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UPI33 YUSLIMSJ A INEW YORK--THREE NEGROES WERE INDICTED YESTERDAY BY A GRAND JURY 92
rcn THE SLAYING 0? BLACK NATIONALIST LEADER MALCOLM x AND A rounrn, ,§§%ig§¥§§ BODYGUARD, rcn SHOOTING AND wouunxnc cu: or THE ALLEGED
"NcnmpN'sx BUTLER, as AND THCVAS 15x JOHNSON, qo--wxc HAVE szzw "
MTITIEF lrzsbnzain BY PcL1ct AS éLAcK MUSLIM 0RES--F92D TALFADGETHAYER ALIAS THOMAS xassn 22!DUERE cg; uxrv rxnsr DE as: U°DERma ALLEGEDLY 1<11.1.1nc mmcm g_,3f.n/I__ ¢=
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WASHINGTON CAPITAL NEWS SERVICE
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J3 ll".!iR 29 1965
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f i I - L-J xi___-Minneapolis, Bay_A:ea
Hold Memorial Meetings
MINNEAPOLIS, Feb. 2! - A
memorial meeting tor Malcolm X
was held here last night, spon-
sored by the Friday Night Social-
ist Forum. Mike Garza reviewed
the development of Malcolm X
into one oi the world's outstand-
hig revolutionary leaders. The
matting was well attended in spite
of the worst snowstorm of the
year.
At the end of the meeting, the
audience contributed more than
$40 to Malcolm: widow, Betty
Shabazz, and sent her a messagef sympathy. ' H
iiSAN FRANCISCO The_M'i1$
tant Labor Forum held a memo:-I
meeting for Malcolm X here
March 5, A deeply moved audience
of about '70 heard a tape-recording
of a speech Malcolm X gave at
the New York Militant Labor
Forum last January,
At the conclusion oi the tape,
Asher Ha:-er, chairman of the
meeting, called for a minute of
silence and the people present
stood to honor the memory of Mal-
colm X. Clyde Carter and Aaron
Ch I th F d N apman o e ree om ow
Party pag special bute to Mg],.¢9lra3.Ei 4. 1 £25Because o e in this
program, the San Francisco Mili-
tant Labor Forum decided to play
other tapes or Malcolm X the tol-
lowing two Friday" eventua-_in
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Times Herald
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The Evening Star
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New York
New York Daily News
New York Post
The New York Times
The
The WorkerBaltimore Sun[Tl
Journal-American _...._.
Null Street JournalThe New Lender
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The Notional Observer
People-'s vim-Id ______,,__.i._...-
[Into
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PAGE 3
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Slaying of Ll -
Malcolm X
NEW YORK, March 11 {UPI}
A New mu country grand ivrv ;_yesterday indicted three men of
first-degree murder chi-P898 inthe Feb. 2:1 L: "3 T=$"'*"~=-"/'black nation st e er 1 aco -__..:__,,.,......
x_,.___.L _T_- r C m -'-'_""__,,~. t _1 Ty ! R ll1pS¬ m N<>r1'%_eX'f*3."ElEF- - anThomai __g_!§-1QhB5° _,39._- haveBeen described '5§| P°l1c'3 as
"enforcers" for the Bla_ckMuslim movement. which
ousted Malcolm before he set up
his own organization. _The third person named In the
indictment was T }mi.!!3£°. Bayer, Alias 0m 2.Mr. Bayer was W 6 '1 the
assassination scene._ 31¢ the
Audubon ballroom _m UPI-PT' Manhattan. nd P°l1°e a"'nb'
futed the shoutill Iv we °f
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mum. The r><><1>-ever? P", men charged with fe omous
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FROM ALGERIA ' ' - ~
A can Reactions to Malco
- By Henri Dnmoulin
' ALGIERS In the course of
hisrecentvisitatoanumberoi
African capitals, the American
Black nationalist leader, Malcolm
X, gained much sympathy in mili-
tant African circles. Two weeks
before his assassination, for ex-
ample, in its issue of Feb. 13, 1965,
the Algerian weekly Revolution
Africaine devoted a doublepage
center spread to an article entitled
Ttoads to Liberty: Rev. Martin
Luther King or Malcolm X." The
article reads, in part: - ' = I
Parallel with the intensiiicaiziori
01 the pacist struggle for civil
rights in the South, a militant
spirit has, for some time now,
animated the struggle of the black
communities in the ghettos oi! the
North. The unemployed youth are
detuanding their rights to justice
and to jobs. In Harlem, the tenants
oi the overcrowded slums are con-
ducting rent strik. The tradi-
tional integrationist leaders, re-
garded as too moderate, are less
and less followed by black work-
ers who swell the ranks oi na-
tionalist organizations . . . and
state their intention oi using vt~
olence, ii necessary, to defend
themselves against the violence oi
the racists. The idea or a sustained
struggle against the oppression oi
the rich whites - who completely
dominate the economic liie of the
black ghettos and exploit its in-
habitants - is spreading fast.
Uneasy in the face of this up-
surge or militant feeling, New
York's oicialdom has imP°99d 3
virtual police reign oi terror on
Harlem, while the press Whip! I-P
a campaign oi racist hate . . .
. Fearing above all that 111$ °P'pi'essed.black masses will be 3:
revolutionary socialist id
the municipal authorities reinforce
oppressive measures. '_
And Réuolutio-n Afccine con-
cluded its article as follows: The
black people oi the United States
are dscendants oi the slaves
brought from Attica in chains and
they are gll, today, a C01OniZ$
and super-exploited people within
the very bosom of American 50-
ciety. Objectively, the struggle
against discrimination and- raisln
in a struggle against the e
structure the econon:lc_ d
political organization Di the
git.-*;1""f"-"" '"?92'§T" .. --ft' ;J~c":/' Malcolm X
United States, and a struggle for
'a new social order. .
"The struggle of American Ne-
groes ior equality and justice is
thus part or the gr-eat_ world
movement against imperialism and
the exploitation oi man by man.
American Negroes have already
begun to be aware of their kin-
ship with all the worlds oppressed
and feel themselves more and
more in solidarity with all peo-
ples marching toward liberty and
fulfillment of their potential as
human beings."
In the liit oi! such an article,
one can imagine the feelings of the
most clear-sighted and informed
African militants at the news of
the assassination or Malcolm X.
They immediately recognized the
hand oi Yankee irnpcrialism be-
hind ilhe hands oi the assassins? '
The Algerian daily, Le Peuple,
headlined its issue oi Feb. 27:
"The weakness of the American
authorities is at the root of the
assassination of Malcolm X. '
In a number oi African capitals,
there was a wave of protests over
the assassination from ACCT!
where it was declared that the
blink people oi America would.
not be discouraged but would bat-
tleontotheer,toCairo, where_n aa-_~ ere-
___n -gf ,
lm Xs
various East A111:
movements, includi
sutoland, condemni
nation. '
The of
di-cole Pan-Africain
Labor Union] dec
brutal murder oi M
live impetus to tl
of the A.l'ro-AmericJeane A.f1'iq11¢ W F5 K"1*.W.~==1=1=' .1.=92e'==1.i <1?CHFIIQG an HI1l-Clsl-l£~C Jcorrespondent
Which said
- It was ditcult ,
night of the day
colm was struck c
oi Feb." 21, to nd
in the streets '0! E
the assassination 1the orgamzsuonfn -
can Unity did not
result of a big t
conspiracy to wh
New York
were strangers
_ For over
viewed more tha
the black
old and young,
A11 agreed that,
consideration thi
sibility of the ii
of Malcolm X '0
cuinstanoes suic
excite grave
role oi! the whiterhs
authorities and r
the country."
The March 6 isrhe
Afri-coin-e again 1" heoi Elijah M_uh|u:n V
ticle to the death
"Malcolm x 1,,
less than a iearh '
revolutionist, sp N"'
pressed people New
to lead _ on theliberation. N "'
rm-I1....i. :- ....1....-1-1.-Luat, 15 wiry H-e
perislists saw The
pion oi 'A.tro-A.:,rhe
and a partic
gngm,y_ The
,- I11 hli strugl-I-he
can racism, M: ,hesitate to mPeople s World
Dots/[<4
M01 RsconoeoTolson mi
Belmont _i
Mohr __..
DeLooch_.____
Cosperimi
Callahan?
Conrad _
Evans i
Gale _____._
Hosea i
Sullivon i
Tuvel __.__._...___.._
Trotter _._.._._.._.
Teie Room _..____
Holmes m._._._._
Gundy __.__m_.
i
61/11!.
we-ran»-= 5-was
Times Herold
tlnsainatiin Dolly News ____,_
Evenlnq Star ii
Yolk Herold Tribune i
York Journal-American ..i....
Yuri. Mirror
York Dolly New! _,_,______i
York Poet "
kl-nu
nu.- V;-rub 'Flm_-.-.-.-. an-ulra .
Worker
New Louder _ ,,
W011 Street Journal -
Notional Observer ii
question and se miFG
D05ed to U.S. in P
political and m
rtruggie of the
--~--_-_;_-_;_;____J,/This concept AGEall the forces THE 1¢gLITANT /
I
J-l9 in.-. :0-me: Tolsnn ii 'I Belmont _i_._ '
Flee1
A _ cecal 1 W a a b _sh, " if * ~ 7 ,' - - - _ __ l __'' _ -L1 Ha!-t Monday. Marci1_29. L915
REon non Atsma _< -. .- _,1 .
A rioan Reactions to Malcolm Xs Death
By Henri Dnmallll
ALGEIIIIS -- In the anneal athis noun vhltl to a numb: oiAh-l-can aapltah. the AmerlnanBlack nallonatllt leader. MalcolmK, [lined much sympathy in mill-hnt .A.l'rlcah all-daa. Two nahbaton his aaaanl.naw-tn. for aa-amplc, tn lta I53 oi I'eh.1I, H85.81: Algerian weak]; llvalunnAfricahte devoted a double-palecenter spread to an uncle entitled Roads In Ubu-tr: Rev. llartinLuther King at Ialanhn 1" ueazlcla reads, tn Dl:"Parallel with the lntenaleatlmat the pacl-It aimed: lae civilrlllll-I in the South. a militant|g|.|-it baa, tar sane time now.anhnated the akule 0! the blackotnamtmltlaa In the phetwa B1 l-ll-'lath. hm unemplmd youth arettnnandlna their rights tn Julie!and tn iobe. ta Harlem, the tenantsof the one-crowded alums an acn-ductil rant strltea. The tradi-tional lntq-aontat lmdaai, re-ps-ded aa Ia: moderate. n-a hasand lua Iollowed h! bla nuk-era who |wel.l the rank! of na-
ditttqnalut orgaajzatltnsstate their lntehtli-at at ualnanlmoa, 1! nocnnry
talhdreaail ofthe rich whiten who wmpletebdominate the economic life at theblack settba and exploit lta in-hlbillntl - ta spreading taa-L
Un.eu1lnthe!aceoft.h.laup-aurle at mlmam leellnl, NewYork: olctaildnm bu Lrnwaad avirtual police nip: of tart: onHarlem, while the pt-on Wl1.'|IlI4ll7acamoailnotndnhate..."Fearing above al.l that the OPpinned bl.-ack mans will be Irdito 92"¢vnl92.|0Illl'! pocialilt ideas.ue municipal authorities relnlarnetheir opprtilve meastu-ea."And Renal-urlmt Affitatvla C0!!-cluded lta article as follows: Theblack people tl the United Slate!are tl-eacmtdanta of the alavqbrought It-om Attica In chains andthey are atl. today, a colonlldand luperczplaiud nawle wllhlhthe very baanau al American ao-clety. Obiecttveltr. the at:-uuleagainst oiacrtminauon andla. a.-ttrllllll Illlhtt .92heshuctun - the econom
palltlal mpnirl-atlon -gi-1 _ T7 . *':E| D
l __'@/' Iai I
United Etataa, and a gtmagla foraner social cedar. The nruggla at American Ha-gue tar equality and luatlaa latbua part of the at'eat_wu-hi
movunantagainetltnparlallamand
the exploitation at man by man.American Nuns have alnaibbegun tn be swan at their Iain-ampwith allthewm-id: opp:-a-adand cal thelnaehaa more andmeme in aolldarlty with all goo-
pleamarchlnltowardllhuryand
mutllment oi their potential aa
huananhaln.
Inthtllltatsuchanartlala,
wleeanimallneueleollnpolthe
malt cine-r-allhted and. lnlormadMrioan militants at the news atthe aualinatinn at Malcolm X.Thay immediately recognizetlthlhand ul Yankee lmpatalhn ht-hindthehandaalthauaueina.'.lhe A-Infill! daily. Le Peupla,headlined lta lame at Feb. I1:"The weakni at the Amatiauthorities Le at the mat at theanaaemauonol llalculm 1.lnanuanhn'a:92-knneapllnh.
the:-ewuawaveotpzoteetaoew
the aaaaanatlcal titan Accra.
when Lt was declared that theblliek pnunle at America would.varlaal Int Milena nadualliltnarninanta, lncltalna that ul Ba-lltnlahd, ombai Illa anall-naul.'fheSet:reta1'y¢theUn.taaSya-dink Palwtjhcail [Pan-A.trlt-mLabs: Union] dnlarad that thehutalmutdc otIl1t:almXIn||Il|In impetus ta the devdapmimtalthemt-manietlcan atrulie.
Jeane A91-I-aaelfauaa Minn},the swank-1! lruwahatl in rudeunteamu-ueltuyluntuxct'.a1'nIpli92dl_It, Blml
WlllialIlWoIt!ty rnpertinlServices in lnclanesia for Malcolm X l
1Jlaltln:et'aA.t|-a-Azna1'it:an,aan: InraapanaatoanaIpanl
I7 lnlnnaala'| nainlllal ll nllll alfalrl, tlth oolultrfaI:emIn4laaaaiaintiaIarei
P-sv. 12:14-64!sir. _ as:
f I
.2
'4:
id
it
">
92
4.!
92.-1
i
'9!
.1;
2*,_ _
/ .!na'92l ' ulhe ggrnrniinitu was to lake nay} in the+ ,,__-.-- ___.---Pl
The following interview was given byl'7lalcolm X
to YOUNG SOCIALIST editorial board members
Jack Barnes and Barry Sheppard early this year.
o I U
What image of you has been projected by the press?
Well, the press has purposely and skillfully pro-
jected me in the image of a racist, a race suprema-
cist, and an extremist.
What's wrong with frii.s i'r??C1gr.. ffiu you rectify
stand for?
First, lm not a racist. l'm against every form of
racism and segregation, every form of discrimina-
tion. l believe in human beings, and thatall human
beings should be respected as such, regardless of
their color.
Why did you break with the Black Mirslinis?
l didn't break, there was a split. 'lhe split came
about primarily because they put me out, and they
put me out because of my uncompromising ap-
proach to problems l thought should be solved
and the movement could solve.
l felt the movement was dragging its feet in many
areas. lt didn't involve itself in the civil or civic or
political struggles our people were confronted by.
All it did was stress the importance of moral refor-
rnationd t drink, don't smoke, don't permitfornicatigiqgtndfadultery. When I found that the
hierarch_ itsdlf asn't practicing what it preached,
it w cle. hat this part of its program wasbankru J1 %t vf-'7 y -
L-
5/
lNTERVli;W__
WITHTolson _i__
Belmont _._.......i_
Mc-hr _i___
De-Leach .._._.i
Casper .._.._._.i__
Callahan ._..._...._...__
Conrad i
Felt _i_.__._.___
Gale
Hosea -
Sullivan i
Tavel i_____
|,
92
,;
-ZS
T1
31_ D-19
-at-m1rl"it would have to take would have '5e?|_l?5o
militant, uncompromising and activist, and the
hierarchy had gotten conservative. Itwas motivated
mainly by protecting its own sell interests. I might
also point out that although the Black Muslim
movement professed to be a religious group, the
religion they had adopted-Islam-didn't recognize
them. So, religiously it was in a vacuum. And it
didn't take part in politics, so it was not a political
group. When you have an organization thats
neither political nor religious and doesn't take part
in the civil rights struggle. what can it call itself?
It's in a vacuum. So, all of these factors led to my
splitting from the organization.
What are the aims of your new organization?
There are two organizations--there's the Muslim
Mosque, lnc., which is religious. It's aim isto create
an atmosphere and facilities in which people who
are interested in Islam can get a better understand-
ing of Islam. The aim of the other organization,
the Organization of Afro-American Unity, is to use
whatever means necessary to bring about a society
in which the 22 million Afro-Americans are recog-
nized and respected as human beings.
How do you define black nationalism, with which
you have been i'dcnt1fied?
I used to define black nationalism as the idea
that the black man should control the economy of
his community, the politics of his community, and
so forth.
But, when I was in Africa in May. in Ghana, l
was speaking with the Algerian ambassador who is
extremely militant and is a revolutionary in the
true sense of the word and has his credentials as
such for haying carried on a successful revolution-'
-. ' I
0mew. 12-14-641 Tolson ___._____-
Belmont _¬i__
Mohr
DeLooch _i_
Casper
Collohon _--__-__-
Conrad
Felt _._..._._..._._
Gole ii
Hosen
Sullivan
Tcrvel
Trotter
Tele Room i_
Holmes _i._
Gcmdy
INTERVIEW WITH
MALCOLM X
Cont.!
The Washington Pcst and i__.___
Times Herold
The Wshlnqton Daily NEWS ii
The Evening Star __i_.-...-.-..-.ij
New York Herald Tribune _____,__.i
New York Journal-American?
New York Daily News ii
New York Post ____.iii
The New York Times _
Tl-e Baltimore Sun Z_?____i
The Worker mi
The New Leader ______i__....
The wall Street Journal ir-
The National Observer mi.--F
People's World _.........._i----
Date
YOUNG SOCIALIST
Page 2 _i,,
49 Rev. is-I4-s-u
4-111- II_¢1_
against oppression in his country!. When I told
him that my political, social and economic phil-
osophy was black nationalism, he asked me ver.y
frankly, well, where did that leave him? Because
he was white. He was an African, but he was A1-
gerian, and to all appearances, he was a white
man. find, he said if I dene my objective as the
victory of black nationalism, where does that leave
him? Where does that leave revolutionaries in Mo-
rocco, Egypt, Iraq, Mauritania? So he showed me
where I was alienating people who were true rev-
olutionaries dedicated to overturning the system of
exploitation that exists on this earth by any means
necessary.
So, I had to do a lot of thinking and reapprais-
ing of my denition of black nationalism. Can we
sum up the solution to the problems confronting
our people as black nationalism? And if you notice,
I haven't been using the expression for several
months. But I still would be hard pressed to give
a specific denition of the overall philosophy which
I think is necessary for the liberation of the black
people in this country.
Is it true, as is often said, that you favor violence?
I don't favor violence. If we could bring about
recognition and respect of our people by peaceful
means, well and good. Everybody would like to
reach his objectives peacefully. But I'm also a re-
alist. The only people in this country who are
asked to be non-violent are black people. I've never
heard anybody go to the Ku Klux Klan and teach
them non-violence, or to the Birch society and other
right-wing elements. Non-violence is only preached
to black Americans and I dont go along with
anyone who wants to teach our people non-violence
until someone at the same time is teaching our
enemy to be non-violent. I believe we should pro-
tect ourselves by any means necessary when we are
attacked by racists.
What do you think is responsibfefor race prejudice
in the U.S.?
Ignorance and greed. And a skillfully designed
program of rniseducation that goes right along
with the American system of exploitation and op-
pression.
If the entire American population were properly
educated-by properly educated, I mean given a
true picture of the history and contributions of
the black manI think many whites would be less
racist in their feelings. They would have more re-
spect for the black man as a human being. Know-
ing what the black man's contributions to science
and civilization have been in the past, the white
man's feelings of superiority would be at least
partially negated Also, the feeling of infer itythal the Black man has would be replaced by a bal-Tolson _i__._.
Belmont _%r,_.
Mohr .___.___
DeLouch ______
Casper ________
Callahan __..¬___
Conrad _._______
Felt .___________
Gale
Hosen
Sullivan
Tove: -______
Trotter _.______
Tele Room _..____
Holmes ___,___
Gondy ______
INTERVIEW WIT!-I
MALCOLM X
Cont.!
The Washington Post and
Ttm-es Herald
The Washington Daily News . _
The Evening Std!
New York Herold Tribune _,___,¬__
New York Journal-Americcm_,__
New York Daily News _.___,_
New York Post
The New York Times _______
The Baltimore Sun _...i______
The Worter _._..i____________
The New Leader
The Wall Street Journal
The N'l1cnctlOb$ervet _ _ _____
People: World _________
vn=lhumh=Apn1l_uii
YOUNG SOCIALIST
Page 3
-14-6
92 " " - .-
anggd___1m_pwledge of himself. He'd feel MOELU-ll-3
human being. He'd function more like a human
being, in a society of human beings.
So it takes education to eliminate it. And just
because you have colleges and universities, doesn't
mean you have education. The colleges and uni-
versities in the American educational system are
skillfully used to miseducate.
What were the highlights of your trip to Africa?
-.. -1-s .- II -, ..-92 .~|
1 visited Lgypl, Arabia, Kuwait, Lieoanon, ouuan,
Ethiopia, Kenya, Tanganyika, Zanzibartnow Tan-
zania!, Nigeria, Ghana, Liberia, Guinea and Al-
geria. During that trip I had audiences with Presi-
dent Nasser of Egypt, President Nyerere of Tan-
zania, President Jomo Kenyatta who was then
Prime Minister! of Kenya, Prime Minister Milton
Obote of Uganda, President Azikiwe of Nigeria,
President Nkrum ah of Ghana, and President Sekou
Toure oi Guinea. I think the highlights were the
audiences I had with those persons because it gave
rne a chance to sample their thinking. I was im-
pressed by their analysis of the problem, and many
of the suggestions they gave went a long way to-
ward broadening my own outlook.
How much inuence does revolutionary Africa
have on the thinking of black people in this coun-
try?
All the inuence in the world. You can't separate
the militancy that's displayed on the African con-
tinent from the militancy that's displayed right here
among American blacks. The positive image that
is developing of Africans is also developing in the
minds of black Americans, and, consequently they
develop a more positive image of themselves. Then
they take more positive steps--actions.
So you can't separate the African revolution
from the mood of the black man in America.
Neither could the colonization of Africa sep-
arated from the menial position that the black man
in this country was satised to stay in for so long.
Since Africa has gotten its independence through
revolution, you'll notice the stepped up cry against
discrimination that has appeared in the black com-
munity.
How do you view the roleofthe U.S. in the Congo?
As criminal. Probably there is no better example
of criminal activity against an oppressed people
than the role the U.S. has been playing in the Con-
go, through her ties with Tshombe and the mer-
cenaries. You can't overlook the fact that Tshombe
gets his money from the U.S. The money he uses
to hire these mercenariesthese paid killers im-
ported from South Africacomes from the United
States. The pilots that fly these planes have been
trained by the U.S. The bombs themselve's7lT5l"§reTolson ii
3elrnont _._i
Mohr _______.
DeLocicl'1 -.-i._-
Cosper __.___.___
Callahan __.i__
Conrad i__.____
Felt .____.___
Gale iii
Fioseri _,_._____
Sullivan ___..___.
Tcivel i.i.__..
Trotter i.__.__..
Tele Ftoom i..__
Holmes ___._?_
Gundy ____i.
INTERVI
NALC
Cont.l
The Washington Post and ________
Times Herold
The Washington Daily News ,_____
The Evening Star
New York Herold Tribune _____
New York Journcil-Americcrn L
New York Daily News
New York Post _,___ii_________
The New York Times ._i,
The Baltimore Sun _i,_,,____i
The Worker _
The New Leader ,___i_,____g_
The Wall Street Journal
The Notional Observer
People's World ___,i_i
Dote
YOUNG SOCIALIST
Page 3.;i _-_i'-- _.
lf92"l"._-1_l-.11-";, ;
ii .*."r:;;$.:.> -.
5- > A-
A-
w
2
fl.
1;u.-_:¢_-_- -_._-:. -- .
r<-92--,-----
I
I
,.g.
I
L._..
}">§__¢:-1.1".-I .-, 1 --_ . .__ i- ~3;-:11; -__<-, -?~ :: 1- ' I-e-9--e~'. q-.-:.-*--_~'--F-er» "~?='~e'~=-.'<-=,a;;&wai~.L'_'*-1._§.=E"~i" .;'-:'~vi'-"--iéi-2"T'.3'~- -'4"':¥-¬'T.L,/ ' I 15% " i-3..-!-"-e "
:4.-:32..
;..
at.tr._-
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..§,..
1-QA-
_"=t!'"'-2:.-
5":
.11:
92. ,1-
!qI'U
..-;-oi
t -.-i"92- t~_ 17$
AT.'i,1_:-.uu
--J-
+-"-
= If
-*3":Ff-7'
*-Q.g-|g Rev, ;2-I4-5
l0I
bl-ow-in-g apart the bodies of women and Children
come from the U.S. So I can only view the role of
the United States in the Congo as a criminal role.
And I think the seeds she is sowing in the Congo
she will hm-e to harvest. The chickens that she has
turned loose over there have got to come home to
roost.
What about the U.S. rote in South Vietnam?
The same thing. lt shows the real ignorance of
those who control the American power structure.
If France, with all types of heavy arms, as deeply
entrenched as she was in what then wascalled Indo-
china, couldn't stay there, I don't see how anybody
in their right mind can think the U.S. can get in
there-it's impossible. So it shows her ignorance,
her blindness, her lack of foresight and hindsight
and her complete defeat in South Vietnam is only
a matter of time.
How do you view the activity of white and black
students who went to the South last summer and
attempted to register black people to vote?
The attempt was goodl should say the objective
to register black people in the South was good be-
cause the only real power a poor man infthis
country has is the power ofthe ballot. But I don't
believe sending them in and telling them to be non-
violent was intelligent. I go along with the effort
toward registration but I think they should be per-
mitted to use whatever means at their disposal to
defend themselves from th'e attacks of the Klan.
the White Citizens Council and other groups.
What do you think of the murder ofthe three civil
rights workers and what's happened to their kitt-
ers?
It shows that the society we live in is not actually
what it tries to represent itself as to the rest of the
world. This was murder and the federal govern-
ment is helpless because the case involves Negroes.
Even the whites involved, were involved in helping
Negroes. And concerning anything in this society
involved in helping Negroes, the federal govern-
ment shows an inability to function. But it can
function in South Vietnam, in the Congo, in Berlin
and in other places where it has no business. But
it can't function in Mississippi.
In a recent speech you mentioned that you met John
Lewis of SNCC in Africa. Do you feel that the
younger and more militant tenders in the South are
broadening their views on the whole general
struggle?
Sure. When I was in the Black Muslim movement
l spoke on many white campuses and black
campuses. I knew back in 1961 and '62 that the
younger generation was much different from ~the
'-iii qr?Tolson _i__..._
Belmont
Mohr i
DeLouch ____.;
Casper ___....._
Collcthctn i_....
Conrad ____
Felt _____._
Gole ._.__.........__
Flosen _____i_
Sullivan Hi?-
Tove1__.___.._
Trotter ...i_.._._
Teie Room _
Holmes ___..i
Gondy __._.._i.
INTERVIEW WITH
MALCOLM X
Cont.!
The Woshinqton Post and $
Times Herald
The Wctshtnqton Dolly News i
The Eventnq Star ___i..____
New York Herold Tribune l
Ngw York Journal-Amsrtcuni
New York Dolly News i..__...
New York Post __i_...___...i
The New York Times _
The Baltimore Sun ______..i.
The Worker i,....,i_..i_..__i
The New Leader i..__i._
The Wail Street Journal ___i
The Ncttloncrl Observer ?___i._.
People's World lQ . 5iidnns socr ALI ST
Page 4
tr-l
_.¢
..
1'"-9-19 Ftev. 12-14
, - l-.r2l.der.... and that many students were more i.i.Dc:.|:2.? DelOaCh
in their analysis of the problem and their desire to
see the problem solved. in foreign countries the
students have helped bring about revolutionit was
the students who brought about the revolution in
the Sudan, who swept Syngman Rhee out of office
in Korea, swept Menderes out in Turkey. The stu-
dents didn't think in terms oi the odds against
them, and they couldn't be bought out.
In America students have been noted lor involv-
ing themselves in pnnty raids. goldsh swallowing,
seeing how many can get in :1 telephone booth--
not tor their revolutionary political ideas or their
desire to change unjust conditions. But some stu-
dents arc becoming more like their brothers around
the world. However, the students have been de-
ceived somewhat in what's known as the civil
rights struggle which was never designed to solve
.the problem!. The students were manuevered in
the direction of thinking the problem was already
analyzed, so they didn't try to analyze it for them-
selves.
In my thinking, if the students in this country
forgot the analysis that has been presented to them.
and they went into a huddle and began to research
this problem of racism for themselves, independent
of politicians and independent oi all the foundations
which are a part of the power structure!, and did
it themselves, then some oi their findings would be
shocking. but they would see that they would never
be able to bring about a solution to racism in this
country as long as they're relying on the govern-
ment to do it. The federal government itself is just
as racist as the government in Mississippi,_ar1cl is
more guilty of perpetuating the racist system. At
the federal level they are more shrewd, more skill-
ful at doing it, just like the FBI is more skillful
than the state police and the state police are more
skillful than the local police. The same with politi-
cians. The politician at the federal level is usually
more skilled than the politician at the local level,
and when he wants to practice racism, he's more
skilled in the practice of it than those who practice
it at the local level.
lh Black hll
By Robert Vornon35 cont! ll
road lor Ira catalog an Inch and
pomphloll on socialism, the Negro nrugglu, Culrtl. ole. H
; Pioneer Publisher; i
F 5 East Ihird St.
"' 1 N.Y-. N.Y.. 10003
7 1 i ill
4
I___J_Tolson _..-__---
Belmont .i___-
Mohr ___-----
Ccisper ._i--_-_
Coilohon :--.--
Conrad _.ii
Felt __i--__
Gale li-
Ftosen _..i-_-_-
Sullivan ._._..__...__._
Tovel
Trotter _._..._..____
Tale Room _-_-__--
Holmes
Goad; =-_-_~
INTERVIEW WITH
MAISOLM X
[Cont.!
The Washington Post and _____
Times Herold
The Washington Daily News ___._..
The Evening Stor
New York Herold Tribue i-
New York Journal-Amertcr1n__i_
New York Daily News __---i----
New York Post __.._.¬i-_..
The New York Times _¬_...._..i
The Baltimore Sun _i...-i--_
The Worker ..__-_-_----
The New Leader iZ_i---
The WollStre¬iJ092-1-tICli.._-_-i
The Notional Observer _._._-
Pecrl-2's 92'-arid-.__ Q6:Date -AL
YOUNG SOCI ALI ST
Page H
-
I.
r
"'-
11.
-_i'
1'E'
.i.19 tev. 12-14-Ml
What is you- opinion of the Democratic party?
The Democratic party is responsible for the racisnT
that exists in this country, along with the Republi-
can party. The leading racists in this country are
Democrats. Goldwater isn't the leading racisthes
a racist but not the leading racist. The racists who
have influence in Washington, D.C. are Democrats.
If you check, whenever any kind of legislation is
suggested to mitigate the injustices that Negroes
suffer in this country, you will nd that the people
who line up against it are members of Lyndon B.
Johnson's party. The Dixiecrats are Democrats.
The Dixiecrats are only a subdivision of the Dem-
ocratic party, and the same man over the Demo-
crats is over the Dixiecrats.
What contribution can youth, especially students,
who are a'isgnstea' with racism in this society, make
to the black struggle forfreedorn?
Whites who are sincere don't accomplish anything
by joining Negro organizations and making them
integrated. Whites who are sincere should organize
among themselves and gure out some strategy to
break down the prejudice that exists in white com-
munities. This is where they can function more in-
telligently and more effectively, in the white com-
munity itself, and this has never been done.
What part in the world revolution are youth play-
ing, and what lessons may this havefor American
youth?
If you've studied the captives being caught by the
American soldiers in South Vietnam, you'll find
that these guerrillas are young people. Some of
them are just children and some haven't yet reached
their teens. Most are teenagers. It is the teenagers
abroad, all over the world, who are actually in-
volving thernselves in the struggle to eliminate op-
pression and exploitation. lnthe Congo, the refugees
point out that many oithe Congolese revolutionaries
are children. ln fact, when they shoot captive revo-
lutionaries, they shoot all the way down to seven
years old-thats been reported in the press. Because
the revolutionaries are children, young people. in
these countries, the young people are the ones who
most quickly identify with the struggle and the
necessity to eliminate the evil conditions thateirist.
And here in this country, it has been my own ob-
seryation that when you get into a conversation on
racism and discrimination and segregation, you
will find young people more incensed over itthey
feel more lled with an urge to eliminate it.
I think young people here can nd a powerful
example in the young Simbas in the Congo and the
young ghters in South Vietnam.
Another pointas the dark-skinned nations of
this earth become independent, as they develop and
be-some stronger, that means that time is on-I-he-sideTolson __.i_
Belmont ii
Mohr i.
Del_.oach i
Casper i________
Callahan i.....__.._
Conrad ____________
Felt ___i_
Gale
Flosen ________
Sullivan i_.___
Tavel .i_____
Trotter ii
Tele Room i
Holmes i,_,__,__
Gandy __i
INTERVIEW WITH
MALCOLM X
Cont.!
The Washington Past qnd
Times Herald
The Washington Dally News
The Evening Star
New York Herald Tribune _______i_____
New York Journal-American i
New York Daily News _
New York Past i
The New York Times
The Bc:In__ . Sim __...!"Ql'E __.. __ L ,
The Worker
The New Leader
Tht? Wll Street _lUUl"l"t3]
The Ntionol Observer
People's World. ¬i__________i_
st... Man
YOUNG soc: ALI sr
Page 5
4
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Ev
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of_tl;e_An. A can Negro. At this point the America
Negro is still hospitable and friendly aEdT<§'Elving.
But if he is continually tricked and deceived and so
on, and if there is still no solution to his problems,
he will become completely disillusioned, disenchant-
ed and disassociate himself from the interest of
America and its society. Many have done that
nlrnnrlu
......,-.-.._7.
What is your opinion of the world-wide Struggle
now going on between capitalism and socialism?
It is impossible for capitalism to survive, pri-
marily because the system of capitalism needs
some blood to suck. Capitalism used to be like an
eagle, but now it's more like a vulture. It used
to be strong enough to go and suck anybody's
blood whether they were strong or not. But now it
has become more cowardly, like the vult"ure, and
it can only suck the blood of the helpless. As the
nations of the world freethernselves, then capitalism
has less victims, less to suck, and it becomes weak-
er and weaker. It's only a matter of time in my
opinion before it will collapse completely.
What is the outlook for the Negro struggle in I965?
Bloody. It was bloody in 1963, it was bloody in
1964, and all of the causes that created this blood-
shed stili remain. The lviarch on Washington was
designed to serve as a vent or valve for the frus-
tration that produced this explosive atmosphere.
In 1964 they used the Civil Rights bill as a valve.
What can they use in 1965? There is no trick that
the politicians can use to contain the explosiveness
that exists right here in Harlem. And look at New
York Police Commissioner Murphy. I-Ie's coming
out in headlines trying to make it a crime now to
even predict that there's going to be trouble. This
shows the caliber of American thinking. There's
going to be an explosion, but don't talk about it.
All the ingredients that produce explosions exist,
but don't talk about it, he says. That's like saying
700 million Chinese don't exist. This is the same
approach. The American has become so guiltridden
and lled with fear that instead of facing the reality
of any situation he pretends the situation doesn't
exist. You know, in this country it's almost a crime
to say theres a place called Chinaunless you
mean that little island called Formosa. By the same
token, it's almost a crime to say that people in
Harlem are going to explode because the social
dynamite that existed last year is still here. So I
think 1965 will be most explosive-more explosive
than it was in '64 and '63. There's nothing they
can do to contain it. The Negro leaders have lost
their control over the people. So that when the
people begin to explodeand their explosion is
justied, not unjustied-the Negro leaders can't
co_ntaLn it. ,__;.._-Tolson ___,___
Belmont _..__.__
Mohr -
DeLooch __i__
Casper _______
Colluhon __._._
Conrad ._i___._
Felt __._._-__
Gale .._.__i_
Ftosen ii
Sullivan mi
Towel ._.__..i
Trotter ____..__
Tele Room _______
Holmes _.__i._
Goncly i._._._
INTERVI EW WI TH
MALCOLM X
Cont.l
The Washington Post and ii
Times Herold
The Washington Daily News i
The Evenlq Star ._._i_......_i
New York Herald Tribune i
New fork Journal-American _._..__._
New York Daily News __..._.....i
New York Post _,.,__i_._..__._
The New York Times _____i
The Baltimore Sun -.._-i-__-
The Worker _._,__.,,.____i_i
The New Leader ii
The Wall Street Journal ii
The National Observer iii.
Pgople's World i_.-._i__ii
[email protected]¥i
YOUNG SOCI ALI ST
Page 5
1;-0,359 Rev. 7-16-Gill
0
Mount Clipping In slpncc Below!92 M1. Iwihm-r..___ '
i M1. Béhrr-:tt_._.._..
l Mr. 1ln'.i'.:'......_ .
* Ln. D21" '
Mr. CL 1 L Mr. C" Mr. C
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Malcolm X was offered S6
. million aer detecting [mm
Rh! Black Muslims last year
to play the civil rights game.
acrrording to the rules." an ad-
. mirer oi the slain Black Na-
tionalist charged.
The Offf. said u'riier Syl-
vester Lpaks, was made by sev-
. er-al per-eons "of the white
power .=lTUc'ture" at a r'hurchi
. on Riverside Dr. Malcolm re-
fused, he said. i'
Leaks disclosed the alTP£PdTo Sofien Malcol
night at a memorial rally for
Wlaicolm in the Rocl-{land Pal-im-. 155m st. and Eighth Ave.
Maleoim was assassinated Feb.
21 in the Audubon Ballroom.
ilth St. and Broad -a_92'. 1-.=.=
[then a mile away.
The three-hour tribute was
organized by e_g1-oup headed
by Leaks, who described him-i
eel! as a writer and an "ad-
mirer of Malcolm but not am on Righis
irst put"-Iir apoeuance of Mal-
icolri-92'e wife. Mrs. Betty Shaq
jbazz. sinr-s the murder. Mr?i5habazz. who is expecting hellfih child in the tall. did nag
mention her h u s b a n d bu
|ihankeci_ the crowd for attend-
ing "on behalf of my tour
babies and myself."
Jesse Gray, Harlem rent
strike leader. called Malcolm
his tea:-her. "He taught me to
be mean and black e.nd.hate member of anything."
The program marked the
offer before 1500 persons la5Y7_'i"
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Mr. It-.. '
i Mr. Si
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Mr.
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I Miss 6;...
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newspaper, city and Mute.!
_3_I92EW YORK WORLD
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Author:
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~ _ _ , 7.7.- . -c"T_'1l_m..ll'ght stillv§_h_li!Ies,..-1-Fr - ' -
MEMOIZIAL Fol: MALCOLM xMay 19, _l925, Malcolm X rst saw the light oi Itl ' _ _ Nm. l¢r oiday. "Sunday, Feb."Z'l'1'$5, his light, which had /the n African Student_s__,Qrgani;g_tjQ_ri, introduced
shone so brightly, was snuffed out by an assassin's'
bullets. On May 19, 1965, forty years after his
birth, black people in Harlem's Roctdand Palace
proclaimed that the light still shines and that from
' 0
Mrs. Ella Collins at Memorial
n09292' on this day will be the one on which black
Ameriums will honor their departed hero.
Singer-actor Jimmy Randolph, star of Ballad
for ilimshirc and Carmen Jones sang "I Believe
and mistress of ceremonies, Sdma Sparks com-
mented, "Someone did come to show the way and
though he Ls no longer with us, thisllght still shines
for us to follow-to freedom." '
James Shabazr, Malcolm's secretary and minister
of Muslim Mosque, Inc., delivered arouslngtrlbute.
Shabazz told how, when the Louisiana White Citi-
teri Council placed a $it'i,t'i4.'3 reward on liriaicoin
head, dead or alive, last year, he had still gone to
this southern citadel of racism because, My peopleneed me. '
"Brother Malcolm did something for us which we
cannot do for him, said Shanazz." He died tor his
people.
Louise Jeilers and the O.A.A. U. Singers rerzlved
great applause for their rendition of Doing the
Mau Man.number o_ Ajrican V1110! Gbeht rl
saretary of the permanent mission of Ghana to
the U. N. read condolences lull olslneereadmlration
for Malcolm from President Kwarne Nkmmah ol'
Ghana and the Ghanaian people. .
Ai'ter9292'a.rds, Sidi All read a poem made up of
some of the phrases from the eulogy delivered by
Ussle'Davis at Malcolm's funeral. "To our own
Shining Prince." He also commented on the very
important role '9292-omen had played in African strug-
gles and paid tribute to MalcuI.ms sister and her
leadership as a woman.
Leonryne Watts, billed as the Fenihouse Primi-
tive singer, delivered an exciting rendition of the
song about the African God, Babalu.
Mrs. Ella Collinl. Malcolm's sister and president
of the O.A.A.U. which Malcolm founded, closed
the nst hall oi the evening program with a pledge
to continue the work which her brother had start
in the spirit of his plans. l
Mrs. Collins revealed that an international cen pr
will be built in Malcolm's honor where Airic in
diplomats may come and African students may
reside. There will also be a school in which Afro-
American children can learn their heritage.
' ARTISTS TRIBUTE
LeR.oi Jones, poet-playwright, author of The
Slave/The Toilet and the Dutchman and one of the
founders of the Black Arts Theatre School, Spoke
briefly in memory oi Malcolm and then read an
original poem dedicated to Malcolm.
There were more entertainers and speakers, in-
cluding Mrs. Mae Mallory, one of the Monroe
Defendants who has been reindicied by the state of
Norh Colina for her alleged involvement in the
incident wh sent into Cuban exile one olthe most
militan outhern black leaders, Robert Williams.__192_Jl__ l o__c_:_l_1i£_arria,_a dedicated wot-nan_ln the free-ci fl;-lit also spoke.
There was African mu y Nacll Qamnr and
entertainment by Dolores Taylor, singer, Kenny
Durham, trumpeter and Juanita Boyd, linger and
othu-s. -
The most lasting and meaningful monument toTolson _Z_i_
Belmont __.______._
Mohr ___._._____._
DeLooch ......__._....
Casper _i___
Cullohun _______
Conrad .__.i._
Felt ___.i...__
Gale .__.__i_
Plosen __..i_
$ullivun
Tove} __..i_
Trotter ._..i_
Tele Room _..____
Holmes ._.i.._
Gondy
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Herold
nqtcn Dolly News _....._-
nq Star ____,_,i,i
Herold Tribune ______..._
Journal-American _.__-..-..
Dally News _.___..,__,_
Post ____.._...._._...._...___
To really show than whatyou meandothe 192mo_um,1m will betheg'litingfor,andtheaciil!iTEn'TeT"l ""* "*""" i
--lIa.tLlike in Kenya. Thenthemanwill undustand of, black freedom, by any means necessary. were 5"" ---
_19u min you'll bl:-mi the chains that bind Srou.:'
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*92_'92 r--- iii.
The New Leader _ii._..___.--
The Wall Street Journal ii
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Miss Lincoln: the novelist
Paulo Marshall. and a Man-
hattan lawyer. Florynoe R.
Kennedy.
The Irup has established
an oee at 8 E. 48th 8t., to
receive public contributions to
help Malcolm; widow. The
members said they had sold
over 1,000 tickets" to yester-
day's fete, and had received
quite unexpected help.
Large like
Schen.le5"s and Bambergers
Department Stor joined
smaller business groups and
Harlem peopgle in donating
equipment and refreshments
ior h'ur'i'a1:l'va1," said a com-0--uniEH-I We have almost no over-
head. And to make 8b:1!"iVi'1'£
Shabazz gets all the receipts."
she added, "we've teropors-rill
made her treasurer..
Mrs. Marshall. whose books
Brown Girl. Brownstones.
and Soul Clap Hands and
Sing" were published by Ran-
dom House and Atheoeum.
emphasized that "we are
strictly non-Dlitical.
But Mrs. Lomax snapped:
"We'd like to see the white
American public show some ol
the compassion [or Mrs.
Shabazz that they showed in
-:!o:92.et1..'1: $60,090 to Lee HH-
vey Oswald's widow.
I personally dont consider
Malcolm Bllilty of anythini
wrong. But nobody, even his
detractors. ca neqiiate him
with Oswald. Yet -l-le.r.laa-0s-n~e|A is .-nu-AA far "92
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I
IMeeting in Si
Honors Malcolm ll
' -NEW YORK - Civl1_righ_t§_rn.ili-
tents Fannie Lw._rf§'amer of M151sissippl and ' Gloria Eighardson
Dandricige formerly of CambridgeX'TllId"""W., ere among the featured '
seakers at the memorial meeting
for Malcolm X held at the Rock-
Iand Palace Ballroom here May 26.
Malcolm's widow, Betty Shabazz,
who is expecting Malcolm's fth
child this slimmer, was present
and greeted the audience of some
500 persons.
Fannie Lou Hamer said Malcolm
was one of the greatest men I
ever met because he was one of
the only men I ever met who had
the guts to tell the truth." Gloria
Richardson Dandridge, who led
the famous Cambridge Nonviolent
Action movement until she mar-
ried and moved to New York last
year, said that unlike those people
who disliked some sides oi Mal-
colm my admiration was for the
whole man." She liked the direc-
tion in which Malcolm was mov-
ing, she said and for "White I
America with its elamrate myths
it was a more dangerous Malcolm
who was developing. He was cut
down, she said, when it only re-
mained for him to fashion the
political weapon oriented toward
the black eople and necessary for
our freed "
Among e other speakers who
appeared re Harlem rentgtrike
leader_Je_s Gray, 'E6T1ie§l_'ian
ire arnhj-1' and actoii-producer
. afar The meeting wasciraireo of writer $xl_v$ .3.' /-
/ N
/6 , TTolson ________
Belmont ________
Mohr
De-L.0och i__
Casper _i__._
Collohon ._....__.._
Conrad ___.__
Felt
Gczle ._...__i__.._._.
Rose-n __.-_i.--_
$u1livon __..___
Tcwe1-----
Trotter ____.__
Tele Room _i.._..
Holmes .._____
Gondy ____.__
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§Melcolm_Xls Murdeci§Ancl the N.Y. Police;
By George Breihnan
DETROIT, July 4 Some toy!-
tttying question; about the assas-
sination oi Malcolm X arise it you
carefully read the New York
n wspaper report; printed right
a the assassination, as I have
.i done. Some 0: them concern
role or the police. -
should explain, at the begin-
ning, that I have no xed theory
about the killing. I don"t know id
azents at the Black Muditns did
it; or it agents oi? white racists
did it; or it agents of the govern-
mentorthepolicedidiqdrit
agents of a combination 0! these
foTi'=s, who iii Haicoin; did
it. I am. at this point, only asking
some questions provoked by study-
ing dierent editions 0! the six
New York daily papers after the
Cezttaln things seem agreed uponby e92ery'b-ody:The Organization oi Aiko-Amer-lean hairy ma scheduled a ran;
on Sunday afternoon, Feb. 21, at
the Audubon Ballroom in H.l.r-'
lem. This was one week anci-
Malcolm's home was tire-bombed
and he and his family narrowly
escaped injury or death. People
ent ring the rally were not
sea bed. On the other band, they
we all scrutinized by OAAU
aid as they entered the hall.
It alcolm had just begun to
speak when two men began a scut-
tle deliberately designed to dis-
tract the attention or Malcolm:
guards. Three men rushed toward
Malcolm, op-=_'.92_ing ire and =.-.=o*.:nd=
ing him mortally; they then ran
out of the ballroom, pursued by
several oi Malcolm's supporters.
Police said that one of theidentied later agr, 22, of Paterson .J., had re-
ceived a b iiiIe't"i n the E3 by the
time he got to the exit of the
building. The police also alleied
that he had been wounded by
H-e"">en Francis, a Malcolm guard.aye: was seized ouidde the
ifti rig by the people pursuingbl".-x50 was another man. The
96° began to beat and kickF
Malcolm x
I-layer and the second men. Police
arrived and rescued the two being
beaten, taking them away from
the crowd.
The third man got away. e
got away because the crowd d
-not catch him, Hayer and the s -
ond man also would have got a y
it the crowd hadn't caught d
held them until the police showed
up.
Now let us turn to the New
York Herald Tribune dated Mon-
day, Feb. 22. This is a morning
paper, which means that the first
edition of the paper dated Monday
actually appeared Sunday evening.
a few hours alter the killing, The
top headline in the rst city! edi-
tion reads: Malcolm X Slain by
Gunmen as 400 in Ballroom
Watch." The subhead, over the
lead article by Jimmy Bresltn,
reads: Police Rescue Two Sua-
Pcctl-" |
Bin;-siiifs liory in eciitio re-ports that Hayer was takew toell
.';0 /Tolson __.__...__
Belmont i.___
Mohr
De-Looch _i___
Casper __i___
Collcrhun
Conrad _.i..____
Felt i.i__.____
Gale ____..__._
Flosen __i.__..._._
Sullivan
Tdvel .__.i.._
Trotter __.____
Tele Room _..._._
Holmes
Gdndy _i____.
92
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The Washington Post and _._,_i
Times Herold
The Waahinqton Daily News __
The Eveninq Star _____._.ii
New York Herold Tribune i__
New York Journal-Americonii
New York Daily News __.._____
New York Poet i...__i____
The New York Time! _..i...___
The Baltimore Sun ___i._..._;
The Worker i_._,i_,..,i___
The New Leader ___.__i_____
The Wdll Street Journal _?_____._._
The National Observer i_.___..
People's World
Du, '7 12 65 Continued on Page 8! / THEGMIEITANT
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Continued h-om Page 1!
Bellevue Prison Ward and was
sealed o by a dozen policemen.
The other suspect was taken to
the Wadsworth Avenue precinct,
where the city: top policemen im-
Lmediately converged and began
one of the heaviest homicide in-
vstigations this city has everseen.
Next we turn to a later late
city! edition oi the same paper
tor the same day- '1'he top head-
line is unchanged. But the sub-
head is dterent. This time it
reads, "Police Rescue One Sus-
98¢
The secoo.d." suspect has
dropped not only out of the head-
line, but out of Breal.i.n's story
too. Nothing about his being
caught and beaten by the crowd,
nothing about his being rescued
by the police. nothing about his
being taken to the Wadsworth
station. nothing about the city:
top police converging cm that sta-
tion.
Suspect Vanishea
Not only docs he disappear tron!
B1-es1in's story in the late city
edition, but he disappears trom
the Herald Tribe-no altogether
from that date to this. _'
Perhaps the whole thing never
happened? Perhaps Bresltn, in the
heat of the moment, had in his
rst story reported a mere rumor
as a tact, and, being unable to
verify it, decided not to repeat it
in later editions?
But there are three morning
papers in New York, and in their
first editions they ail said it hap-
pened.
For example, let us examinethe first city! edition of the New
York Ttrnes for Feb. 22. The sub-
head is very clear: Police Hold
Two for Questioning.
From the Times city edition, we
even learn the name of the cop
who captured the second man:
It is Patrolman Thomas Hoy, who
is quoted as saying he bad
grabbed a suspect" being chas
by some people.
But when we turn to the la
city edition of the same Ti ,
printed only a few hours lat ,
we nd that its subhead too has
changed. It now reads: One Is
Held in Killing." _
But the story hasn't yet been
oh anged altogether. Pauolxn
Hay still remains in the late ci
story, and so does the secon
man who has dropped out oi! th
subhead, In fact, the story has
more about Hoy than it had in the
city edition. a
'I'h.is time the Times reports:
'As I brought him to the front
or the ballroom, the crowd began
beating me and the suspect, Pa-
trolman Hoy said. He said he pit
this man - not otherwise identit-
ed later for newsman into apolice car to be taken to the Wa$-
worth Avenue station.
Theo Hoy's captive disappears
h-om the Times as completely and
as permanently as he did from the
Herald Tr-ibun-2, and from all the
other daily papers.
But there cannot be any doubt
in the mind oi anyone reading
the accounts I have cited that a
second man was captured dudtaken away by the police. 'Who was he! " L
Why did the press lose inte
L.Tolson i
Belmont ii
Mohr ___i_,_____
DeL.ooch ink
Casper ii
Callahan ..__.i_
Conrad _.___..i
Felt ___________
Gale _.._..__
Fiosen
Sullivan Z.-i..
Tc1ve1__?___
Trotter _____.._
Tale Room __._i
Holmes ___._
Gondy _____
I I -.__
Malcolm 792s Murder
The Washington Post and __,_,___
Times Herald
The Wuhinqton Dally News i,
The Eveninq Star _______i
New York Herold Tribune _
New York Journal-American __
New York Daily News i.
New York Post i__
The New York Times _ _
The Baltimore Sun __
The Worker __
The New Leader i
The Wuli Street Journal _ L",
The Notional Observer _ __ _
People's World
Date
THE MILITANT
CONTINUED
PAGE 3
5,. .-- r. ' S
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in him so suddenly, at a time that or cause other damage, in addi-it W30-Ilill it-5 pta with Ii!--an to merely "rgpq;-1;j_|;|?"'W§'I
kinds or material about the mur-
der, including the siliiest L'!92.-"iQ-
ties and wildest rumor-s?' Was it
because the police "advised" them
to!
Why did Patrolman Hay deem
the second man to be a suspect?
What was he doing at the @e
Hoy grabbed him!
Why did the crowd deem him
t be a suspect? What had they
s n him doing betore Boy
bbed him?
y did the city: top police-
men" surround him with a wall
of silence that has not been
pierced tor 4% months?
if they decided he was innocent,
why didnt they say so publicly?
That is the usual practice,
Why didift they at least en-
nounce his name? That is also
usually done. ' 1
Who Wu Ho?
What did the "second" man
about the murder mot aid
the identity or the lllen?
t is extremely ditcult to gure
o why the police and the press!
_ ved in. this way. It leads to
ther question:
Could the second l have
been a. police agent?
Fantastic? Only it you don't
know anything about the police,
FBI, CIA, etc.
It is standard procedure tor
them to infiltrate radical, black
nationalist and just militant or-
ganizations. Sometimes, as the re-nt Statue of Liberty" case
sh: ed, these police agents wormthzg way into positions whereth can carry out provocation:happens inside the organizations
i.InLlt:ete.-4..
We do not have to speculate
about whether or not the police
inltrated the Organization oi
Atro-American Unity and whether
or not such police agents were
present at the Audubon Ballroori
at the time of the assassination.
The answer is yes, without y
speculation.
A high police official" said, s
reported in the Herald Trib
Feb. 23, that several members
of the highly secretive Bureau oi
Special Services BOSS! were
present in the audience at the
time 01 the killing. BOSS is the
police agency involved in the
Statue or Ebert? provocation.!
After talking to this high police
official, Herold Tribune stamember Milton Lewis wrote: F
It is no secret that BOSS poll e-- who never wear unitorms
have credentia to cover almost
any situation, so that ii they were
required to have a card or em-
blem ot the Black Nationalkt sect
ltiaasatebetthattheyhad
them."
So perheoe the secmd Wis e police agent, and perhagisthe strange behavior or the
police results £1-om their desire
to protect one or their own "sev-
eral" men present at the Audubon.
But m that case, the question
must be asked again, and such
questions will keep on being ask
until the whole story 15 told; W11
was the crowd convinced that tlu
second men was one or th
killers? I
/
/'5Tolson _.-__--
Belmont
Mohr ___i¬-
DeL.ooch _..__-
Casper _.-__---
Cellohon
Conrad _i--
Felt
Gale _.___.__-
Rosen _____-_-
& __1!!..__
DULLLVUKL in---i-
Tcvel ._i-».--
Trotter _.__.____._
Tele Room
Holmes
Gundy ___._i--
MALCOLM X'S
HURJUER AND
NY POLICE '
CONTINUED
The wqshinqgqn Post and _..._._-.-
Tlrnes Herald
The Woshinqton Daily News _.__
The Eveninq Star
New
New
New
New
The
The
The
The
TheYork Herald Trlbi-1118 -ii
fork Journal-Am9l'!¢°"" -
Yerk Dotty New! _---i
York Post ._.___.-.-_i--
New York 1-lmea -----
Eaiiimore Sun -i--ii
Worker
New Lender _i----i---
Wall Street Journal :---
The National Observer __-----
PeopIe'S World.
..D:
THE MILITANT
N
-
Fr?
-72;sow.
T92=.55-~
4
a9-19 Rev. 12-14-on Tolson .__.__
Belmont ._____
Mohr ___._._..__
DeI.ooch __.i__
Casper
___ _ Ccllohnn __i._
Conrad ZReport October Trial Set .
lfllilling of Malcolm B F???-
By Ed Smith
NEW YORIQ; The trial date
in the Malcolm X murder case has
mm mw, accord-
ing to an article by Sver
in the Sept. 22 New York Post.
Silver apparently was given this
iuionnation while questioning the
New York District Attorney's ot-
fice about the unusual delay in
bringing the three murder suspects
indicted last March to triaL
Indicative oi the lurid treatment
the press will probably give this
trial, after eight months of con-
spicuous silence concerning police
investigation of Malcolm: kill-
ers, Silvers article begins, A po-
lice guard will be thrown around
witnesses called to testify at the
tri [because] authorities fear
th threats may be made againstsoil 01' the witnesses.
J Suspect
Silver states that one of the sus-
pects, Thomas Hagan alias
Talmadge I-layer!, was shot and
wounded by Malcolm's outraged
bodyguard and had to be rescua
tron: lynching by police assigned
to the hall." There are two pieces
of misinformation in this sentence.
The rst is that no one to this
day, including the police, has
idmtied the person who shot
Thayer; the second is that Thayer
was not arrested by police as-
signed to the hall, but was held
by people tram the audience in
the hall until "police arrived later
and, incidentally, Thayer would
not have been arrested 1! he was
not held by the crowd!_
The other two suspects, Norman
BX Butler and Thomas 15X John-
son, were arrted Feb. 26, ve
dill; alter the assassination, and
Ma f 8, respectively. They arechazd with assaulting MalcolmX :7-fl weapons, which could only
me that they were in the Au-
I/0a_§;Z71..§-5/'4
N01" n 4!-IDs
134 GCT 12 1965
'7 oei1si%55
/J 1 / 'Malcolm X H _
dubon B..=1...1"'oo:n when the asaas=
sination occurred.
This allegation is noteworthy
because both Butler and Johnson
were well-known and leading fig-
ures in the New York mosque 0!
the Black Muslims, and they would
have been well-known to Mll-
colms assistants who closely
scrutinized the audience before
the Feb. 21 murder. '
In January, Butler and Johnson
and e third mm were er-z-we-:'.
after an argument with an ex-
Muslim, Benjamin Brown, that
ended in the shooting oi Brown.
Butler and Johnson were out on
hall on first degree assault charges
in that case at the time of the
Malcolm killing. -
All of the events surrounding
the murder 0! the black national-
ist leader are shrouded in mystery
and confusion. The role oi the
police has been highly suspect. The
press has been conspicuously lack-
ing in curiosity about the progress
ot the case. It remains to be seen
at the trial this tall.Iouiuvcm .__.___
Tc1vel._.._..__._
Trotter _._i_
Tole Room ___
Holmes
Gdndy _..____.
b1
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11R.1x " '
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The Washington Foal and ._....i_
Times Herold
The Woshlnqton Dolly New! i__
The Eveninq Star __--._i--
New York Herold Tribune .i_..._
New York Journal-Ame:-lconi.._.
New York Daily News -
New York Post
The New York Timon .i__..__
The Baltimore Sun __...i..._.i_._
The Worker _..__Z..._i__i....._
The New Leader _i_,_,i__
The Wall Street Journal _.__,_i._
The National Observer _._i_
Feopleii World _...i-------
Dole _1
THE HILITANTwhet-ihmmlice will come up pAGE 1
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I--:-J}-_~a92,j792£sl.;:.':i
THE J'92UTOBlOGRAI'llY OF
Mi'l.LCOLl92l X. Grove Press,
1965, XVU 455 pp., $7.50.
Malcolm X worked on this book
ttiause he hoped "that it I hon-
atly and fully tell my life's ac-a
count, read objectively it might
prove to be a testimony oi some
social value." That hope is I111-
lled; his autobiography is a va1u-
able document helping to explain
the development of a remarkable
man who had a strong inuence
on black and white thought in our
time. "'-'_""". -' a
The publishers my it is a clas-
sic oi American testimony, t to
stand beside Frederick Douglass,
James Weldon Johnson, Richard
Wright, James Baldwin, and the
others who have explained what it
is to be a black man in white
America. This is true, although
its literary quality does not com-
pare with that oi the writers cited,
Malcolm was not a writer; he
"1 'd" this book to Alex Haley.
Be ause Haley did not sympathize
wi his views, Malcolm stipulat-
ed that nothing be in it that he
ha not said and that nothing be
lett out of it that he wanted in it.
The actual writing and arrange-
ment. were done by Haley. As
Malcolm had predicted, he did not
live to see the Iull and nal ver-
sion: he was assassinated on the
weekend that he was supposed to
visit Haley's home for a last read-
ing iii the manuscript.
There is another factor that
keeps this irom being the defi-
nitive book on Malcolm. And that
is the fact that it was completed
during a period at great and rapid
elm ge in his life snd-Outlook, a ddocz not adequately reflect id s
and positions he arrived at in sIinax months.r
Ib Q.
, 92
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Mohr
autobiography presents Only in of his life Malcolm nn hmccr in- Casper iiPil'.I_,3,[,1;i_in some parts unclearly veighecl a gain st the United Callahan
or ambiguously. States"!; a brief after-wo;;d_..b.;.h conwd
The first half of the autobio-
sraphr deals with Malcolm until
the age of 27 his birth in Ne-
braska, his childhood in Michigan,
his adolescence in Boston. his drift
int-0 hustling, narcotics and crime
in Harlem, his arrest for robbery
before he was 21, his 6% years in
prison and his introduction to the
doctrines of Elijah Muhammad. It
explains convincingly why this
shrewd young man, who had not
believed in anything but how to
make a fast buck, was so power-
fully attracted to the Black Mus-
lims and why he became Muham-
mad's most dedicated and unques-
tioning disciple.
Tireless Work
The second half includes Mal-
colms picture of the Black Mus-
lims and his tireless work in help-
ing to build it from a small sect
into an influential national organ-
ization 952-64!, and some of the
evenL; in the brief
rnaining of his life
the Black Muslims.
tion of Malcolm held
in the black ghetto
compromising and50 weeks re-
after he left
The concep-
by the masses
oi an un-
incorruptible
militant _ is fully confirmed in
these chapters; and with it ls
evidence of Ma1colms capacity for
continued intellectual growth.
Some readers may also be sur-
prised by Malcolm's sense of
humor, his modesty, his respect
and hunger for education, and his
classconsciousness in relation to
the Negro middle class!.
Along the way, Malcolm ex-
presses opinions on a wide variety
of subjects, most connected with
race relations, but not all. Some
of these are acute, and others are
nothing but prejudices for OX-
arnple, his unenlightened attitude
toward women, which stemmed
partly from his experiences as a
hustler and was reinforced by
Black Muslim doctrine on relations
between women and men!. His
predictions that he would die viol-
ently, that he would. be killed be-
fore this book was published, and
that the press would then identify
him with hate and irresponsibility,
proved to be_a11 too correct.khln addition to the autobiography.
e book contains an introduction
by New York Times reporter M.S.Candler marred by the utterly
rong statement that at the end
1
1'
uactor-playwright Ossie Davis, ex-
plaining why he gave the eulogy
at Malcolm's funeral; and a 14-
page epilogue by Alex Haley,
The eoilogue is quite good where
Haley is reporting things he per-
sonally witnessed and experienced
how the book was written. tne
tension under which Malcolm
lived, how hard he worked, how
he felt most at ease among the
masses on the streets of I-iarlern,
how aware he was of a tendency
to shut his mind to problems he
couldn't solve, etc. It is not so good
where'Halc_v touch_es on things like
the Organizational problems facing
Malcolrn and his co-workers,
which Malcolm never dl2~Cll5F d
with him.
liale_92' carries the story up to
Malcolm: assassination and fun-
eral, but this is for the most part
a routine summary of the news-
paper articles 01" that time, which
were more concerned with sensa-
tionalizing the developments than
with digging into them. One ex-
ception is Haley's report th.-it Mal-colm loltl him, on the phone thf
day bclore the assassination:
"The more I keep thinking nbo
this thing, the things that h--92
been happening lately [attemp
on his life], Pm not all that sure
it's the Muslints. I know what they
can do, and what they can't and
they can't. do some of the 5l't.lLl'
recently going on. Now. I'm going
to tell you, the,more I keep ll'li1lli.-
ing about what happened to me in
France. l think lm going to quit
saying it's the Muslims." The next
day. an hour o-;-fore his ricath, he
said the same thing to associates
in the anteroqm to the Audubon
Ballroom.
,..__-- TGeorge' Brcitmnn
I
U! _S,,,llion C¢tS
I! ITe lauzesn its lacs»:
Mrs. Betty Shabazz, the 30-year-old widow of Malcolrn X, emf
birth to two girls on Oct. T - .
Broolrrlale Hospital, Brooklyn,
Both girls will be naintccl aft 1'
hcr late husband, the Atnsicrdm
News of Oct. 9 reported. One of
the girls will be called Mali}-zi,
after Malcolm X's Muslim first
name, Malik. The t'.vil'ls are not
identical. ' ,/
ZF...Are c..n
V" "Ll-..Felt
Gale
Rosen ii
Sullivan
Tovel L
Trotter i_._._
Tele Room _i
Holmes ii
Gancly
BIOGRAPHY OF
MALCOLM X
_coNr.
t
The Washington Pest and __i
Times Herold
The Washington Daily News _,_i
The Evening Star i__,,_,__.
New Yiark Herald Tribune i..__
New York Journal-American _i
New York Dolly New: ___,___i
New York Post
Thu New York Timon ii
The Baltimore Sun ii
Thu Worker ___,,______iii
The New Leader __,__,__,_,_,______i
The Wall Street Journal ii
The National Observer __,_i______
People s World _____,,_______,__Zi
Date
THE HILITANT
PAGE 4
3-
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With one exception, the new
book, Malcolm X Speaks, consists
of speeches and statements made
between March, 1964, when Mal-
colm left the Black Muslims, and
February, 1965, when he was as-
sassinated. The exception is the
first speech in the book, "Mes-
sage to the Grass Roots," which
was given to a militant, conference
in Detroit on Nov. 10, 1963. This
was one of Malcolnfs last speech-
es as a Black Muslim, but in it
he was already beginning to ex-
press ideas on black nationalism,
separation and revolution! that
had a ciitierent emphasis tron;
the orthodox Black Muslim line.
Later, after leaving the Black
Muslims, Malcolm developed ideas
diiferent, on some points, than
he ones expressed in this speech.
Installment '1
MESSKGE TO THE GRASS
| itl'!Gl8
We want to have just an off-
the-cu chat between you and me,
us. We want to talk right down
to earth in n language that e92§ery-
bdy here can easily understand-
We all agree tonight, all of the
speakers have agreed, that Ameri-
ca has a very serious problem.
Not only does America have a
very serious problem, but our
people have a very serious prob-
lem !92..".:er£ce.: problem is us.
We're her problem. The only rea-
son she has a problem is she
doesn't want us here,
And every time you look at
YWIHH. be you black, brown,
01' Yellow, 1 so-called Negro, y
mfsent a person who Dos
such a serious problem for Ame
lea because you're not wan
Once you iace this as a fact. thenYou can start plotting a course
I}-=81 Will make you appear intel-
50:cov3 19551- s/,4;-L4 -"""E._-5%l IIlllllllllllllllllllllllllllilllillliiillllllllillllllllllIllIIlllllllllllllllhllllllllllllmllllllllllllllllllll
-~Malc'0lm~X Speaks-'
r WWI IWlmMlImIlIMmIEIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIITHIIIIIIJIIHIIIIMI
Y/!, "1'
Excerpted from the book,
X Speaks, with the
Merit Pbllsherl; 5 El-it
New York, N.Y. 10003. Price
Cowrlzht 1965 lg! Merit Publish-
er, I Tho Washington Poll End
Times Herold
Washington Dolly New! m
Evening Slur
Herold Tribune
journal-imlrlcun mmTolson m
Belmont ............____
Mohr mm
DeI_.ooch -
Casper mm
Collohcm _m_.____
Conrad m
Felt
Sole m.__m_._..
Fiosen mm
Sullivan __...m
Tove1_me_._
Trotter mm.
Tole Room
Holmes mm
Gcmdy mm
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I _,___p>get Diiereueee
What you and I need to do is
learn to forget our differences.
Wh we come together, we don!lulu-n-n_ I-4Qla 92AII Fan dc-92Oir'l-u r92_92-Jill LII: HIUI GE Llklllli l§ U]
Methodists. You don't catch hell
because you're a Baptist, and you
don't catch hell because you're a
Methodist. You don't catch hell
because youre a Methodist or
Baptist, you don't catch hell be-
cause you're a Democrat or a Re
publican, you don't catch hell be-
cause you're a Mason or an Elk,-
and you sure don't catch hell be
cause you're an American; because
ii you were an American, you
catch hell. You catch
hell because you're a black man.
You catch hell, all of_ us catch
hell, for the same reason?'"'__"
So we're all black people, so-
called Negroes, second-class citi-
zens, ex-slaves. You're nothing but
an ex-slave. You don't like to be
told that. But what else are you?
You are ex-slaves. You didn't
come here on the Mayower. You L
came here on a slave ship. In
chains, like a horse, or a cow, or
a chicken. And you were brought
here by the people who came here I
on the Mayower, you were}
brought here by the so-called
Pilgrims, or Founding Fathers.
They were the ones who brought
you here.
We have a common enemy. We-
have this in common: We have
a common oppressor, a cornmonlj
exploiter, and a common dis-"
criminator. But once we all real-'
ize that we have a common
enemy, then we unite on the
basis of what we have in common. .
And what we have foremost in_
common is that enemy - the white
man. He's an enemy to all of us. 'I know some of you all think that 92
some of them aren't enemies. i
Time will tell. '__'-""
In Bandung back in, I think,
1954, was the first unity meeting
in centuries oi black people. And
once you study what happened ayla§;;:, 7 _ -ifl
PIE Bandung conference, and the
ulis of the Bandung confer-Eie, it actually serves as a model
r the same procedure you and
I can use to get our problems
solved. At Bandung all the na-
tions came together, the dark,na-
tions from Africa and Asia.
Some of them were Buddhists,
some 0! them were Muslims, some
or them were Christians, some
were Confucianists, some wereatheists. Despite their religious
itferences, they came together.
me were communists, some were
cialists, some were capitalists
pite their economic and polit-
ical diiferences, they came to-
gether. All or them were black,
brown, red or yellow.
The number-one thing that was
not allowed to attend the Ban-
dung conierence was the white
. He couldn't come. Once they
xcluded the white man, they
ound that they could get to-
lge'th'!!?'¬nce they kept HT!!!-U111,
everybody else fell right in and
fell in line. This is the thing that
you and I have to understand.
And these people who came to-
gether didn't have nuclear wea'
pons, they didn't have jet planes,
they didn't have all ot the heavy
armaments that the white men
has. But they had unity . . .
They realized all over the world
where the dark man was beinl
oppressed, he was being oppressefl
by the white man; where the dark
man was being exploited, he was
being exploited by the white man.
So they got together on this basis
that they had a common enemy.
And when you and I here in
Detroit and in Michigan and in
America who have been awakened
today look around us, we toorealize here in America zethall
hagg g common enemy, w e er
he's in Georgia or ,
whether hes in California or New
York. He's the same man bluc
eyes and blond hair and pale skin
-- the same man. So what we have
to do is what they did. They
agreed to stop quarreling among
themselves, Any little spat that
they had, they'd settle it among
themselves, go into a huddle -
don't let the enemy know tha
you've got a disagreement.
Instead of airing our difference
in public, we have to realize we f
all the same family. And who
you have a family squabble, you
don't get out on the sidewalk. ll
you do, everybody calls you un-
couth, unrened, uncivilized, sav-
age. It you don't make it at home,
you settle it at home; you get in
the closet. argue it out behind
closed doors, and then when you
come out on the street, you pose
a common front, a united front.
And this is what we need to do in
the community, and in the city,
andlnthestate.Weneedt-ostop
airing our differences in front of
the white man, put the white man
out of our meetings, and then sit
down and talk shop with each
other. That's what we've got to do.
Next week: What h a Revolution?
the worker
The New LooTolson
BelmontMohr
Del_.ooch
Casper
Collohon
Conrad
Felt
Gale
Fiosen
Sullivan
Tove]
Trotter
Tele Room
Holmes _..i__
Goncly
MALCOLM X
SPEAKS
CONT IN UED
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The following is the next in-
stallment o.i_t.he speech made by
Malcolm X in Detroit on Nov. 10,1963: '
Installment 2
WHAT IS A REVOLUTION?
I would like to make a few
comments concerning the dier-
ence between the black revolution
Ind the Neo revolution . . . First,
what is a revolution? Sdmetiinm
I'm inclined to believe that many
of our people are using this word
"revolution" looady, without tak-
ing careful consideration of what
this word actually means, and
what its historic characteristics
are. When you study the historic
nature of revolutions, the motive
or a revolution, the objective of a
revolution, the result 01 a revolu-
tion, and the methods used in a
l¢Vl92-lll. You may change words.
You may devise another program,
I01-I mil! Change your goal and
tion in 1776, That revolution was
for what? For land. Why did they
'v'- i land? Independence. How
was it carried out? Bloodshed.
Number one, it was based on land,
the basis of independence. And
31¢ 01113 Way they could Iet it
was bloodshed.
The French Revolution what
WI! it based on? The landless
ililllst the landlord. What was it
tor? Land. How did they get it?
Bloodshed. was no love lost, was
no compromise, wag no nggqg-
U0". I'm telling you you don't
know what a revolution is. Be-
ciu- whirl You nd out what it
3.491311 set mu in 1.155-515?,
Y0!-92l1 get out of the way.4-i
Exeefilted from the boo Malcolmyou may change your mind, 0 X Speaks, with the permission 0
Look at me Amgggn Re-,,°1uI_HE1=tt Publishers, 5 am Third st.
New York, N.Y. 10003. Price $5.95
Govrrirht 1905 by Merit Publish
QI-
vain -
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MlIlIlil1lIfII1Il[IIITIIIlIII[IIIliIEllI!I||lllH
Russian B.evolutio]____,
The Russian Revolution - what
was it based on? Land; the land-
less against the landlord. How did
they bring it about! Bloodshed.
haven't got a revolution that
doesn't involve bloodshed. And
youre afraid to bleed. I said,
youre afraid to bleed.
As long as the white man sent
you Ito Korea, you bled. He sent
you to Germany, you bled. He sent
you to the South Pacic to ght
the Japanese, you bled. You bleed
tor white people, but when it
comes to seeing your own church-
es being bombed and little black
girls murdered, you haven't got
any blood. You bleed when the
white man says bleed; you bite
when the white man says bite;
and you bark when the white man
says bark. I hate to say this about
us, but its true. How are you
going to be nonviolent in Missis-
sippi, as violent as you were in-
Korea? How can you justiry being
nonviolent in Mississippi and Ala-
bama, when your churches are be-
ing bombed, and your little girls
are being murdered, and at the
same time you are going to get
vi ent with Hitler, and Tojo, d
so ebody else you don't e en
kn w?
violence is wrong in Am a,
vio ence is wrong abroad. Ii i is
wrong to be violent defending
black women and black children
and black babies and black men,
then it is wrong tor America to
draft us and make us violent
abroad in defense of her. And it
it is riiht for Amer1"'ci to dra
us; and teach us how to be violent
in defense or her, then it is right
for you and me to do whatever is
necessary to defend our own peo- "Tolson
Belmont
Mohr
DeLoo<:h
Casper
Coliczhcm
Conrad
Fell
Gale
Fiosen
Sullivan
Tuvel
Trotter
Tele Room
Holmes
Gondy
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Star _.___......._._._._
maid Tribune __
urnui-American _
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ple right here in this country. rk -mm" ii
The Chine!e Revolution they ,, 5,",
wanted land. They threw the Brit-
ish out, along with the Uncle Tom *i""-"-Z-
Chinese, Yes, they did. They 3et1der_i,i._______--------...-..._.._.._
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ll-5-Iiilg in Life magaz"ne-ahaw-
ing a little Chinese girl, nine years
old; her father was on his hands
and knees and she was pulling the
R1886! because he was an Uncle
Tom Chinaman.
When they had the revolution
over there, they took a whole gen-
eration of Uncle Toms and
Wilied them out. And within ten
years that little girl became a tull-
own woman, No more Toms in
China. And today it: one of the
'¢°'-llihlt. rousheat, most feared
countries on this earth by me
white man. Because there are no
Uncle Toms over there.
Of all our studies, history is best
qualied to reward our research.
And W111!!! You see that you've got
Problenis, all you have to do is
examine the historic method used
all over the world by others who
h-"B Problems similar to yours.
05¢? You see how they got theirs
stralhll. then You know how you
can getyours straight.
There's been e revolution, a
black revolution, going on in A1.
rica. In Kenya, the Man Mau were
1°"°1l1lTi03lT; they were the ones
who brought the word "Uhuru"
to the lore, The Mau Mau, they
were revolutionary, they believed
1-I1 scorched earth, they knocked
°929TYlh1'-B8 aside that got in their
WHY, and their revolution also was
based on land, a desire tor land.
11'} Aliefi. the northern part oi
Erma, a_1-evolution took place.
Ii menans were 1-evolutionists,
they Want-ed land. France offered
to let them be integrated mm
France. They told France, to hen
with France, they wanted some
land, not some France. And they
¢1'l88ed in a bloody battle.50 I cite these various revolu-
'@n=.' brothers and sisters, to
show you that you dont have a
Peaceful revolution. You don!
have a turn-theothcr-check rev-
°1l-ltilfl. There: no such thing as
a nonviolent revolution. The only
kind of revolution that ls nonviol-
ent is the Negro revolution. The
01113 revolution in which the goal
is 1°V'i-118 your enemy is the Ne-
lle-eeueintion. It's the 4nlsn-eev-"- i
oluden-irrwhich the goal is a de-
segregated lunch counter, a deseg-
regated theater, a desegregatcd
park, and a desegregatecl public
toilet; you can sit down next to
white folks on the toilet.
That's no revolution. Revolution
is based on land. Land is the basis
of all independence. Land is the
basis of freedom, justice, and
equality.
The white man knows what a
revolution is. He knows that the
black revolution is world-wide in
scope and in nature. The black
revolution is sweeping Asia, is
sweeping Airica, is rearing its
head in Latin America. The Cuban
Revolution - that: a revolution.
"l"'hn92r nunrhn-nnd an cvehlrrl Rov- - nu; v - -- --" -»-_ ---. cu ..--..- _-.. .
olution is in Asia, revolution is in
Africa, and the white man is
screaming because he sees revolu-
tion in Latin America. How do You
think he'll react to you when you
learn what a real revolution is?
u dont know what a revolution
i_ It you did, you wouldn't u
t at word.
Revolution is bloody. revoluti
is hostile, revolution knows n
compromise, revolution overturns
and destroys everything that gets
in its way. And you, sitting around
here like a knot on the wall, say-
ing, "I'm going to love these folks
no matter how much they hate
me. No, you need a revolution.
Who ever heard of a revolution
where they lock arms, singing
We Shall Ovei-conic"? You don't
do that in a revolution. You don't
do any singing, you're too busy
swinging. Its based on land. A
revolutionary wants land so he can
set up his own nation, an inde-
endent nation, These Negroes
ent asking for any nation --
eyre trying to crawl back on th
lantatlon.
When you want a nation, that
call& nationalism. Pea m,
white man became involved in a
revolution in this country against
England, what was it for? He
wanted this land so he could set
up another white nation. That:
white nationalism. 'lhe French
_ Revolution was white nationalism.
' The Russian Revolution too yes,
it was - white nationalism. Youl don't think so? Why do you think
Khrushchev and Mao can't get
their heads together? White na-
tionalism. All the revolutions that
are going on in Asia and Atriea
today are based on what! - black
nationalism,
A revolutionary ls a black na-
tionalist. He wants a nation. l was
reading some 1:.-eautiiul9292.vords by
Rev. Cleage, pointing out why he
couldn't let together with some-
one else in the city because all oi!
them were aitrald of being id-
iiied with black nationalism. Itmu:-e atraid oi black nationalism,|oure airaid oi revolution. Andl you love revolution, you loveUll t"l92l ll Vmnuuvuin ATolson I
Belmont _.._._.i
Mohr '
DeLooch i_
Casper i
Collohon '
Conrad _..._.._._..__
Felt
Gole ii
Hoscn _.__.___i
Sullivan m.__
Tovei i_...._._
Trotter ._.....i
Tele Room
Holmes ii
Goody __....._i
SPEAKS
CONTINUED
The Washington Post grid mi
Times Herald
The Washington Dolly News
The Evening Star
New York Herclld Tribune
New York. Journal-America" ___
New York Dolly News
New York Post
The New York Timon
The Baltimore Sun
The Worker , ,
The New Louder
The Wall Street Journal
The National Observer
People's World
THE IIIL
PAGE 4ITANTDole _ 1 1 ['1 Z6 5 __
n-19 Riv. 12-14-64! T0150
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Th§""t92.-'Zaicolm formed "Out of
indjil;- '..l:<§n at Malc0lms assassination going unnoticcclin
the current political campaign sent letters to candidates
demanding action to see that
"...southern justice is not truly the
law...
A letter from the D.A.s office
said that the trial should start
within six to eightweeks and Man-
hattan Borough President Con-
stance Baker Motley 'sawno need
at apprehension ah-01.. a. trial cle-
lay of Malcolm X's fail:-rged as-
sassins.
PLI State Senatorial Candidate
Bill I-Ip:on said hewas incomplete
agreement with the Committee's
concern over the trial delay and
had cited the Malcolm X casein
his election pamphlet anti would
do so in future literature.
In a recent advertisement in the
Amsterdam News, sponsored by
the Citizens Committee to Elect
Bill Eptori, a demand was made
for a speed;-trial forthe assassins
of rn"' ' t ghter Malcolm X.J W~&mn&mo' iscoll .g funds for a newspaper
advertisement regarding their
work. In their letter to the Harlemr
I
MALCOLt92l X
citizens we nd itditiicutttochoose
among candidates who have not
taken a stand on this issue.
Epton pointed out that he was
the only candidate running for
any office who has made this issue
part of his campaign platform.
A Committee answer has sinee
thanked him for his "warrn sup-<_ ;. 1.-_ __11£_1s.e"° he " " "As "° "P° 1"s 1="=r-" ._.__.
I - _
If _,. The Wall Street Journal ir 3 9 / The National Observer i._._...
I ' ' t'+?&r""Rr:coRoE|: /
as NOV 171955 _/M -'3?_Z__?»_,-1/~A I 37;ULMohr i_i_.__.
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Casper
Callahan _._._.._i
Conrad i_..__
Felt
Gale
Rosen
Tavel
Trotter
Tele Room
Holmes
Gandy _.._i
The Washington Post and i
Times Herald
The Washington Daily News _i
The Eiventnq Star ii
New York Herald Tribuno i
New fork Journal-Amutltqn i
New York Dally Now! .____i.__,i
New York Poet i
The New York Timon ii
The Baltimore Sun ii
The Worker _._._..__..___i_
The New Lauder ii
pie: World Peo
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An E oquent es a HQ C U 1 T t ment 6/
TH! AUTOBIOGRAPHY 0? XALCOLI X. ByMalcolm I, with Ale: Hale . Inrrodtielioaby H. 8. Handler. Epilogue by Ale: Haley.J unrated. 455 pages. Grove. $1.50.
T is probably fair to say that mmjotyof the ubl re ds Malcol yvho P i¢ gar ___.t----Hwas shot down by gunmen a an afternoon rally last Feb. 21 in Harlem's Audubon
Ballroom, as a violence-preaching "Black
Muslim" racial agitator who reaped his own
bloody death. Ironically, this is also the
stated view of Elijah Muhammad, the self-
proclairned "Mes- -
senger or Allah"
and leader of the
Nation oi Islam
Black Muslims!
which, among
other things, advo-
cates racial segre-
gation and black
supremacy. We
didn't. want to kill
Malcolm! Mr.
Muhammad cried
over the heads of
his bodyguards
[3.l'l'1D1'l.g them, Cas-
sius Clay! at a
Black Muslim con-
vention tn Chicago
shortly after the
murder. fool-. . _. ._
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The New York Times
Malcolm X. - --==_=¢<=g..=.z..1 "1 -
*~ W .t ,it ' 1
.
ish teaching would hring__hjm_jo his own
end! There is, however, another view of
Malcolm X-one that is increasingly preva-lent among civil rights advocatesthat withhis death American Negroes lost their most
able. articulate and compelling spokesman.Both views represent parts ot the truth.
While he was a recruiter for Elijah Muham-
mad, Malcolm X preached black superiority;
and to the end he maintained that Negro
violence was at least an appropriate responseto white violence against Negroes. It is also
true that in the last year of his lite heradically modified certain oi his ideas and
began to take an active role in the securing
ot Negro rights within. not apart trom,
iunerican society.How important a spokesman he could ha:been for American Negroes had he liv
remains in doubt. His advocacy of blacksupremacy came with bis conversion to theElijah Muhammad-centered cult of the
Nation of Islam while in prison. His begin-ning advocacy of civil rights and racial
equality came with a second conversiont0
the Islamic religion.It has been said, correctly I think. that"I'he Autobiography of Malcolm X" ls a
book about the nature of religious conversion,
the sense of being born anew that certainpeople experience. Certainly, his account ot
this phenomenon that he underwent twice-
the movement from utter despair to elation
and-&o-srpnse of mission-is_g;g__p1,the
book: maior fascinatlons.
IEut the book ls more. It tells what hap
pens intelligent Negro who JUTEEUTEB
that he has, within American society, no
future. And it shows in the most powerful
and precise terms what this really meansthe sytstenlatlzed destruction of Negro self-
respec as an almost automatic q|,;;;_q|;5 gt
worse-society. . _Felt
Gale1/ Rose;' Sullivan
Tcvel
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P:- h Times Herald
The Washington Dqy New.
The E--enlnq Stqr
New York Herold Trlbung ___i
NEW Ork Journu1Amer.tccm ii
N9" York Dull NewY
New York Post
The New Y<>rk "
The New Leader
no. 15 1955 The "=1" Sm-1 mm: _.__
The Notional Observer
- ; 92 F»PEBPI-9': World
Date
NOV 5 196
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eulte a lot to destroy a man:seii-respeculyet Malcolm X: early'1T.t'E"tlU!l
not seem unique. In 1929 his last name then
was Little; he was 4 years old! he watched
his parents home in Lansing. Mich., burn
to the ground, set afire by hoodlums who
didnt LL-te "uppity" Negroes. Bis tallies, A
Baptist minister and a follower of Marcus
Garveys "Back to Africa" movement, died
mysteriously shortly afterward. In grade
school Malcolm was a popular and brilliant
student, but when he said. he wanted 2.6 be
a lawyer, he was told he should set his
sights on carpentry. Later he pimped, pushed
narcotics. became an addict, took up hur-
glary and, at 20, was caught in Boston and
sentenced to 10 years, a tenn that reected
not his legal crime, but the judge: dis-
approval of his having a white mistress.
Its not an musual story, except thatMal-
colrn was saved from its usual continuation:
he was born anew. Through religious alle-
giance to Elijah Muharru-nacl he gained a
purpose that his country, a larger prison
and its prevailing morality, had denied him.
As this extraordinary autobiography
shows the source of Malcolm X's power was
not alone in his intelligence, energy, electric
personality or ability to grow and change,
remarkable as these were. Its source was
that he understood, perhaps more profoundly
than any other Negro leader, the full, shock-
ing extent oi A.mei*ioas psychological de-
struction of its Negroes.
The Autobiography of Malcolm X" is s.
brilliant, painful, important book. Alex
Haley has made very readable the many
hours of taped interviews, and his ow-n epi-
logue, about working with Malcolm X, the
assassination, his estimate or the man, ls
candid and perceptive. The book raises many
difficult questions, and it is s. testament
parts of which many readers will not
approve. But as a document for our time,
lts~'lT!slg1:rs may be crucial; it§_!!i!vmcecanoe hted.
1 _ K-Ii.
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The following is the next in-
stallmenfot the speech made by
Malcol.nT'X in Detroit on Nov. 10,
rsm!!" *'""
- Installment 8 .-
THE HOUSE NEGRO AND THE
FTEIJI NEGRO
There were two kinds 0! slaves,
the house Negzm and the field Ne~
gro. The house Negroes - they
lived in the house with master,
they dressed pretty good, they ate
good because they ate his food
what he left. They lived in the
attic or the basement, but still
they lived near the master; and
they loved the master more than
the master loved himseli. They
would give their life to save the
master-s house quicker than the
master would. It the master said,
We got a good house here, the
house Negro would say, "Yeah.
we got a good house here." When-
ever the master said we, he
s "we." 'l"h.ats how you can
a house Negro.
the master's house caught
o re, the house Negro would
ght harder to put the blaze out
than the master would. II the mas-
ter got the house Negro
would say, What's the matter,
we sick? We sick! He iden-
ied himself with his master,
ore than his master identied
th himself. '
Crazy Idea!
And ii you came to the house
Negro and said, Let's run away.
let: escape, Iets separate," the
house Negro would look at you
and say,. Man, you crazy. What
You mean, separate? Where is
there a better house than this?
Where can I wear better clothes
than this? Where can I eat better
food than this?" That was that
house Negro. In those days he
was called a "house nigger. And
that's what we call them today,
because weve still got some house
nissers running around here.
This modern house Negro love
his master. He wants to live near
him. Hell pay three times as much
as the house is svorth just m live
near his master, and then brag
-A-.vu92.l|. in. the only Negro out
here." Pm the only one on In!
Jb." Tr'1 the only one in this
school." You're nothing but abbuse Nsgro. r , _ U <7,lnhlm Y .Qn|1.2lz.u__.0 P
Excerpted from the book, Malcolm
X Speaks, with the permission o
Merit Publishers, 5 East Third St.
New York, N.Y. 10003. Price $5.95
C0llY!'iIht 1965 br Merit Publish-
ere.
And it someone comes to F9"
ight. now and says, Let's se
te, you say the same that th
ouse Negro said on the plan
on. What you mean, separate
From America, this good white
man? Where you going to get a
better job than you got here?" I
m an, this is what you say. I le nothing in A11-ica," that's
what you say. Why, you left 7°
mind in Attica.
,4 ,» l
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Iulluhun
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, _ 92
The Washington Post and _i._
Times Herold
The Woshinqton Daily News
The Evenlnq Star ii
New York Herold Ttibuni _i
New York Journal-Americani
New York Daily News i_..._.___
New York Post ________li
The New York Times ._.._._._..__........
The Baltimore Sun ii
The Work or ii
The New Leader ii
The Wall Street Journal ii
The Notional Observer ______._..._.._
People: World
Du" * 11/8/65,,
THE MILITANT
PAGE 4DeI_.oach Li
Casper _....__i
oonrod _.___._..___
Felt i...._.._.
Qule iiuzm:mnm am,
Sullivan ii
Tovel _...______
Trotter _.____._.__._.
Tele Room _i
Holmes ii
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oi residence. This eneblm H5;
hites to control black labor as
hey want to, and they use e
ass system and all other devi ea
order to control this labor, in
order to direct it to places they
want, at the gold mines, the white
farms, and the industries, and in
the quantities they want.
"So that you can say the whole
of the black population is peas-=
ant, landless peasants it is true,
but peasants, Those few who stay
in towns hav no right to be in
towns. They e there only inso-
far as they are employed by
whites in to .
This means that the bulk oi
the population is the black land-
less peasants, and this is our start-
ing point, that no meaningful
movement or organization can be
created without the peasantry. So
we concentrated in building up or-
ganizations, and in pollticizing the
peasantry."
Tabata then discussed the pe
can Teachers Association, an
ffiliate of the Unity Mov t
s an example of the type of r-
anizatlon which is prese 3A
lmaster got sick, the eld Ne
rayed that he'd die. It someonFame to the eld Negro and said
Let's sepa1'al.e_ let: run," h|did.u't say Where we 50111:?"
He'd say, Any Place 18 b¢i81'
than here."
Youve got eld NBS"! in
America today. Pm a eld N88119-
The masses are the field N68709-
When they see this man: house
on fire, you don't hear the little
Negroes talking about "our I0?"
ernment is in trouble. They 81!,
The government is in trouble."
Imagine a Negro: "Our 80V¢1'n'
meat!" I even heard oe B53 " WT
astronauts." They wont evm 16
him near the plant -- and
astronauts!" Our Navy" -
5 Negro that in out of his
a Negro that is out of his mind.
Just as the slavemaster of that
day used Tong the house Negro-to keep the eld NEEIOEI %
check, the same old slavemaster
today has Negroes who are noth-ing but modem Unje Toms,
twentieth-century Uncl Toms, t0keep you and me in chet to Ree?
us under control, keep passive
and peaceful and nonviolent.
Get Numb
That's Torn making you non-
violent, Its like when you go $0
the dentist, and the mans go!-I18
to take your tooth. Youre going
to ght him when he starts Dull-
ing. So he squirts some stuff in
your jaw called novocaine, to
make you think they're not doing
anything to you. So you sit there
and because youve got all of that
novocaine in your jaw, F00 Ell!
fer _ peacefully. Blood running
all down your jaw, and you don't
know what's happening. Bees
someone has taught you to suit
- peacefully. I
The white man does the sa
thingtoyot-linthestreet,wh
he wants to put knots on your
head and take advantag of youand not have to he afig 01' 2-'99!
ighting back. To keep you from
ightini back, he gets these I-1
eligious Uncle Toms to teach u
d me, just like novocaine,
suffer peacefully. Don't stop s -
fering just suffer DEBN -
As Rev. Cleage pointed out, theyI
1
5
3
5
1
,_ EL - and a Negro leader.
92 Next week: The Nolro leaders.say you should let your bl
ow in the streets. This '
shame. You know he's a Chris an
preacher. It it's a shame to rn,
you know what it is to me.
There is nothing in our book,
the Koran, that teaches us to suf-
fer neaceiuiiy. religion
teaches us to be intelligent. Be
peaceful, be courteous, obey the
law, respect everyone; but ii
someone puts his hand on you, send
him to the cemetei-y_ That; a
good religion. In tact, thats that
old-time religion. That's the one
that Ma and Pa used to talk about:
an eye for an eye, and a tooth
for a tooth, and a head for a head,
and a life for a life. That's good
religion. And xiobody resents that
"ind of religioi being taught but
wolf, who in nds to make youif t This is the way it is with the
v-bite man in America. He's a
wolf and you're sheep. Any
time a shepherd, a pastor, teaches
you and me not to run irom the
white man and, at the same time,
teaches us not to fight the white
man, hes a traitor to you and
me. Don't lay down a life all
by itself. No, preserve your lite,
it's the best thing you've got. And
if you've got to give it up, let
it be even-steven.
The slavemaster took Tom and
dressed him well, fed him well
and even gave him a little educa-
tion - a little education; gave
him a long coat and a top hat.
and made all the other slaves
look 1-19 to him. Then he used Tom
to control them. The same strategy
that was used in those days is
used today, by the same white
man. He takes a Negro, 9, so-called
Negro, and makes him prominentb[Pi1ds him up, publicizes him
I1 kes him a celebrity. And the
becomes a spokesman tor N
THE HILITANT PAGE 4
CONTINUED
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mv fires3'1v"Bu#on Trial! na=._s_-'
In S!=vin.n nf Malcolm I.., , -. - .. .1?
The trial of three Negruu
charged with rst-degree mur-
r in-the slayin of Malnolg!-he Black Nat.i¬na1lsT1'E% as been set for Dec. 6, the
District Attorney's office said
yestex-day_The men charged with wilful-
ly illing Malcolrn "wif.h a shot-gull and pistols" are "1-.Ia%n,22 ears 01¢, also knowg_ dTa-in-q,d.1 .P-S . an . re
°1.$£'*' M"5h*i_15 T"5'°-jP_5Té!5O!1, N.J.; No BXIHI§%;;~;<-.@'L:1______..--I
6.f~rP "Tolson
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Tavel ____i_,__
Trotter ____i_._
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Holmes .___.__..
Gandy ___..._..._
e Bronx and omai _ f
e,,A!P¬-ax/93o' M of'661 Roaalqie Aven e: bf 932 %r'or1§c Earl; 77O11 , ' t he Bronx _
Judge Charles Marks will try-
the case in State Supreme
Court. __
lcolm was shot last Feb.21 as he started to add;-eel ara ly of his O!-ga.niza.tion lo!rm r0-American Unity in the £1-d on Ballroom, Broadway d
166th Street. _
-92
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Evanlnq Star _,..,ii..,.__
York Harald Trlbunl i_
York Journal-American i1
York Daily New! _i-_.__
York Post _.i_...i._._
New York Tlmel Li
Baliimere Sufi _i_,_i__,
Worker __i_i___
New Lauder _____i,__
Wall Street Journal
National Observer _..___.___._
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Thisodymqofmmeriuniiegminuamhi
his identity and place in society really begins beforehisbirtrlI=40yea.raagoinOmiha, Neb. Hewas bornMalcolm!Little, the son of an educated mulatto West
Indian mother ind a father who was a minister
on Sunday: and dedicated organizer for Marcus Gar-
vey: back-to-Afrim movement the rest of the week.
Tbe first incident Malcolm recounts, as if it were
his welcome to white America, Occurred just before he
was born. A party of Ku Klux Klanners galloped up
to his house, threatened his mother and left a warning
for his father to mp spreading troubie among the
good" Negroes and get out of town. They gallopcd
into the night after ashing all the windows. A few
year: later the Klan was to make good on its threat by
burning down the Littler Lansing, Mich., home be-
cause Malcolm; father refused to become an Uncle
Tom. Tlrae were the first in a set-is of incident: of
racial violence, characteristic of that period, that were
to haunt the nights of Malcolm and his family and
hang ii.:Te a pail over the liver of Negroes in the North
and South. Five of Reverend Littles six brothers died
by violencrw-four at the hands of white men, one
by lynching, and one shot down by Northern police
officers. What Malcolm was six, his father was found
cutintwohyatrolleycarwithhisheadbashedin.
Malcolm: father had committed "suicide," the au-
thorities said. Early in his life Malcohn concluded
"that I too would die by violence . . . 1 do not expect
to live long enough to read this book." '
Malcolm: early life in the Midwest was not wholly
dened by ram. Until he went to Boston when he was
14, after his mother suffered a mental breakdown
from bringing up eight children alone, his friends
were oftm white; there were few Negroes in the
small Midwestern towns where he grew up. He re-
count: with pride he war eleceed president of his
eighth-grade clam in an almost totally white school.
But the race problem was always there, although
Malcolm, who was light-skinned, tried for a time no
think oi himself as white or just iiite anyone else. Even.
in his family life, color led to conict that interfered
with normal relationships. The Reverend Little was
a erce disriplinarian, but he never laid a hand on his
light-skinrted eon because, unconsciously, according to
Malcolm, he had developed respect for white skin. On
the other hand, Malcolm: mother, whose father was
I white man, was ashamed of this and favored
Malcolm! darker brother: and sisters. Malcolm wrote
that he spent his life trying to purge this tainted white
It]-JL-I at!. .....:.... c_.._1-1- -._:_-
"§"=_"§':i-FF '1. Y" VHF ? " "-- -MAlllNG ms MARK E
' ' I 0 0 . Spstrong d1agn0s1s of America's racial sickness 111 one Negros Odyssgy Callahan
- ,______ By Bayard Rustin
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The Evening 31: iii-" -T :3 i New York Herald Tribune in
' ' " New York Journal-American _..i
New York Dally News iii
New York Poet ii
The New York Timon __,_,i_
The Baltimore Sun _______________
The Worker i___i__ii
The New Leader
The Wclll Street Journal
The Ncrlloncrl Observer
People's World L
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E/ '"Kiso set the limits on his youthful ambitions
during what he describes as his "mascot years" in a
detention home run by whites with mixed feelings of
affection and superiority towards him. One of the mp
students in his school and a member of the debating
club, Malcolm went to an English teacher he admired
and told him of his ambition to a lawyer. Mr.
Ostrowsky looked surprised and said, Malcolm, one
of life's rst needs is for us to be realistic . . . a lawyer,
that's no realistic goal for 1| nigger . . . youre good
withyom-handa.. .whydon'tyouplanoncar-
pa|try?' Howmanytimt:hasthisacenebeenre-
peated in various forms in schoolrooms across the
country? It was at this point, Malcolm writes, that
I beg-an to change--inside. I drew away from white
beuphLn 92
Too many people want to believe that Malcolm the
angry black man sprang full grown from the bowels
of the Harlem ghetto." These chapters on his child-
hood are essential reading for anyone who wants to
understand the plight of American Negroes,
Malcolm Little was 14 when he took the Greyhound
to Boston to live with his half-sister, Ella, who had
fought her way into the Boston black bourgeoisie."
The "4-00, as they were called, lived on the Hill,
only one step removed socially, economically and geo-
graphically from the ghetto "the Town"!. Malcolm
writes that a big percentage of the Hill dwellers were
in Ella's catcgorySouthern strivers and scramblers
and Wen Indian Negrou, whom both the New
F lane] A qnrtlulrra .-. 1-all».-l Risa L r..... ' "En._-ng-_-_ers an- ....=_...-...e... .....-.. ...-c. _,.....- ....
owned some real estate and hr! own home, and like
the rst Jews who arrived in the New world, she was
determined to shepherd new immigrants and teach
them the strange ways of city life. There were deep
bonds between Ella and her younger brother, and she
tried to help him live a respectable life on the Hill.
But for Malcolm the 400 were only "a big-city
version of those successful Negro bootblaclrs and
janitor: back in Lansing . . . 3 out of 10 of the Hill
Nines oi Roabury . . . actually worked as and
servants. . . . I don't know how many 40- and 50-year-
old errand boyawent down the Hill dressed as ambas-
sadors in black suits and white collars to downtown
jobs in government, in finance, or in law.'" Mal-
colm instead chose "the Town," where for the first
time he ielt he was part of a people.
Unlike the thousands of Negro migrants who
poured into the Northem ghettos, Malcolm had a
choice. But from the moment he made it, the options
narrowed. He got a job at the Roseland Ballroom,
where all the jazz gaeatgplayed. His title-wn-shoeié
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prophylactics and women to Ne-
groes and whites. He got his
first cook and zoot suit and a
new identity, "Red," "and his
secondary education began be-
fore he was 15. I was . . .
schooled well, by experts in such
hustles as the numbers, pimping,
con games of many kinds, ped-
dling dope, and thievcry of all
sorts, including armed robbery."
It is significant that it was
Malcolm's good qualities-his
intelligence, integrity, and dis-
taste for hypocrisy-as well as
his sickness that made him
choose-crime rather than what
passed in the Negro community
for a respectable bourgeois life.
Later he moved on to bigger
things in Harlem, became De-
troit Red," went on dope and at
one time carried three guns.
His description of the eut-
throat competition between the
hustlers and their fraternity is
both frightening and moving.
"As in the case of any jungle,
he writes, "the hustlers every
waking hour is lived with both
the practical and the subcon-
scious knowledge that if he ever
relaxes, if be ever slows down,
the other hungry, restless
foxes, ferrets, wolves, and vul-
tures out there with him won't
hesitate to make him their
prey." He summed up his moral-
ity at the time: "The only thing
I considered wrong was what
I got caught doing wrong . . .
and everything 1' did was done
by instinct to survive. As a
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iMalcolm left Hu1en_g,__;E.,..
turn to Boston, and a few
months later was caught as the
head of a burglary gang. In
February, 1946, not quite 21,
he was sentenced to 10 years in
prison, though the average sen-
tence for burglary was about
two yeat's-the price for his
being caught with his white
girl friend and her sister. . -
Most of the first year in
prison, Malcolm writes, he spent
in solitary confinement, curs-
ing: "My favorite targets were
the Bible and God. Malcolm
got a new name from the other
prison "Satai1"--and plentyof ti1;?to .-tllinlr. He went
throgh what he described as a
greit spiri al crisis, and, as ar 'ult, hle man whU1l!P!&l
will be amlmlrrar
those readers who have never
been in prison to understand
the psychological torment that
prisoners experience, their feel-
ings of isolation, their need to
totally commit their minds to
something outside of them-
selves. Men without any of the
external economic symbols of
status seek security in a reli-
gion, philosophy or ideology.
Malcolm particularly, with his
great feelings of rebelliousnas,
hatred and internal conict,
turned to books and ideas for
relief. When his brothers and
sisters wrote to him that they
had become followers of Elijah
Muhammad and sent him Eli-
jahs teachings, Malcolm seized
on the tracts. Stimulated, he
read other books on religion and
philosophy voraciously. In _his
Splfliil and psychological
crisis he underwent religions
tonrversiell.
He took on a new identity
and became Malcolm X, a fol-
lower of Elijah Muhammad.
Nowhehadaiodtoloveand
obey and a white devil respon-and prayed so
92l
l
I
l
ilOnt of prison, Malcolm,
wlill!"'P!tl!l'aining reI|' g1o'us, ar-
rived at a balanced view of the
more fantastic elements of Eli-
jah's teachings and a deeper
understanding of one of the
driving forca: "So many of
the survivors whom I lmesr as
tough hycnas and wolves of the
strcctsintheolddaysnowwere
so pitiful. They had known all
the angles, but beneath that sur-
face were poor ignorant,
tmtramed men; life had cued
upon them and hyped them...
I was thankful to Allah that I
had become a Muslim and es-
caped their fate. I
Ale: Haley, who assisted
Malcolm with the book, rightly
commends him for deciding not
to rewrite the first parts of the
book and make it a polemic
against his old leader, although
in the interim they had hrolcen
and now were in competition
with each other. As a result,
the book interestingly shows
changes in Malcolms thinking.
After seven years in prison,
Detroit Red emerged as Mal-
colm X and was soon to be the
brightest star of the Nation of
Islam. But as in every conver-
sion, the man himself was not
entirely reborn. Malcolm
brought with him his traits ofthe shrewd-mk-em»
tixr_-iasiiltcts 1=me1*sr="'m2-
ghetto streets, combined now
with the language and thoughts
of the great philosophers of
Westcm culture he applied from
reading Hegel, Kant, and
Nietzsche, and great Negro in-
tellectuals like Du Bois. Remain-
ing,= too, with his burning
ambition to succeed, was the ~
rebellious anger of his youth for ;
being dmied a place in society
commensurate with his abilities.
But on the other side of the
coin was a desire for fraterni lif-lg none could call us liars when
i
l .
l
IT ey saw _Malcolm a aajhgglftohthetr domain and iipparendywere able to convince Elljih
that there was a threat to l'l.ll'll-
scli as well. For although Mll-
eolm always gave corollary
credit to EIijahand the Imutsgt upon léim by Elna}:e man un erc¢tiongl Inttuee-415
his mindhe could not totally
constrain his brilliance, pride
or ambition. Only by being two
people could I have worked
harder in the service of the Na-
tion oi Islam. l had every grati-
fication that I wanted. I had
helped bring about the progress
and additional impact such that
we called Mr. Muhammad the
most powerful black man in
America."
As Malcolm's star rose higher
Ill the western sky, Mr. Mu-
hammad saw his eastern star
setting and grew jealous. The
conflict grew, although Malcolm
made efforts toward concilia-
tion. Finally, there was a totalEbrcak that can be fatal to the
' erring Muslim who is cast away.
' Malcolm was aware of the dan-
lgers. I hadn't hustled in thestreets for nothing. I lmew I
[was being set up . . . As any
ll official in the Nation of Islam
would instantly have known,any death-tall: for me could
have been approved ol'if not
actually initiated-by only one
_rnar|. Later, just before his
death, Malcolm said the attempt
to murder him would come from
a rnuch92greater source than the
i Muslims: he never revealed
ah-out whom he was talking.
92 Under a death sentence and
l without moner or any substan-
E for action, although it was un-tlIl"Ieg-:|siution,lrlaldtn'dropi'Ed
clear whether he was running
away from or toward something
as he began another phase of
his odysseya pilgrimage to
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if-.L!--and---isIte1'nity, frus92|:a.ied_at
home, on the Muslims he met,
most oi whom he could not oom-
municate with because of the
language barrier. Back in
- America, he acknowledged that
itwouldbeslongtimebefore
the Negro was ready to make
common struggle with the Afri-
cans and Arabs. 92
In Mecca, Malcolm also dra-
matically announced that be had
changed his view on integration,
because he had seen true
brotherhood there between [
black and white Muslims In '
reality he had begun d18*lBi1'l8'
his attitude on integration and
the civil rights mot;-heme:_t manyore as e ivisious- im and El'l]I_hfu-
harnmad widened. Part-way-through the book his attacks on
the movement became muted,and in the epilogue Haley
cludes that Malcolm had a re- i
luctant admiration for Dr. Mar- '
ltin Luther King."
The roots of Malcolm's am-
bivalence were much more pro- ,
found than personal opportun-I
ism. In a touching confession
of dilemma he told Haley, the
so-called moderate civil rights
organizations avoided him astoo militant and the so-called
militants avoided him as too -
moditcf They won't la iei
turn the corner_! he once ex-
claimed. I'm caught in a trap l
Malcolm was moving toward :
the mainstream of the civil -
rights movement when his life
was cut short, but he still had
quite a way to go. His anti-
Semitic comments are a symp-
tom of this malaise. ,'
Had he been able to turn the g
corner," he would have made an l
enormous contribution to the
struggle for equal rights. As it
was, his contribution was sub-
stantiaL He brought hope and
a measure of dignity to thous-
ands of despairing ghetto Ne-
groes. His "extremism" made.
the "mainstream" civil rights,
groups more respectable by
comparison and helped them
__sr_r_l92s'tantial92
92
Lfr@_;g_power structure. Mal-
colm himself clearly meriiood4|. s...-.-I5.-as-.-I ...I- La -I-as-Ius: uuusplasnscu lulc nc plagui-
At a Selma rally, while Dr.
K.u1g' was in jail, Malcolm said,
"Whites better be glad Martin
Luther King is rallying the-
people because other forces are
waiting to take over if he fails."
Of course, he never frightened
the racists and the reactionaries
as much as he made liberals feel
uncomfortable, and moderates
used his extremism as an ex-
cuse for inaction.
Behind the grim visage on
television that upset so many
white Americans there was a
compassionate and often gentle
man with a sense of humor. A
testament to his personal hon-
esty was that he died broke and
money had to be raised for his
funeral and family.
Upset by the comments in the
African and Asian press criti-
cizing the United States gov-
ernment for Malcolm: fate,
Carl T. Rowan, Director of the
United States Information
Agency, held up some foreign
papers and told a Washington
audience, according to Alex
Haley, . . . 'All this about an
ex-convict, ex-dope peddler,
who became a racial fanatic.
Yes, all this and more, before
we w: understao-:1. Malcolm's
autobiography, reveai'me' mah-
Erh-. _ .
abypstslaf his life
acter, makes that tortured 1°-""
ney more understandable.
One of the book's shortcom-
ings is that M. S. ll-landlcr 49¢Haley, in their sensitive and In-
5igl'|l;f92.l.l supplementary ¢0_I11-ments, make no con92Pl°!'*¢"5 "°estimate of Malcolm BK 35 3
political leader. 1-us ortcn con-icting roles in the Cl92"ll r11l'l'92l5
movement are described rather
t1-an analyzed. Perhaps ll"!
couldn't be helped, for Haley
writes that Malcolm wantl I
chronicler,- not an Irll¢1Pf'¢i¢1'-
Obviouajy Malcolm wa.s_ notready to rnalcc a 53'1""-11°? °i
his ideas and an evaluation of
h l role. __ .v--I'-
{1
92
I
R
i
l
51
5
I
lShandy-after hfalcolnllgglgail
Tom Kahn and I wrote in New
America and Dissent: Now
that he is dead, we must resist
the temptation to idcalize Mal-
colm X, to elevate charisma to
greatness History's judgment
of him will surely be ambiguous.
His voice and words were
cathartic, channeling into mili-
tant verbiage emotions that
otherwise might have run a
violently destructive course. But
having described the evil, he
had no program for attacking
it. Witli rare skill and feeling
he articulated angry subter-
ranean moods more widespread
than any of us like to admit. But
having blown the trumpet, he
could summon, even at the very
end, only a handful of follow-
ers.
Of COl.l1'5e we cannot judge
political effectiveness by num-
bcrs alone, but we cannot ignore
his inability to build a move-
ment. As a spokesman for Ne-
gro anger and frustration, he
left his mark on history, but as
a militant political leader he
failedand the Negro com-
munity needed both. Till the
cud, his program was a maze of
contradictions. He was a bril-
liant psychologist when it came
to articulating the emotions and
thoughts of ghetto Negroes, but
he knew virtually nothing about
economics, and more important,
his program had no relevance to
the needs of lower-class Ne-
groes. His conception of the
economic roots of the problem
is reected in such remarks as
it is because black men do not
own and control their commu-
nity retail establishments that
they cannot stabilize their own
co_n1mun_ities. And he advo-
cates, as a solution, that Ne-
groes who buy so many cars and
so much expensive whiskey
should own automobile fran-
chises and distilleries. Malcolm
was urging Negroes to. pool
their resources into small busi-_
ness establishments at a time
when small businesses were de-
clining under the pressure of
big business and when an mt-
planned technological revolutionIS cgeaging maismed un¢mp1o_v-men or uns i -_
92
~r ~..- ---,..
_'_.>- -1-."
=..¢-s -
ihr.
-»I.'_92-"*7 :1-if
I
-.": '.4&1-an
J
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.--.» J-.-I-In
i--:i'¢'.-
4
. __- '1311?.
To-'
b
~ .,-<1
ss QolmLt_920Intions w III net
almost a mirror image of many
proposals made by white eco-
nomic moderates; those advo-
ates of self-help without I
massive program for jobs re-
mix meefeoonear-..~oe!'.es
those black nationalist sects and
their build it yourself black
economy without capital. In
short, Malcolm: economic pro-
gramwasnotradicai. Itwas,in
hilt. 11¢"? b0'11'8°°i!-
Malcolm got a wide hearing
in the ghetto because large sec-
tions of the Negro working
class were being driven into the
underciass and made part of
the rooess mass by the vicis-
situdes of the economy. He ar-
ticulated the frustration and
anger of these masses, and they
admired his outspoken attack on
the racists and white hypocrites.
But while thousands came to
his funeral I was there, too, to
pay my respects!, few joined his
organization Nor should it be
surprising that the Negro masses
did not support his proposed al-
liance of black Americans, Afri-
cans, and Arabs, including such
leaders as Prince Faisal. For
what did a Harlem Negro, let
alone an Arab Bedouin, have in
common with a feudal prince
like Faisal? And at home Mal-
colm maintained an uneasy eo-
existence with the Harlem po-
litical machine. Today Mal-
colm's organization, the OAAU,
hardly exists. in addition, he
never elurly understood that
as progress was made toward
social- integration, the problem
for America's Negroes would
beoome_ just as much one of
cl-as-rue of race. -_a....s
_ r4h
_,92
2'-M¥92
J
92
UJhlmlni was with the Nggro
masses, but he was not 0 em.
His experience and ambitions
separated him from working-
elass Negroes. But to say this
is not enough. In a sense Mal-
coinfs iiie was tragic on a he-
roic scale. He had choices but
never took the easy or comfort-
able ones. If he had, he might
today be, as he says, a success-
ful lawyer, sipping cocktails
with other members of the black
bourgeoisie. He chose instead to
join the Negro masses who
never had this freedom of
choice. And, before his death
he was working toward a more
creative approach to the prob-
lems of the ghetto. Perhaps he
might have been successful in
turning this corner.
After reecting on the old
days at Mosque 7, shortly be-
fore he was killed, Malcolm told
Haley, "That was a bad scene,
brother. The sickness and mad-
ness of those daysI'm glad to
be free of them. It's a time for
martyrs now. And ii Fm to be
onqitwillbeintheeauseof
brotherhood.
Our journey through the mad-
ness of racism continues, and
there is much we can learn
about both the sickness and the
cuss-icon» Malcolm X__...bJ
Ii! _______'____ ____ L ;_____ ___ A __"_@__ _____W _~__.____V_ __ __ _____£m _______ __ -h______ H _' _
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1; I. | .0-
1. D ' I 4 _92Jug! §election ls LaggingIn Malcolm X M ]rll'¬F'E'£T:'cl
Defense and bgsecution law-
yers failed yesterday to pick
any more jurors in the case ofthreelirn accused of slayingMalco X e black national-B-d-e|-llllir ,&. .
i The lawyers questioned half
a dozen prospects in an abbre-
viated session in Supreme Court.
The court will convene for a full
day today, beginning at 10:30
AM. . :
The defendants are accused of?the fatal shooting of Malcolmon Feb. 21, 196 , as he ad-
dressed a gathering tn the Au»
clubon Ballroom at 166th Street
and Broadway.
The one juror chosen so far
is George Carter. a Negro chem-
ist. He was picked Wednesday.
1 The defendants, who are be-
[ing tried for first-degree mur-
der, are Norman 3X Butler, 28_
years old, of 661 Rosedale Ave-f
nue, the Bronx; Thoma-s 15X,
Johnson. 30, of B32 Bronx Parki
South, the Bronx, and Thornasf
0f Paterscé g. J. I
. » 5i,f92__] 3,?Qt. L10
TheCasper ___i___,_
Callahan __.i__
Lonrad ___?
Felt I
Gale T
Rosen
Sullivan
T...¢Z_"
Trotter /IWick .;._ ~ .
Te-le. Room
Holmes .__.___.__
Gandy0-'19 Rev. .1-"ac--asi Tolson ______;_._.__' weL.oc:ch ___? ___/ _ .ohr .>_._._____
b7C. ~
Washington Post and oi
Times Herald
The
The
New
New
New
New
The
The
The
The
The
TheWashington Daily News ___
Evening Star ________,i___
York Herald Tribune __,___,,,
York Journal-An-.erlcan____
York Daily News _,.__i.
York Post ..._..___i._.__-,,
New York Times LL12.
Baltimore Sun ii-ii
Worker __i_.i__
New Leader i___,ii__,_
Wc1ll592ree1 Journal _i____
NGliOI1UldDSETVEf i___
People-'5 World ____,_,__i__,,i
Dale
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92
7F13-350 Rev. 1-16-63!
Mhunl Clipping In Space Below!
: ,
5 Ma|co|m0XI1-1-;
-, Trial Focuses
t On Religion
. By LARRY VAN GE].-DEB
. 1 9! UM W011!-Telegram Stuff
1- Religious belie! loomed to- Their trial originally ex-. day H8 a.¢rw:ls.l element in the [pected to begln late last sum-
tml of three rnenrwv Olimer, was finally placed on the21:11; dggid by fpolice ascourt calendar for December.c us en orcers - But it was postponed becausetor the murder 0! black na-{the court did not wish to in.
tionalist leader Malcom X. convenience jurors at Christ-
As examination of prvspee mas time. The start or the sub-
tive jurors entered its third
day in Criminal Court, both
defense and prosecution were
expected to pursue the line oi
llestloning employed yester-
day when no talesman were
osen.
Three of the ve men and
wom examined were ques-
tioned about their belie! in a
Supreme Being, and two were
dismissed when they told the
court they did not believe in
such a deity. A woman who did
was questioned extensively
about whether it would makeiiway strike brought another
i postponement.
Hustler! Career
'Malcolm X, bom MalcolrsLittle in Omaha, Neb., son
,=a West Indian mother and
Iiather who was a Baptist Ml
iister on Sunday and a bac
to-airica movement organizer
the rest 0! the week, was -'39
,vears old when he was shot to
death.
In prison for burglary at 21
-aiter a. career as a petty
hustler, Malcolm seized on the
teaching oi Elijah Muhammad,2 elfarannn H Q Raven nf=i¢92..-. n|...er. 92.l'|-.-.'ll.».. 1...-..-1. I- 92-u.L.|L¬AG.|u.¢¬ u n ywaavu we uu:Dun.192ln.u.auu1 lI2GlLlCl-
nned to tell the truth rather
than swearing it, and was also
questioned about Islam.
3 Postponement:
Charged with the assassina-
tion 0! Malcolm X last Feb. 21
betore 400 persons gathered,
in the Audubon Ballroom _at
mm St. oft Broadway are:
Thomas Hagan, also known,as 1-almadge Hay, -_ 22, or -34-< described as a case 01 chlcken;
M8-_rsha1l St, Paterson. N.J.,
and the two alleged "en-
forcers," Norman 3X Butler,iI
:2, ex G61 Rosedale Ave., and ;Elijah ma used the Kennedy!
Thomas 15X Johnson, 01 932 remarks as a pretext for rid-
Bronx Park South, both the}Following his release trom-
prison, the eloquent Malcolmlrose rapidly in the Mus1.im'
ranks, reaching such stature
that he was regarded as a.
tlueat to E1ijaIh's leadex-ship."92
He was expelled tron-1 Muham-~
mad: Nation 01 Islam alter
the assassination of President,John F. Kennedy, an event he:
coming home to roost." i
iieeca y
Many observers believed
ding himself 0! a dangerous!
Bronx. 11-wax. Malcolm then made 1'"="."'ts_o_.t' WIQR - Ul-i,. 11* To1son__-
Mr. DeLoach.--
i Mr. I92lohr._.-_-
1c, , Mr. CasP@T--*-
1 q M:-. Callahan.-P
Mr, Conrad _--
, Mr. Felt-i_._---
_ii' Mr. Gale.
Mr. Rosen.
3-1;. Su'92iZ92'8i1 _---
, Mr. Ta92'e1..__.
92§r TrL-TlEl'...----
Mr. 'ick,s_ ---
Teie. Room----
M335 H »im=-5~---
Miss GandY-
_.____-_ _---
ltlndtcoteroooe, name ol
newlpqper, city and stale.!
_6_ use toss: ':-onto
Tstsomn e sun
Date:
Ed.H1on:
Author: LARRY VAN GELDER
Editor: RICI~TAP.D D. PETERS
-mu-;!1»!ALCOm L-IT'IL-E
Character:
OI.
Clulll ccttlon: PU 1OQ3 21
Suhmlttinq Olcez
C] Eemq lnvesziquted
I/i@_2;2ue/I» A
: N09 REFORDE?
191-{Ari 251955
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3 on trial in mlmaimtioqg
pilgrimage to Mecca, where he
-became E1-Hajj Malik E1 Sha-rhin-
* From the time of hi; split
with Elijah; Ma!c¢:L'n_ veg sub-
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would die violently. iA-m-I an B Em-.:..-. -an-nun vn an uwulul-J
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-' MAICOI CV81 T-Bit DOT-ll
the w e power structure and
the Black Muslims wanted to,
see him dead. I witness said}
yaterday at the trial of the]
three men accused of murderingMaleolrn. 'The testimony. which sup-
ported the state: contention}
that the assailants were trigger
men for the black supremacy"
Muslim cult. prompted demands
for a mistrial by lawyers iorathe deiendants. These were
denied by Justice Charles Marks.
The statement was made
under cross-examination by
George Whitney. 33 years old.
of 223 West 121st Street. Mr.
Whitney stated earlier that he .had left the Muslims, in which!
he bore the name of George
23X. with Malcotrn, who set up
the rival Muslim Mosque, Inc.,
and the organization of Atro-
American unity. _
In the aftemoon. the prosecu-
tion added another piece to itsmosaie of identications of the;three defendants Thomas
Hagan, No:-rnau 3X Butler and
Thomas 15X Johnson. A. witness, Jasper Davis, 1stated that it was Butler, seated 92;next to him at the Audubon l
Ballroom last Feh. 21 whorl;
jumped up and gave the signal l
for what Assistant District At-
torney Vincent J. Dermody said _was the re-arranged assassina-
tici piazr:-r "-I-I--I ~e1_.v"-Callahan _.._.____
Conrad
Felt
Gale
Flosen
sullivan
Tczvel
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Holmes a
Gandy :____..._._
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1* ~* 1 3111 New York Daily Newsla it-fl. Q -.1.
Ir.--=1-=:=II=-=|i|i-4-mi-_,-i.-.._i_§92N<<;;:1F'RDEB --191_ FE mass"-"The Washington Post and
'['1rnQ5 Herald
ll Washington Dally News i iy e Evening Star
New York Herald Tribune.----_ 1?;
-; Iv JNew York Post
The New York imesT
The Baltimore Sun
The Worker
The New Leaderi.....i-i
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l°9lm_.Xl§§7id0W t5*TE§?£
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Oi The Herald Tribal: 51¢]!
For 13 emotion-laden min-
utes. Mrs. Betti Shabazz told
a Jury of nine men and three
women yesterday what she
knew oi the mujer of her
husband. Malcolm K, in the
Audubon Ballroom last Feb. 21.
'I'hen,_when attorneys for
the three men accused of the
shotaun-pistol assassination
declined to cross-examine her,
a court attendant led her to-
ward the exit.
As she passed behind the
table where the three clean-
cut young Negro defendants
had sat for nearly six weeks.
she stopped and turned toward
them.
"They killed my husband."
she said in a low, quaverinz
voice. "They killed him.
The attendant took her arm
and led her toward the exit
but she stopped 881-bi-
They had no right to kill
my husband." she said.
The dramatic incident
brought an immediate warn-
1n¢ from Supreme Court Ju.s--
tice Charles Marks that the
Jury should not consider state-
ments rrrade by the widow
ai:a:-ab-o_laft the stand as part
or the evidence in the case.
'-92
~/' __
Aotv-ally. She did not iden-
tify as her husband's killers
Norman 3X Butler, 26;
Thomas 15X Johnson. 30; or
Thomas Hagan, 22, also ltnown
as Talmadge Mayer. -
According to her testimony.
the 30-Year-old Mrs. Shabazz
did not see Malcolm killed and
was not immediately aware
oi the Black Nationalist lead-
er's death.
Dressed i.n black, the at-
tractive widow was broutht to
, _
v-.
athe stand at 12:29 p by I
assistant nrsmer1h't'or'ey
Vincent Dermody immediately
after her arrival in the Crim-
inal Courts Buiidina.
Under questioning by Mr.
De:-mody, she said she had
arrived at the ballroom with
my four babies" shortly be-
iore 3 D. m. Her daughters at
that time were aaed Q, 4, 2,
and 8 months. Twin daughters
were born seven months later.
_ She and the_ children were1n a oooun at me none or the
stage and when she heard her
husband live a Muslim greet-
lnz to the 400 persons in the
audience. she said.
A few minutes later I saw
someone stand and shout in
a loud and demanding voice,
Take your hand out oi my
pocket!"
She said her husband:
bodyguards had moved irom
the staae toward the dis-
turbance and she heard Mal-
colm say something to the
effect that everythint would
be all right.
Then she heard shots fired,
chairs falling and people
shoutlna.
She pushed her crying babies
babies under s bench to pro-
tect them. Then, tieud-gasp
ca look tow ' itsmg§5_g__£gto ard thege. "*4
"I didn't see my husband. .
I started running toward the 1
stage. but they wouldn't let
me down there."
Eventually. the bodyguards
permitted her on the stage '
and she saw her husband:
body. 5
Aiter testifrine that she ae-
companied the body to the
Columbia-Presbyterian Medi-
cal Center and later formally
identified it at the rnorzue.
she left the stand.
Throughout her brief ap- l
pearance on the stand, Mrs.
Shabazz had glared at the
three defendants. After the
left the courtroom, William C.
Chance. attorney for Butler,
demanded a mistrial on the
around that, throughout her
testimony, she was "staring New York Dcrily News
in§_%ng¥ pd iclly at the de-ien an . Justice lllllhlv
nied the motion.
5;/Z3!-1xv 'Callahan
Suili
Tuvel
Te-le. Floom
Holmes
Gandy
,'l;b.g__g_gpsecution contends
that Nagan and Butleaeereated
the disturbance in the audi--____ .92__l. 1..92_..-.-._ as.-.-. as--4CLH.-B, Ltluh |J'U.l]J.lBU]1 vucu su-cu
a sawed-0!! shotaun intoMalcolm X and ed while the
0 two pumped pisto bui-1e . ----
The Wa5hl192qton P051 and L
Times Her-aid
The Washington Daily News i
The Evening Slur i__....__i
New York Herald Tribune iii
New York lourncrl-Arr:ericon_.._._..._
New York Post
The New York Times
The Baltimore Sun
-rs... ur.-.-92...»| is: IVUIAGA
The New Leader i_,_____
The Wall Street Journal
Thu National Cfbserver _____,i,_
PeOr:le's World i____._.i_
D74Q~3_?j3=¥/Q
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¥j?Z'.F.'iiblldl"' SM tried 7' mm WW5-1'5'tently from a. distance of twolcouldn't see my husband. I 1-anD1Q Rev. 1-25-G5!
TM K JXs Widow ScorcseSuspe_ :1fs
B, -I-H0 I U convened, William KC. Chance. Chairs falling, people shout-
,-,, _ ,,,_, M ,|,,,,,,, __,, lawyer tor Norman 3X Butler. ing. Then there was a succes- ' " """ " """ "' one of the accused, formally sion of shots. . . . My babies
moved for I mistrial on the fur-I started crying. They wanted to
Dunc Q ther grounds that the Wld0W,|k.n0W if someone was going toontauorhhmurder who calls herself Mrs. Bettykill us. . . . I was trying to
- Shabazz, the Moslem name that quiet them. I pushed them un-Lglen. lgavim l-he vim Malcolm assumed after his pl1- der the loench and I covered thethe F=~ '¥¢'f¬&i»m°°h"="t-ifit :;.*:.".i;* ;:.*".:it ::1b*I*: .. t ...":Y.,:*; ;.t;.. .....~-l¢_e;|'li¢31 Q19? ET! sated and he defendants throughout herasked Mr. Dermody. _n W1, 'I'11¢l7 94 my h"5- estimony. ' | "I heard a gasp," she S3-Id.
I watched the defendant in- I looked up at the stage and Isteelymwed, the widow oMalcgea___X___yesterday dn "' th threemea who "er
" *m- but We cw" attendant-= and a half feet" Justice Marltslto the stage, hut they wouldn't;5@iZ°¢ 1111' by *1" "1115 and 1"-I1" replied in denfmg the appllca-let me through. Then I sawed he! 1° the d°° "'3-3- Evellltion "end it was my ohser-.'a=ll'tim. sprawled on his L~e£l-:."
'W1'l1|¢_ U19? S855 all her. S19 tion' that she looked straight! The prosecution contends!X°13~"'l'lEd, "ThFY kl11E<1_ 1I1m- ahead." ithat the murder was cornmitteclThey had no nglrt to kill my Mm shah ; was cqmposed by Butler, Thomas 15X Johnson
husband." giving her lng-a,9292'ajtEd ap-'al'92d Tain-iarlge l-layer, who isThe outburst. followed lessgipeuanm in the g;-1a1_ whiehlalso known as Thomas Hagan.
7-313-1'3 19 Tm!"-1'¢95_°f gentle ill/¥95'~ goes into its sixth week todavlall of whom are allegedly mem-
ummg by _ A5515 -nt District A tall. well-spoken woman iinibers Of the Blalk Muslims. 1118
*"*tt°meY vlncem -7- D?1'm°dY~'.her early thirties, she wore aiorgilitl that Malclmshe We lwl I-time F0 ldenflsunpre black suit, black pumpslbroue with in the year before
"ls defenlit-5 =5 hem: in the a black velvet hat and at pea.rl~hiS deathAudubon Ballroom. 166th Street ecklace. | In the corridor outside themu B1'°a-dw3Y- 13-it Fell 21-; She lives with her six youngicollrllrf in U19 Cl'i1T1iJ'13-1
when U19 murder t°°k P13=9- da.ughterstwi.ns were horn in Courts Building. leaets wereand she w_as not subjected totoctouei-_ln 8. house in Mouetlbeing distributed announcing a
°1'°35'¢X_4mm-3-3-°n- ernon that was purchased "commemoration day solemnT118 SIX di 15-WY!!! im- tn gifts oi money after the march" on Sunday in memory
.m¢di5l-913* 1'511¢'921 l U10 bench murder. of Malcolm X. Among its spon-
to protest and Justice Charles Sitting with her hands tolded so:-s were listed the National|M31¥-5. W50 15 Pltilimig, told Ln her lap and her back straight Association for the Advance-|UlEJl11'.Y of ninem md three in the witness chair. she told ment of Colored People. the
'°me'n1 the jury about removing her7Congress of Racial Equality.l When the last witness leftichildrerfs snow suits as her hus-HARYOU-ACT, and many oth-
ithe witness stand she madelhand gave the Moslem saluta-ler civil rights and black na-
_sorne statements that may ortien, "Salaam Aleil-tum." to the tionelist groups.
ma-Y T101 have been audible to 400 persons in the audience at The march will begin et 10
,lv"°11- I diret. Y0!-1 T-9 disregard the ballroom, .A_._92¬. at Lenno. Avenue andthe"!-" - ' I Then 8. lot of thin s were 110th Street andx there'1 When the afternoon session happening all at once," ghe said. to the ballroom.
,/00 -3993-1/~£~
nor or -noon '
191 FEB 231954
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The Washington Past and ii
Times Herald
The
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New
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The
The
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Evening Star
York
York
York Daily News
York
NewNews i
Herald Tribune _._.__i_
Journal-American i_
Post
Baltimore Sun _,___i__...-_
Worker
New Leader
Wo1IStreei Journal ____i
NGIIOI'lQl Cfbservel i,_.__.,____
People's World ___.___l_...__-
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DeLooch _._...__A 51;, Mchr __._.___.__
7 5 MARH l0 MARK
MAL0LMS DEATH
They Walk to Wlrere He Was;
Slain a. Year Ago Tcda__y '.
A solélpig march" in memory
of mlc I5 followersof the murdered black national-s
let, leader mu» the mm coral
deserted street; or I-Lru-lem-
yesterday. 92 -
Organizers oi the commun-
oration day" had hoped to at-
tract at least 500 para-ders and;
Iha-d claimed. the support of such
eiv rlglire groups u the Na-P
tional Association for me?
Advancement of Colored People,
the Congress on Facial Equal-
izy and the Urban League. -
45 one bearded marcher ex-
plained, however, those who
showed up were "just people,not groups. - -
Malcolm was shot on Sunday!
afternoon. Feb. 21. 1965, as he
was preparing to address 400
followers in the Audubon Ball-.room. Broadway and 168m:
Street. Three men accused of;
ii-re slaying are on trial in the
Criminal Term or Supreme.Court here. _ _- - Y;
Ballroomlloyootte ' r
The mB1"'=hE1'5 59¢ Off it 11I3°lbullding the marchers huddled had refused 1.hE-E'!'Ol.1p.! applica-Cosper _._.._._-
Collohorl _.i_
ConradFelt
Cole
Hosen
Sullivan
Tovel i....___
Trotter _..__...___
Wick
Tele. Room
Holmes -
Gondy
L19
AM. tram Lenox Avenue Em the cold Wm. Ahmad uonmmre1eh_w_ and
1 U1 Street, moving quietlyth ea abreast behind 8 yellow read a resolution askin them the hm hm bee remfr. god red, yellow and green
bl ckleather d 21' um.-.1 1: wgg - .. °boots maa§?§w le¢§§¢¢.-1-§@,,§1§i,§§§t§§§¥- =* *1 "H" 2.-3.; -M -~M- =
h He ggso deqa::d: pefn1:"n;?t The brief Pi-Hy E1'1dQd with I. New York Herald Tribune ii...~°Y¢¢-- $_E¥!-- --9 --=1---1--=|%»"h of- Queer: Mother 3rioore,|marchers reached the Audubon
Ballroom at 12:45.92.
I
Iwachukul 0,1,0; m,m.gm1zel.s_ The ballroom manager id 1-he Wushrnqlon PO81 and _.._;_
the, "r H ld £11 . A drummer wearing agmup to "strive until wgeere$t£mwnT::E,e£,cL1;11g;;steE.d¥E3; Th [mes emWashlnqton Daily News __
Ul.lL§id¢_ the IWO-5tOryIB311|-uom, whgs. management an mph wqmgn M m an New York Joumczl-American ____._
.___,, f 5 92Q
- Mrs:-' " J.../ , 0nij°1 »lormge turban Ind ow-inigreen-checked ¢1pe_ I _,_ 1 " rise you mighty, cnptign non- _ n I if govemmg nation,shou because you can mo} v?
3%? mou tlins if you dare."cl her speech with the g
of "Uhuru." the Swahili word
for freedom. and many in U1;
;cz-owd er.-e92_=.rered wlL: upraisst! 'AllNew York Dolly News __--_-
New York PO51The Ngw York Tunes j~_o 47'"
The Baltimore Sun 2
The Worker ?
The New Leader
The wall Slreei Journal ,
The Notional Observer $
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uaunueon BALLROOM, 166TH sr. AND Boanwav, WHERE MALCOLM In:
POLICE cowyxs0-20 IR". 1-2a-ea: T015011
-" De-Locrc
I U oh
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V'Tuvel .____;......
57¢-
gP79AMALCOLM 2/16 NI 1 A U _
g NEW Y@RKM§uPi:-43ARTn1ncz§ TAKEN Fvwlfn MALCOL. 's ASSASSINATION wan: LI .CALIBERTYEARON uszn T0 MURDER run BLACK NAT o T LEADER.
nsr. JOSEPH nzrscn A BALLISTICS zxpsnr snxn THAT zxrnncronxanxs rounn ow .n5 caixszn cnnrnznczs TAKEN snow ruomns nacnn, 22,er an? MARSHALL st. PATERSON-N=J=- mnrcugn MARKINGS on THEwznpcw uszn T0 cum bovu MALCOLM x Last FEB. 21.rzsrxrvxnc AS THE 21st PROSECUTION wxrwzss IN THE rxnsr means:
ruRn£R TRIAL wnxcn IS INTO 11s szxrn wzsx nzxsca saxn THAT AMICROSCOPIC zxarzunrrou or THE SHELL cnsxc or was cnnraxnczs TAKEN
HAGAN nnrcnzn runs: SHELL5 rouun IN THE_UPf§R maggggygg "__
SLAIN-
REISCH SAID THE E
PECULIAR TO THAT PA
SIMILAR TO AN INDIANT AND
S ARE
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Casper ¬----
Callahan -_---
ConradFelt
Gale
L1c' Rosen
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Trotter ii
Tele. Room i
Holmes E
Candy i-----
WE
292A
f MALCOLM 2/11 Nx. ADV FOR ANS HON
! BY ETANEEY s. G1 UNITED PRESS INTERNATIONAL
NEN YoRK<uPI>--oNE YEAR AGO MONDAY A TERRIFYING VOLLEY or :uNrIRE TQRE OUT THE LIFE or - RRCIST LEADER MALCOLM ITT EBEARDED BLACK NATIONPILIST KNOWN TO MIl..L]fONSLA§ THE
IN A HENHATTAN COURTRDOH THREE HLLEGEU HS H N ARE UNCHARGED WITH FIRING 19 NIssiLEs INTO HIS BonYSI§Sl §PRE-ARRAg§§SEPLOT HS ABCUT H00 SPECTHTURS LOOKED ON FEB. 21, 19g5nTHE SIX-WEEK-OLD FIRST DEGREE .ruRnER TRIAL Is ARKED BY AIggggg, C§§§T§ Gggg g§g_5_N§TH9pIgAL SEARCH or ALL sPEcTAT@Rg6- A|_n4 I-ULI A CHbLHl LUUHIHUON ON TRE 13TH FLOOR or THE CRIMINALcouRTs BUILDING.
MILD-HANNERED EUPRENE COURT JUSTICE CHARLES MARKS AT THEeuTsET or THE TRIAL ORDERED THAT TRREE cuARns BE sEATEn DIRECTLYBEHIND THE nErENnANTs.
I THE sEcuRITY MEASURES HAVE BPOSSIBLE RETALIATIoN av MALCOLM SYMPATH _PROSECUTING ATToRNEY v1NcENT J. DERMODY H ALLED MORE TRAN20 wITNEssEs INCLUDING son: NR0 HAVE TESTIFIED THEY sAw THEDEFENDANTS INsInE THE UPPER MANHATTAN AUDUBON BALLROOM AT166TH sT. AND ERgAngAy,_!IRINc SHOTS INTO nALcoEm's EQEY.nEREcnT RAE PINTED THE FINGER or GUILT AT THE TRREE ALLEGED BLACKMUSLIM roLLowERs.
IN oRnERINc THE STRINGENT SECURITY MEASURES MARKS POSSIBLYRAE ATTEMPTING To AVOID A REPEAT or A VIOLENT EouRTRoon OUTBURSTTHAT OCCURRED IN CHICA 1
IN TNAT INEIEENT s
COURTROOM WHILE oNE 0 . E oRE TR- 'IRELEE wAs ovER oNE PA .AN wAs DEAD AND 11 HAD BEEN INJURED.ggg or TFE NusIMs WERE SHOT IN THE CLASH ANn no RERE sENT To SoN._nnni-c-QTAKEN L~|H1N5l
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FTHE THREE NEATLY nnzsszn DEFENDANTS HERE APPEAR CALM awn unnovzn
as THE narasxus EVIDENCE conrznuzs T0 FILE UP AGAINST THEM.1 on: or THE THREE NORMAN 3 x BUTLER 26, or NEW voaxBPENDS HIS TIME IN COURT READING THE w6RLn ALMANAC ans SKETCHING
PICTURES or HIS COURT-APPOINTED DEFENSE LAWYER THONAS 15 T JOHNSON 29, ALSO or NEW YORK as MAINTAINED
anvancss To TH EFENSE TABLE ann accuszs HIM or FIRING Two BLASTS
FROM a savzn-0 F SHOTGUN INTO HALCOLM'S cnzsr. HE KEEPS
a GUARDED SMILE ToR BLACK MUSLIM BROTHERS ATTENDING THE TRIAL.
THE THIRD DEFENDANT, 22=YEAR=OLD THOHAS HAGAN OF SATERSONbwgnxzs awav FROM JOHNSON awn BUTLER, POSSIBLY FOR coon
PETER L.F. sasaarxuo HAGAN'S nzrzmsz LAWYER CONTENDSTHAT HIS CLIENT IS THE 61cT1n or mos IDENTIFICATION."
SABBATINO ASSAILS TESTIMONY THAT HAGAN was a MEMBER or THE
BLACK MUSSLEMS ALONG WITH BUTLER awn JOHNSON.
HE CHARGES THAT HAGAN was a v1cT1r or ERRONEOUS IDENTFICATION
warn HE was SHOT IN THE LEFT THIGH BY a MALCOLM x SECURITY
cuaRn WHILE ATTEMPTINC To FLEE THE aunuson BALLROOM.
owcz a PROTECE or SELF-STYLED PROPHET ELIJAH Runarran,
T "IN SECT RoRz THAN a YEAR sz=o
ER GROUP, THE ORGANIZATION OF
AFRO-AMERICAN UNITY.
MALCOLM DISCARDED ATHEISH AND ACCEPTED HUHAMNADS RACIST
TEACHINGS WHILE SERVING A SENTENCE IN THE MAXIMUM SECURITY PRISON
AT CONCORD. FASS, HE ONCE SAID HE 'KICKED' NARCOTICS ADDICTION
WITHIN 2h HOURS AFTER ALIGNING WITH MUHAMMAD.
A WEEK BEFORE HIS DEATH HALCOLN'S NEH YORK HOME ONE OF
THE RENT-FREE FRINGE BENEFITS HE ENJOYED UHIIE IN THE
GOOD GRACES OF MUHAMMAD, HAS ROCKED BY FIRE BONES IN THE
EARLY MORNING HOURS. _ ____ _________
NFLCOLN LATER HELD A NEWS CONFERENCE AND TOLD HLFUKILKS
THAT BLACK MUSLIM FOLLONERS WERE PLOTTING AGAINST HIS LIFE.
ASKED BY A REPORTER IF THE SO-CALLED 'CONSIPRACY' COULD BE HALTED,
FALCOLM RETORTED THAT MUHAMMAD COULD STOP THE PLOT BY RAISING HIS
HAND.
MALCOLM REPORTEDLY HAD PLANNED To REUEAL at THE FATAL RALLY THE
NAMES or THOSE wnon HE saln HERE TRYING TO KILL HIM. a RED NOTE
soox PIERCED WITH THREE BULLET HOLES was TAKEN FROM HIS LEFT BREAST
POCKET AFTER HIS nzaru. THE aoox HAS azzw OFFERED INTO zvxnzwcs.
DERMODY HAS CHARGEDTHAT BUTLER awn HAGAN, ARMED RITR
.9mn awn .us AUTOMATIC wzavous, INFILTRATED THE RALLY awn CREATED
A EDIVERSIONARYT CONNOTION MIDWAY IN THE BALLROOM To aLLow JOHNSON§:gTg5g0RTUNITY TO suzax To THE sracs awn SHOOT MALCOLM WITH THE
'pEFMODY IS ATTEMPTINC TO PROVE THAT HAGAN awn BUTLERPcLLcR:n JOHNSON To THE sTac£ awn PUMPED snors xuro MALCOLN'S fA EACIAL HIXTU§% OF SMILES AND DEEP SHOCK HHENEVER A WITNESS
FALCOLH BROKE AHA
HIS DEATH T0 FORM H
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Plson 74;.:Looch _...._.___
"' Mohr _
C s er _i__
Collohcm __......_
Conrod ____ 51¢» or
Prosecutwn Ends Case
I A public-relations man who
was I. tree-lance radio re-
porter e year no ye-sterdlf
i became the 2461 and last
T prosecution witness against
T the three young men accused
; of the assassination of Qlgck
Nationaltst leader M loolm Z.
Charles Moore told a. urr
of nine men and three women
lot seem: I. man Ilrinz "en
= automatic pistol" in the di-
; rection of the Audubon Ball-
} room stage where Malcolm
was standing, of runnln: to
a. telephone to call his radio
92 station and then seeing thell man shot in the lei as he rm
" from the scene.
Mr. Moore identied the
l. man he saw u Talrnadie
Nayer or Thomas Hagan, 22,
who ts on trial fcr the mur-
der with Norman 3X Butler,
26, and Thomas 15X Johnson.
3051"--1 I----q
Assistant District AttorneyIIn M alc0lm%X Murder
r~neent Derrnody rested his
case after the testimony. The
delenee will open on Monday,
the first onniversna Q! Mll-
oolml denthFelt
Gale =
Rosen
Sullivan /Luv,
Tovel ii
Trotter i.._._.___.
Tele. Room i
Holmes -
Gondy __i
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Woshinqion Post and ii
Times Herald
The
The
New
New
New
NEW
The
TheWoshinqion DC|ilY News .___
Evening Slur .
York Herold Tribune
York Journal-Americuni
York Dally News ____i
York Post Lie?
New York Times ii
Baltimore Sun oi
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Malcolm X Murder' -ara-eLooch
0'--92I92|I@° ffnanswcfcd-Q-Motrvéwlal ';;;.1;.Gn...._
DY jlnsli W. Jun:-.p--n-1, _ _ _ _, , _ , ___h-_
H--*-4| nu are-_|s 2'1-lblae sun r -
'I'he proeecucnh cue aninst
";:". " ":ri.." 2. me. M co sroun s. one
ba
thehi:one:Whoen:lneered
I danation of Black Ne.i:ionsl.ism's
Since that afternoon 364
Moul.m's riddled body was w
the Audubon Ballroom and
nounced deed at Columbia-
Medical. Center, the asiunp
that the killllll was
em-x Muslims.
There certnb bed hem had blood
between Malcolm and the Black Muslims.
Elijah Muhammad suspended Malcolm.
his most eectiw minister, in 1963 for
remarka made after President Kennedy:
esrassinaiion. and Later expelled him.
Malcolm resented that, and membere od
his polical and religious oruanizations
were in violent clashes with the Muslims
at nrlous times.
After the ltilllns. various cl Malcolm's
followers talked oi task forces headinl tor
Chicagototakerevenzeoniheelderlr
Elijah. but no attempt was ever made on
his lite.
The Muslims publicly denied any con-
nection with the murder, but lew oiiiciale
gave them any support and the senerel
public has considered them Iuill-7 oi it.
Howe1rer.atnotlmedurin:thed.I
weeks that Assistant District Attome!
Vincent J. Dcrmocb has presented his
evidence in the court of Supreme Court
Justice Charla Mark: has he given any
evidence oi a. motive for the murder.
MUSLIMS
several witnesses identied as Muslims
the three deiendants, Nonnan II Butler,
26. Thomas 151 Jolmeon, 29, and Thomu
Hagen or Tehnedge Bayer. 22. but none
clehnedtoknoworevenimplledthat
than relltlorue leaders misht have sent
than to kill Malcolm. J
'Ihe only link between Malcolm: deeth
andthehluslimswesatenuous one.trom
Georse 281 Whimsy, former member at
the Fruit ct Islam, tin elite Muslim
880111!!! cowl. and later botbt-lid to
Malcolm. Whitney said Malcolm had con-
tinuouslr clllrueed lean thet'he wouldbe killed. "saying that thzgrer structure
and the Black Muslims both inter-
ested in his deat.h_" -
Attorneys demanded to know whether
he slid white powu structure" or "black
Dower sh-mature." but may replied that
he "just slid power "
In Harlem; wh grow taste
thln trees does _ locations.
the theory that the ' ordered
Melcolmis bot notwhen "i -'""""'1
1
'5
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F.
r
4
K
F
Q
I
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are a conservative. some residents will , V Tqyel
en-ee with your theory that the killers
were scents oi the "Peking Reds
Both the latter theories have their root!
in Malcolm's international activities in the
period beiore his death. He had made
a Dilarim-are to Mecce end a speeklns
tour in Europe and Africa and wasfriendly with oi Arab ne-
ti e p Wu L N-B-=1 -7 _*0!-itlee-United States zqvernmenl-I-I-you
e OI
I
Presbyte
--'--- - rnsonrns - --'-' _
i
rThe ultra-liberals saw in his death
the Cenzral Intelligence Agency's reaction
to his plans for a united Arab and African
people which would include Americans
of African descent. The conservatives
maintained that he had been supported
by the Chinese-Cuban branch of the
Communist party and that he wee killed.-eeeeeee-"he was movinzxawey i'rdiiI""Illl
subversive racist line which he had been
'Thisweek,t.heJm'roi'n1nemens.nd
three women in Justice Marks court prob-
ehly will heer another theorytl-let Mal-
coimdiedestheresiutoiaeonsblrecybr
his hodyzuards. N J
When s. celebrity is killed at an appear-
ance before several hundred persons, the
person charged with the crime can expect
aparedeoieye-witnessestoeccusehhn.
Butler. Johnson and I-layer have seen
such a parade. -
Except for omcial witnesses, nearly
every one who has come to the witness
stand has testiiled to some part of whet
happened in the bellroom that day.
Bayer and Butler have been identi-
ed as the men who created a disturbance
in the audience. Johnson has been iden-
ttiiedesthemanwhorentothesiase
durinzthedisturbaneemdnredssewed-
o shotgun into Malcolm. Hayer end
Butler hare_been re-identied es the men
who then ran to the stage and pumped
pistol shots into the iailen Malcolm.
Under such circumstances. defense at-
torneys have cross-examined intensively.
phopin: to shake the eye-witnesses -and,
occasionally. having some suecese. some
oi the questions have been classics. such Trotter i
Tele. Room i.
Holmes l
Gcmdy Z
/4'0 /3 ??3.1/-'4
nor Rnconnllb
191 FEB 251966
The Washington Pos__|w-' '-"_ '
Times Herold
The Washington Dally Newt: i
The Evening Star
Herold 1
Journal-American __....York
YorkNew
New
New York Daily News __...._i
York Post ¬__.._._..i_.._ New
The New York Time: F$'Z
The Boltimgrg Sun _¬___i_.
The Worker .-
The New Lauder __,___ii____/
.._ ,'-19" I9 .552
r"_'i*§,!-
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'r";1;'ife-As witnesses have admitted that they
wen--pioot the security l'921I;il-=IL&P°
meeting and. in some cases, were armed,
the defense attorneys have hammered
questions at them about their failure to
protect Malcolm. Thomas. who said he wan
cumin: a pistol, received quution after
question on cro-examination about why
he failed to shoot. His only answer was that
he was confused and the efiair happened
too quickly. . .
I N0!_
But Thomal. like the other bodyguards.
reacted Mth an emphatic "No!" when the
defense attorney; e-sired him it he had
conspired in the aesassinltion. That quee-
tion was the only one of hundreds thrown
at him which caused him to lean forward
in the witness chair. Irish the micro-
phone and bring his mouth up close to it
before he answered.
The detenee opens this week. Apparently.
there will be few witnesses. but Mr. Bab-
batino has said Beyer will take the stand.-
Mr. Chance hoe laid Butler will take the
stm§_y1!_,Att.orney Joseph Pinnhnphu
said Johnson will take the It-end. "111-1;. .. ,.._-
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"*" " - A Print by men:
9-;-3 Rev. 11-to-es: T0199" -i----
' '" De-Looch __._.._.....
. Mohr ______.__.
Casper ______.
Callahan h.
Conrad ___.._._..i.
Fe1t-------
1331 ; Floaen _?..______.
t Hectio 1.1: ' 2%
in -Tune 1964, and I !_!-II-poig-to m- a dignity um i.s om1n0921s."! MalRobert Penn Warren in - m N t ham ' "" ' ' "t; T, 1° '"*E= - """*'.1 mm "3194 iond it hufd ggeeoneeive nd! i----
..-Li; terview a man with the same Wmm's 1111011,
¢-.e hlIIleiIlJ8.lll.l.IlI'y19B5,.Iphrggg11 u1e§11gmesthmto1agnne.'?War- 2
._ that _way beeauae,_ after reading 1-en look; him over: _ .
_ - Wanen| amount, I almost won- .. "The most striking thing, at_ _ . _ . " 1e1e. Room1 h ___L»- H? k __.___ -"i_i_'" ' ' at -'rlJ 111 "
G
w:I.th.._..
H; GHQ!-1 if we had interviewed the rst about that face is a sort Oi
-:snmemnn.Orcourse,med1t:e- =wn5.ue==,ar1z1dio',uthm1¢!1.
.-I encewaere intheinterview ondallteelin Whenthelipl _ I111 - I be? 8- _ _. ..._ , =18. in their atutudes and assum.p- , move to speak _¥Qu__e,¢==D¢=11¢8 I | 1 L_.j 3; 5°!!!-_ Ii taint hint of surprise. When as
1: TIl'a.r1'~en wag ham ma raised ' 1 discover iota he score a in on South and, a, , mm: ! point and the face suddenly break: , believed in 5¢g_|'gg3 _ He into hi; characteristic wide, leer-: Spent much Of his Ii! th ini, meroilass a'rni1¢- with ma;.- f Noi_ as a writer and ete'l§¢h;_ powerful even teeth aleammg;,;qf=.-F and is now against. 5e~Q$D-n. ; beyond the WEI? pale Pink 1111!.
wanted to nd ml; more about startling. But beyond the hom-
wh;tNe;|~°e,g_b_mk_5ohe,,t t rlmmedglasses always the eyes
are watching, pale brown or hazel,to 'ew 0! them g 5°11": t;1-'1 °t 3"*u° '- Y °3'nn°tboo W112 Speak: for the Ne-, wen miim than °l°'°d in :3 . 1- gt-o?1{P.an..om House 1955!, 5] ?- - _ approach is that oi a iibe.ra.1.; Felt Dismbel
-_- one of his favorite questions of "Ana th h d ha , be mm.. mepeopze he interviewed was am to ms QM: _s1 ,m_ to, tn,
_ f_ they think that it would have been; mam dismissal and wane,-a good idea to have compensated $3.05, {he mom inspu up ' Malcolm X "'-'"
E the Confederate slavehoiders tor. -._ _ ' as he stands than am-0,, .; the slaves emancipated; he seemed the expanse or ban, lqwem The wq5h;nq[Q|"| P95; gnd ____,__
I tOhiti1OI1b¬5'lWit.hlhO8lWhO nit-fin withth mmous .f said it would have been I good affengin ?_ _ Iaam watch. ions him Times Hem
._. ide" He evidently W smart and he knows I am wratching him The Woshinqlon Daily News _,___
? E!!°9218h 15¢ Omit this ll!-@5593 with but he live; no sip," Malcolm: The Evenlrlq Slot ii- Ma1ct?°]:92"n°r at least he dog 18111-11'¢ 10 81" 5 sigllnthmi 1:; New York. Herald Tr1bune.____._.._..._
um ' ' kn SITED ti! mm goes 1° the Hate the Eiattadp New York Journul~Arr.er1CcIn____i.74real lh Harlem tor his in rviewI ant" he; now become. New York Daily News __._._.__.._.
2' llmadmh arr M beckons W:....i"'£§;.§;'3 ?.i..{,...3I.;i.i§ " *~ he "W "*0 ail"; ;2°::.... "° ii $53._,. . ' " - as his otce. " co me " " ' i'-
'_-. I £3 Int bl-n_ 73tlchtu-L nn°°th'[ that he 1188 0111]? I few III!-in?-1185 The Baltimore Sun q » 1'=P=9292'¢- >1 °"=*=°° ' El um he has found that you -mt; The WC, ke,
P1f __. _ a lot of time with reporters and gs; e"? =~1** :35? -" /00 42733/Iii .3 gliiii 50 e 1.11 EPVIQW . -i _ ___ .__L..r,-.-, a
It seemedmaomewhat Aditffellel 1- , r or 92!RDED'"he National Ubsetver O-when Ban-31 mteooaro and . .n..e:= " ' " ,= .viewed Malcolm in the same of- FEB 24 1955 people énoéli ?6 ""' _ _'tice on Jan. 18, 1965, a month be- Duh L/i_--
tore his assassination. Our i.nter- _ THE MILITANT _Gale ----
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THE HILITAHT
I13g_,nn' g that strulk-.u.s_1irst
wag how Olm,1wk9d.
I; the Autobiography, Alex Haley
describes the 18-hour schedule he
followed.! At one pbint t-OWE-Yd
the d at the interview, a yawn
can be beard on the tape, iollowed -
by the apology, "Excuse my red
mind. We were a little u.neOm-
iortahle at rst, teelinl that 5131- -
colm might need rest more ur-
gently than we needed an inter-
view and, because this was the,
rst time we had met, there W8850mg over-politeness on both
sides. Malcolm sent out tor coi-_tee for the three 0! B8.
his is.-niliar joke about % preter-ence ior light coiiee, and atterl
that the atmosphere warmed l-ID- _Alter the formal interview. W9 l
oeredtotyDeit11P311db1i1181l=-
back, edited to t our space re-
quirements, for his nal check and
corrections. We also asked ii
he would like the Yol-mi Socialist
Alliance to organize a national 1
Waking tour of campusel for thim later in the -yell He E!-
pressed interest in this, but did t
not commit ruins he ;
would discuss it the next time we
¢ot'together.
Trap Fails H
Let is retum to poor Warren.
as tries to catch Malcolm in 1
contradiction, but Malcolm deftly
avoids the trap and makes his vwll
point. Warren: reaction:
"I discovered that that Dale. 51131
yellowish lace that had seemed so
veiled, so stonl 38 F-_h°}131}
yond all feeling, had nasned into
its merciless, leering lite - the
sudden woliish pm, the pale pink
lips drawn hard back to show the
strong teeth, the unveiled B1i_
or the eyes beyond the lenses, 81
in the sense that the lenses W
part oi a clever dis '
th the eyes needed no help, 1
the suddenly See evelmi-" _, hn had ruined his T
rea ""' by '% t anwhilujrlle was in prison, andkyl
in the Autobiogmphy that he hid
astigmatism. Never mind the facts
- Warren senses that the lenses
were only part oi a clever dis-
guise" an elaborate scheme fer
fooling liberals somehow!. Warren
dldnt really need to look tnt
Malcolm's eyes he came to the
interview convinced that Malcolm:3: racist, demagoglc and onw-
lst He may end at theF
1PAGE 3 CONT .
True to Form
Malcolm knew the white lib-
e l type very w ll, and he musth%1l!' to grinL leer=! when
he saw how closely Warren was
coniorming to the type. And wh
Warren asks Malcolm it he be-
lieves in political assassination"
i!, it is not hard to see why
Malcolm might turn the hard,
impassive face and veiled eyes
upon Warren and say, "I wouldn't
lmow anything about that."
I returned to Malcolm: ottlce
less than a week alter our inter-
view, bearing the edited transcript
Barry had made from the tape.
II we had known this would be
the last thing we would get £1-om
him, we oi course would not have
shortened the transcript, even
slightly.! Malcolm was talking to
a young man in his inner oice.
While I waited, tor about 10 min-
utes, one of Malcolm's co-workers,
the onbr other person in the outer
office, dozed at a reception Idesk.
A small stack oi Militants 1 y on
the desk with a couple oi es
on top. . a
As Malcolm read the transcript,
he began to grin. When he came
to the question about capitalism
and the statement, Its only a
matter oi time in my opinion be-
fore it will collapse completely,
he said, 'I'his_ is the farthest I've
ever gone. They will go -wild over
this." I asked it he wanted to tone
it down and, without hesitation,
he answered no. _
He said he felt the editing had
sharpened up what he had ori-
ginally sald; that he had been
tired when he gave the interview.
He made very few changes and 1
said that would be the nal copy,
iustaahehadlcititl-Iesaid,
Make any additional changes
you want - it's tine. This is the
kind oi editing it: a pleasure to
read." .. K
Ma.lcolm- then began to talk
about young revolutionaries he
had met and been impressed by
in rica and Europe. He said beha E long list oi them he called
th _ "contacts" - and ould
gt meacopysowecouldsend
- m the issue oi the
ciolist that contained
view. He also spokeYou So-
his ter-
abou TheMALCOLM X: RECOLLECTIONS OF A
i
i
F
l
F.
if
I.
l
1%
f
IMilt] , and how otten he had
seen it abroad. """-"""
ltoldhimlmlghtbegoingto
Algeria for the. World Youth Fea-
tival then scheduled for thespring oi 1963! and glght be ableto meet some oi his - tacts there.
He said, Great, that would be a
good experience; they have a hard
time. believing that revolutionista
exist in the United States," We
arranged that he would give me
the list after the Young Socialist
otfthe press. _ H_
- '- Campus Tour A
reminded him about our pro-
l for a national campus tour,
time he responded very
avorably; he must have thought
about it further and may have dis-
cussed it with some oi his co-
worlrcn. He said he had learned
tron: much experience of speak.
ing on campus that students were
in general the only whites_ that
seemed to be open-minded. He
said he was sure that the govern-
ment would a-y to buy sf; the
white students who were radical,
that this was their main problem.
He said they should get in g
closet" - away from the profes-
sors and the job otters from gov-
ernment and business and
think out their ideas more thor-
oughly and basically. They could
travel the road before them in one
of two ways. he said. " as mis-
sionaries or as revolutionaries."
He asked a lot of question;
about the Young Socialist Alliance
how many locals, where, what
campuses? He wanted to know
how long the tour would last; he
said he could not make it until
after his return from another trip
abroad that he was committed to
make, but that would be the best
time. I said I was sure that on
most campuses we would be able
to get broader sponsorship man
the YSA tor his speeches, and he
said he dig: care how broad or
how narrow the sponsorship
would be.VISIT
2.-v.-=3;
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QI 3THEMILITANT PAGE 3 conw.
View 0! lnmerll-l1gg______
lvfzleuhn also spoke at some
length about imperialism, along
what Marxists might call Luxem-
burgian lines -- how the West is
in a real bind because the colonial
1-evolution is cutting o place:
where imperialism can expand,
I felt completely at ease with
Malcolm throughout this discus-
sion,_wh1ch lasted quite a while
at his initiative. He grew quite
excited at the thought oi his A!-
rican youth contacts getting the
Young Socialist interview and at
the possibility or my meeting them.
I had no sense of tak.tng" his
valuable time -- he was giving
it vollmtarily, and not out oi mere
politeness. '
It is inconceivable that he would
be like that with a liberal. There
would be no cornmonpoints 0;! de-
parture, no common projects oi
any kind, tor him to discuss with
a liberal who felt, as Warren did,
that he was accomplishing his
mission when he got Malcolm to
adm.it that he didn't "see in the
American system the pO Of
sTEIf-1'Eg'enerati0n."
'1!
K _MALCOM X: RECOLLECTIONS or A VISIT
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54 FEB 25,1986 ill l"flMarcher! proceed along 125th St. in memorial to Maleolg QErzxvs mi» bv Ed Elam
A Year later, Qnly 75
In Parade for Ma colm X
Q ByWlLLIAM RICE ..
Malcolm X, who, as fiery prime minister of the white-
hating"BiEl'c"M uslims, drew throngs to Harlem street cor-ners with his racist tirades, was almost alone in death yes-terday. - '* i
Instead o£_t11e expected thou-
sands, only 75 persons joined in
a parade honoring the man who
was born Malcolm Little and died
in a rain of bullets under the
name of El Hajki El Sha-bass.
It was, as he said of the assas-
sination of President Kennedy, a
case of chickens coming home
to roost.
Rem His 0"] ark
lt was that remark, many be-
lieve, that led to Malcolm: own
assassination as he was about to
address his following a ear agotoday in the Audubon gallroom.
Elijah Muhammad, head 0! the
Muslim group, suspended him for
making it and, after a ban of
several months, he formed his
own black nationalist group.
Malcolm eventually modified
his anti-white views and gained
the hatred of the Black Muslims.4
92
lsect are on trial for his death in
Supreme Court. |
Memorial March
Leaders of yesterday's march,
billed la a solemn memorial
march to commemorate the first
anniversary 01' the death of El
HajiMa1ik El Shabasz, had listed
a-bout 25 organisations in support
of the procession. Among them,
they said were the NAACP,
CORE, the Urban League and
Haryou-Act. 92
The march began at 110th St.
and Lenox Ave. and, with several
white-robed members of the Yo-
ruba Temple, a voodoo sect, in the
vanguard continued through thestreets oi Harlem to the Audu-
bon Ballroom, Broadway and
166th St., in Washington Heighh.
After a brie! rally outside the
ballroomto which they were
denied entr-ancethe little {soup1 .
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'Ibree_HlB!l-assertedly 0f'_l'l!IE"Ipli£ up. __-l.____,.92
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Times Herald
The Washington Daily News _i
The Evening Star __.._.._..._____.......
New York Herold 'l"1-Ibune _i
New York Journal-Amerlcun___._.._.
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New York Post i
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who ml hon ==w=d as 1 Unly a Handful in Harlem Paradesolemn march to commag,§§§§ ; b§a§ Note Armiversary of His Death
lonely procession yesterday.
A year ago. 22.000 mourners
had welkcd ii-st the bier of
the militant Black Nationalist
who had come to represent
Negro anger and growln:
racial pride to H1811! in this
country and abroad. But yes-
terday. in the midst oi the
trial of his alleged killers, not
even 100 iriends and admirers
came to honor his memory.
As they marched to the
beat of an Airican drum, be-
hind voodoo priests in white
wind-whipped garment.-:1. the
streets oi Harlem were de-Bayer. 22: Thomas 15X John-
son. 30. and Norman 3! But-
ler, 26. _
Some oi the shivering.
bundled-up people who cath-
ered in 13-degree weethn on
the corner oi 110th St. and
Leno: Avenue at 10 a. m. yea-
terday had learned about the
march for the Prince oi our
black captive non-sel.izovern-
in; people" from leaets dis-
ltributed outside the
room last week. »members trom Temnle Yoruba
Joined in. One beat a cere-
monial drum. one carried a
rllle, symbol or Ozun, the
voodoo 80d d war. Baba
Osergeman. the chief priest.
carried a sword and an iru
kere. an ox-tall stick sym-
bolinm Obatala. the sod oi
peace. Others held a white
paraool with gold tasels.
Up Leno: Ave. they marched.
past the Bethe] Gospel. Penta-
oostal Assembly-inoqe1it1tz's%§!I;.ooch
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~; .O-19 lev. 11-10-6 5!
Malcolm X ur er Trial iiliii»
By Herman Porter
NEW YORK, Feb. 15 A series
01 detectives and technical wit-
nesses have testied during the
pastweekinthetrial otthethree
men accused oi murdering _Ma1-
colm X. The most important piece
of evidence to emerge from all this
testimony is the identification of
a ngerprint or Talmadge Hayes,
also known as"1homas Hagan, one
at the defendants, on a crude
device set aame in the Audubon
Ballroom at the time_ot the shoot-il. '
Roland B. Wallace, a 38-year-
old member ot the Organization
oi . .L'c-A.:nericar~. Unity, test-i_1'ied
on Feb. 10 that he had just re-
entered the ballroom at the rear
when shots rang
…[truncated]