Document text
FEDERAL BUREAU OF INVESTIGATION
FREEDOM OF INFORMATION/PRIVACY ACTS SECTION
COVER SHEET
SUBJECT: Jack The Ripper
92-'
P*1 '* i {"5 O
_ July 6, 1988
UNSUB; AKA JACK THE RIPPER7~ SERIES OF HOMICIDES
LONDON, ENGLAND
1888NCAVC HOMICIDE CRIMINAL INVESTIGATIVE ANALYSIS!
The following criminal investigative analysis wasprepared by Supervisory Special Agent SSA! John E. Douglas, FBINational Center for the Analysis of Violent Crime NCAVC!,Program Manager of Criminal Investigative Analysis. At therequest of Cosgrove-Meurer Productions, SSA Douglas was requestedto prepare an analysis of a 100-yearold, unsolved serial murdercase that occurred in England. This historical case was known as-' "Jack the Ripper." C
SSA Douglas was provided basic background informationrelative to each case; however, it is noted that forensictechnology and other investigative techniques, as we know oftoday, were nonexistent a century ago. Medical examinersreports were incomplete, crime scene photography was usedsparingly, and police investigative reports do not reflect thetype of thoroughness evidenced today. _
When a case is submitted for investigative analysis,the reliability and validity of the overall analysis is hinged onthe thoroughness displayed by the medical examiners, technicians,investigators, etc. Although materials provided were not ascomplete as cases submitted today by much more sophisticated lawenforcement agencies, SSA Douglas filled in the missing pieces ofinformation by making certain probable assumptions.
This analysis will address the following areas:_ Victimology or profile of victims; medical examiner's findings;crime and crime scene analysis; offender traits andcharacteristics; pre- and post-offense behavioral patterns;investigative and/or proactive techniques; and interview]interrogation suggestions.
Rather than address each homicide separately,SSA Douglas comments will relate to the entire series ofhomicides as a whole.
;..._<__-=_ .;-:-5-.,»_:». I : - .,~-'- ~ ~
~.'.;_~- .13.; = 1. ; '_ -.s§E§§¥h%%%$a2;ss§§<£a%a$wa¢?* ws%:@ir*zw " " ;;-:~.¢.¢~:.-.-.-"1:.§a:_;§§'=-"'-=.=:.'_{3-<-,.: _' . " ' " . "'-I . ~. :1 Q; -I = ._ ~ . - . s ¢. L T" . . _ . . -. _ - ie=-- - " 11!.-1- 5.=?:?".3-'f92 ":'-Y-T3#:5?~ :r~a¥ ?§§&§%§g&a*4< 7%a5;paeS§ nw»wq»y~¢; v1,-. ,¢» A. 4 »- _ _ , ..», ' :- -..~;~= 7,;-;.v.--*-.2"-'.'§. ~~ .. -, 1*. ..--.- - ."4. . ' ': - ' ' ._ ~ -. - L---v, V ~.~. -.- .'._. -,~.~ .¥|- . »- "§-,<',}pf1'92"' ».-;.;,-_>_ ~_ _~ ..- . 45., '31.; ».. ».~ " - _ _. H __ '- ;j!=: ;-$3 - .1 15,21 .-_:-; ,_;¢<;--.--.-,1 '+'.~m#=1.*-*5.-1"_!i~~.-:_~ ~-== ~- . --_ * '~ ~* * - " ;T¢,».>'-I.» -¢>;.pg-'.1,_¢>'--5"-.. -~ .1-.. -i - ~ '- » " -;,_. 4 92.;_..; ,.»»1~.'.;.a--- vv
A
'
1
!
r
$1
I
92
i
1
1
qf
'* 392
E?
..;
3
.4
I
I
|»
i
i
1
iI'1'. .-,- j 1-. ,92:_. -.__§.1g:._; _~~ .. 1-r;,'- ~, = .L .¢. _~:- -1' 1.!; .,_._,; _f-- *.*;:~;~l.'.-___-:__ ._-__92_;_~,;;;~w; ;_i-_-_§;:_-1;;-.1; k';;-_.:..._1§_,_§_>92_-f§- _- ~_,_.§:.-: .*~.-¢a»~>;;_;';-:;=¢-4»~='~-92.5'§§;¢e.2,=,¢=' -1*"-' .,--<~»' = ~ ...- 0gt. it. _ .~ p - 0 - . -.,.._. 4 ,2?'. N, . _ p _. . y W g_ }
92 - .
VICTIMOLOGY
In each homicide, the victim was a prostitute with areputation of drinking quite heavily. These two ingredientsplace the victim in a "high risk" category. By "high risk," wedefine this as someone who is very likely to be the victim ofviolent crime. From an investigative perspective, this makes itextremely difficult in reference to developing logical suspects.
From a forensic viewpoint, if any evidence is obtained such as
hairs and fibers, semen, etc., law enforcement would not know forcertain if this evidence did in fact come from the subject.
One hundred years ago, prostitution was not asorganized as it is today, where we have pimps controlling,monitoring, and protecting their stables. During the "Jack theRipper" era, women worked independently. A female prostitute whodrank heavily was looking for trouble. We would suspect thatthere were numerous instances of these women being physically
assaulted, raped, and ripped off.F
Prostitutes 100 years ago did not dress differentlythan other women at that time. In most cases, they performedtheir "services" in dark alleys or in "flop" houses. Theprostitutes targeted by Jack the Ripper were nearly twice the ageof prostitutes soliciting today. They were not particularlyattractive and other than their age, there were no strikingsimilarities between them. It is noted that the last victim was
25.!
The "Jack the Ripper" victims were targeted becausethey were readily accessible. Jack the Ripper did not have toinitiate the contact. This was done for him by the prostitute.This is an important feature in a case such as this and will beaddressed later on in this analysis under "Offender Traits and
Characteristics."
MEDICAL EXAMINATION i
As stated earlier, the medical examinations conductedat that time were not very thorough when compared to autopsy
examinations conducted today by experienced forensic. pathologists. However, even in some parts of the United statestoday, autopsy examinations are something less than desired.
The primary areas noted in this analysis were asfollows:
l. No evidence of sexual assault. '
2. Subject killed victims swiftly.
_2_
_ sass» - Ax .>..~=;g>.-" I. -"1... -',¢..<., . ' . - - a "r rt r " »---;,._.-_-La. ,_ - , _wh¢w,h,W%dH_,& ; y __ -- _.~_,_ ...x>._--_-.5 --¢92_.-.1_-,,_»,--'.~;;., . ,< *»92¢-.<.--.- ' * ' ,,_; -'.'Y ___-.__,_ ,"..__ ~;. _ ! J! _ r .. _ . 3?w''*§;f§?'<"i""*§ ' =--'l-r-f '5 "i?T-I!'?~;.._§;1'.'. if:-._. ,_ _ 4 cw -.1 _-':._- ., . _ - .~'@.-<*»~-~ .- . »~..: » "*- '~"'~ 3.¬<§~.-;,,§§ ;;~,=.li*r-<1:-»<~ -. ~ ..- .~,-=-- -- -. . . < -< --., ;» _, - . ~<.._ _. ..,..~_ ': . - ~ - »~ » T T 1-"P3-.'*'0 ~ l::9292'5 KW if §°"3-'5" <*"-es - .~I-E1: -~ J i ~ *':.'t".2-."=<.<1-1. - fa
.' ..-.- . _,. ,.~- - 4 ' 92, ~_ . I - _ . -"- ,n ' -
. ll
4 --
92
3. Subject was able to maintain control of. victims during the initial "blitz style"
of attack.
- 4. Subject removed body organs i.e., kidney,vagina, nose! on some of the victims, indicating
some anatomical knowledge.
5. No evidence of physical torture prior to death.
6. Postmortem mutilation.. - .
7. Possible manual strangulation.
8." Blood from victims was concentrated in small
areas. _
» 9. Rings were taken from one of the victims. p
10. The last victim was killed indoors and was the
most mutilated. Subject spent a considerable
amount of time at the scene.
ll. Time of death was in the early morning hours.
The abovelisted autopsy findings will contribute tothe overall offender analysis that will be addressed later on inthis report.
CRIME AND CRIME SCENE ANALYSIS
with the exception of the last case, all victims werekilled outdoors. All victims were killed swiftly, with thevictims consequently receiving postmortem mutilation. Allhomicides occurred within onefourth of a mile from each otherand occurred either on Friday, Saturday, or Sunday during earlymorning hours. After the first homicide at Whitechapel Station,the subject moved slightly across town onefourth of a mile!.If a line is drawn from crime scenes 2, 3, 4, and 5, a triangularconfiguration is formed. This is observed in other types ofserial crimes. This triangular configuration is viewed as a- secondary comfort zone for the Ripper. This movement is causedwhen a subject believes that the investigation is heating up inhis primary comfort zone. The primary comfort zone would be thelocation of the first homicide in the vicinity of Whitechapelstation. It is the opinion of this crime analyst that there wereother attacks in the Whitechapel area that either went unreportedor for some reason were not considered by authorities to becrimes of Jack the Ripper.
-3-
_ 5.. _,-:.j~:¢Z.-".";~ . _ ¢ = _ :, _¢. '"'1-'=_'-~<-<~.>= g;.-';;¢!3;<=».1"1"":§'-'14. .' ~:-W -- - ! . 'r .- _92.~ -' - V. . ; >. :1 4 . W C V , ., 92. .. ._.. ,,~__;f;,-',>.;:~.,_- ,§- '..;~_.f.__,1./_~92-=;- ;:..v;';;_,~~1;__».'. ._;';¬41:'-~7'_i">,,:; _'_-~_;_-_ .~_-,y_'I'_=.,.. .,;;>;;,_92."I;;L,:j'-;;_ ___ ' _ V :*»'*.=<;?'¢*?=»1%¢<%:*?§12§92§§.;.v§£:§&;r=;-vi12¢ 195:" " - ' ' . - -- S- -q -__-. . v " ~;92;.--=3»-.."' *1 -~. #4" I _~ -7&1 -'-.,_~ -'-,>_ - ._>- --_. -_ ..-._¢, IE7-_-_'. f». » r.:..» - __ ' _ _ _ __ ..;.j'-4 » .. ' " ' " . .. .,. . , . .' --~ ., ».-.~~ ' ." = '-1 ' » .::¬' ~a.'~:~" 4" -_ ~34-I r 92 J r 1 ¢§a ~ ié"* , s ' H '-:= .*~ -"= " 41 1; '***2:>.= u '1: --1 "*T-.~~.7.92---.-3,~lTff;-l.§¢. .¢.»- " .; "" ;..,-».. .. .. . "*7--"».15-§¢f¬§;; Li1;f-*i- -=¢-n§- .; L&' »=:. » ~1*J= 'l ¢~.i.:.+_.¢*s2@¢»»i; §?W§~?»% w;"rir-=.~; .. .- -~... , . _. .. w.» -. .»_ . ,-. _..,.-~ ; > -w~;:~ * -4-.r-':~.» . ;;E¬~'~I=~2~s~':il-=1i'1£?&~l3.;t¥2:?%i>}53$ =~-?P~ $1.-' -.',_~92-:2. ~ ..-4-*7-'4 ¢*".;.-?<_+>_=_";-..-».._.;.;@1;; 4*: ~.; .*"¥5'~'<>.§?""" Z.f§=f;;;T_§§{;Z r~~'""-f-*a_'.;- '.~s.».~§-*2-'§.§_~3:_1.§.:~.:;;'~";=?'-=-=2"-Z5.=-1.~f~:w~.---~*--:*<»=>~ " ~. < - --- **» - - - A_.m_}:_- __ __; ,, ,__ __ Q, Q" . .. _ , . . .
4% ,_- -;.,., ,4. .' ~-~¥-"Y. . .',_ ,. .s "" ~'."92' -~<tY *1--1:" ».~.-3":'<14 g ~,».}5£I*:_'l?<-':+.=~';<':?-~.~§=" - -. »~ _7 '*n<.-~':#'7~~"' .1» "'92i'"§r§'=»-.- . 5 Iv ""}~'?- '__ M . »' -» ,.;_;:_ _,_'. _ 5 ; _ .~~ »~ -a r 1 *~.;...-.- v '-- ';,-:1,:F.__92§v;.,5=~c;]{...'{=3".?f up/-3'-_¢ ;
,,-_.,.@~:=r_ _~".»;.':-.~<1..:» . 1=__;., »4-_=- _-+::~-;, 3,13. »_,_=,," ,~ .1;-=;,.'£_:.-,.- _.._ _ - -1 j,.-- r.» .______,-=..-.--;,- - - w. » . -. . H t ~-: - -»- 1- <~ W .-.=- :~_ » +~1: I 0 /.
Some criminologists and behavioral scientists havewritten in the past that subjects will maintain their modusoperandi and that is what links socalled "signature crimes."This conclusion is incorrect. A subject will change his modus
operandi as he gains additional experience. This is learnedbehavior. However, the personal desires and needs of the subject
are expressed in the ritual aspect of a crime. The ritual issomething that he must always do because it is the acting out ofthe fantasy. With Jack the Ripper, the target selection, the
approach, the method of his initial attack, are his modus
operandi. What takes place after this is the ritual. The ritualmay become more elaborate as*was in the last homicide case.
Here, the Ripper had time to act out his fantasies. Asinvestigators, we should not necessarily expect the same type ofhomicides in the future, particularly if subsequent victims arekilled outdoors. Once again, he would not have the time to carryout all of his fantasies and consequently mutilation will not be
as advanced.
COMMUNIQUES ALLEGEDLY RECEIVED FROM THE RIPPER
Another aspect of this case worth mentioning was thecomuniques allegedly received from Jack the Ripper. It is quiterare when a serial murderer of this type communicates withpolice, media, family, etc. When they do communicate, theygenerally provide specifics relative to the crime that only areknown by the subject. ,In addition, they generally provideinformation relative to their motivation for committing such aheinous crime. It is my opinion that this series of homicideswas not perpetrated by someone who set up a challenge against lawenforcement. While the killer knew he would be receivingnational as well as international publicity, this was not his '
primary motivation.
In summary, I would not put emphasis on the communiquesduring this investigation. However, I would develop aninvestigative technique with the goal in mind to identify theauthor of the communiques. ,
OFFENDER 'IRAITS AND CHARACTERISTICS
These homicides are referred to as Lust Murders. RoyHazelwood and I wrote an article several years ago which appearedin the FBI's Law Enforcement Bulletin. The word "lust" does normean love or have any sexual meaning, other than the fact thatthe subject attacks the genital areas of his victims. Thevaginal area and breasts are the focal point of attack in a womanand the penis and scrotum are the attack area of the male
offender. Generally, males who are attacked in this fashion arevictims that were involved in a homosexual relationship.
-4-.-
_ :-- _- _,_-_,'__' £,_>','.-.{__;__._ ..;:§,':?";i.k,v»592,.~I.,¢.-_..:...c,_'_§i,.. ;.__ . . ..
» J ? 1.11» y '
3"7~'r>"'i ~ l jf ..i 51" 3-7:11» ":35
_§>-"3,-;._~ 5 ?.~<_=" -._~..'_'~ . I:-~=#1-.;-.=:."4'>;'i~,,2¢{~i3--ML-;;é§;.»*;5;§;>1f1>=.i ; . . - ~ -,¢ . . Y __-/ 92l4¢
, 0 0 i
W Qe.
I have never experienced a female serial lust murderer
either in research or in cases received at the NCAVC. It is forthis reason that Jack the Ripper was a male. He was of whiterace in view of the fact that white was the predominant race atthe crime scene locations, and generally crimes such as these areintraracial. . .
is
highThe age of onset for these types of homicidesgenerally between the mid to late 20's. Based upon thedegree of psychopathology exhibited at the scene, the ability ofthe subject to converse with the victim until a suitable locationis found, and the ability to avoid detection, places him betweenthe age bracket of 38 to 36 years of age. However, it should benoted that age is a difficult characteristic to categorize andconsequently we would not eliminate a viable suspect exclusivelybecause of age. *
- This offender does not look out of the ordinary.
However, the clothing he wears at the time of the assaults is nothis everyday dress. He wants to project to unsuspecting females prostitutes! that he has money; consequently this relieves himfrom initiating contact.
He comes from a family where he was raised by adomineering mother and weak, passive and/or absent father. Inall likelihood, his mother drank heavily and enjoyed the companyof many men. As a result, he failed to receive consistent careand contact with stable adult role models. Consequently, hebecame detached socially and developed a diminished emotionalresponse towards his fellow man. He became asocial, preferringto be alone. His anger became internalized and in his youngeryears, he expressed his pent-up destructive emotions by settingfires and torturing small animals. By perpetrating these acts,he discovered increased areas of dominance, power and control,and learned how to continue violent destructive acts without
detection or punishment.
As he grew older, his fantasy developed a strongcomponent that included domination, cruelty, and mutilation ofwomen. We would expect to find evidence of this violent
destructive fantasy life through personal writings of his as wellas drawings of women being mutilated.
For employment, he would seek a position where he couldwork alone and vicariously experience his destructive fantasies.such employment would include work as a butcher, mortician's
helper, medical examiner's assistant, or hospital attendant. Heis employed Monday through Friday and on Friday night, Saturday,and Sunday is off from work. He has carried a knife for defensepurposes--just in case he was ever attacked, he would be ready.
-5-
"._ ::. J »_ ,. .- ' V -..'-..-.--L.-. -
. '=<92~.-="-='-_-'~ ' ». - - :':¢.»~-4 - ." .5». - -- 1 *~<--"1". W1-192 - .' - '1"~;'»_" '.',92 . !»;»;;:._;,;_'_' #;;;- ;~':»".~<-1'--'._~:~:92 -* .-.~.'_--- - ,"-.~>r-.=92.~'-*7_-;j-- - '~ .:,;-.,'_. - > __-kg .»*';,~§# ~%'a§$. , 1'51 ~..@#~I,~ HT-A -"k*;x.. - k.*S'-,.'*.2? - '--- . w - ->¢:.-.-%£*»%1%%3$%%¥%* Q %#§%@%$ek»s¢n@v%s®w I .. . _ .. _ .. . . . ., -1*. .;:'.;r:'='- .11 2'-i ~.--_ '.-' » >_' _ , .. -_-I k .25-. "»i"¢'w»*Y"1>».*[email protected]§-»~;~.<~:=~.-_»»--.,.- -*' 92 -I. " ' ~. --=/5- -" 1~'r -'<. 4:-*5; "Fe- " .-.:...."_4~£_"> . = ¢"' . -. I , .7 Y - '. 5 V .» ' :'.~';:92;. -T1" '"' ,, := » - - "" -¢ '=J-=::.- =.~ :"'.>r:".-vi-=_-H--1 --- ~ ' -~~' -~~~ - ~ _ __v1__;,_ ~. .. ....- - - _ » ---.r
K
I
- .._§'_ _i_iM-.11.... __--f»_.-¢~:."-1;-' -"~'.:»--eniaakm
v
1
"1.am.~-2;92r- 92I
.: I ,~.y . ' ' ~.
: 1' - ,. ,. - 1 ;
I s.
This paranoid-type of thinking is in part justified because ofthe poor self-image he has of himself. He would be expected tohave some type of physical abnormality. However, although notsevere, he perceives this as being psychologically crippling. Wewould look for someone below or above average in height and/orweight. May have problems with speech, scarred complexion,physical illness, or injury.
We would not expect this type of offender to bemarried. If he was married in the past, it would have been tosomeone older than himself and the marriage would have been for ashort duration. ~
He is not adept in meeting people socially and themajor extent of his heterosexual relationships would be withprostitutes. Due to lack of hygiene practices by prostitutes atthat time and the absence of treatment for venereal disease,hemay have been infected. If infected, this would further fuel hishatred and disgust for women. _
" " ' He would be perceived as being quiet, a loner, shy,slightly withdrawn, obedient, and neat and orderly in appearanceand when working. He drinks in the local pubs and after a fewspirits, he becomes more relaxed and finds it easier to engage inconversation. He lives or works in the Whitechapel area. Thefirst homicide should be in close proximity to either his home orworkplace. It is noted that London Hospital is only one blockfrom the first homicide and as stated earlier in this analysis,we would expect other violent crimes in this vicinity.
Investigators would have interviewed him during thecourse of the investigation and he was probably talked to bypolice on several occasions. Unfortunately at this time, therewas no way to correlate this type of information; therefore,was overlooked. Investigators and citizens in the communitya preconceived idea or picture of what Jack the Ripper wouldhe
had
looklike. Because of the belief that he would appear odd or ghoulishin appearance, he was overlooked and/or eliminated as a potentialsuspect.
PRE AND POSTOFFENSE BEHAVIOR
Prior to each homicide, the subject was in a localdrinking spirits, while at the same time lowering hisinhibitions. He would be observed walking all over theWhitechapel area during the early evening hours. He did notspecifically seek a certain look in a woman; however, it wasno accident that he killed prostitutes. He had the sense towhen and where to attack his victims. There would have been
.5%ssF=1~,-;..,* as-:.";."<:f~; I--.1" :~ .-
§¢:;1rl§Zsw#é*<*%aQ§¢s»++>=+e¢ ; » .- ~~-~,<, .;¬=r¢,~; -- . = f . ." ~._ . -' '-=lLMZ'. ,- ---< - ..». -.; ~...- - ~-_- 1-;.-t._e:-1 -;,¢_,?*.._=;~~-_. F-1. '1, . r r;_-.1 » ' '_»~.:-~§.,,,. .;--~,_' .3 3- -.. >_. ~._. ,_ .,&_.¢'92'J___.__._v.&',.,,.-: - *9, .._,Jl*§;.n~ .».,»,* .92_.,;_j>- _.
W-. ,;.....,,,-... .. _ ;~ -. - 5 ._.,,r » - V - 3 ., -V '~ ~-=~_- - » <-' . Pg . ' , < . 4.. . . . "- ~ ' r. 1, -?-"--~-"TI" I.-<=4=.~:-; -~._ »-,¢*.»?-.=**"-»E_"~>.-f:;5*;¬;":F-tA;-:':;=». -_,~:r3" ~. -' .. §~:"6r', ~- Y : ; --_».-=,L-_-.~}.;=-=;'~'-;;:-.?i-9:3-E-i¥?5.~i..E -' ».;;ii-1.;-ZE*:<'!i='s'k _I§-E34: 1-"; # -T-31>" -;"~=",~;¢;;@:$>';=,=.~... r,"11~;:..;u<,:;1=¢:~}?>:5-{tag§,;g3r5§g¢¢:<§§f_a.3-;>5'1§:é¢=m92 *1".; »-» - _..»~ ~--{»<. .,..a-~ 1: a 2-.» ~" ...~ » ~ -. .3<.. r ->/*-1;~::-1. --1 ~'-- ' ~-~~-< - ~-pub
by
know
many
92 y I
-> .. , --~ -u I ' '92u * ~ I
-v. 3
other women who confronted Jack the Ripper and were not assaultedbecause the location was not secure enough.
' Post~offense behavior would-
area where he could wash his hands of
clothing. We would not expect him to
police investigation or provide bogusinclude returning to an
blood and remove his
inject himself into the
information. '
Jack the Ripper hunted nightly for his victims. whenhe could not find another, he returned to the locations where hekilled his previous victims. If the victims were buried locally,he would visit the gravesites of his victims during the earlymorning hours for the purpose of reliving his lust murders.
Jack the Ripper would not have committed suicide afterthe last homicide. Generally, when crimes such as these cease,it is because he came close to being identified, was interviewedby police, or was arrested for some other type of offense. Asstated previously in this report, we would be surprised if Jackthe Ripper would suddenly stop. However, we've seen this happenbefore and generally it has been because of the abovestated
reasons. V '
INVESTIGATIVE ANDZOR PROSECUTIVE TECHNIQUES
Jack the Ripper would be best suited to be interviewedduring the early morning hours. He would feel more relaxed andsecure to confess to the homicides. He would feel more relaxedto express himself by writing about his motivation for killingthe women. He would not be visibly shaken or upset if directlyaccused of the homicides. However, he would be psychologicallyand physiologically stressed if confronted with the fact that hebecame personally soiled by the victims blood. Jack the Ripperbelieved the homicides were justifiedand he was only removingperishable items--who were like garbage.
This analysis was prepared for the exclusive use ofCosgroveMeurer Productions, Inc. Any reproduction or use ofthis analysis for publication must have the written consent ofSSA John E. Douglas.
_7_
' I-..>--;-3.. I .-' . R
.-"'_-3 ;'<.-'--- - , .' * ._, -,2 _. _- _ . -!.;.,~':..'--".u 4 :_ *_- ~:-'": , '-,$-§='.>~».:" '~ '_-35.15.. of - _- .~ __ . _ - _ ,_~32»... .;-»|,4,,¢;{»-,2-;§+<*3-f»¢.,}_z§§§.3;¢1,r$r92%=.=.-_':_~~ ~?.*,e,,'.-~;=*.="~;}.1~.,"§.f= EX .- ".3? ..r-. ». .-'.--~- a-..=» - -' -aw . .. . / ~ --'»- :' . - > '- -< V . _~ ....-'~ __ :~~-' ',.,-_'j-,..- ,~. - -.-»_:»L;__~,",--___,1:.é... ' 1-. - -. , ; .. ._» . - 'w-- -; --.-.]~_a-.- . _» 2 _ » _ _- g _ < ,_,.>,_ _ , K-*:'>f4§9' ??;.-§§'4**»* - ">.§.%--v=;E:§-;@='~*¢1~;'14;-.: "- ' :12 '3 _'-» ;,_ _ ~' -. _~:92"-L-1? '4' ;=_, ' £~ 4' -92 - ~. __._ -;-; , _ - 1,, -" ' . - .. ~ -a._J:.j-.:_---.~92-.'_.f'; -4__;=::.' 1'3 : . ,;>.~ '1 ~ if ' ~»--_.. -:-'_~,-r-'- 1 5 _;_,;;_<;»_ __ " »-H.-i F51-. - '.~,¢.;~.~:+.-;-...¢.-.= ~.:- -;~»=-1 k .'-'<~--:7? !~*-i'.k-."-7 " -»~:.=;:~1<» $235 -» ' * __";_:.==' - -".5. * '~~ H i i * r¢i~,-'-1;_-.~.=>'~:=. _ A ;¢,~. __*:v:,4 ,¢, ' . ~ '§<-"-. L-":;:?~=" ' p >1.» , ~..'="'~"'=i r -.':¥7?"i= P-12" _ » 3. . 1><_:,,.~.=:,§..,r_=-,£».;,-:=-. .5-=;.92>,-y. .-.»,;*- ,_~._.<_- ,;_.-_- »-¢' ~ ,.. >; _4_1_ ,_»&,,,'. _ ,~_...~. E -...>.92 '43!-¢Q|~ 1..-:» . .I92I_---oz. g§§f§$W$H$W,@ @WmfmT%TF j- " " ' A--~ ~~~-