited number of signatory clusters. Work is under way to develop a comparable methodology for signatory clusters to report on CO2e emissions, jobs and GDP . 4. This paper was developed using insights from the “Catalysing Global Network Infrastructure” World Economic Forum event in Gothenburg in September 2024 and 15 key stakeholder interviews with players covering the entire value chain, enriched by desk research and studies from leading institutions. 5. System value is a holistic framework that evaluates economic, environmental, social and technical outcomes of potential energy solutions. The framework aims to shift political and commercial focus beyond cost to include value; World Economic Forum. (n.d.). System Value. https://www.weforum.org/projects/system-value/. 6. Accenture. (2023) Powered for Change. https://www.accenture.com/content/dam/accenture/final/accenture-com/ document-2/Accenture-Powered-for-Change-Report-2024.pdf#zoom=40 7. International Energy Agency (IEA). (2024). Global Hydrogen Review 2024. https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/ assets/89c1e382-dc59-46ca-aa47-9f7d41531ab5/GlobalHydrogenReview2024.pdf. 8. International Energy Agency (IEA). (2024). Global Hydrogen Review 2024: Policies. https://www.iea.org/reports/global- hydrogen-review-2024/policies. 9. European Council. (n.d.). Fit for 55. https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/policies/green-deal/fit-for-55/#:~:text=Fit%20 for%2055%20refers%20to%20the%20EU%E2%80%99s%20target,EU%20legislation%20in%20line%20with%20the%20 2030%20goal. 10. European Commission. (n.d.). Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism, https://taxation-customs.ec.europa.eu/carbon- border-adjustment-mechanism_en. 11. European Commission. (n.d.).EU Emissions Trading System https://climate.ec.europa.eu/eu-action/eu-emissions-trading- system-eu-ets_en. 12. U.S. Department of Energy. (2022). Inflation Reduction Act Factsheet. https://www.energy.gov/sites/default/ files/2022-08/8.18%20InflationReductionAct_Factsheet_Final.pdf. 13. United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). (2021). Issue Brief: China’s 14th Five-Year Plan. https://www.undp.org/ china/publications/issue-brief-chinas-14th-five-year-plan. 14. National Development and Reform Commission. (2020). The 14th Five-Year Plan and Long-Range Objectives Through 2035. https://en.ndrc.gov.cn/policies/202207/P020220706584719425648.pdf. 15. Government of India. (n.d.). National Green Hydrogen Mission. https://www.india.gov.in/spotlight/national-green- hydrogen-mission. 16. Ministry of Energy, Government of Chile. (2020). National Green Hydrogen Strategy. 17. Kingdom of Morocco, Head of Government. (2024). Upon High Royal Directives, the Head of Government issues a decision on the implementation of “Morocco Offer” to develop the green hydrogen sector. https://www.cg.gov.ma/en/node/11776. 18. German Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Climate Action (BMWK). (2023). National Hydrogen Strategy Update. https://www.bmwk.de/Redaktion/EN/Publikationen/Energie/national-hydrogen-strategy-update.pdf?__ blob=publicationFile&v=2. 19. Japanese Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (METI). (2021). Overview of Japan’s Green Growth Strategy Through Achieving Carbon Neutrality in 2050. https://www.mofa.go.jp/files/100153688.pdf. 20. UK Government Department for Energy Security and Net Zero. (2023). Biomass Strategy. https://www.gov.uk/ government/publications/biomass-strategy. 21. U.S. Department of Energy. (2024). Sustainable Aviation Fuel (SAF) Grand Challenge: Building Supply Chains. https://www.energy.gov/eere/bioenergy/articles/sustainable-aviation-fuel-saf-grand-challenge-building-supply-chains . 22. Mission Possible Partnership (MPP). (n.d.). MPP Global Project Tracker. https://tracker.missionpossiblepartnership.org/ mpp-global-projects-map. 23. International Energy Agency (IEA). (2024). Global Hydrogen Review 2024. https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/ 89c1e382-dc59-46ca-aa47-9f7d41531ab5/GlobalHydrogenReview2024.pdf. 24. Ibid. 25. Ibid. 26. International Energy Agency (IEA). (2024). World Energy Outlook 2024. https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/ 04f06925-a5f4-443d-8f1a-6daa31305aee/WorldEnergyOutlook2024.pdf. Unleashing the Full Potential of Industrial Clusters: Infrastructure Solutions for Clean Energies 44