Document text
Q O
FEDERAL BUREAU OF INVESTIGATION
FREEDOM OF INFORMATION/PRIVACY ACTS SECTION
COVER SHEET
SUBJECT: FBI HISTORY
62-24172 VOLUME 1 & A SHORT HISTORY"
OF THE FBI
L___:~___ , - . 4 -_ NW ' ¢'- -.£'
oi, .I"92o-.1"".~ -:".:.§-Y
V .- , .__ __* _/'1? .92'I §;1; '-{P
_;b_US De. . partment of Justice
Federal Burea u of Investlgatlon
SHORTA
HISTOE
OF THE
FBI|
l
1997
A SHORT HISTORY
OF THE
~ FEDERAL BUREAU OF INVESTIGATION
I/97Q
Q
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Or ' .............................................. . . . . . . . ... 1 lGlnS
Bonaparte and Roosevelt...The Progressive Era...Congressional
Action Leads to Bonaparte's Creation of the Special Agent Force.-.
The "Bureau of Investigation" Commences.... -
Earlv Davs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ......;........... . . . . . . . ... 2
First Work in Antitrust, Peonage, and Land Fraud....the Mann
Act...Espionage, Sabotage, Selective Service...National Motor
Vehicle Theft Act....
The "Lawless" Years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 3
Prohibition...TheA Roaring Twenties...J. Edgar Hoover BecomesDirector...A New Bureau...Fingerprint Card Collection Eegun....
The New Deal.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... S
Federal Kidnaping Statute...May-June Crime Eills...Federal Bureauof Investigation Gets Its Name...the National Academy...the FEI
Laboratory...Uniform Crime Reporting Program....
World War II Period. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 6
Roosevelt Strengthens FBIs F National Security, Sabotage,
Responsibilities...Eight Nazi Saboteurs...Special IntelligenceService South of the Border..Number of FEI Employees Grows
Dramatically....
Postwar Ameri a ...,. . ........ . . . ......... . . . . ... IO
Concern Over Communism...Atomic Energy Act...BackgroundInvestigations Grow...Rise in Organized Crime, Civil RightsInvestigations.... P
The Vietnam War Fra.. . . . . . . . . . . ........... . . . .... . _ . , , _ _ _ , _ ___ 13
JFK AssassinatiOn...An Unpopular War Leads To Confrontation,
Unrest, Violence...Death of J. Edgar Hoover...Enter L. Patrick
Gray...Appointment of First Women Special Agents in Modern
Bureau.§..
Aftermath of Watergate.................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 15
Gray Leaves... William D. Ruckleshaus...Clarence M. Kelley BecomesDirector...Introduction of Modern Management Techniques, QualityOver Quantity".... " V
The Rise of International Crime.............. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 16
William H. Webster Becomes Director...Terrorism Strikes
Home...Foreign Counterintelligence, Organized Crime, FinancialCrime, Drug Trafficking....
The PostCo1d War World... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 18
National Security Redefined...Street Crime..."Crime in theSuites"...National Security Threat List.... '
Recent Years: 1993- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .;u...._ . . . . . . . . . ... 19
Louis J. Freeh Sworn In As Director...Reorganization of the FBI inAn Era of Downsizing...Diversity in the Ranks...Greater CooperationWith Other Agencies...Increased Focus on International Organized
Crime...Preparing for Future Crime....
D9
l
I _
<-
ORIGINS
= The FBI originated from a force of Special Agents
Created in 1908 by Attorney General Charles Bonaparte during thePresidency of Theodore Roosevelt. The two men first met when theyboth spoke at a neeting of the Baltimore Civil service ReformAssociation. Roosevelt, then Civil Service Commissioner, boasted'of his reforms in federal law enforcement. It was 1892, a time
when law enforcement was often political rather than professional.Roosevelt spoke with pride of his insistence that~Boroer Patrolapplicants pass marksmanship tests, with the most accurate gettingthe jobs. Following Roosevelt on the program, Bonaparte countered,tongue in cheek, that target shooting was not the way to get thebest men. "Roosevelt should have had the men shoot at each other,
and given the jobs to the survivors."
Roosevelt and Bonaparte both were "Progressives."They shared the conviction that efficiency and expertise, notpolitical connections, should determine who could best serve in
government. Theodore Roosevelt became President1of the United.States in 1901; four years later, he appointed Bonaparte to beAttorney General. In 1908, Bonaparte applied that Progressivephilosophy to the Department of Justice by creating a corps ofSpecial Agents. It had neither a name nor an officially designatedleader other than the Attorney General. Yet, these formerdetectives and Secret Service men were the forerunners of the FBI.
Today, most Americans take for granted that our countryneeds a federal investigative service, but in 1908, theestablishment of this kind of agency at a national level was highlycontroversial. The U.S. Constitution is based on "federalism": anational government with jurisdiction over matters that crossedboundaries, like interstate commerce and foreign affairs, with allother powers reserved to the states. Through the 1800s, Americansusually looked to cities, counties, and states to fulfill mostgovernment responsibilities. However, by the 20th century, easiertransportation and communications had created a climate of opinionfavorable to the federal government establishing a stronginvestigative tradition.
The impulse among the9American people toward a responsivefederal government, coupled with an idealistic, reformist spirit,characterized what is known as the Progressive Era, fromapproximately 1900 to 1918. The Progressive generation believedthat government intervention was necessary to produce justice in anindustrial society. Moreover, it looked to "experts" in all phasesof industry and government to produce that just society.
t President Roosevelt personified Progressivism at thenational level. A federal inyestigative force consisting ofwelldisciplined experts and designed to fight corruption and crimefit Roosevelt's Progressive scheme of government. AttorneyGeneral Bonaparte shared his President's Progressive philosophy.
However, the Department of Justice under Bon§Pafte had noinvestigators of its own except for 21 few Special Agents whocarried out specific assignments for the Attorney General, and aforce of Examiners trained. as accountants! _who reviewed. thefinancial transactions of the federal courts. Since its beginningin 1870, the Department of Justice used funds appropriated toinvestigate federal crimes to hire private detectives first, and
later investigators frbm other federal agencies. Federal Crimesare those that were considered interstate or occurred on federal
government reservations.!
By 1907, the Department of Justice most frequently calledupon Secret Service "operatives" to conduct investigations. Thesemen were well-trained, dedicated and expensive. .Moreover, they
reported not to the Attorney General, but to the Chief of the
Secret Service. This situation frustrated Bonaparte, who wanted
complete control of investigations under his jurisdiction.
Congress provided the impetus for Bonaparte to acquire his ownforce. On May 27, 1908, it enacted a law preventing the Departmentof Justice from engaging Secret Service operativesr
The following month, Attorney General Bonaparte appointeda force of Special Agents within the Department of. Justice.
Accordingly, ten former Secret Service employees and a number ofDepartment of Justice peonage i.e., compulsory servitude!investigators became Special Agents of the Department of Justice.On July 26, 1908, Bonaparte ordered them to report to ChiefExaminer Stanley I4. Finch. This action is celebrated as thebeginning of the FBI.
Both Attorney General Bonaparte and President TheodoreRoosevelt, who completed their terms in March 1909, recommendedthat the force of 34 Agents become a permanent_ part of" theDepartment of Justice. Attorney' General George Wickersham,Bonaparte's successor, named the force the Bureau of Investigationon March 16, 1909. At that time, the title of Chief Examiner waschanged to Chief of the Bureau of Investigation. ~
EARLY DAYS ~
:When the Bureau was established, there were few federalcrimes. The Bureau of Investigation primarily investigatedviolations of laws involving national banking, bankruptcy,naturalization, antitrust, peonage, and land fraud. Because theearly Bureau provided no formal training, previous law enforcementexperience or a background in the law was considered desirable.
The first major expansion in Bureau jurisdiction came inJune 1910 when the Mann "White Slave"! Act was passed, making ita crime to transport women over state lines for immoral purposes.
2
It also provided a tool by which the federal government could
investigate criminals who evaded state laws but had no Otherfederal violations. Finch became Commissioner of White Slavery ActViolations in 1912, and former Special Examiner A. Bruce Bielaski
became the new Bureau of Investigation Chief.
Q Over the next few years, the number of Special Agentsgrew to more than 300,:and these individuals were complemented by
another 300 support employees. Field offices existed from theBureau's inception. Each field operation was controlled by aSpecial Agent in Charge who was responsible to Washington. Mostfield offices were located in major cities. However, several werelocated near the Mexican border where they concentrated on
smuggling, neutrality violations, and intelligence collection,often in connection with-the Mexican revolution."
With the April 1917 entry of the United States into World
War I during Woodrow Wilson's administration, the Bureau's work wasincreased again. As a result of the war, the Bureau acquiredresponsibility for the Espionage, Selective Service, and SabotageActs, and assisted the Department of Labor by investigating enemyaliens. During these years Special Agents with generalinvestigative experience and facility in certain languagesaugmented the Bureau. ' V 4 .
William J. Flynn, former head of the Secret Service,became Director of the Bureau of Investigation in July 1919 and wasthe first to use that title. In October 1919, passage of theNational Motor Vehicle Theft Act gave the Bureau of Investigationanother tool by which to prosecute criminals who previously evadedthe law by crossing state lines. With the return of the country to"normalcy" under President Warren G. Harding in 1921, the Bureau ofInvestigation returned to its prewar role of fighting the fewfederal crimes.
THE "LAWLESS" YEARS
U The years from 1921 to 1933 were sometimes called the"lawless years" because of gangsterism and the public disregard forProhibition, which made it illegal to sell or import intoxicatingbeverages. Prohibition createda new federal medium for fightingcrime. Eut the Department of the Treasury, not the Department ofJustice, had jurisdiction for these violations.
Attacking crimes that were federal in scope but local injurisdiction called for creative solutions. The Bureau ofInvestigation had limited success using its narrow jurisdiction toinvestigate some of the criminals of "the gangster era." Forexample, it investigated Al Capone as a "fugitive federal witness."Federal investigation of a resurgent white supremacy movement also
3
required creativity. The Ku Klux Klan KKK!, dormant since thelate 1800s, was revived in part to counteract the economic gains
made by African Americans during World War I. The bureau ofInvestigation used the Mann_Act to bring Louisiana's philandering
KKK "Imperial Kleagle" to justice.
' Through these investigations and through more traditional
investigations of nuetrality violations and antitrust violations,the Bureau of Investigation gained stature. Although the HardingAdministration suffered from unqualified and sometimes corruptofficials, the Progressive Era reform tradition continued among theprofessional Department of Justice Special Agents. The new Bureauof Investigation Director, William J. Burns, who had previously runhis own detective agency, appointed 26-year-old J. Edgar Hoover asAssistant Director. Hoover, a graduate of George Washington
University Law School, had worked for the Department of Justicesince 1917, where he headed the enemy alien operations during WorldWar I and assisted in the General Intelligence Division under
Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer, investigating suspected
anarchists and communists.
After Harding died in 1923, his successor, Calvin
Coolidge, appointed replacements for Harding's cronies inthe Cabinet. For the new Attorney General, Coolidge appointed
attorney Harlan Fiske Stone. Stone-then, on May l0, 1924, selectedHoover to head the Bureau of Investigation. By inclination andtraining, Hoover embodied the Progressive tradition. Hisappointment ensured that the Bureau of Investigation would keep
that tradition alive.
When Hoover took over, the Bureau of Investigation had
approximately 650 employees, including 441 Special Agents. Heimmediately fired those Agents he considered unqualified andproceeded to professionalize the organization. For example, Hooverabolished the seniority rule of promotion and introduced uniformperformance appraisals. Regular inspections of Headquarters andfield office operations were scheduled. New Agents had to bebetween 25 and 35 years old. Then, in. January I928, Hooverestablished a formal training course for new Agents. He alsoreturned to the earlier preference for Special Agents with law craccounting experience. '
The new Director was also keenly aware that the Bureau ofInvestigation could not fight crime without public support. Inremarks prepared for the Attorney General in 1925, he wrote, "TheAgents of the Bureau of Investigation have been impressed with thefact that the real problem of law enforcement is in trying toobtain the cooperation and sympathy of the public and that theycannot hope to get such cooperation until they themselves merit therespect of the public." 92
Also in the early days of Hoover's directorship, a long
4 .
-Q
held goal of American law enforcement was achievedf theestablishment of an Identification Division. Tracking criminals bymeans of identification records had been considered a crucial toolof law .enforcement since the 19th century, and matchingfingerprints was considered the most accurate method. By 1922,many large cities had started their own fingerprint collections.
. _.
In keeping with the Progressive Era tradition of federalassistance to localities, the Department of Justice created aBureau of Criminal Identification in 1905 in order to provide acentralized reference collection of fingerprint cards. In 1907,the collection was moved, as a money-saving measure, to LeavenworthFederal Penitentiary, 'where it was staffed _by convicts.
Understandably suspicious of this.arrangement, police departmentsformed their own centralized identification bureau maintained by
the International Association of Chiefs of Police. It refused toshare its data with the Bureau of Criminal Investigation. In 1924,Congress was persuaded to merge the two collections in Washington,D.C., under Bureau of Investigation administration. As a result,law enforcement agencies across the country began contributingfingerprint cards to the Bureau of Investigation by 1926.
By the end of the decade, Special Agent training wasinstitutionalized, the field office inspection system was solidlyin place, and the Identification Division was functioning. Inaddition, studies were underway that would lead to the creation cfthe Technical Laboratory and Uniform Crime Reports. The Bureau wasequipped to end the "lawless years."
THE New DEAL
The 1929 stock market crash and the Great Depressionbrought hard times to America. Hard times, in turn, created morecriminals-and also led Americans to escape their troubles through
newspapers, radio, and movies.
-- To combat the crime wave, President Franklin D. Rooseveltinfluenced Congress in his first administration to expand federaljurisdiction, and his Attorney;General, Homer Cummings, fought anunrelenting campaign against rampant interstate crime.
A Noting the widespread interest of the media in this waragainst crime, Hoover carried the message of FBI work through themto the American people. He became as adept at publicizing hisagency's work as he was at administering it. Prior to 1933, BureauAgents had developed an esprit de corps, but the public consideredthem interchangeable with other federal investigators. Three yearslater, mere identification with the FBI was a source of specialpride to its employees and commanded instant recognition andrespect from the public.
5
During the early and mid-1930s several crucial decisionssolidified the Bureau's position as the nation's Pfenler lawenfQr¢ement agency. In 1932, Congress passed a federal kidnappingstatutef Then ill May and June 1934, with gangsters like John
Dillinger evading capture by crossing over state lines, it passed
a number of federal crime laws that significantly enhanced the
Bureau's jurisdiction. Congress also gave Bureau Agents statutory
authority to carry guns and make arrests. _
The Bureau of Investigation was renamed the United States
Bureau of Investigation on July 1, 1932. Then, beginning July 1,
1933, the Department of Justice experimented for almost two yearswith a Division of Investigation that included the Bureau of
Prohibition. Public confusion between Bureau of Investigation
Special Agents and Prohibition Agents led to a permanent name
change in 1935 for the agency composed of Department of Justice's
investigators: the Federal Bureau of Investigation was thus born. " ' .
Contributing to its forensic expertise, the Bureau
established its Technical Laboratory in 1932. Journalist RexCollier called it "a novel research laboratory where governmentcriminologists will match wits with underworld cunning."
Originally the small laboratory operated strictly as a researchfacility.- However, it benefitted from expanded federal funding,
eventually housing specialized microscopes and extensive reference
collections of guns, watermarks, typefaces, and automobile tire
designs. '
~ Also in 1935, the FBI National Academy was established to
train police officers in modern investigative methods, since atthat time only a few states and localities provided formal trainingto their peace officers. The National Academy taught investigativetechniques to police officials throughout the United States, and
starting in the 1940s, from all over the world.
The legal tools given to the FBI by Congress, as well asBureau initiatives to upgrade its own professionalism and that oflaw enforcement, resulted in the arrest or demise of all the majorgangsters by 1936. By that time, however, Fascism in AdolphHitler's Germany and Benito Mussolini's Italy and Communism inJosef Stalin's Soviet Union threatened American democraticprinciples. With war on the horizon, a new set of challenges faced
the FBI.
WORLD WAR Ill PERIOD
Germany, Italy, and Japan embarked on an unchecked seriesof invasions during the late 193Qs. Hitler and Mussolini supportedthe Spanish Falangists in their successful civil war against the"Loyalist" Spanish government 937-39!. Although manyEuropeans
6 .
and North Americans considered the Spanish Civil War an opportunity
to destroy Fascism, the United States, Great Britain, and France
remained neutral; only Russia supported the Loyalists. To the
shock of those who admired Russia for its active opposition to
Fascism, Stalin and Hitler signed a nonaggression pact in August
1939. The following month, Hitler seized Poland, and Russia took
Finland and the Baltic States. Great Britain and France declared
war on Germany, which formed the "Axis" with Japan and Italy~and
World War II began. The United States, however, continued to
adhere to the neutrality acts it had passed in the mid-1930s.
As these events unfolded yin Europe, the American
Depression continued. The Depression. provided as fertile an
environment for radicalisnm in the United. States as it did in
Europe. European Fascists had their counterparts and supporters in
the United States in the German-American Bund, the Silver Shirts,
and similar groups. At» the same time, labor unrest, racial
disturbances, and sympathy for the Spanish Loyalists presented an
unparalleled opportunity for the American Communist Party to gain
adherents. The FBI was alert to these Fascist and Communist groups
as.threats to American security. '3,
Authority to investigate these organizations came in 1936
with President Roosevelt's authorization through Secretary of State
Cordell Hull. A 1939 Presidential Directive further strengthened
the FBIs authority to investigate subversives in the United
States, and Congress reinforced it by passing the Smith Act in
1940, outlawing advocacy of violent overthrow of the government.
With the actual outbreak of war in 1939, the
responsibilities of the FBI escalated. Subversion, sabotage, and
espionage became major concerns. In addition to Agents trained in
general intelligence work, at least one Agent trained in defense
plant protection was placed in each of the FBI's 42 field offices.
The FBI also developed a network of informational sources, often
using members of fraternal or veterans organizations. with leads
developed by these intelligence networks and through their own
work, Special Agents investigated potential threats to national
security. . ~
'0, .
' Great Britain stood virtually alone against the Axis
powers after France fell to the Germans in 1940. An Axis victory
in Europe and Asia would threaten democracy in North America.
Because of the Nazi-Soviet Pact, the American Communist Party and
its sympathizers posed a doubleedged threat to American interests.
Under the direction of Russia, the American Communist Party
vigorously advocated continued neutrality for the United States.
In 1940 and 1941, the United States moved further and
further away from neutrality, actively aiding the Allies. In late
1940, Congress reestablished the draft. The FBI was responsible
for locating draft evaders and deserters. _
7
QWithout warning, the Germans attacked Russia on June 22,
1941_ Thereafter, the FBI focused its internal security efforts on
potentially dangerous German, Italian, and Japanese nationals as
well as native-born Americans whose beliefs and activities aided
the Axis powers.
. The FBI also participated in intelligence collection.
Here the Technical Laboratory played a pioneering role. Its highly
skilled and inventive staff cooperated with engineers, scientists,
and cryptographers in other agencies to enable the United States to
penetrate and sometimes control the flow of information from the
belligerents in the Western Hemisphere.
Sabotage investigations were another FBI responsibility.
In June 1942, a major, yet unsuccessful, attempt at sabotage was
made on American soil. Two German submarines let off four
saboteurs each at Amagansett, Long Island, and Ponte Vedra Beach,
Florida. These men had been trained by Germany in explosives,
chemistry, secret writing, "and how to blénd lntO Am6fl¢&R
surroundings. While still in German clothes, the_New York group
encountered a Coast Guard sentinel patrolling the beach, who
ultimately allowed them to pass. However, afraid of capture,
saboteur George Dasch turned himself inand assisted the FBI in
locating and arresting the rest of the team._ -
All were tried shortly afterward by a military tribunal
and found guilty. Six who did not cooperate iwith the U.S.
Government were executed a few days later. The others were
sentenced to life imprisonment, but were returned to Germany after
the war. The swift capture of these Nazi saboteurs helped to allay
fear of Axis subversion and bolstered Americans faith in the FBI.
Even before U.S. entry into the War, the FBI uncovered a
major espionage ring. This group, the Frederick Duquesne spy ring,
was the largest one discovered up to that time. The FBI was
assisted by a loyal American with German relatives who acted as a
double agent. For nearly two years the FBI ran a radio station for
him, learning what Germany was sending to its spies in the United
States while controlling the information that was being transmitted
to Germany. The investigation led to the arrest and conviction cf33 spies. h
War for the United States began December 7, 1941, when
Japanese armed forces attacked ships and facilities at Pearl
Harbor, Hawaii. The United States immediately declared war on
Japan, and the next day Germany and Italy declared war on the
United States. By 9:30 p.m., Eastern Standard Time, on December 7,
the FBI was in a wartime mode. FBI Headquarters and the S4 fieldoffices were placed on 24-hour schedules. On December 7~and 8, the
FBI arrested previously identified aliens who threatened national
security and turned them over to military or immigrationauthorities. '
8 .
At this time, the FBI augmented its Agent force with
National ~Academy graduates, who took an abbreviated training
course. As a result, the total number of FBI employees rose from
7,400 to over 13,000, including approximately 4,000 Agents, by the
end of 1943.
- Traditional war-related investigations did not occupy all
the FBIs time. For example, the Bureau continued to carry out
civil rights investigations. Segregation, which was legal at the
time, was the rule in the Armed.Services and in virtually the
entire defense industry in the 1940s. Under pressure from African-
American organizations, the President appointed a Fair Employment
Practices Commission FEPC!. The FEPC had no enforcement
authority. However, theFBI.could arrest individuals who impeded
the war effort. The Bureau assisted the FEPC when a Philadelphia
transit workers union went out on strike against an FEPC
desegregation order. The strike ended when it appeared that the
FBI was about to arrest its leaders.
The most serious discrimination during World War II was
the decision to evacuate Japanese nationals and American citizens
of Japanese descent from the West Coast and send them to internment
camps. Because the FBI had arrested the individuals whom it
considered security threats, FBI Director Hoover took the position
that confining others was unnecessary. The President and Attorney
General, however, chose to support the military assessment that
evacuation and internment were imperative. Ultimately, the FBI
became responsible for arresting curfew and evacuation violators.
' While most FBI personnel during the war worked
traditional war-related or criminal cases, one contingent of Agents
was unique. Separated from Bureau rolls, these Agents, with the
help of FBI Legal Attaches, composed the Special Intelligence
Service SIS! in Latin America. Established by President Roosevelt
in 1940, the SIS was to provide information on Axis activities in
South America and to destroy its intelligence iand propaganda
networks. Several hundred thousand Germans or German descendants
and numerous Japanese lived in South America. They provided pro-
Axis pressure and cover for Axis communications facilities.
Nevertheless, in every South ~American country, the SIS was
instrumental in bringing about a situation in which, by 1944,
continued support for the Nazis'became intolerable or impractical.
In April 1945, President Roosevelt died, and
Vice President Harry Truman took office as President. Before the
end of the month, Hitler committed suicide and the German commander
in Italy surrendered. Although the May 1945 surrender of Germany
ended the war in Europe, war continued in the Pacific until August
14, 1945. ,
The world that the FBI faced in September 1945 was very
different from the world of 1939 when the war began. American
9
isolationism had effectively ended, and, economicalflyr theUnited States had become the world's m0St Powerful natl°n- Athome, organized labor had achieved a S§r°n9 §°°th°ld[ Affi¢anAmericans and women, having tasted equallty durlnq waf§lm§ labOrshortages, had developed aspirations and the means of achieving thegoals that these groups had lacked before the war._ The AmericanCommunist Party possessed an unparalleled confidence, whileoverseas the Soviet Union strengthened its grasp on the countriesit had wrested from German occupationmaking it plain that itsplans to expand Communist influence had not abated. And hangingover the euphoria of a world once more at peace was the mushroomcloud of atomic weaponry.
POSTWAR AMERICA -
In February 1946 Stalin gave a public address in which heimplied that future wars were inevitable until Communism replacedcapitalism worldwide. Events in Europe and North America convincedCongress that Stalin was well on his way to achieving his goal.The Russian veto prevented the United Nations from curbing Sovietexpansion under its auspices.
Americans feared Communist expansion was not limited toEurope. ' By 1947, ample evidence existed that prcSovietindividuals had infiltrated the American Government. In June,1945, the FBI raided the offices of Amerasia, a magazine concernedwith the Far East, and discovered a large number of classifiedState Department documents. Several months later the Canadiansarrested 22 people for trying to steal atomic secrets. Previously,Americans felt secure behind their monopoly of the atomic bomb.Fear of a Russian bomb now came to dominate American thinking. TheSoviets detonated their own bomb in 1949.
Counteracting the Communist threat became a paramountfocus of government at all levels, as well as the private sector.While U.S. foreign .policy concentrated on defeating fCcmmunistexpansion abroad, many U.S. citizens sought to defeat the Communistthreat at home. The American Communist Party worked through frontorganizations or influenced other Americans who agreed with theircurrent propaganda "fellow travelers"!. ~ -
Y:
Since 1917, the FBI and its predecessor agencies hadinvestigated suspected acts of espionage and sabotage. In 1939 andagain in 1943, Presidential directives had authorized the FBI tocarry out investigations of threats to national security. Thisrole was clarified and expanded under Presidents Truman andDwight D. Eisenhower. Any public or private agency or individualwith information about subversive activities was urged to report itto the FBI. A poster to that effect was distributed to policedepartments throughout the country. At the same time, it warned
10
Americans to "avoid reporting malicious gossip or idle rumors."
The FBI's authority to conduct background investigations
on present and prospective government employees also expandeddramatically in the postwar years. The 1946 Atomic Energy Act gave
the FBI "responsibility_for determining the loyalty of lndividuals...having access to restricted Atomic Energy data." Later,
executive orders from both Presidents Truman and Eisenhower gavethe FBI responsibility for investigating allegations of disloyalty
among federal employees. In these cases, the agency requesting the
investigation made the final determination; the FBI only conducted
the investigation and reported the results. '
Many suspected and convicted spies, such as Julius andEthel Rosenberg, had beenfederal employees. Therefore, backgroundinvestigations were considered to be just as vital as cracking
major espionage cases. .
Despite the threats to the United States of subversion
and. espionage, the FBI's extended jurisdiction, and 'the time-
consuming nature of background investigations, the Bureau did not
surpass the number of Agents it had during World War IIor its
yearly wartime budget-until the Korean War in the early I9SOs.
After the-Korean War ended, the number of Agents stabilized at
about 6,200, while the budget began a steady climb in 1957.
Several factors converged to undermine domestic Communismin the 1950s. Situations like the Soviet defeat of the Hungarian
rebellion in 1956 caused many members to abandon the American
Communist Party. However, the FBI also played a role indiminishing Party influence. The Bureau was responsible for theinvestigation and arrest of alleged spies and Smith Act violators,most of whom were convicted. Through Hoover's speeches, articles,testimony, and books like Masters of Deceit, the FBI helped alert
the public to the Communist threat.
The FBI's role in fighting crime also expanded in the
postwar period "through 'its assistance "to state and local lawenforcement and through increased jurisdictional responsibility.
Advances in forensicqscience and technical developmentenabled the FBI to devote a significant proportion of its resourcesto assisting state and local law enforcement agencies. One methodof continuing assistance was through the National Academy. Anotherwas to use its greater resources to help states and localities
solve their cases.
A dramatic example of aid to a state occurred after themidair explosion of a plane over -Colorado in 1955. The FBILaboratory examined hundreds of airplane parts, pieces of cargo,and the personal effects of passengers. It pieced tggethefevidence of a bomb explosion from passenger luggage, then
i ll
-painstakinqly looked into the backgrounds of the 44 victims.Ultimately, .Agents identified the perpetrator and secured hisconfession, then turned the case over to Colorado authorities who
successfully prosecuted it in a State Court-
At the same time, Congress gave the FBI new federal lawswith which to fight civil rights violationsf racketeering, and
gambling. =' »
Up to this time, the interpretation of federal civilrights statutes by the Supreme Court was so narrow that few crimes,however heinous, qualified to be investigated by federal agents.
The turning point in federal civil rights actionsoccurred in the summer of 1964, with the murder of votingregistration workers Michael Schwerner, Andrew Goodman, and JamesChaney" near Philadelphia, Mississippi. _ At the Department ofJustice's request, the FBI conducted the investigation as it had inprevious, less-publicized racial incidents. The case against theperpetrators took years to go through the courts. Only after 1966,when the Supreme Court made it clear that federal law could be usedto prosecute civil rights violations, were seven men found guilty.By the late 1960s, the confluence of unambiguous federal authorityand local support for civil rights prosecutions allowed the FEI toplay an influential role in enabling African Americans to vote,serve on juries, and use public accommodations on an equal basis.
Involvement of the FBI in organized crime investigationsalso was hampered by the lack of possible federal laws coveringcrimes perpetrated by racketeers. After Prohibition, many mobactivities were carried out locally, or if interstate, they did notconstitute major violations within the Bureau's jurisdiction.
An impetus for federal legislation occurred in 1957 withthe discovery by Sergeant Croswell of the New York State Policethat many of the best known mobsters in the United States had mettogether in upstate New York. The FBI collected information on allthe individuals identified at the meeting, confirming the existenceof a national organizedcrime network. However, it was not untilan FBI Agent persuaded mob insider Joseph Valachi to testify thatthe public learned firsthand of the nature of La Cosa-Nostra, theAmerican "mafia." 9
On the heels of Valachi's disclosures, Congress passedtwo new laws to strengthen federal racketeering and gamblingstatutes that had been passed in the 1950s and early 1960s to aidthe Bureau's fight against mob influence. The Omnibus Crime Controland Safe streets Act of 1968 provided for the use of COurt+Orderedelectronic surveillance in the investigation of certain specifiedviolations. The Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations RICO! Statute of 1970 allowed organized groups to be prosecutedfor all of their diverse criminal activities, without the crimes
being linked by a perpetrator or allencompassing conspiracy.Along with greater use of Agents for undercover work by the late
1970s, these provisions helped the FBI develop cases that, in the
1980s, put almost all the major traditional crime family heads in
prison. ~
" A national tragedy produced another expansion of FBI
jurisdiction. When President Kennedy was assassinated, the crime
was a local homicide; no federal law addressed the murder of a
President. Nevertheless, President Lyndon B. Johnson tasked the
Bureau with conducting the investigation. Congress then passed a
new law to ensure that any such act in the future would be a
federal crime. -
THE VIETNAM WAR ERA
President Kennedy's assassination introduced the violent
aspect of the era known as the "Sixties." This period, which
actually lasted into the mid1970s, was characterized by idealism,but also by increased urban crime and a propensity for some groups
to resort to violence in challenging the Vestablishment.",~
Most Americans objecting to involvement_in Vietnam or toother policies wrote to Congress or carried peace signs in orderlydemonstrations. Nevertheless, in 1970 alone, an estimated 3,000bombings and 50,000 bomb threats occurred in the United States.
'. Opposition to the war in Vietnam brought together
numerous antiestablishment groups and gave them a common goal.The convergence of crime, violence, civil rights issues, andpotential national security issues ensured that the PEI played asignificant role during this troubled period.
Presidents Johnson and Nixon and Director Hoover sharedwith many Americans a perception of the potential dangers to thiscountry from some who opposed its policies in Vietnam. As Hoover
observed in a 1966 BIA Magazine article, the United States wasconfronted with '%i new style in conspiracyconspiracy that isextremely subtle and devious and hence difficult to understand...aconspiracy reflected by questionable moods and attitudes, byunrestrained individualism, by nonconformism in dress and speech,even by obscene language, rather than by formal membership inspecific organizations." '
The New Left movement's "romance with violence" involved,among others, four young men living in Madison, Wisconsin. Antiwarsentiment was widespread at the University of Wisconsin UW!, wheretwo of them were students. During the very early morning ofAugust 24, 1970, the four used a powerful homemade bomb to blow upSterling Hall, which housed the Army Math Research Center at UW:
13
A qraduate student was killed and three others were injured.
' That crime occurred a few months after National Guardsmenkilled four students and wounded several others during an antiwar
demonstration at Kent State University. The.FBI.investigated both
incidents. Together, these events helped end the "romance withviolence" for all ~but a handful of hardcore New Left
'revolutionaries. Draft dodging and Pr°PertY damaqe had been
tolerable to many antiwar sympathizers. Deaths were not.
By 1971, with few.exceptions, the most extreme members ofthe antiwar movement concentrated on more peaceable, yet still
radical tactics, such as the clandestine publication of Egg
Pentagon Papers. However, the violent Weathermen and its successor
groups continued to challenge the FBI into the_1980s.
No specific guidelines for FBI Agents covering national
security investigations had been developed by the Administration orCongress; these, in fact, were not issued until 1976. Therefore,the FBI addressed the threats from the militant "New Left" as ithad those from Communists in the 1950s and the KKKjin the 1960s.It used both traditional investigative techniques andcounterintelligence programs "Cointelpro"! to counteract domesticterrorism and conduct investigations of individuals andorganizations who threatened terroristic violence. wiretapping and
other intrusive techniques were discouraged by Hoover in the mid-1960s and. eventually were forbidden completely unless theyconformed to the Omnibus Crime Control Act. Hoover formallyterminated all "Cointelpro" operations on April 28, 1971.
- FBI Director J. Edgar Hoover died on May 2, 1972, justshy of 48 years as the FBI Director. He was 77. The next day hisbody lay in state in the Rotunda of the Capitol, an honor accorded
only 21 other Americans. . '
Hoover's successor would have to contend with the complexturmoil of that troubled time. In 1972, unlike 1924 when AttorneyGeneral Harlan Fiske Stone selected Hoover, the President appointedthe FBI Director with confirmation by the Senate. President Nixonappointed L. Patrick Gray as Acting Director the day after Hoover'sdeath. After retiring from a distinguished Naval career, Gray hadcontinued in public service_»as the Department of Justice'sAssistant Attorney General for the Civil Division. As ActingDirector, Gray appointed the first women as Special Agents sincethe 19205.
Shortly after Gray became Acting Director, five men werearrested photographing documents at the Democratic NationalHeadquarters in the Watergate Office Building in Washington, D.C.The break-in had been authorized by Republican Party officials.Within hours, the White House began its effort to cover up itsrole, and the new Acting FBI Director was inadvertently drawn into
14 L
it. FBI Agents undertook a thorough investigation of the breakinand related events. However, when Gray's questionable personalrole was revealed, he withdrew his name from the Senate's<xwmideration to be Director. He was replaced hours after heresigned on April 27, 1973, by William Ruckleshaus, a farmerCongressman and the first head of the Environmental Protectign-Agency, who remainedf until Clarence Kelley's _appointment asDirector on July 9, 1973. Kelley, who was Kansas City Police Chiefwhen he received the appointment, had been an FBI Agent from 1940
t0 1961.
AFTERMATH OF WATERGATE
Three days after Director Kelley s appointment, top aidesin the Nixon Administration resigned amid charges of White Houseefforts to obstruct justice in the Watergate case- Vice PresidentSpiro T. Agnew resigned in October, following charges of taxevasion. Then, following impeachment hearings that were broadcastover television to the American public throughout 1974, PresidentNixon resigned on August 9, 1974. Vice President Gerald R; Fordwas sworn in as President that same day. In' granting anunconditional pardon to exPresident Nixon one month later, hevowed to heal the nation. A
Director Kelley similarly sought to restore public trustin the FBI and in law enforcement. He instituted numerous policychanges that targeted the training and selection of FBI and lawenforcement leaders, the procedures of investigative intelligencecollection, and the prioritizing of criminal programs.
In 1974, Kelley instituted Career Review Boards andprograms to identify and train potential managers. For uppermanagement of the entire law enforcement community, the FBI, incooperation with the International Association of Chiefs of Policeand the Major Cities Chief Administrators, started the NationalExecutive Institute, which provided highlevel executive trainingand encouraged future operational cooperation.
Kelley also responded to scrutiny by Congress and themedia on whether FBI methods of collecting intelligence in domesticsecurity and counterintelligence investigations abridgedConstitutional rights. '_
The FBI had traditionally used its own criteria forintelligence collection, based on executive orders and blanketauthority granted by attorney generals. After congressionalhearings, Attorney General Edward Levi established finely detailedguidelines for the first time. "The guidelines for FBI foreigncounterintelligence investigations went into effect on March 10,
9 15
1976, and for domestic security investigations on April B, 1976. The latter were superseded March 21, 1983-! g
Kelley's most significant management innovation, however,was implementing the concept of "Qual}tY Over Q§an§lPY"investigations. He directed each field office to Se? Prlofltlesbased on the types of cases most important in its territory and to'concentrate resources on those priority matters. Strengthening the"Quality over Quantity" concept, the FBI as a whole establishedthree national priorities: foreign counterintelligence, organizedcrime, and white-collar crimel To handle the last priority, theBureau intensified its recruitment of accountants. It also steppedup its use of undercover operations in major cases. _
During Kelley's tenure as Director, the FBI made a strongeffort to develop an Agent force with more women and one that wasmore reflective of the ethnic composition of the United States.
THE RISE OF INTERNATIONALCRIME -_
In 1978, Director Kelley resigned and was replaced byformer federal Judge William H. Webster. At the time of hisappointment, Webster was serving as Judge of the U.S. Court ofAppeals for the Eighth Circuit.. He had previously been a Judge ofthe U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Missouri.
In 1982, following an explosion of terrorist incidentsworldwide, Webster made counterterrorism a fourth nationalpriority. He also expanded FBI efforts in the three others:foreign counterintelligence, organized crime, and whitecollarcrime.
The FBI solved so many espionage cases during the mid-l98Os that the press dubbed 1985 "the year of the spy." The mostserious espionage damage uncovered by the FBI was perpetrated bythe John Walker spy ring and by former National Security Agencyemployee William Pelton. .
Throughout the 1980s, the illegal drug trade severelychallenged the resources of American law enforcement. To ease thischallenge, in 1982 the Attorney General gave the FBI concurrentjurisdiction with the Drug Enforcement Administration DEA! overnarcotics violations in the United States. The expanded Departmentof Justice attention to drug crimes resulted in the confiscation ofmillions of dollars in controlled substances, the arrests of majornarcotics figures, and the dismantling of important drug rings.One of the most publicized, dubbed "the Pizza Connection" case,involved the heroin trade in the United States and Italy. Itresulted in 18 convictions, including a former leader of theSicilian Mafia. Then Assistant UIS. Attorney Louis J. Fresh, who
16
was to be appointed FBI Director in 1993, W85 KEY t0 Pr°5e¢UtiVe
successes in the C858-
on another front, Webster strengthened the FBI's responseto whitecollar crimes. Public corruption was atta¢ked nationwide.Convictions resulting from FBI investigations included members of'C0ncre5$ ABSCAM!, the»judiciary GREYLORD!, and state legislaturesin California and South Carolina. A major investigationculminating ixa 1988 unveiled corruption ixm defense procurement ILLWIND! .
As the United States faced a financial crisis in thefailures of savings and loan associations during the 1980s, the FBIuncovered instances of fraud that lay behind many of thosefailures. It was perhaps the single largest investigative effortundertaken by the FBI to that date: from investigating 10 bankfailures in 1981, it had 282 bank failures under investigation byFebruary 1987.
In 1984, the FBI acted as lead agency for security of theLos Angeles Olympics. In the course of its efforts to anticipateand prepare for acts of terrorism and street crime, it builtimportant bridges of interaction and cooperation with local, state,and other federal agencies, as well as agencies of other countries.It also unveiled the FBI's Hostage Rescue Team as a domestic forcecapable of responding to complex hostage situations such astragically occurred in Munich at the 1972 games.
. Perhaps as a result of the Bureau's emphasis oncombatting terrorism, such acts within the United States decreaseddramatically during the 1980s. In 1986, Congress had expanded FBIjurisdiction to cover terrorist acts against U.S. citizens outsidethe U.S. boundaries.
On May 26, 1987, Judge Webster left the FBI to becomeDirector of the Central Intelligence Agency; Executive AssistantDirector John E. Otto became Acting Director and served in thatposition until November 2, 1987. During his" tenure, ActingDirector Otto designated drug investigations as the FEI's fifthnational priority. n »
On November 2, 1987, former federal Judge William SteeleSessions was sworn in as FBI Director. Prior to his appointment asFEI Director, Sessions served as the Chief Judge of the U.S.District Court -for the Western District of Texas. He hadpreviously served as a District Judge and as U.S. Attorney for thatdistrict. _ ' »
Under Director Sessions, crime prevention efforts, inplace since Director Kelley's tenure, were expanded to include adrug demand reduction program. FBI offices nationwide beganworking closely with local school and civic groups to educate young
17 1
people to the dangers of_drugs. Subsequent nationwide community
outreagh efforts under that program evolved and expanded through
Such initiatives as the Adgpt-A-SChOOl/JUDlOI GMan Program.
THE POST-COLD WAR WORLD »
i The dismantling of the Berlin Wall in November 1989
'electrified the world and dramatically rang up the IrO Curtain on
the final act in the Cold War: the formal diSSOlUti0 Of the
Soviet Union, which occurred on December 25, 1991.
While world leaders scrambled to reposition their foreignpolicies and redefine national security parameters, the- FBIresponded as an agency in January 1992 by reassigning 300 Special
Agents from foreign counterintelligence duties to violent crimeinvestigations across the country. It_ was an unprecedentedopportunity to intensify' efforts in burgeoning domestic crimeproblems-and at the same time to rethink and retool FBI nationalsecurity programs in counterintelligence and counterterrorism.
In response to a 40-percent increase in crimes ofviolence over the previous 10 years, Director Sessions" had
designated the investigation of violent crime as the FEIs sixthnational priority program in 1989. By November 1991 the PEI hadcreated "Operation Safe Streets" in Washington, D.C.-a concept offederal, state, and local police task forces targeting fugitivesand gangs. It was now ready to expand this operational assistance
to police nationwide.
At the same time, the FBI Laboratory helped change theface of violent criminal identification. Its breakthrough use ofDNA technology enabled genetic crime-scene evidence to positivelyidentify--or rule outsuspects by comparing their particular DNApatterns. This unique identifier enabled the, creation of anational DNA Index similar to the fingerprint index, which had been
implemented in 1924.
_ The FBI also strengthened its response to whitecollarcrimes. Popularized as "crime in the suites," these nonviolentcrimes had steadily increased asuautomation in and deregulation cfindustries had created new environments for fraud. Resources were,accordingly, redirected to combat the new wave of large-scaleinsider bank fraud and financial gcrimes; to address criminalsanctions in new federal environmental legislation; and toestablish longterm investigations of complex health care frauds.
At the same time, the FBI reassessed its strategies indefending the national security, now no longer defined as thecontainment of communism and the prevention of nuclear war.
18
. By creating the National Security Threat List, which wasapproved by the Attorney General in 1991, it changed its approachfrom defending against hostile intelligence agencies to protectingU.S. information and technologies. It thus identified allcountries-not. just hostile intelligence services-that pose acontinuing and serious intelligence threat to the United States.'It also defined expanded threat issues, including the proliferationof chemical, biological, and nuclear weapons; the loss of criticaltechnologies; and the improper collection of trade secrets andproprietary information. _
As President Clinton was to note in 1994, with thedramatic expansion of the global economy "national security now
means economic security.? '
Two events occurred in late 1992 and early 1993 that wereto have a major impact on FBI policies and operations. In August1992, the FBI responded to the shooting death of Deputy U.S.Marshal William Degan, who was killed at Ruby Ridge, Idaho, whileparticipating in a surveillance of federal fugitive Randall Weaver.In the course of the standoff, Weaver's wife was accidentally shotand killed by an FBI sniper. 1
Eight months later, at a remote compound outside Waco,Texas, FBI Agents sought to end a 51-day standoff with members ofa heavily armed religious sect who had killed four officers of theBureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms. Instead, as Agentswatched in horror, the compound burned to the ground from fires litby members of the sect. Eighty persons, including children, diedin the blaze.
These two events set the stage for public andcongressional inquiries into the FBIs ability to respond to crisissituations. .
On July 19, 1993, following allegations of ethicsviolations committed by Director Sessions, President Clintonremoved him from office and appointed Deputy Director Floyd I.Clarke as Acting FBI Director. The President noted that DirectorSessions most significant achievement was broadening the FBI toinclude more women and minorities. A -
RECENTYEARS:1993- , ,
Louis J. Freeh was sworn in as Director of the FBI onSeptember 1, 1993. V
Freeh came to the Bureau with impeccable credentials andunusual insight into the Bureau.- He had served as an FBI Agentfrom 1975 to 1981 in the New York City Field Office and at FBIHeadquarters before leaving to join the U.S. Attorney's Office for
19
the southern District of New York. Here Freeh rose guickly andprosecuted many major FBI cases, including the notorious "PizzaConnection" case and the "VANPAC" mail bomb case. He was appointeda U.s. District Court Judge for the Southern District of new Yorkin 1991. on July 20, 1993, President Clinton nominated him to beFBI Director. He was confirmed by the U.s. Senate on August-6,1993. .
Qw
Freeh began his tenure with a clearly articulated agendathat would respond both to deepening crime problems and to aclimate of government downsizing. In his oath of office speech hecalled for new levels of cooperation among law enforcementagencies, both at home and abroad, and he announced his intentionto restructure the FBI in order to maximize its operationalresponse to crime. _
Six weeks after taking office, he announced a najorreorganization to streamline Headquarters operations of the FBI.Many management positions were abolished. Selected divisions andoffices were merged, reorganized, or abolished. Soon after, Freehordered the transfer of 600 Special Agents serving inadministrative positions to investigative positions in fieldoffices. To revitalize an aging Agent work force, Freeh gainedapproval to end a 2-year hiring freeze on new_Agents.
Freeh also instituted changes which affected current PEIemployee policies and standards of conduct. These changesstrengthened the FBI's traditionally high requirements for personalconduct and ethics, and established a "bright line" between whatwould be acceptable and what would not.
In continuation of the FBIs commitment to theadvancement of minorities and women within the ranks of theorganization, in October, 1993, Freeh appointed the first woman,the first man of Hispanic descent, and the second man of African-American descent to be named Assistant Director. '
In late 1993, Freeh was given a simultaneous appointmentto serve.as Director of the Department of Justice's new Office ofInvestigative Agency Policies. From this position, he has beenable to work effectively with law enforcement agencies within theDepartment of Justice to developclose cooperation on criminal lawenforcement issues, including sharing information on drucintelligence, automation, firearms, and aviation support. '
_ Also in late 1993, Freeh moved strongly to dramatize theimportance of international cooperation on organized crime issues.He traveled to Sicily to honor his late friend and colleagueGiovanni Falcone, who had been killed in a bomb blast with his wifeand three bodyguards the year before. On the steps of the PalatineChapel of the Palace of the Normans, in the face of the Mafiapresence, Freeh challenged the Sicilian people "to oppose them with
2 0 A
your minds and hearts and the rule of law." This message was to berepeated and strengthened the following year in the new democraticcapitals of Russia and Eastern Europe.
In the summer of 1994, Freeh led a delegation of highlevel diplomatic and federal law enforcement officials to meet withsenior officials of ll European nations on international crimeissues.
i At the outset, Richard Holbrooke, U.S. Ambassador toGermany, declared, "This is the evolving American foreign policy.Law Enforcement is at the forefront of our national interest inthis part of the world." Meetings were held with officials ofRussia, Germany, the Czeoh Republic, the Slovak Republic, Hungary,Poland, the Ukraine, Austria, Lithuania, Latvia, and Estonia. OnJuly 4, 1994, Director Freeh officially announced the historicopening of an FBI Legal Attache Office in Moscow, the old seat ofRussian communism. '
Subsequently, international leaders and law enforcementofficials have focused on ways to strengthen security measuresagainst possible theft of nuclear weapons and nuclear materialsfrom Russia and other former republics of the Soviet Union. Theyhave sharpened joint efforts against organized crime, drugtrafficking, and terrorism. They have also strongly supported theFBIs efforts to institute standardized training of internationalpolice in investigative processes, ethics, leadership, andprofessionalism: in April 1995, the International Law EnforcementAcademy opened its doors in Budapest, Hungary. Staffed by PEI andother law enforcement trainers, the academy offers five eightweekcourses a year, based on the EBIs National Academy concept.
To prepare the PEI for both domestic and foreignlawlessness in the 21st century, Freeh spearheaded the effort bylaw enforcement to ensure its ability, in the face oftelecommunications advances, to carry out courtjauthorizedelectronic surveillance in major investigations affecting publicsafety and national security. This ability was secured whenCongress passed the Communications Assistance for Law EnforcementAct in October 1994. ' .
>1He also mounted aggressive programs in specific criminalareas. During the years 1993 through 1996, these efforts paid offin successful investigations as diverse as the World Trade Centerbombing in New York City; the Archer Daniels Midland internationalpricefixing conspiracies; the attempted theft of ScheringPloughand Merck pharmaceutical trade secrets; and the arrests of Mexicandrug trafficker Juan GarciaAbrego and Russian crime bossVyacheslav Ivankov.
In 1996, the Health Insurance Portability andAccountability Act and the Economic Espionage Act were passed in
21
the closing days of Q! 104th Session of Congress, then signed intolaw. These new statutes enabled the FBI to significantlystrengthen its criminal programs in health care fraud and the theftof trade secrets and intellectual property.
At the same time, Director Freeh initiated many changesto prepare for evolving criminal challenges. For example, he beganconstruction of a new stateoftheart FBI forensic laboratory. Heformed the Critical Incident Response Group to deal efficientlywith crisis situations. He created the Computer Investigations andInfrastructure Threat Assessment Center to respond to physical andcyber attacks against U.S. infrastructure. And, lin 1996, heinitiated a comprehensive and integrated FBI response to nuclear,biological, and chemical NBC! crisis incidents when the PEI wasdesignated lead law enforcement agency in NBC investigations.
*** *** *** *** _
As it approaches its 90th anniversary, the FBI continuesto anticipate and respond to emerging criminal threats.
Its work, on behalf of the American people, is beingcarried out by some of the most dedicated and talented employeesfound anywhere in the world today. All are committed to combattingcriminal activity through the Bureau's investigations, programs,and law enforcement services. They continue the mission of thatfirst small grou;> of Special Agents in 1908 who established atradition of service that has become the Bureau's motto: Fidelity,Eravery, and Integrity.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
Office of Public and Congressional AffairsFederal Bureau of Investigation
935 Pennsylvania Avenue, N.W.
Washington, D.C. 20535
http://www.fbi.gov
l
22
. <. , V I
-._. -¢~;
;..@ 7.
- -_. - .._t_....._~.l-.;.W.-7,-.;__.;wh¢ _,,. 4,v _ v . ~ . D ____
. _
>>:4 ,0 "
_r;$-";,§_ . _ W.» *
&,,_ = -- ~ .92,.~,< _'.'|92 _ _ _ '~.-Q-.13 V :-.92;
Q . -_~ , W ,_0 ' . A . : 'so ~~~~~T. ' - _ _' - W H , .. n
" 1-_-->1-,.. §.:<92,~.*;,'~;_15, . _j ' <
- > -..§;~-1. :,._ _ / .. . >k > _ ,
"' ».!.f.$ ~-'1, - , -»-.1-:1.-_ . .,~.;<§ ,?e%,_7%;,"v _,' V, - __ .. _
~ I .. ,,». »"~?*'_..-...-._.- ,~ - 1 _-~ ;%;ar¢:1z:~, » V ~ ' < - ----.--- .-.~ nus oEscR1PTI0N. ~ ~
K. _ - , - ' - - J 0"- -¢- ~ . ":v.». I . . _ .; ~ . 92 I _
"a~¢_ _z_ >< '
_»-~ ~~ v . -'< . .___§ »_.--
'-~ Ki _ .."!_.'>.,. __'__*-;_ _ '_ Q Q. ...¢.. - _ W _
.0 -_. -~q;- -,1? I _ . , __ . .
0'. . _, .7 . ' ~ . . ' ";_ _ . V _ _ .,. .. _ . . :.1-. ._ -W >:1|- I vx _ . __ ' am, ! _ _,.. _ ,92 ' - v . , ' . _. _ . , _3' ~ . - . .. c _ -O - ~ ..' _ / _ '. .V92-- -' Q0 Q . _
0'
F ' 92 ~ , , ' ~ ' - » .. . . *»~.Q 5 J I- , .Q . - ' . ~' ' . .¢ _ ' ' 1 '-»_~.-..'. - ' ». :-.4.~ZT,§:1?'.§:f{§>¢. I . - _ __ J
' V-T
SUBJE }_; Fg1 /454-or *
i _ Q
<~ '. ... . +4, _
. V __ »
_. _ I 7 . -:._, J92:_v:c~ Z .;'_ ~_ _ .;., .
.4 ' =,. 7 _ V '_
' _»'. _' 1 "T " <'*-* "" -~ 1- V ,_ _ . »_ , ..v-..»@<'.~'='*<:;'
.-»j 'I - 92'r »;~'- ~ .1». -
. _ r _ ."_ 4 ~ »>-:.
D . 1 , _ ' _IQ ~ Q ,_ V ~ ~4- .- __ _ ~":.=1.. I 3 ~.
0 - - . .- <.;. _ - . , _ _;- . .~ - - '> _ ' W.-,_~.=§,».~.~
I. .
A. :'*;
., ~-.<,
0
FILE N ._ M¢4+[,Q_L//:/,2 U _j_ %
.. .»- _' ' ..
.. _! '7. _
»-~;92;§92'y¢0
-1 L-.4 ~
.. 492"_1
1?:
. l
- II'-PI'I|:~92-*e'¢"" O--0-~.-<92-Q-Q:-Q--~.- 5-_,. _' _ v:-. Q¢wq -q-. . , 4 _ - _ _ _-_.s.-ofgcq O.vOQ'QPv__.___ ____;7__ _ __ -. '.-, 1,, - '{ -. V ,-_»~ - _H_H:_~._».u-.._~ ~. ,,.... . _ ._= ... , . , , , . _, _ _211;. ..~- :.*' . ., ,_;_._> ' _§:_. ,.. ,1, ,5; ,. ~,j;;-- 1; * ¢r____v ' '5. ;;'-_;"' #7 T,-'";',§"Z ""~ -".'""'._ '.*_ _u@j:1 "T::1*,1;~Z.,_¢~. _~J- '-=<-_#F{»;_,-A~,.¢-"_'-. '- >,_,.-,T ~'-. - . ~ ~» ,1 V V ; " +*= ~7*<:=:7*,»»,.»~::*%._ " i@";iF 1;.' ...:...¢1',~"
In-9292 s 92 _. ,. e .- ~ 1~§|§*~' ' » - .*;_..-d,¬'-e '-.-_92 .1*§¢a>;z Q .. -'.'f*?*:<::;¢ ~< .~W - .3 7-~¢-=§ ;;~m-1-A§__ _ - 92»/' . < .. . .Mi :9: L 1" _ rznszm. euamu o TIGATION
- , _:;~::-~'-M >;,fl.."-'4 » .~.;? ,- 92_ _§ . -*,;_~'j,.=, bate 1» -.1: . .i 7 -~ ~ V . . / .
_7°.._..iT°¥Z§§D,.l./; e
____Mr. E. A. Tamm7
____Mr. Clegg
____Mr
____Mr
.x7LMr____Mr
__,_Mr____Mr
____Mi
____Mr
.__.Mr
r
r
r
____Chief Clerk's
____Records Section. Glavin
. Harbo
. Ladd
. Nichols
. Roeeni<
, Tracy
es Gandy
. McGuire
. Mohn 7
. Neaee '
. Jones
. Penning
. Renneberger
Office
____Hai1 Room
____Mechanical Sec.
____Pereonnel Files
____Washington Field
____Qu
.___Room
Z,-%zanticoMcCabe '-Mr
____Mr B1nce_,
____Mr Rogers
____Mr Feeney *
____Mr Ieyere>a
____Mr Nanna
____Mr "Page
Carlson
Egan;
Gurnea a
Longi_-
W MclntireMobley.
Naughten_,__Mr____Mr
____Mr
____Mr
____Mr
____Mr
.___Mr
____Mr Newby
____Mr Sloan
1
____Send File
;___Place on Record
____Place on Record
and Return
____Phone me
____See me
____Note and return
.__Pleaee handle
'1 _ ;0
.. -¢. '_.:.>»..~;_.;
/
w
.;__
..
2?
/,»/.. E
; .
>_...*;_- . -_ _,. ¢l7 ~ "f':'=;; ..~..;.:~'H'v 3X§§.A_,, - . -1 _~ -92_¢92.. -.....,_../T» $ ,... , .- -,:J'_;- 4.. 4 .. v V _.--.-4 -h... =~."~~.-4 '. ~~- ' ___ __ _____ " ..- ,Q*~'-'ffaI*§- _ .-.;._r_.>-_A ___e~__?,_ ;.?§.__-,,__
' . . ; E. _ ;_ .
. _
V: T _ DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE
- WASHINGTON 25. D. C.
T hint 611-.
._ Io. 110 92I
F 5.1. mcmvmo
. . _ 4
ennm zsmnzsmo mum or mrsmrmmn or III
nnummm or Jusnc: _ »
92
For the purpose of iecillteting the Qnveetigetieg egg
"4" ml Iwartnent. the ernee er the cue: Izaainer mg;
hereafter he mnled the Bureau er Inveetigtien, me thy mg,
lI8l_iner is hereby qzthorlzed and deaigmtezf to get 4;; u
Chief of the eaii Bureau, ad ee Inch eha.1.1 have euperrieien
°' *5 rt °3 I11 Pereone Ilmee eonpazeetien or .11. ...
u P314 9°" *1" IPP1°Pr1ati.en Illiecelleneou @enee|, Q
" *"" "=°' °°"*"- 01' the mmvneeaen "Detection and
Prosecution of Ox-1nee,I and who ere elpleyed for the pu.-we gg
of collecting evidence er of making inveetigetieng ¢;- @313,
"t1°°I °1 I117 kind for thin Dupe;-taunt er the ettieere the:-eat.
, .
no.1. ucxmsany; ,~ j_
. 92 -_ 3-. 2 -9 19/ 7 1"?
. bi - E
......_.,_~92< '--92
1::-1.x ..
4",.
..
L
1
~ ~ .
v . -.1! . ff-. 1
's* -I42h.
e--~Q, ' e92: " .'_ =
Y-T1
' ~:
.- '.. _~,. .k»._
92 I
'. 1 .2~.__; . ,. R
e . 1
-e | .
O
1<
!
Y,_ ,
» _ .. , .92_ .,-» " . . ,_ »~ -'_ .,~.. -I - I ._vqH~¢ 4;. '-92,' .. . -, . - -* .I- . _ _ . _ _ - ~ ~. -'-~_ '- W - 31;; _.'l .. ; -.-_ ..g4-1;;-»~. »'-#1,»;-F. .. -,; -7 i .'-. _~ L" ~- _ -' :3; '7 '._ .- ___ . .~_ . .. ..-_ 3 ~ ,.- . .. ....~- er..JI_- §.;.- f.-.:»g=§;¢e»_¢ _.'_,;;§2.' ix.-r.-.¢;§ 4:». ,5;~ I... ..,__.-..-" *, --'. _- '~~~."m -~ wr e 92-' -' - - . _ ._ ._»---»r-M. -1--~ -. -.~ .-.-§-' ~¢...,..-A " §@*éF:'?i-».. $;1i=¢&"1:*f»?=¥5",2-92§Y5 "_}:,J
".4
A1.-<~Q
0
e"v>-
'./ . ./.=i§; 92 ,
Q».
J
1
...-. 43,.
1;
C.
;'-. ." -., _ , .. - , 4 __ _ > " --_ . ,.,,..,_,_-_L.,:,.v-r._-lg '.'. I. MAR 2 9 I --. K » , . .;r;g§?T~ ,1.-.»..~_-;.=~,..___-.-.-.~,<; .. .- - . . . . - -.-'-~.. *'§ ' -1' 2.-'. 92 -.7...° .'- v ~ z _ . > _ A $1 i!;92_. ,-v.- ;I ~ - -'- "K - p-kn.» ur
1 :*>f;_. ;;k,i;.
I :7 1
£1 - Z
:=j_r§;';:;~
.1.-K4-'~»" _1;'.~~.
92A iv.-< -" 4,5» Q71-<=-4».-Z ..'~.-~.'-5' < '_",~=-35" "1-.:.'"-;.*-W .; 92=~.:4.- i1 . . .'= i" "" J4-"* .'~-=TZ".. ' "~~ iv?-.~~-.% -"2111: . - -w . . 3~.-'!'$.v~92=.-g:._'.».'» *..l ~=: ">,':*""."~'-!~' - "%:<".$;~-"... " .92='--'*;.n.._.... _. . Lg ___ .. $5. ,_ . . '._,.v _;,A_.>. .3 ..-ak__-F, ,_ 3 ._,.,, -. <1, ._. A-_ . 5, ,¢vd,~. , .1_ mt; ___: ff? _ K , ,_1£'*-.~ -J {$1 ta.-|._:.:>_1_,_f;-1-I §k_'=O;- ~.!'i_~1.v.v~ ¢ . ' ~' .z,_ , .2l92= _~.. _ .- a _- _--- -.,' »_ Q .--*.. .3-'*
. A ' . > .. T -92 92 ' k . . 8 334$ _ _ L ,_ __.1; is 4:.-1
~ {'1
. kg,
3%"
5,1.
1
F4.55?.7 < 5~ -;*-».~:
. .~." s..-
: 1
'~.' 1
._ ._ gm
l*:»»;~.§;I2F
51% B?
>1 .~.»,. . .». *'592§>~¬§;. -.v<.,;. ' .1
1_ . 4., ," .14
,~ " V
. * '2'.
' i%l'
Se~~ .,.-. .~.I.*
4.- . 25'-5?' '4 W...
.--.
....»..52 . F»-2--'t - .x.~». .~,_K'
.. i ,_.- f~1'~.l'.. -,92..' - Lavv v..:*~>. -»¢::.f§'3
T . .._
. .;
I .. . QQ.. _ 1 .
". ;a.'.", .
. o..'.§. _;j ~; _ _ ~ A, _ _ AP, .e B" ;' P . ' In 1 L, ' iféi» 1?;-[="-1;;. _ _ . £,92 _ V.. Ammo: aene:-m 4 ,Q,-- _Q__y/ 7_Q.§,5
1¢6&rR~.=*~¢.as§a-_ '.~< ,
»-.,... 4._.. I~
>» .
22$.» :l_~' .
f 4. ,:
J3? ' -22-? f .ya-;1 :v,- "
t aV... g
.»*.§;.=,2 _,_v
>1
1.._ r:s1!92nusm;n
. __-*-,,.. r
_. m
"-.. i. ' '522:2. _ .>.=¢'i~z~"-'*. '"».~ 2 _ , .,_- .,_ , > .4. _ 3'1" . 1.~-J <1, - L ;_ !, e . . . .. _. .~n:»-»-92 - »~»<. -"I.*¥!§"?-.'~ ' .=@" '3'! '" "* "- § " ' J W V" 4 g . . ,. _ , -. »> - " 2 -:.<'-*' ,. 1 + .'.1> . ' ,, V . .-. /_ '1 -- -' I"-,,.;¢:_l.-f_._'?Z.~,;:*.*:=. . -A92;%_f'_=_;§-;T;_ :s_~:<i';:92¬,§jff"_§ -:.-j- - I -_-_'; Q 4;. e Q - 1, , ,k_92.. - _0, _ . -7--w - J __m ,.=_._--L. ,'__,-1-.3. . - ' ., >1-;_ r_¢,,. _ - ;g,';.- i - _-_.. *, _-., .v .4. ... ~-¢:> -3.3 - . :3. . ~ ' , ' - A ._ ' " Q pix. * i" >" 3 " _ ~.' . ' ' I 3' - 92 . _ , ,,_r __ -a
. V e ?~"£-'. ;__;-._ m l.AWR£N_CE.Plzlml:R1- V '- aav Jnnonl-: w|u.|4u~|s.ruaua..u- DIN E RICE czwtnu. iuuumlu '3' 2 we-ma vrm-nocx. urn:-nu 0! Anrszrhn-we .19 e . ~
July 12, 1926 l D
1 L 7: f , Mr. J. Edgar Heover, Director, " ,2 4 1 "Bureau oi Investigation, I V it Y _Department of Justice, @Iashingten, 0 _
Dear Ir. Hoover: " A
. __ Bow many subscriptions to The United
States Daily rill you need for the fiscal_ year Just
starting, for the Bureau or Investigation?
. We male this inquiry not because at
this time bureaus, divisions, and independent estab-
lishments are sending in their orders. l
If, like some of the other government
branches, it is impossible fo
tions in advance, we can tell you that we have made
arrangements to bill you in accords.nce with your par-
ticular requirements, after the paper has started.
' Yours ver truly. h it
.1 ~
Jay Jerome w1'111~5s' i .. - ~ Publisher
4~..-<l.*l - . e JUL 1 31925 e Y l"
I I _ 1&1. 92 Wegg; sq JUL , 19-'.Z5,I» ' .>;v_T5";*3_:5§':-V V -U V . _ 0::-,mr4z~r920r92|usiT|ot ' -
' 2 __ - Q. ._ _...~ _Qm_z,,,»92
_ _ ' _.ry._-924 »>'- ..-> ~--_. " "...~;..~ -- -~._--- > '-'*r you to pay your subscrip-D
' 14- ~,_=I,'1*._<'* ..' §.=-,3, §'1?f5=';u 1---.-we
& .-
I .;:*I¥-J
1%.
_ .~:
».<';{%#'"ti',a92 ..
: :§
=1;2<.
4 ', *. . -=' .4,-.... 3-.-3,
,. ; .>_;lZ92§Y¬§1'-
.
;". » »-:2A4 *,L',.<'»;,';. '7';,»,-qw 1; . V-: >-in-4 ~
{:"..- -~*.,IL ."~
".»
5
V-M .'*i.:7_~.-F.*~*_?._ .,,.':>._ , Tag-,~ 5-: ;"-I-2'- : .¢~, _.
' .{I _ 1; 31', ."._",I¬+';'
' "' =3-Z_ :.v;92:.
_ } L='_923f-._;..~:"1:a.,r ~-'2. ,1;--,*3,-:3.
nu. -. N
" ' 2..'i,=: ' A=1-<=,.-*3 -
92" i
~ :"'~_",¢'_L_$!'.1. 5
. 92.-92
», ~<'ll.?¥;=?-fit_v _ 7-_-55" '-I, Tf ._92_ 5;""'1-»~.~3; _'%~'?'i~:o.
._ _ -31'-Q.
,~>'u-
- ~92" »-;»;L_'
v"-Q -T53... 7", I
. 14" -3 1- =n_.;»= __ , -. .|',!#'l>4~, . ;-' ' 1 f<;L',Z ,_
. L7,-;,-.,..g'-;,' . i e v .-_~¢92~~~=s . __ , n|_ _ , v ,_ ._ /x -'- .-4.--. ..,~-.,~:.-= _.-we ___ ,_»._»-,__. v > .___._,. . v~ ,»__._¢%___-__;n_.,7 _....a_. _. _ ,~,..-~ 92_ _~> H _ _. _'5-:"?"" 5'?-'-'.-' i':"';'7¢i""E§.1:=£.~'.r*."!".':-'_'I' ".:_-.~.»~':Z ----- " 7- "' "" " .___ 3; _ 92~- ~ --_ ..-~- ---» "
3': 4.-. .. 1 .45. .-
;.',,,fI ,_.' .s - .- .~!.:u,; v~V?-A " -:-T
-2.;
5,; 1:-
I5? lg " .1
- "Ta".:____,:: .
"FF.i _.- .
.
,. _l_- -.» I...
.,.~.1
r,
'.
s
, / ., __,/-* '4. N mail or messenger, copies of all letters reoeived by you and your ansvers
. 4,1;
lo- :: -.~,;- ...~-.-.»~ .. ;-P==".-*=?~=f?' -~11-#=»=:;-.?~aw-1'
" J 2- ' _. - ' K , 1'4-I ~~ V, -»_ g . _ Q ~ ._ - ._ ,. . . . - » V, ;, 5, V. _ j»_»: :Q,;,_;. -_ -- - V V - ;,;.;f
.............r 2» mic ates gt. -Y-- u . . . , I ' , ' J _ .4:°°""'° PIBenhng!hcOnIylhIlyRecotd0fIlseOfdsl Actsdhs ' <11! Executive and Judndal Branches of the Gov rv4. | Io. es = -xv -=~:. :-.:.-= nsammon ssorumr Jun: :1 ass. ':.-:2.-' mcnuzrnx -=».
IsSa_idtoReston ,,_,,,,_,,$_-,,,_,_,,, Slwwlncrcsse ,__,,,;_,-;,,,,,_-_, $obeneRe=ults ..,.".....,',.....'.u.. tF'ustScss1on'"""1'"" 0§FiveMillion -:a.*_:_3=- tr InFnnv' h "'--»-"i'-= '- .$4350.000,QQO--- =- -».~- -;---:~:-..-- ..-=..==-.- ~-~ --F.--i~ =---- - --"r *'--' -~~-~-- * ---
" - Pl; 1 -i¢;:e:?=¢¬-'
xHaugen Faqn Bill _
Z gI|Q,92 -I. as-us_uIu|-Q0 _ .ny 92 seagu-_ 1.
nu-5 _ _Future of Tariff $21, Tax Receipts "i.:'!s":;;°f§"§__. Work at Home "§":.§
mom l'he Unitedltates Daily. 5
- "win ____é....a._"_.é / av __ __ , ,_ -43..-5,.;;1' 1'0: All Bureau and Divisi n 0 fs. 1 ' ~.
. L. ..r.'-1.-'.;.._..'.;.-38" u tr ' L ""'
SUBJECT: News Announcemen_e. AUG 19 fyi- z _;__'§ ii August 18, 1986.
l';i-',.:.T!-1ErsT 6-? .I.=S-72C£ 7 7 f ._ . . Kw '. . U ' '. 2; , Q c piu iwd } FLE J A Q 2 0 1' I9 'e n- .*.1=» 1w,..Ie would appreciate your cooperation in sending us, either by
u 1.. - .p 1 ,:1u;_thereto which may be of new: interest either to the special groups of
t I i" ~people affected or the-general public. Ie publish only authorised in- '
. -: ;@'.{..»:- ~92 l .1:, if /..a.=1> formation and we have no desire to receive this for ourselves alone as -
a special or exclusive service. hould you desire us to furnish a
proof or copy to be posted in.the National Press Club or to be given to
s 4.. _ V -I ..;_ ... . .~:_.~.'._ .. _».,,... 1 - the news associations, we will be glad to furnish the extra copy to who-_
ever may be designated. Our purpose is merely to make sure that we
_ ;_:n;>.;1'7: getting a complete record of governmental activities.-» . . _ =
_ . _ Ie have stationed a reporter in every department and in every I
independent establishment who is 'ss.1;g.;¢i' to call
vision at least once every day. Should you have any letters or copies I
of correspondence that require approval by a higher officer, our repre- - '
.--higher official. Our reporters ar instructed not to send us anythins
for publication unless it has been f .u¢n@r1..'a'£,°tn.t;q{Z£§§;§§p§e§;.;;..s»f_-,_,sentative will be glad to submit the material he has gathered to euoh I
.7 '1.-4!-. s.__ ,; Jr. _._§. . . -- vr
Eli: . ._ 2-ft! "-
-:.'5f_,{§" '
-.-Z.na-
.. ,_-1:»;
_.;-as»_¬.~..."
.7»tu- I..am
,, 4"?
-_. T 20¢
1*.-=1-.~ r:"¬".*P»-: _+~". --.:_. _- - .t-' ' _.
5.-i".'T-T-, ' ~92-" '_ 1 '-~.' .3 __ .. 3 i "*-A-~ - ..
" " 1'1 _'-'1"
.1, ,-._ .I Z_§§:a _ ",°'.li?"."f:' _
i?. ._,. __
'~i'!'i-:5 ,2-';F,'~:j§g.=.~¢"'.':3é§.=.-.+a_;_|}. -4:"-' '-' I; ~.*¢==T:.!923ié1*,-.92-31§.$»e__sv.,-_. _ f- '--1.! =,~;v-,_¢92»/ .-.'-¢>{
n _i:>'i"§. ' :- I - *'_-'~'I
° > ~- -:- .
1-__*.»~ '1.'31--_-4-I ~ »
*
-ii 92
pJ. '-
V Iv 2. ~ -1w . -,"'q.42'I.'/; - ---Q t-">1 - ~=. .
'-.-<'}§£?=;F ' 352$ fig:-;a; "'-;_",;§;}ET?_; 3!~_- Y.-A.-i.-Bi.» -E7 ; 's"-- '
*;§?§~as.*T.;r
"'51:; -;'-_5 :~.-'v§__.__..,.. ....
:1 ;'- -;-- -_,. .»_. _...c._:.>---..-.* ._.,, //5"§°'yl"A;inouestion. You therefore, place inplicit »
.; ~s-.,.~-<-92- ' . _ V _ >'.'-L 54- "';">'.92 ' V. --_ 1 ' ~xi V _ J __ H _1_.; *.; II. i . ." -3 ~ s--Z. .1» '~ ~ ~.»_~'§4*::=
, » ' ' ¢ - L-a _~ ,5 ;_ - < y -- _ ' .__;:§q > Q . :,"'V .':'..,':" zgf ed-'3 <5. , k'r"'-'»:!;t d " -I 5 V ' N:
, , _ 'llrepresentatives and give them oral Amiméishestimenorandas A Inasmuch as it is physically impossible to make more
one call every day, ve would appreciate it if you asked your stencgra-
phers to make an extra copy of important letters answered by you
e ,4,us about it at once. Us can use material up to 8 P; ll. ,. but should, -sci
. ~ u - 11*:far as possible, have your announcements in hand before four o'clock when:
ever possible. rims telephone wnsr zaeo 1: you was s reporter to cone
. _e$.~,,_,__,,to your office. . -
Please bear in mind that every member of Congress reads The vi:
_, 4
~. ."§"~x- 1» 'United States Daily and that the activities of governmental bureaus are
especial interest to them. In fact, by revealing to Congress oonstantly,'f._.s=*§§?
§ *1 the enormous amount of work done by the bureaus, there is no doubt that
there will be an increase in appreciation of the service rendered by adminh
istrative officers. 1
, . 3 Trusting that we may have your cooperation, we remain,
A <~,_ .. 11¢n
Respectfully yours f '
i _. , *. ~.£-V @..¥?&=.-92. -.». ,1um unmzo sums nun
_ V . w.:~r-l~@__:E~'"A -<:l~=i-s=.- ;< ».1~. -M . ~'.¢.*-1, *.' 0.~O»A4-Q9-» , , - - : 'CG!/I. H V thief of Nessbtaff. by
If *.':,J_ ..'>"1; ya-~ ';_<;;,_r92._'_w.
_ .. ~ ";~',;v}.s+%.; .~ 44¢, s -.
» '. ='.r' 1.='f'
- 4 ~-
92 e92 .. ___;_ :_______ _ _ ___ av ,___=__ =.__ . __< ___:_>_____ _ ___,____._ ___ __ ________--.--- --
_;-5. ~*,* -
".-._i 1'" '
. --V »..~ : -_-Q »-~. . W _
0- .- _,
'~.. r 92- -
' 92-0:_ ,5, . 92 I,
»
_ - :;»..;_ >
2'
n
i'5! a 'Q-initéb gzitate @ai1g%*
Esta!-lisht-d Mnrrh 4. 1926 , . 92,_
Pu!!f>hr-d v-vs-ry 6.1;: in the 3'0.-lr -xc -pl. Sundays and ft--wrnnxcnt !=n1Xd.1.ys by "
The United Slat": 1»-my rm-1z._»m|=,; Cur!'92~-rmir-rh at 'rw~n=>-S1-wr-<1 um! >1 , l
$lX92-G15 .92'. 9292'., 9292'nshin1:u»n, D. C. h»h~phone: We-st 2590. . _ I _ ' ~=
Jn Jzzv ms 9292'::.x.u.92xs
Pu!-Iishrr
1. G. §J.92=.*nu.r.
him! 1-] .92're4': .~.rX,1
' lmr»:9292- PF..u;.<-r~.92'
.92'ru's If- ---xrrh lnrv--for Tr-asurrr - cm nlary -D.92~.'m 1..929292'1.l-$84.12
Ir s:'dc nl
Jc-nx E. Rzcs.
Grncral .92IunI:;<'f
T. M. R--::.92~x'
Mail irculali/-n 1/inrcl-gr Firld Circutalion Ln'n.'c!-Jr
Jnnzs L Brut u» 92':c1'c~n Wn:':1.o<';:"_ '
Dincrur 0! Ad.-1 rn..san!I
Ea'§x-#1 .92. S~":m.»x.z
IF. R. Dnrxauul
I~l:.:=u-rn ..-:!92<-c . . . . .
9292'v.~'u~rn T-:.';ce .
I:. -itic l'T|.;..~"! I 311':-: . . . ... 304 liuelin Iluif-1372;. >':'.n 1':-r.r:r!>'-:0
Burv~;-- ~=n l.-:!Zn~ . . ... .
Far H.=.~:-.-rn 92-zfice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 3. . . . . ... 52 92':|ndv-ill. .9292'1~!.u1. Nxw 92~.-rk, .92'. Y.
.....1S17 L--n-Ion Guarnntr-e I3uzMir.z:, hic:=.L;-», I31.
, C":}:!.
..1ZI Rue d'.92nlln, l.n-is. 1"r:92r.ro
A<'i~L'hr,92, .92k.~':¢l- :1, TI-R10, Ji:}=2=
Sl_'1:s92R1I'TIO.92' RATES
Delivr-rv.-d :;r.}' yirsce in the L'r.l!--1 St:-.1.-».~r, r--->1:-no lvrtt-ni-I, f-'-r $131-0 :1 !'v.=nr.
T», I..r:.~=-.31, $17.3-'. T» 1--r4-5-.-n I.--urxlri--~*. ¢'.'<'."92J. .
TUE .!'~Ic- .1471-'-SC of Tho L'n:'h~.~l .$'!nh~q Irmly is to ;rrsrnt 0 6'-nzplrht and
¢|_nn;|.'r!:rn.u:'¢' rrr-~14 of {hr 1!-;:fy crf|':"ti:s 0/ the fiurvrnnnnl of the l'mrrdStarr; in all in P/Ydlzch5-l,|yi.1II:Iu'P, I}.-.r:n;rc mu! Ju|..'i4:'1!u'il.wuI rdihrial
r.pin:'nn hr rmr-~='rr:t I.-I any ki:-.4. l?'.':'¢1-iny that surh 0 |.'1u.'y nrspnprr tr-mid
fill q 1!;'.<1:'r;¢~r ;!.:r¢~ in Um :1}; 1,] thy; ,{:m;ri<.-an pcople, Ihc lullowang men and
lrmrn /vumlrd this pub}!
Ov::.v D. Yu'.92'<=
1:bV92.92RD 9292. 1!-.'~R
Jam: W. 9292'cst<s
Mzss !f'.::.!.r: .~m:n9292'm
E. A. 11-11::-s
lIm.92-Am M. Bmrcn
C:..uu:.92'r1: H. .92hmxA!
Vim S. .-Xum.£-.92'.92x:1ii
H. P. 9292'x:.s1.-.92'
Frusx L. 1:-2.»:
J1-szru S. F|.iZl.lN'7H !'92'=E.92'
Dwxb Lux-m:x'.1:
I-Ina. J. 15¢:-Jss Hm-1;1.92u.92
F. Tnrmzs Luvx.-r"-.~a
2-ma. Laliw Srrzxxcs
Jonx W. Dnxs
9292'. .92!. Rn-rm
Arman Srum-n
92':c:~.-n 9292'u:-n.r.-in
' F!92EL'Il.£XC 9292'. "Zh'!17l.
.921-:.<. 3-!»:r~n.1. .92!N?'=nm-rx
lZ~1=zv:1' I.A?;.~'I.92G
.92x.m-;m' D. I.4.~;:92-ca
9292'n.1..92z:n .92.u':..<!=l|:Y
l'mL|.1P H. G.92:~sxn.92'
¢;a92,.:;1:s: P. Ik.:m»:.':
Juuzs 9292'. G:-uuh!!
R. F. 92'--.uu':-1
MAM RI-rr.:;1s Rx.w:|ur;r
Jrurs ll--.-»..w9292-/u.:>
Miss Assn .921r-|-.-:.92N
Junrs D. l'm:1.4.92'
.92h=.s. Em-n:n S-.'m.r:.~x.92'»;En
I-{H1-r.|v.1' ll. l'A'rcm.92'
JAY Ji:nu.92u-: 9292n.x.:.92.92xs
9292'xu.n92.~x B. 92_92'lL.92'u.92K
Aus C. 1uxsn.u:r-
.~.92.vn"m. lssvu.
J-us E. lit-1:
u.as " -» - - Hr-;
Mus. .92' I;MAN rs R. 9292'||x~rsnci'.='=; >V ' . - _ ._ k ;-Orro H. Rum
Jr:.=.=92: H. -lusts
9292'.u:trz C. T::.u:u:
.~|.~.1--.92' 61'-wrssuunux
Mus. Cn.u:x.1:s H. .~.um-'
1?|.Q7m:.921=r:.--:1: L<..92'c
l-ZL.92u:R >.¢'nl.v.=:.92-:l;::
I-2. '1. .92l2~3l:k;hl?l|
C. B/¢s.1'n $1.55!?
9292A92'.92': .11-u.92'suN
H. F. i<~u'x:A V
In L. 1,--112$ ~
Lllz. .<r.92.92'u:92' M. Rx.92r.u.92:.*r I . '
1.:-1.: ma. 1-2. .92l. Hul'.~'B F,
9292.u:m J. Fur! ' '
.h.-us linmmr .
I{r92r.E:;'r S. 1£mom.92'-;s
Jnurs L. Put
T. T-1. 11- r=u'.~r V "
u G:-:.92:<r S7$u92l'! I * .
i - . ., I'. _. ":.-.p..=,.'...,1*~ ,1
_ .,'§ ..,.-I~.-..»
- _;-.92..
w_ .~ ,I2 "
_ -.. , .
~ ' '. ' H 92 . " ..-K"... -- . _ P - ' -' -~»~, '.~.1 _. _-.9". ., ' = >»','; -»- 92..;;-;$;~=~_. ' ;; : -.._ . - 92 :§,,._ 1. 2 . ;; , < . ..,-.._ _ , ._-.;;+._.-;.~:._<~;~:.~ ."_- _.-.;.;,r
' v
r1
92' ' i "Ar1/ . ~ .1
1
.. J ,7.
. ,: _.» .
__m_
Wt
__
UI
F
M
G.r_ My
__Pm_
m__N
W _ _____
_
W_ __m'__4_¢ _92 ! 3 _ M_V__%__xI __§m_%H __M;_7_:_ _I;__uh_ J__ __ _ _ 1 _ _
;_:MM_ _ ___ :5 _r__" ,1 ___ ?M_ .'__w_LIi__l_ _4 Y§__ T, _4 __~ X _ ;__ ENM__*W;H__H Y
_%_A__ E _92_V_W__ __1 H _
EEW %J_hmH_HMmm_%_yM___'_1 WV _ 0 A '_hL__ VH_§_,_4»~_ __ _A _ _ _ _
'_A',_3J _> H _ ;__'____ ___
_ _ _ _ J_ J _wugm _f_ 5 M _d___>¬_Mm___W i
Him I v _ >
_V A ___ , I _ _ W? I f ¢A__V_~v___J
I : __ _'m __
"___W_92%_ _ _'}__'__ ____k__'_____ _
: NW: 7__ .m_J_
_ xw
1:, 4!_ Y92 Y Q_ _ _ V
7' __ ___ _ H
1 Hy??? __/_W____ N _ <Ni > _ V _
"4 V7 A vi
_? H V_ _ __ > ___ V Q __ N _@_Wq_ M_ vF vi ~__ AMA V v.{_ _$_ ____ rm ___~%;__v}>HhV_ 1' ___U¥ H
E _f _H!n_U_fM_h_m______ _lm H M W WK H___f_ _Wm_ _"__'__!W_ ____:____ 1;______>_*_ _V WM £_%__£q1 _
_ gr ___ .___'___ _u _A
V M_ ">_N:_H*N__W___M? ' m~__1 _ _ __,_ ;1_J___J _I I_N_$_H____ n"; l _ _ _ I , A_ _ _ _ _ > _ _§__;__ _ ,_ _ ___ Q _ _ _ __ _,%__"_ V U _V _ M _ H > __ _ __ , _>____v___m__ M: _ ~__>___f~_'_ ______M ___ _h_¬ t _"_ __._ __*%J_N_m_' ___ _ 7 I_:__"~:_%_, é___£_ __ M "%_!___vw m'T_m h uh 6 __1I___'%__V____ at _t"_w_~t__ 92__H_ ' ___ W_w___é__wm__u'__ _Y_"__pU__hP_ _ I _ f M I
__ _ _ N: v_h"__ h___M_92___' Z H G ____:__ V
_m _ %_ J§_ " b__5__v__]__v_6_AH¢, ___, w___M{___£_fp____ m¢_ %_Tm_%__%____ iv_xtmm *__&_____ h_ _~__M_~1__$&___*W___ __ _ #____3_ __ __ _ _ l __ _I___ _ __ _ ____ ___ ___ ___ . _ "U.@ I_ __ __}_If Raw" Y ___ __ kn __'_ Y __ __ I
_ ______ __ N?
_M__ NHL __ I___ _ _ I
7,__ __
_i+_ _M_!___H, HH_" ___ _w_M92___W J" __ _
_ M __u_ JV Z 2 ____VJ L_ : _ _ 5;
:56 wt Ia
MW _
MN?_$_ _V '_A_ __4I _'~___ * __ _
,$%m£?_
__'I__' _>__ ___ _',_ M
A _M'___"_r____h_1__4_ K ____ "___:_ _ * _ _ _ Ii. _
I; G J
Vb _ K _ ___*___he _~
__"___7____ "___ Fl ,
___:v_____ __ _'__,_____ I '_ _ h '_ _ _ 4 1 _ if I_ _._ _H_ {M Jr * _hv_4__&T"__ ___ § ___ W ___ V_ >.__ _ _ I 4: _ '_ _ I ___ _A __'_H__ __Wh ___}: ___ __;__Q /__xH___ __a______ d__ _ ___ __' f __|_ :1 V__£_M_> ___ ,_/._'___U_J__ ___ A___92'__*A____'vi____£____I: _'_ __ __ _____:"h L 3 "___n_"__ __NH_ _4__ ___ _ 2 _ _ 4§m___m Mu_2w_H_1_nWM%_"__h___v; N_ §»u.nv w_ Mr_W_%N}_wdmm mUé K __ H _ ii ? _!_ _<_ _}'_MN__~_+____h_Ah !M__wwmhygur W _ O___ 0:, __ 1 ?"_N_____H___,_4:_92_ __' _~ ':__h__ _w _;
W §__¬i perv P _V_ ___"$ ix: _'HH__h "r_"h_?m~_ 92
__,___ __ Van _" h_; __;_;__L_,__ 4 up _u_ 1_J"_" "£ __ _ q __ _ _
_ ;_ 3_a _ "__h92_M ivy," !_IUq_%AMr_f__&~_'J__ "___d _ Z 92_ '__*H_ A_J 3 _¢ __ __ W _1__r_:iv vm___/___ §__~__ _"v_g _ I v ~_v____t_____ __i I _h_____J_
_92 kw? ._" _92 _ ____.__ -4 _ __m_" _ _;_____ sh M ____4___7 W_ _
V: _~_____ 3_92 y _ '_ _ '__ .!'___ __
_ ~_ I ________ _92
H If 1 _ I _ :_ _I
_>_ __ V I __ m___>__._ _______ _ _ 4.
"__ __ _ _v4___ _I __ r _ v _ _ ___ _>
_ '___ _> ' I_ _ _ _ M N_u__ ~ _ '_
_ V2_
m _ yg pr W%'_ _ _"__N___.
___?
. u __ _ __ _ H I ! __ _ _ if _ _ _U __ __ _ _ __ _~ _"___1 _ __ __ _' _ _ _ ___! _ __ _ _ M_ __ .
92___ _ __;5U_": VV_____ >___;____h__W_w__ NL_?w[______ _h___w___ ~_ ;_M0_ __£ M _ __ +_ ___]______,_,__ ____w_"_"_H"W k¢w______.__ : __ _ /_ I __ v __' :'_ Q _ _ _ W. ___, Q; Q 9 _::_r:_____ _ 92 _ ____~ "spa "7 w I __»"h"_"___w_'_____H__ .___ _ J 33 _____s_ __ _'*__L_p *_____"w_ _ _ .t_ V>_3d+l_|._;_ _U ___
___ ___ J;_ __ I2 __"9
LA " _
Q-U1
_X _.v
_'_ ___ __ v _ ya7/1 _ ha!
____a_
_
af
I new _ k ;_ L __ _v_~ I _ x V v____ __ __ __ __. _-in * ' w _ _ _ _ _ __u_92vI. _____ __ U. _O__ ___ ______ }_ __Y___'_ _ _t_>4 1 > _ __ _ _'__v _R 92 Q W _lH____ _ _92'__ __ ____m_n___r" __ ¥U'm_M;~L__m_ M _w__%m __%_N_____*%_" ____h___W_{____ _ ____ _ P _ _ are 6 __ !_ >' _ A
_ _: __ I _ _ Rn__!__l_r__ _ __ _¬ ______ ___~___A_ ___ Aw__H_"h£_a¢£ Li __h _£___ __A>h~___ _;L__i__ __! 4___H_ 0___W_V_______H>H,_4__v»_H_ 4_'_ ______ }'t_ 3_ n_~ ___h 92_A_r_I_*_____I._____m_ _______ 3?: '_>_ _ _ _____ _____h__!' ___vV___ _ __ ____ "__$n__"I__U __H_h§__'_im_ _cW___p923U_?m¢N__~_¬___P __t"___'4______ h_l__ J _$ _ _______ r ;_t_'_%____ ,_ Z M _H S ___ F, __ _____~, ___ Z _ ILL __T_A____ _ ;_' _ _ _ U_. __ _H__ _ _____»_ t K x_ _ __ _ ___ ___ U; 1 fa _r___~__q_ __ ____ __ n _ L __ J ! __T_r_*_ I A*J_A _: __ _ ___ "_>_. wt _ 1: '1" _ _ ___ J ___: 92_ M__ _M_»_____ __92~_A _uJ921 _'<__ _ ____v_T~n 1I L ____V__q___ __v*__'"___W4__'__, __~_4__ '__: ___ ,___. ____ _ __J __r_H_ a . _ 9 _! _:v__ :_;__________p _ J
3 $3 _ ___ m ____ ~_____ _ V; '_ . _ " _ 4_ !__ _ _____ _ _ w_" _ V6: __~___' _ _ ___ __
M __ m _ O _ 5 W
_ __h__ ;__ * =5 _h ___, __ T __ _" t ___ _ V Q _ __ _ ____ _ J __' _ _M _,I_____v _"_____92____r_ __Vr,_&q___:__§_' A, __
q I _> ____ __ __ _ __"N_ _ _____ __ LH _ _ _ _ _'It ___ K ___ J"! 4_:___ _ __ ___H__ V W _:__">
_4 __v_____ ___1_ ___. '_ _
___ ____V_ : F:m$ UL_ _ JD _P_u_H__;__ MM 'A__hp_____|_ than '=__. _Hrum92 _'____¢_F_ H ff ;____r__z_________P_. __ 'vv_h_'_ -I _ n $___,!_. _r___'_ "___ __"______k___ E V, a _ _ H: _ Um __ _ __ __ _ v__ 2 _ __ >__ 92___ _
I653 ;fh$ ___ :Y _~ V ___ _ E" __ __:__ _u__G__4 _ _.b ___ _ >
N Jw N ______ W__ I _ ___ _ __ A4U,~I'._ __,H ___w_|___v __ Ll _>_V______'
.._ _ _ ' _H_ __"__u N? _II___,: % _____p__vv _ _ __{__ _ H _H*__~_I__ I _>92__v_W___ _HH'_ w . ; ____¬H'_ 3: m ___ _ ! __ #2; :1 _' .__ _" I H: __@___"_ H______,__ __ '_ i I '_ "__ _ _
_____,J___ >__ _ _ 2 _ _' I ' _ _ _I _ _ "_' _: _ _ I In _ ¢_ __ __ W : _____ .1 H_ _ __ __ __ I _'|__ _ J; _I _ _ _ _'_ I V __ ;_v__ __ _ _ _ _ _ I
_ I_____1_Y t 2;: 4_ _H H ____ ____ ___ _ _ '__ _ _ H
_ _ V_'u__ _ _ _ _ _' __ __ __ _"v 92_ _ Y: I F _~__ _
I __'_n ___ _ _ __ ___ v_ ____""__ __ _ _ _ __ _ ___; _ _ V __ ~_ >7 I_ .1
_ _ _ f. F .92 1 __ '____ ti. __z____ _'__ ,_____v_ _ _
__ ______' _1 __ 92Fr __m _ ________g____ 92 2 I _.___ _______ _r ___ _ _>____'_92_ _ >7__I_ k __ __ D ___: _',__ I _>
_'; __ ___ ___ "
_ __._
_ ;;',_._.;_
__ > _" _ HQ _'_ H
_ _ __
.>.__I 4__ Ira: _nI_>__.___v __ __r__ ____ L; E
__ Q _ _ ' __'_ _ _
___"_ 7:; ___h__$ ____ _ _ H__.__I_>'___4_____'_p _ __ J __ __ ._~_ _ v _ _____ I _ _ _ 1 __ 2 __', _
_v'_' _I______ __F .4:
' ___>____ K 2, __ I I_ I 1 I _ _ !_ __ _ ; ___ 7 L ___~'___> _ ___ 1; I _l_b I_h __ A ___ _1____.__y tip" I :7,q__4__ __ d _ f_____ _ ___ L ______ ____£__0_H' as __M__r__w_'!_ _V_*_1___ _"H_ __r"___ IH___ v_ 2a I . I I _ I_ _ _ _ _ ___M__L_ !_ _I K _ __ __ A _:P_ _"______~ __ 2:6 _ V ___'_ .W_____ __ _ _ A I _ I __ _ !_ !_ __ _ I ' __ _ r _ ___ '2': _ 92_,_'W"_W P ? it ___? _ >_ _'
_ _,__ _ Q ___ 1 "1 .__h_J_>L____h_> U2 J_ 1 , V "__r_Ir__I r _ I _ _ ' _ ____ I _ _ _ 1! ~ _ _ J _ _ __§~_ _ _ ._ _ __,_¢ __" '_J >_ _92 11; _ L} _ v_ ___ 5 PA ;_ I fl __ __ K V _ _ _ _______*1; A HF W___E§§_g_ng§kV$3av ___h_W_' E xi aw _?,_ ____ ~____""_$__M_"vm___h __W__bU_ W92m£___¢_3 ___ K E 4_w_v_ M__ p___P_M_____ w__%_
__ __ ____ __92_ ___ _ _ >______ _ _
Ll]: .;ln1_tei1
.. .~ o ' " uwaznons wn.l.;Ai|s.runusnnDA92 ID LAWRENCE PIIDIDIIT92
Q
"L _ » ' ' ';:7'-'?»-, _. JOHN !:.IllC£'.Gzw|:m92LseAIAcxw' ' e r~ " - ' V 921c1on WHI1l.OCK,DIII.¢l'wOIAu92rI:I1|luIO
ESTABLISHED MARCH O. I926 .1 4 - -. , .
Q
g pm.o e _ Novunber 6, 1926;.-~, ' _ » . 4, 4:3,;
Mr. J. Edger Hoover, _ .
Department oi Justice,
Washington, D. C.
I>eerI.ir.Hoov'er:~_ <4 '~ _~ h '_
g -~ The United States Daily is making e. topical survey
of ell the unite of the national government, grouping rele.ted..lA;Tp'vv~
activities. The work of each unit will be covered in e special
article to be submitted tor revision and approval to the bureau
before publication. In order to essiet us in grouping-the _
bureeue, we ere asking all chiefs of bureaus or divisions to
check herein the ectivitiee in which their unite are engaged.
would you kindly look over the etteched list, check oft the ~
topics which touch your unit and retum to us in the enclosed
envelope 7 This will be of greet eeeistence to us in covering
the work of the various units in their proper order. ~
Owing to the megmitude ofpthis task, considerebletine
. 4,} -- ',."
may elapse beforesome of the bureaus ere reeched in the eurveyf
but all willbe covered thoroughly end maple time will be giv_en'_-,:
before:-publication for personsl coneultetion' ,- _ ' _ Yr" ~_~.
chi eff, careful prepcretion of his article e_x_1d_revi_sionMb;_[
.. I We ere sure we can count upon you {or full cooperetibn' o ' L. .9, 1 7'4; ! ¢;_. in tnieegégat edgcatimel work. . v- v _ - - ~ _~_ X ,-
> - » , ,- §§QQ"f~___1-'7-"_'L1__.§n~.v_1_ '92 "'§incerely yours, o -o
- GAUOI WU or WES Chief of News Ste.
z~.-_. . _emu _.._.,2_~_23$ _.l Ti "a¢>~
'2:
..-_ ..!
n
..,.,_,_,'_,._ _,_,,_,_, '
'_ T?! -,' "~'.;~'-r*_?'"*":~'.- ___ ' .. -4-_V_.~ .,= V _ ._V.V.V ".>: _' H» -._;~.tf""3V l Va is. .4 V" 1 v.... ~ ., -- "~ '. .. * ., . . _ Y . - ~ . .v,, V - ._.-..V.=-.-_---M. .14.; .V~.-~~ VVr..-.-....- .V, .- - V. _ -..-;.,- . If V-- ._.. V» __-_-_--. -- V_ ...- ,~.V_._-, -;~- __92."1,,;_.:_. .,,"__,' -" '"' .,* -., .92¢.".*:~"_ '":V - , V... V TV g. _-_..!V_V _ _ .~ . . :~- ,_,_ ~- *~ »- - - ~*.1..f*-V. .4.-. "2""-fz-_~. .~Vz¢~;
.- ,_~.-.,.,.._..-.,,,,_.-._ _.V .._.. 7 _ V. ,_. V. __; V >. _. _ _. __- _,U v _ . ___ ..».,5,V..»~V1z:~V.~V.;;=.:V=;V§V...-V.V.V' =¥V"$§¬V1é V V ~. » 1-- V Vi V ~=* . . V . VV~1V-V.~~- V.-V V»-V .,.;V-..=--V_i-.-=x ;#»""- . '-=-- ~~ ..:.* ' V~ .';>;V~~">'~". -¢ .V V";::.V?; §3-V"'..;Zt'.-":*:'-I-<*é»"'= ' V5"-~-._a"- ' ;, " _ . ' '- . R . F" -V-'..' Hr ,~ " ' _~». .2- ""~V- " ' . WV .:¢ _ '_--_¢<;_ 2* . "-Vi._-V+-V.-.--.¢V3., V~:.~v.-=» ' ._. " - V-.V,-V V Qf.,.é":4»=3sif5-'5:::'L'I__'r .V.$?V" .- V" .. -¢ .~=".M§w.aV=.V=.;.=z . ._:' .- ' .~- -' ,i_i§V?_~_1~j¢=§"-";.iV-;V;§-Q;;,.V¢;;>§-<->._-:.':_, ,__< _.;@.:_ .- ~- -av, ,___ ,._ V~"V,.v . " Q. .< ..."..V Y.'1. -V-- _; '__~-_. ~.;Ml_'_-_,_. ..-. . M -_ , 0 V.~" -_/---k'=V"-.»;-V-V..V§ I"-" "l'?.¢55V""'=.V1I'¬?7<%3-Q?F:. VV, V,.,';;§.V_¢FV 3'-"-"V ,~,'-37 :_V '.;.."..V~V-..~,~--V}.-V-_ ;,,~:V__.,_ -" ' "- M V" ' - - » '= W *"'- =5 :V F-V.-,»N2.V . =Vr.<"--.=F?.w '92Z-.:,='.--'"+.--"-- V-* V=~.~=.=¢.g;_:.: -":~= .::1¢~,- ZVV3 ~ "1 " V .. .
*1
=v=~i9}'5t.~iV%'F"-~.-=>'» W *5 "M - "'.»~"*V"92 _."..r~V - ,,_ !_..§.z:4 i!_§z;_.5 us»: D 1_ __ . ,V . V" . .4» . V ' . V" ,V ~,,.t:1. 3. 92 '.b,92 . __ Y, . p _ ! ~92> , - ." V3";.1~'~."1.92'i-'¢'!;*'~;Y"' . .'.§ <.-?.';'~'-/i":'::?."*'VF "5-£31.-?,T";:. r * -V N '"' ' -1 Q " ,L§Vu92" " ' - ' - F . '7 : V *-'.!1-92*f:'l'*-;.:-~~~'3*1~.'-t;~'?' " -§4§" """""~ -_' .'."": * ~;f"~5":¬3 3-. =-"~;V$-"=5-"=£ ZV~.~¢;'V ai¬'=- -~ --¥~' .v§e=;¢.'*- ""f we V -:'~, -E; -1*» '- *'F~'* £7 . V V5; ' W -7""'""i.-,1"tx&-"" " »-V-V--~»,»-V?!-*'<_'-..».-'-$f'-~._.1 - -.§" ;1 " "ia!,1_;V=~ -"rf-f; g_A_:§92-'~':*I .-. 5 ..-<,,,»."~; T. .=-.=Y.'"".'l'»' ' " 7 .< -.. -- "= - ' » ' ' "5? " "-" -L "¬a'~7~3:-;2- ;..'. <:Z""-V"/§.V',*;;¢_ _-_i_~-_V_-,""":.i.,9'_?""- -¢- -Y :3 ;".-ii-,'.VV'§§3_. ""=;Y.».'"V"?l-*'_' _*".;.;#..,_'! --, '._" f_.'...V;_"..":f§i$. . .. .",i V-,."V> j¢.'. _:-.7? -.~""'v..'.'{f92§;,. 9; -I" $3 -*3. Q_. . :5 " .;1»'::.~ -~:-'- V" . .V . ,.q_;._;._-_;.-qvgqgg-.¢-,_~V1-V-<V=.V-V;§'§:..=s§%g;2§-v_,;"_ "-#351 ' ," -* -V.-5;. " ~--V>. V--j.."¢- ' a E. "!;'}"7l 5 1 '¢r'J92 p>~.r"_92 --V92:~~;~ ' ~V¬7v::- -..-, '2. Q; 92 lg" I; . . .. 51¢ ,, ._-. .... _,,_,_-
_ Var.-¢ 2.. ,._;V ~12 ,7.z~4"V .35-'1--é "A;-'-_;
Z _ V. ,7-V» .f_.u.{-V?..-l-J¢.._!-.'» ;-"» .'. , -V"-.*'".-' - w-,..; _ ' _ , V __. r,-_!_<-_ _::;-. :"" _ '.-"'5' -* _;'?_-" Q---~-K-_¢pi¢¢~» .V.-: fl" ._._-4»! -L___; __ I _ v _ ,_."- Q V *1?" "~"f%.':.*92@1=V~V§V~=z-i ~ -." V 1 7* V _,V. . "f':-. ;. "--i'">'" " -V ._V. .-' - _ -' . -=' ~ --V., -" '1'» ._; _ '_. ' '=_ - ' .'-5 nu. #s;V;e".»V;V¢'=. ;-->- V1 I , V» .-~.-§- =2 " . 1 - . ' " Y-;;~"-"T:.=" iii #5! -$ "-'1' _' 7"? P 4 i' Ia '1*."V. 4 % " : ':§ Q5 ' Vl"':.V~a..~.*.-V-1.-¢.~r.;~ "3-5,, V.-K. , ' V >72 -. IV 0 ; I 1 .V| -' - 4'" ' . _. .._:§$e- . V5; J ~ .::F-'* 'F_.v,-l"-'1-_&"-"-f - - V - -' Q3. ~ ' _ . I V.,~ - . _. , .~, ,_.,; ~ .V_-V . , V - ~- __ -_ V QR! ;*~"~<=5'~ _' h".*;:"*~"- * "--V; -~¢§_V. .-' .. °'<:§..-" 3 V4 :4 _V._ ~Vw~.". V.-;..:_~ _._.',', »- ~ §.;3¢?? 1_ -__ _ » I L Vr r * I -.-, "2-._--.-gr»; 1 __ .._v,_ L J V > ,. . - . V" 7 ..vV V_§- "5, __ ' Q? " | ' :1 I .92:V .-n_..-" I VI.. : _ _ " - " ~~92. 1::
- V1
1, -. V.~=VV~.;'; ,
--=:V'.V-'r 5,3-.»":; r""'- ~' Q '1. . I;/8 " V.-V I 'r~ *!7-:" 'e"K VV..k-. w~,:§~"-1'-47. V'Y7~**"Vf3.-':-1". '5: ".." ; V. -;V~~=*_-=V;'-;=:--.§§." _.1V..=:.:-V:~* ..V- .. ~ **;._;_ V . " _ -__.V-1.-.»... ,. '..92 V~'.-"-V ,,. 1"» V "_ ~ ~'-*1 - @'.-*'"V':V~"~.-1.» '--f.*V1,,w»~,-,
" ?' » *<@r:,i :1" ' ' "92 " 1-14 - - "W -*-' .111. " V° . ...- - 3- '= ..V~¢-.V.V...V~*;"="'- .__,; - ._ fl __ H __>_V_ .V_ '2 V -r-.. _,-1" ,__-v~ ____. -V V _ .1} ___ - V5 1*-§""""'1':~""3 . .5-.2. 3% V1: -5'3" I ' " 1- "'- r-1 V ' EV-S: ' V A~ " '~ ~ VV :-.' 1; -_ ' r" -V.»- .~ V. _§u_-pg .__ _ "- - -~-V~ »- V- '--<-fvI
:#$
V vs '1; ' !=w2.=92.... P2-£2 '§.'.L s' ~ is _-5-3.:
»- -'9~ - -.. ~~,VV ...., -wt _:w.'1'.-.V*:f"V_~.-.V_- 3 1; -':.-_ ---1 3:,-i~"_'-.Va-<4 _~'.¢§»=""-"¥I:- -" '" :,;,;.j5;-2.j,;'-*>».,,..V,,~»
$14 .:_ .=< ..,>, -2; wk-V-', .~ -_ . V ,- , . . __4_ _ --~ _ - V.___ V _ V. J ... -_, _;._: __ _ .",¢'- . ' ".-F-.. ~- "* 5- " -=-:5 '" 1* M Quin -- ¢:§.'»;r:;_-_f.:'I:§47' ' __ -' - :'.T:"- """ _ .;_1;;-- - ~ - "vI""§-*-" ~ -'-""45II ~.::."4_'."},Z';'=!-.; . ': V f '1 2 " f|* w A -' t37'." -P ' - ' 2 < . .. , . . V4 '...:VT ' '1 . - . ' - V: .. _ --.-V. . - . - - .. 92 4 92 92 ~..,_ 1 V--M 4 . .;-. 4 --- ~. ,- , 1 _,¢_£-.V.V * ~"7 ' u V '* " -' " -¢_1'.i'§"" ."» _'~._::"-,'~.VIT'.4I0 -"I- -'2 - "-54". "' V<.*I~§~+-5 " "*'<@' ""
_ H '_'-"T. ~ .. ..'*" V; ~-':~'1 . v V .
- - 1? EV "V. gm;M . V . ._ _ , ,,.' J J 1 .. V . _ 73¢
4
92'
4.. ' ..V V " " ".9<"P?1V'l"-=."~. .V92'". Z 3q;§-_-~f:~'- >-Vg<»V--- . .--4-0 ~ ; . , ...,_ ..._ _ V _ ~, _ .. _, :. V . *9 "m " 21° . .
-:V~V H ' '.n¢ -K... ". ._ " V ~ ' ' ' 5*
, i: .
1.. 0
C. 1 _ : V C ---.¢_ L '1 4 -' ~- -I ",1 ''4-~ ~ » ¢' Viv: . -=* 5&1...-?§'%, N. V V.. .. .,.} . ., " _ _.. $111.4". V.» ;., V. -' --_.-,_.. - - -3;-1:":"" ~ " .. _ ' '_ _ '=",92; -W. __V..I-- ¬!'1'-"::.~:,92 V.-~.-.:¢"'.- " ~* ' "T" 2.}, -_,_ " '~ *-I" _- "-'~!'*"§'~' '1 "4 "1 ICQI3 I V1 ' ,,-Q,» . ,,_ .
~'9or'.,. ;;_ '~ -Fl ' ;- _ . " ~ .3:-4" __ .'_',;,;V_.;: VJ; L,7! -- . -._'V ".1 i f ,q- 7 .. V V __V- 1111 ~. e1,-,a.1§e 1... -_ ..,_.V -- ~'-1:=.i-" » '¢"....qV-= V I. ' _ " " ,=".'.~.-re.-'. '~-_*. 5.. .1-T"; * ' V ,__~V;,V§»si¢- '..,.V;,._ V ' ». = V, V- ..-:;.~.:V.:_: ,- 92 L
. -7': V -- V '- __ V .- V~ ,;g§92.~"/~.'*5.3'--.i= 1 .. . -4..-iv 92 --~:¢V="~=~ " "' '<.~'.'~" " :V-my.-'"V -'~ --f:-:::--JV-Vi-V . -. -. V "7 54" 6 _.-_'_ -.'Y'»>'V}!;_ VJ'»}.'V,¢-i.3V ~2V'4f.;;.1;»_!--L3'VVf.a~.'vV _ ."YI_-¢1q92l-_»"é'.,X fr! V V V "IV §V" *'-¢ ":=- * " '" .. aw V ......, _-. "I§.£' 3':"- 0' -ti '5? ;92 # - . .~~.- "-'~-V.V ,4.» _ -M-5 V G-__._,. 1.1: PL P _~_.I -5' ,'V 鬣.~1~*.1J*='==i'-*5? *.--'1. T .<~ "1?- V?<.3?..-.:<::-§.<V*.V-:V~V»-_ ~V-.1»" " "'" ' -"-".'Z~"V;"." .'VVV. ' 9 -Fin -..-b V - = V"~."-" .':V*P*-".:§ ' '
V. ;_ w_»~_ ._; _ _ ' V... A -ni 1.: -Ya 57 "-9'2 ' " DI,-'V-"~.;*.-=.;:V-~V_._.~'.Ve1'»*."~.=~*= - ~ .. ~15 .. ., W . _,___.,,._, - _ fh: .. V, he:»-.<-1:" ;'-2"-92:<.»1V--V-.: . ~-»~" c =1 92 V --. '..".' ~ ,. V -"314. <. ._' . . V , . - . .~.. 7.» V .» .w. _.,_3-V .-._~_,_ -_V... .~.V-.;5"s"-.V - . -"~z=.-.3: .3; » . - ~ ._ >1: .1" -* _Y *"*i-»-$2 A " 3:?°9}" "*'$* -5 ~' " ~ ..' - ~. V -.. -.-- ~'--.-.¢- ~ .. - V- ix .1," . 1 v- V".~. .2 V
.- ; ."~4*-'.'r.-. . -I -" Pf . »- ~- .-.._. .V . 1'""" - Q ' " ~ '< '.'.*-'<VgV'"V"b~-_£_'£ ..""_,',-~"v-"!.a_-3.; 15-2"?"-;._;VV'-.-5~_ ,6 "-g;-'i'r_;"
-:
2.
'-V~l**-..;~,*'*:<.--
wI£f=>I' '-ii I 15.5" _y -..V .~ In "*1 ¥~'92 -' V 1*? - I, V 4 ~.~¢;1'; .-~V _ :~ ' '~ -- V- ~~V~V-V V -. +.~ ."V .~»..;.,.;,V~;.=_'..-.."...._,<*ffV'!-:'=**- -- .- _ #3. gpy - ~..rV=="---~ V , _ _. ..~. .. ~- V #"-'""-V""'~*~~ TV=;1@=.'V".f-=~.'~V*Y"l.V"~"»*V:;*-*'V-;- ...Z~ "VV;I.- -V -. . "i" . I» " - ' -1';V 'ic:-V'1].t921"fe-i--¥92's==k*":-.§-1"2 ' 1-M" - . V V '" no -.-- " ' ..-V ~ -V» - -~'%-3.-.-"." - . '-Pr»-* .. V. __... ~. 1{¢'; "~ '~»- V - ~V-<"=.'V- 'V~===¢ ' " -V "' =».»":.-21*" ~~;' - - -»-V» »* "92~"-- ~- . V..~ -" "" " V=.-*- -- nhi as M» V
- o92 n . I 4- ~"~ ,1 '$_v"
555* , , f. ._ = . o| ' r V, V 5 S.-Q-V I 1. -~ 92-1- +.-rd-L '¥V!.__,
'~ >V-'.V
¢_~. ,g-1
-V
-,~~_V.
. V QB I :Z»V;-1*»!
' '.* ' V .~ V. .~rV~ >_ kgqx; I mile . .~.. . . VV. ..
I '~. 4 " 1'; "Pf ,.;,_ V ,
9! 0 I: VJ '
-N1V: .'==.»it-V: 0
,.<~ ".
r~.
_ . V _Q g_; r .-_.§:$*2.V..,,___ 111 "-. - _ '.-'- 4-V- ' . ;~¢ -"V '. . ~..V.. "'9 " 1;" - ~*' ~"-1 :'-V4 V. -' " - _--7--k -;i -' >5-.' v ."-F-"|iin.VvqE,>-§#VV~.§VJ -'-'92 VE'.""3V '-1 " %§¢;i1? "~_ ' - ""-r.* "-a92V~.4._.~ n. Q91". "'~, " ""' 1 ='~*"- V:-" n-V=~1'~~T*§.».~.<.--."- . - . ~. *-.-. . .. , V - '~ ~2"§ . viz. . -. " . ~.~»V V-R. §!"'i §j .' .." . " I >~ 2- -" ' " ' ' - 'a"r~ '"- .1 ' " ~ V.-;E~§§ §" ~ '"T:f~ V- ' V T 53 1 51:2.-"~ 11¢ . -.~.i. "" - . V =-- 'V'. ,1~V~.,'V4,¢. -- . V- -.='~ ~' ,- .J¢V .V - : -_ _.,- » . » -- .V.'- V-:2.»-V" V-r" - _.-~:*'» Van.. ..~ .~ - - V V . -._-. ~ . .,~ .VZ{!V..»- , V ~
V-2;--V-.~ J .1 . -1-u_92#",1 _ G;-V _ -','_ .".. . » .VV VV. V-;. V ".-' n~sf -V- qr-"' 8. -' Q!-" 1" V,¢w""" ;V. _' 1V".V-_" _;. ..Vq J5... V _.:.».,'v_. :.VVV... . - 1011;. - -" ~<= 1 .,.. -"
£5? 'f~ """ 3/"'1 ' :",%' F» v -: {£6 ~ - I / ".y;,..._=;-:_:~.: IQ 5.... .;V__._;__;;". . » -,.. .,_;._V,_. .V-2.?- »~0"--V " .-'.'."'*1.'Z*" '~~ -1
-. - V -~ R, -[email protected]<~-.V.» '."..- -.._;_____ ~ v-' *, - > ,;_~ ._--»~=...: 51B!192IB~'-9°.!-.PF5 __ V »_~=»==*:-.i':V_~. _.." ." V.
A-
- Q1-Q?-V4*_92?¢_..~¬,:ws£§ ' =:...,.j..
I 1.» 5'_ $44?-,._1 '-'3 ,-/"E¬~sVr_£~ Q: EV
92' I . V . . . ._ 1.;-.._ .- ,_._ "7. V" -. ~. '..=. 1" 8 .V_____;.-4%; _ _- at -. gr cc .~V"'"1» .. " ' **-=¢r~"-@-¢%.~s:-=> -=s..;.,.V.. ,~ 1-_v_V.-,.y_ _V. --'~_V_ -W. _* =@:'»""'3" *'-..,:~<~7V».'.:', 9 .- . , . .. V .4 .... .. Q . V4bOVIl~1_ '_ ....._ _-1' ." . -_ . . --V..V... .. _,V-.,_.. 1! ._ - - V _,V_.= - g V ,_ . .V-. ~ , . _V-~¢.~ -V.» V V -- . .- ~ .. .- . V-If .- V - n .<1?--v '~';-"»- ~"-'- ~ 1 ~ "' "' ~ 1-4:--.V - B79 . "'.¢ . -_ --.~ 1 C ' . n:V.VV~".~: ..V rv.?.'>r-5».-I.» .,§~__, ~ ~-. _ - , V - V "~ -' '3 _ ' *',."" .-";>="§E'_1,. 981 -92_ ;.a~_~j....l-,1.15;"-*§: _,. ;V,_$;:_._.:'-."..»V", . V, V .~_,,;.- _.,_.é_j -,, * __.,, _, - 92 _ , __ ~..;.' V,""'-_" -VV " ;-V V V-"'1-i - " " . .~»*" -» - ~. ., . - .. *-" = -- -" V. » 1. .-;.-:-_. "~ ' . -** **~ » ~ -- ~' --V-,3~ ~V.->~.~§:3Z-FLT. Si V---5. " - . . .V,_-f7».3.92 ;_,V.;,-,-1-.._ U-¥.§:. §::;-'1-'_;;__ ;; W . , H ,, 92~V,¢:"f;$.-_"-=.._V"..V' H Q - ~ I 0 ;"1.!¥-§.V.;."- " - - .. 1' 0-e-Vwé-;'?.>'"...,VV_-"r:;IV1askw» ~- V _-V . . -. 1.. "" V " ' '*" ' ".--..,V;.':'....".;~c' ";=r. .-V. ~~ -""'V.Pk_;.p'.-?£'":} .3?-1-"~":2¢-'~_V_»-,_:,.¬g¢.';V:=, ".V»,¢>=-¢.»3=§-Vr."--.~.-;;:~>"<"V--" ' ~;. V V-" ."""VY j'.~"_- "J __ --'_-f I -v; J; '1 92.£~_~ _ _ .$92?_-_v~b_'Q4:z_fv;}v,'.;:':x !vgI:?:_". D -§i.1[m¢ -- ~ r<.¬VY'-:1-'9 ; » . _-. '11 "an ' _ < I. Q;V .l'I"'_92. 92 ;_ . my V.-,* " 4% -- : I ,¢V"-1;? . D J .V~.~." "'-'3.--.4 -V .- .~/ >1 ' :#--V-. - .-' -" .-.. - . ~ -92~V.. .-.111,-'1» 4-r ~ V. ___ .._. - , ,.¢ ._ , . _ .,V_
--.-- . r.-"*0. 1-
92 - . Va _. . .. .,V. *5" V.V.V, I a "4 V-'"92_¢. h;V-§:V 92 s.1 ;":_,7 V1,; V-,v.. Q, :.. x _.,':;¬_:__'__,__V_ _- _i_924#V;; .-;,;f_f¢_'___-1 _ tg .. "- N
',- '~ - -- ' ' ' - _..¢--,--_. .1. .-_....._-____. '. ."
> 92 l . .-;;_=.§,§'.;;a.~;~...A - 1I " .i:"~.' <5? ~51 -" :§»:.§g, n¢;";;». 1'"; _ ._ .. ., . . .. .|.¢w -.-a=924_».. -. .. ,, 1; r,zv¢;,».-;'.; _ > .;;_.._. ,___:v_ I '.y _.:»_-._
- "3. ~_> . ..»,;=_ -'-~':;:.};,{~'.. » I _".'. '~..-".':;é» :. '~ . .-~."~ ~;..- ' ;_1 V »%"r' i1~r"~- J: 1~ »§'".I~"'g '. 'L::~.'.." 2; -. -:92 . §'5*1r
, .1. - . .v ~ .~=~.g__V_7..¢_s {J= ~._ » . . - _ _ » _;_..f92;- ;,;.-.11! 1--U -.1: * r" _». .
-s__1 L-§._,;'*§ .,.,§;¢'.§.
,1 " .~ - . , I > . .. . . g,i@'{~! ".?-_92*f:-- . ' _ I ' _-{.1 -'..-.:j..{j'-1-' ' ~¢"; ' ' ,_ .'1... ;-.:r2.." . *."2....';- 5. 1 -- .- Y. '*» » ~ . ' " -'3 T";"'." ';-I-.12--.~.'*> .' _j $__ _ V ! R: _5»-.*3$==-~>-#22 92 .=.», 11-. . . ,- 1-~ ,, <1. -1,: ,,_ - Q» -» . .' . w / _ ¢i,;g.;:3:, .. _... . 42$; _r,_ -_/Y. »__ t a'.~=-.'=.;4
-- _~ » _~ -- .,_¢,.. , ._* J, " ' .:."' ' ' ~- -..-, .. v-5- ~~ . -~._'¢--.~ - .-.; .92,- | ~.~ ~.' . - ¢ ,. . » _ ._ .:_._ _ _ § fr. . '....,,-k_...>; ._. ,_.; 1 V ..__,'1,>:e~ . _- _ .~ -.< .< , ~-,.'__-.3 ._.1_._92.
I _ V :32-:;,_',_..._ -- ..
"1. ..--_.:,l 1 v. _._: ... . .< ~< ' _ ' " " . _
,1. _ _ __, , _ ;..;-,. /*;y_"._~." .___ ' . ~ ' =_ ." . ~ . I ; - - -we . ,,; -~. »n _-_- J .
' , ~~ -. .-~ . - _¢ .. ,.~.- ~_ - - I :-.-I, ;._",-"1".--i-*,".~'.~ .73.
:... , M. , . . .,
'¢__.', U 2- _."~-'_'¢_~4"-§v»' -~ -_" _4__- ..-' -Q--1 CI- 5» -Q 2!.. ;- .-_. ' "'~T='.'l '_;_ ~ - 'r-'~"¬!4TT- »-£2.34:3 .~ » - ~.1t.. 4
_ 1-A + an 1|. _:.;_0:1.K_-_w:f _l » -3 . . _ ' " ' ' .:~~. ~ ; ~ V 9 . -» _.;- .1_..____ . ~ .- I - hr. ~..I ' '5 . R? ;""_". 31.! ».. 1 .,,§_';,
_ -;~ .-"-4.-.~_._-ii; ".,,,-_-,}:~..{-1-.-::. .;.-'-.,----'. "'- '"" ' ' :_1 '. :.!:;_.,.;.. =._', 0- 31 ' '-1 .'.-55¢ - _'_;.,~,; 3- " :_.
_ I ._-._._ .I_92_-_:' ~.~f~ L."' -. _v~..~:..-.1 ,-.,.... . :- ~_.- V -. ~~ . 5:,-,.~._ _.- - . V.
~~__ . Qru.. ;-: - '-77"-.-'».. -. ¢ - »-' ... . "~.'.- -_ - 92 i ,1-.N-: .~ " .4 ~ ~- :.. . -_ ...- . . . ;...., ,/ a,._ .',,..>....7 = ' -- - ' - ' ' - -~--'--z» If .0~ .-92 .1, ..' , ; . . I , _~__.a_; -_.t__:-X '___-..". l" 3.._ |_.
-- 1..
. , . --. 1;;#.."-.»;e-"".-..:~.;r.~ 1: 12.1" .. .7/:."r.-<-".1"-J. .3, _ _»'.~.,'~_-".'~..:~ .4:- .' ~. .'-I -...~' L-_";e-j92-'~, _3 -___u__ -4 W ~.'_ ..- . .T'~__4~.f<y~,v":~;= -»;- "_."~:._>-_~ ~:j',-_,~. :-.. x .. ...--"'.I=_- 1 - --1..-' I lljrananlttlug nttachod Mrnty_ '-*_ " ' copy at donamloatlnn, Coauthor with
-'1" . ~-... _. _ __ _ _ closure, nootndtrulir. O. I;lnn1aJ,1'.._ £1.
00.; _ <" ..¢..'-xi. ,_ .-,-_. .v.q
:_&
;.-ml _=
54%. .
J _ __ '_ '*i " _; Dilly, under data of Juno ll. ¢~ . .--. :-+1-*~'92.! -1.. '- ' . .»~ - ~, - ~.- - --'5 3 -:- . 1 -3.-3.11 "* ' v..~;- ~,_-1. v ;_ J. .' __ _. ,:.__ .v '. ., - I _.. 5,-.2-l 1: :_- __=;'_5{_;- __q___. " F _. ,'.__ " -*;_ p ' . ; It will be noted tint this l_>ci:l'I|:zlco-v~'f,.§____!_;;__..-_ ;.§_='f~"; :1;
>'._,.tlcn rqgaeato oltlur tho props:-atloa at n_.~_
59;.if?i '
?',.;.... .. _ . . '_ -. ,_. _ __ _' '
:' -- '_,i?a : -.7-<::: '*~;.~5" Z -at -,_; ¢f¥--15$»;- = »..l 2 0- .- f .»r. <5 §__~. .. _ ,,
.'.92?"". v ' I "i < 4- A ' ' T -_»~!*".?1"-"'32: 4'- -.3: .-"£3 ¥-" y ' 4' ' W. 3' h-~ . - ~ "I-.-' ;92~ ~:"~---- _. ._~"_' -<1 61: gr.~ ' ' ~ I . » . : ~'=-.~.= I -V "*.-.-"*.~."~=92*--*-"-~»: w»_ ' ..» H. -L? .5}. =f.=§;~~_-Q;->=3-§§.E$e:..~.:~Z.,..,;?.;._ A _ _. 1, .é_x_. _=_ , !_._ , ,._ ._ ., 4 . _ _ _ I. .. §_c_v._ .e .-..§._........ _.,. ._r._:...» . .,3; . .$:§f,:§¬w -.v_ _-' -15¢-. . _rf"_-';_! ¢.:.92 w_-.$.-6,95. _~,=.-*'~_;;{";":." 92 3 -Y3;:~.."¬;»<-$4 : .-:~;,_ »»~ .~ 92*-. _~. 92.. _. , »_~ . -< » §:"*-.=-.»,>'?F" .l~1.;*~'*%?::. 1 . *4" . .<...-.WY. - - _~'__-,1 __;;"-f§"a »,._','. __*'.;~I92"- .»
Q .'_-';.a1>»:§v_.
'¢.'>_92_~ n. W »={
~ w- .
92 1 -.. :_.>1, ..<..-~--rz» ~~.~,'>.~ n ..-~,-¢,-' W >,.-;~g192: .»v-,W-:~-,.~.--,#- .1» . ,-»~. 3 . ~; ,_. .~ ;. .., -_.~1,~»,§....~ -~3a._:. ~...... ~#= .- ,~»v==~ < . » » - at
-< - ... _ P >>~-H,"
_.,92':,_
.'_."_ '92.- -33. . -' __,S__ . - ..
-i 'l- . -tr:-"92 . A
-1 . ...5;;,?> Y..4-
Y-2.7~~'
..-_ , .
._9_ .__.,3. ._
_. 4".
I..-
..__
vb"
22' 2. _
.-'-2:.-5~_:'.T " ,..... -
s * ~
.-¢_+,v,_ .
~=--;.~~ ~_.. .9
1.2-Te. R1 3. _._-. V
-'5£¢.*~'+',i'~.
15.1-¢.92'.$,.'. '
-,
.rI~ ,0 .'l1'-7-92-' '
92G_§; ,-Q?
T" 33
" .-V31.
zf~='1~§* "
b:92~~<
. .3 .~
I K";
.319-¥_=~._. ;- xv..
-- --~ .
Q 3 4. *%i¢*
'v*§4
_ at
_._-.s Q,.' ' - val o|u.v'coeu-1.2.1: mun Isncblln ~ I _'' I, ._ j, . p or tn: obvtlmsslnt - » - '.92'
xJgh ,
at
t?
__ s-
.>
.._,,
~ 92 ZSTABLIBHBD Manet! 6.1916 ' v' » ~. , . . ,. . ~, >1 . - . . ._ _ __ Y.» ~.92~'1z,'1§"'§13;j§Q --up-i
.~ T ,: ~. ._ I : _ . ~ >; _ ~ _ _,. _.:_J_f, 1 V_ P, . [},ER_,,_,IL Iwéiwl- . _ - - :~. ~~ -. I » ~-;»-,9.n._ I - -- -.| '7 '" ;»_ '.'= ..e;~ i» . . . as~ . , . " . . r M-....}.U";4 a . .. .'.,,_='--1<1..,sf~.,=.:» F _ _ .;;§f,;."_§&,»jfv__'>;.1<.§_,-='.Y1! afg/_ y, . ,1: ._ _ 2;. e 1'_.:.,,i~;@;'.=.=;,;:;1i@q.:~;:,;;::155$; ~:~- 1;"---,-war-' -f£;r:7~§5s*;. 1» .-we * ~ _.».* . .._.;,;,:~.~.».; .- 14¢"; 1, -if » .. . , . . . - -I ~,¢c.-ze~-¢1.¢;;1;.<;92-in ._ I »;»_ -" . _-v,,,___. _,r,: .»,:,=<=,;.~<'.-;i: '¥~~§a~. _-~..e.¢...v_' 7' - ,1; V - . r . - . _ ~ » * , ~ _ ~,,<~,>_. .-<-~...§, 92,,-<3.-.~_ ..,~;--+_. »;{&':~_ei=;__. ->1;-,4}... ~ . V. _=e._. _ . psi, ; * -- - ~ * * - - -» V » .1 1:. _~ '_ . ,~.<,;j_:.,,;g,;.g§§}_ .¢§;:;?_¢;,v:~__ 3_;, .--, » _ _. M ?~>~92en~. q<,,<..~.._~ 1'N N__..---__,..-q.._¢._ _; _". . 7; 1 , ft 1 .. ., . - . I . ~ "" »_'v4£~3 ,¢,92 - -, _ - - ~ . ., . -. -~ -3;. 92'- ,_ 1' -_ g .:..-:~;;-92»;~.'.-%sr' - ~ ' -V . ,; ' - 5 ~ = 1 ~ ' - /.- '- ~ s 1 r " <- . .. := F- _w '7 " $ " 2 - ~ » ~ " M
' >a 7. _ _ .¬_m._L;_ _ K _ _ _ ¢;_;_. _ .A . .. K L ._.. Q W __*}_%_A_-_ __;1,!-. _ , - _ ,v _ _ c -. V. > ._ 3f . W. ~- ,,_'_|; . .-. V ._ . _ ._ .. _,-,;,-4.,»_, =-~, H; .. .»» ,» s .2 ;. i- . ~ n .. 5 . I 5 7 ,~ 3. ,_-- ~_,, ,_~,;.__- ,4 - _, .. . - ;-v_-.1» -1, . . , ~ -3 =2» >.. . m.-92..-1 - »--'_ -.._,-,_4§ . V >, I _u_-I-92,_:,,V;
I3 .IfV W-_:. V .7 H"-.1gi_ p Q I K K g: A Q @1, , @,,i1,;; §1§1,, B;i1g;> v U 5; '" " I-,3???->»% ;.f~_,.»-."~ -1 - ~ "$5.: '-' .hA92'|D LAWRlIvcI.'.r|I:nlzIrr . D J .-'_r' " .IA92'JY.IlONl wn.uAns.ren.nus.n'-
v ' RUN E.IlI¢I2,0zII:nn.eu|uQ:n ;.92_,_,. ;_ '
~ . _. ' . O " 1' »~
- ' . - 92 . Mu. _ .a~ ~ e 'June 22, 1921..
a 1» - < .. - ;..c_.- V5 , . .»./..A_i. », - _ k$ =-J ~~..='>- -Y x:=
. 2 . F.
I-ir. J. Edgar Hoover, Director,» Bureau of Investigation, _,
Department of Justice, , -
Washington, Do C.
Dear lb . Hoover : . . ~ V
' The United States Daily is making a topical survey ofthe Government. In the series of articles now running arebeing shown the practical contacts between divisions and». " _;bureaus of the Government of the United States, irrespectiveof their place in the administration organization. ~ -' Y _
1 . _ . . _We would be pleased to have an article by you on thefunctions of your office. If you do not feel that you have Vtime to prepare such an article, we would be glad to send a "member of our staff to interview you for material for such .an-article, to be submitted to you for approval or revision" -before publication. These articles are runningibetween - 1 I1,200 and 1,500 words in length. .' _ g ~
I hope that you will find time to prepare this article »yourself, but if youcannot, will you be kind enough to _' ; ,. inform me when you can see one of our reporters. ' '
, I am attaching a copy of the article printedin today's,issue, which will give you a general idea asito the charactofjthese articles in f.n.'.v.m= you have not. _,
sea b ~ geeeee»--x w ' ~ ~.. . ' A3 V; . " ' ' - .5 3 i, * ;- _,.,] , _ W : :3, __fA;-,~.._ ,{,:-;..' . .._,., -.0 . . . , _
_ l i _ Q ~ _ , H __ p _ _ is-v -o~.-_---p- _~¢. a
.. f M Ii . ' Chief of News 0 it i"""l".: it gt:'9292°.T T
_ _ g_ ,,,&§S2>-
_ y _ y _ _ , _ @ I * ~ A . ~> ; L . Q°592u¬l
. . __~_,T3 <' ' *>-15'."
uvnsn-nuro Vii VICTOR wurrLocx.mI!I¢"°I °'_'_ * V. ,, ., .-7.1 _ ' f;. 1,, _ ' ' - -1 ." '.'».~.'L'1Z?*§3,3=-if.
- s.
em. . 4-Arr-.'.§:;*t *9
*0
»
" 92* -_- .1:- » -mm-3».-..=' 5__ ';<v*;-£_i{;., ,13
w:gv1;~.,' ~.. .;:~
"- , I. .-~.,,¢*~__;;-Y»
:3!-i 59.1".~~ '~ >1-;-.a.=,...'~~' -tip _-;,.= . -. ,-~...-r-..1~ - =.-=,:;:.'i."f~- ..
. . '|_!~.g:=,
'* I ~~.__'.:5_ _
.. .-aqua ..*4 J,
.. 4: V
. ,
' i!*?.-
-~r-;>_»-Lt ._~>:.'_1f;.§:;~ mi
N 111,1». -»;, .- 2 : ;- . '7
:».,_"-I__;:~;.I 92 >; . <1.» _<' 1'-5~ ,f'_ [.1 >,__I » "§~z* 3-1- e.-» = -:* -92 21.:-3-K,-Y ~¬~?7${"» .<
._. .,_ .M:é{1;§. 3 ._.~; 92.. M, ..> _..,
-~ . as *5. 5. '»=+~:~< .» » - ..¥ms:.~ S-~1 M Y71--,'...,--, »v. - i. .,_.'.»_A
7.,
. __._._ A, er _. , Valready seen it. ~ J»
1 *7
: Qq _ .
. - .,' ~;..-1;
1 M3: '1' . .
. _ '. . .'.<.i ;~f-§.;,.=i*>4- >-4 ' 4 ' I '=;r*".{l-. . .. '5§ ~'-¢* ~'TT.;"'_i,-1'-Tl, :1 1 .1; .. w »1:1-;:i<;,~;;.>.;;;:s=m:?Z:;§iY;<;
92 T » 1»=~~3L 92. in . __92 . » :4 _ . 1 »t~»it_~ Y,
- . .. '*~'~¢ .9, J - -,- =- >
4-, }§,;;g _.:2 4 4r »v>>>-'- - .
_v'.~. ~-: .--4. - ~
bi!
.-.f>.'-'-.3-*-i '
J.-'~_ ._;. ,,v-f., _.--.: q_ -1.4 ,- s ~ '._ .7
:a..* -3 ._:.»- ~- - _~...<. 5" . _'....
.5 5; .»f:.j
"_,__-.1 i
..
T?.' .'*'. .._.-_____.,
?-'<
1<_» ._§
t T -7
'0"'
_;==-'-.1, .
-vu
-.~;v'_D
'.'_~g; v..
,~
.' M. - 92~
1., ..-1 ., . -w__ ,. -.- ;_ _» -
__92 _ 0
; 2" .-><'- _
Us. '..I_,
.:.@~.~.>ze ~~- V »92.4
> .04
92_-' ._~ ". 1 __ .pr", - - . 4 *' =. .
I
' -
n
-4
_ 92-
"J. - - .
'
: ¢
{
K3".
M ;~,-Q_-la ;, 4 "
_._. 1 , 5:"'|~ -__ -'-'->f '. . _- 927 _ _ _ f' ?
4 T-
_.92' '-'3:-3 .-.- ' Y . . ~4--4-.-4§ ,..-X 4; 4 _;,;. _, '-* -»-Y-'-»:<-:~ ' -4-+~*:>-»1'."~i1'F~{~ l'> -- ..,____ ~4-.- _p_ __ -'-
._ _-_ .»92
~-X - < ._... 5.1. '' ~' 4- 4 4Q-.vi'w,4 ,v.1 =11.. 35% ,4
4 J~4rr:.t?*»""" n
V .s»'*1>;-;;%;,;*f* '. 1.54.5 _ . .;_._:;.§,4-.. 7.,
7 "¥;w.».. ,
..I.:.
92. v..h I. ,;~ ~. >.<»- ,*6 4 4 .. _, ..-,.,~_ I~ .. H " ~" »= .4 ».- I ~.;¢.- 1¢E§¢§z' 4_,¢»5__ " ' . » _ . , _ ,. =;..- ~,»=-:.<4»5..>-:w.r ._» -4 ... _ ~' #11,-'4. '4;~:L7. 4" . -'-"' {2i7>.£§;~{
_ __ _._.._~-
1:;-_ .
ff"v
0-4-- ~
.» ¢92 ~» Z-~-. . -I ,..»s= »-.~ v,~ f- -- ;..
'1» . .... " 4'..
r L _,> "9 -I» 5; ,4 _
-I _92
- < 1., :_'_~ :.... - ._ Y.
, . _~J92"'-'1'--.
4. -.-".z-*
';-* =V.__ ',"4' . Ii, I .A
-. _; .. 9292_-.Iv-o_
'».
;..
- ..~-- s-_'_,
. W. 1.
~",92¢
né. c. 5. u;=.»-:if§~} ' .'-1 ' '4 ,
.__ -1 . ->4
1.-. 4.-.-Q
92
r -._..
- 1 '. '." .'~:;- .
v ".;_
. ..,.g_~-' . '9292-__~..=-,'-
-=
1:.
mm: of Ion Ihtt, 7
mama Int» mu, -
. 2. 0. Illhlnghn
' but Bin 1
ca ad {motions or tho Inna at Iayqutlgnt ton 0.2;-;_"§..:~:
»
I
s
1
- . »
,'
;.'.»,* v 92.;-:~v.-._ ._
> , .v"_1- . . ' _-
_ ._ 4, R31. ., _ _ , 4.92 -.4 _' M: ~1 4 ,n,, I :_'.¢ ~ ._4' ' @.1*:~ 1-p."¢w,:92 4 »_'v 1-..>92;» " >....1, . . - 4- - f - __. L," ~_x_., "1, ~.., u
' .1. I - »-' ; 1hi; , 1993'
»
. :--'
14.
.__ 2
.;4~ _ ~-4L; .
2115" 1<"-.;-r~
_... -¢-_-- , -'.~
W.2 A;5:
ti
'"'"--~ ~ ~ , ._-'-< if __ '
tho Doptrtmont 0! zuuu. ' -"**"-"'~*. , - --6 = . .0 r _ "92 - ' 2-. , _ -4-5', 1 '4 7 ." ' _"-.
. .--~-I..u _._4
- ~.- 2, 5.1
z
- 2
w-,, A
.-.».-vii1'3": . > 0 3,
v-Ks. | ~,__..._ C ' -..4
_,,,
. ,-.2
4
iv.
L92-_T-" 5'. 1.--*.i:"-= -4!/-1~».,-"* .-y=.4 '41, . " ¢.;:',_.",<'. . . 1 jiz.
4.
- H, I ~ .» . 4-, 'I- J~"~~<'.--_- 1-; '+."~w -_i- .-__ 4 __* -, .".. 4-V-._ _..__ -,.. - :4-" - .- "-*-~:_~:.: ">-3 ,§;--we-V»-~.:~.»_»e1 -1%.' -_. _ . - 7*",--..-_.4 _. .. . 1 .=:~ - '3? :1-14*-<%?,l& .1,4. W, .. _._ -~~ '_ -n- _ , L:__.'_ ;__-'2-; .1-¢-.4 :"._7,~ ' 4 P" "-<1 ;~- ~f _,_4>& : :I_:' '_ A>_ __-I f I9'7__'W__j.. {f-.::4 . _>
I / . ~4'92 ~ 4 ,.~: . . 4 ,: ;;-iv; _v.._ ~:.92_.',..4' V p_~,.-,_,;_ *2 ~>;_,_-92. I '».;i;,-- 92~ ~ _ ; .4 - -- :_ 4 4.-4.-.4-.~.'.~ 4 **. . 4 . . .. ..' . - _ w ~ ~. », , _ »4 :., ._ '~v-4--_ .1 ? ';»'-=1.-3. i. 5!" "-.v=<-=-',~ a...;.'::.~i ~~ 92..4_;,~.-9'-_ '1 ;-.- _92_. ~ n_'_- <4 _ Y4v;§$_:j_.. ~ '~ , 1 Q -92*1; 1 1* " "1 ' 2;
. . f ! . 92 $1113Y .5 37*.- . . -':"1=:' I~*i~'
'~ "' .*_.~_.4..;;:.-:l;:;...>; .. . _ .,. _ ._ _ ~ >»~~.-4 - -- ~ > aw->- -_ 4' -.~_- , .- .4 ,_ .,;,_,-, -t.-.7 91'~.P. "r"-.1 1--,.»".-' }"1.': §~'f';/4-< ' '$~.~" -5'» 11> =- -' '3"; ~.";»~=_»<4;;.g.;-< -4"1 ._ . ~ -. 'Y .- . . .. 4.<~ 4- 44,,
__ _ ., "fl- _ . _. . ~ 9 4, _
. . I _> 4 0 I '- *4 . 4 . ;.4P_ , . :?: -'4-' .~ . " ,._ _ V '_:;,4~ 4 _f ~E§§,j=f.3 ' - 4 -' ; . '; ".- -"..>;'>:,;~:-Q 3-
1 *7:
Ma, . .4!; $_44.. b- r 4,,-, _..._"4 " "-. _'-'._ "~"*>-..:j,'.,.-Q:;;-- II ~.-.§-r_ 4' "5 '.;.r__.-'1 »-s*~=- +-"P*.4-:@. _< .=. - 92' I; ,_ ' Q * 92 1 . . I 4!'.- .- - -~r_ .!~.- I .-.'. 1; " ' '=..'~ ,-.-.,-. 1 -~ .4. 4' f-Ff ¢_~.-=. _=.}-;~;-*.4_",-*1...-"»-_;"»Y;._£~.3T _,-4- >4--. _ . ' A "' - " >~. --r z, - .. -34,5. *5, 9: X-_-_ ;:"-'¢- ~-1_f;{;,V-'".92.,§i- '.3;F.~' .4, _- ~--.,;- ' ~§,'_L;,.. -"$3;-:.;»-:.1A~;;r_t ".21"-;a~?~"',-2.-'i.. , _. ,,~ -"'5 {"741 . "-H51 '3." >1 E Q1 1-! - s». .1. ;.?-=_. :4 __'§_ Bf .:"92: '_;;9_4,j
, ""&'s_'i. _~.<I . .1 ~} -,T.%=r.. I.-£1; ..> ." __-L1, ;.' E1-.. 2. ' - -1._ ~ - .u -'~ .3 :.§;.~:.r ~21 1: r:-."_ ~ .; ..?=.==.-3 :-v . -~-.!~..=E,- '1-' -= ' hi : - -1'; -':'- - " »= ~"-" -'.§~i =?$s"'1*'~ __ _r . . . , ,.. >,. ,. - - ._ -9! 4._{_ .. ,. 92 _ 1» -,_ _~ 4 - _»_.'.: 92§v - -,' | . .8. _ _ _,'' '. ~¢ ." --.5-'.* "I };- ..-., - ,.__1 _. ~.. . -
_.
3 . '.
._.._ _ PM......-. ».~~ ~; .
.__ _-2 .!" - ; 92. ,.
$11,! T. '13 l0O0l"&ln0O
_ ; 2 ~ ,5 '
_ ntaohod has-no, 0 rovlqv of tho tunotioaa
70:7
,1 . .
. ,1 4 4 __ .v- ~
= 0,.-_¢_5 .9.3
..' -,5u - .
truly yours,
Mrooton ' ,.:- L" .. -'~.='4_:iP A " '
- . .92. . > . 4 5"- -in-.3; §~4~*-=-'2>
. _-, , . 4.0 :_._~_:.._, :_ _ _92 -..,_ _...- __~ ,,:. -1. 5- -~ -, >¢'. . v' 9 , . . _
_.'- :_ . :;_ _-;.:-3-,0;--_
_x M: to um-mg. my lpt b: -
tnnmittlug, :5; _'
400990..
' '_ '4,_4-O3 ._ .:'.v'. 4 . . =1» '- L '. 4'»$l'.i = W-.:1 92 ,. -71-!: -.; , 1 2 .: '~ _- ~.' r!-' ' .41. =»;92'. L. v~'::,'.i_'_'$'.:92I -iyfm.
- - . - _ ;_ ¢ - ;,__,-,;~
' " "1 if ?.".r.q
4. ~:,-4»,-g 2?-f1:'; '-.- I _ » . v.. _ - ~ =54. ,_ l .*Y§>é¬l/' £1 _-., , -
" - - .»=,»E§i?192 .-':~"-_" .-*.~~4._ . _ -_...- ., . -V . l;,»;;$~g ,. - *_ . . . _,»-i;,»._.;.4 _=2J:¢-*_.»;<'-:1-' '_"_;92 92 1 - i= ->/
J ,92 W, ..; =9;
»-nmm or mo 2:. am. nqvmclu -=_¢£ii¢uf_.-. ' . . -. 4 . ,A »92_»."-?1». 1' . I .' .< -_~- 41-.'< »',.3~*=.?;~r ' ~ f-=2; 4.;_» .
% ""~i:._..>."4#. Lwvs 1»;*=_ ~ 1-4 '1:~[- 92_.- --'.*..';, ». _ .. ,. 1? 5, ' ~ - ' "~i1'"¢;~r,.:.'
' "=','.;.2'.~"'.>?_ 4u--'.-. .
I 1 4_..J'n " .='~¢'_. . 1; <-7..-1~_ :' "'7>". . _ Kw"-.~. r. , . .e 11 ' . . 1 -- -92L- 4~~-92.-~ ~ >.-'4- _. q _3 §- . J < ; - "51, ,A » ' "
_ _ N. . 4.
.- ~ '.%»~-*1of the Bu:-on mink I ta-at any nut your w!lh00Jf' '77'" -
Z ~ , _ g 1 .» * ,1;
~ _ __ 7.,_ . _- - - . Y;;92$i;- _ Q" . r_- -"1 '. ~ " ,. 7, ""-3", ?. s. -1» f
-' ..' V. . ., I _ 4"-1,: ~ 1- : _'_.. ,
. -_. . j ' _ _, ,4 .~:;.-'5. ,B
,_ - _- . »;'.;_5- _ -_ . .~ 2,. I -"; 11-
1::-: r ~1»;, .J; . it ,"¢>.-..._. F ~ - 4 Y. ..= .~;;4~- 4' . 92.<<,-.54 » -,. .- 4» .. moi;--@474» ..,., ... 1,34,? >-. me
"1
_- ,3;
_ 5 w,'¬~._-, '4
I
4-Q
§ ' Q7 5'.-l 4-
3..I~'.'-=1.w-
cu-
.r'M~
X. ~ .-.... __-,.-.-_...-¢» --~ |"'-__7. ._._-"92-W »~"
:1 2'!
/, P9292
L>- v' ' . - ;v-W v
2!.-. ,. ,- _.; k:" _ -' _ v >3; ' .---7" '4 >"~. - - -' ' I ,5Em;-:F~a§??£1¬.fc~';-~ t * ._ ?-,_d' t: _ - bk . 7 u _ .
_ 01 _ ~___. - .
-1C»~=Y~~»-»l~=%~~*>-»% %
-¢ Jxx-,
. ._ ->__1.._._ 5.Vt 4 _-.4» 92>~.
.";..
1 Inl
-».
~ q . ' .
, ......;:_,£>._v.;, :.._.~. ... . .,. -.¢ ., , __ .,_,,..,-A.,._,.,. ,.-.. . -. >.-I,_-,,,92._._ _. re». - _>_ , ~ ,, .» _. . . /1*: _-Tlib"-';'_= ¢ '.. -Ir-_,-_' -- -.~ ~.. .4-=:v:<._-".v»....=-'"'-." _ - ~P~-~-.*¢~'-'_8-<~v~¢~.=-~»-Q--"--~»i..._...-,_k92g
gxlt. NIr~
LE '
7 *» . .'._. "
r .
~>.,---'-- MP4
~:-.~'. L;
_ "1~ '
_-a11Iv
sf
92
-Ea
a0
92
Ti -1
I_. ..._1-- -h-1* ii
= * 4; 'k . _" __ :5 ta.
IP- leol Sump o/. the Government an don the_ practice! eoaloela between d|'t1'g|'q|; ed ha
__ g ave leea preuated eeploiamg Geulralient. aeiivitiu under eot-In ol the folk ' -
lab-' ~ f; tloaa; aw, Edueat92'o;' fourth l?"w"
. : mun 1' - 0 j portulioa; eighth, 2..-1:1; ninth,L We!/are; tenth Trude Prue! '
_ , Ioalleaa,_~_~ and atrtateeath, National Delta-ea. The preo-eat yroup deal: with Federal aeh'|n'l|'el in NI-aeeiion with Low Ellnflent. '"@_h
, i---~.. ,7"' "'° ' '9292'¬a -
. 9 F and Keéiis .'.i"3ii1.-1'1
era! tau, neutrality violations,av pardon and parole nae: lavo 0 Sdeeee: heel/ ll, sm'm'=-&.- uirtleau, Fer:. "'". "FR-'. 1°"'E"'"*- 4'"-' 8/ .'"*- 4=:. Notional B-oh-we An. i Publae I./lalitlee; oteteentl Comma - '|5,mn5' Qua, 0, mad
trust lava, White Slave Trac Vehicle Theft Act, Illegal Illa. _ _ _. -_ paaaee, thefta, embezzlement and x . u . = - Government property, War link lulu-aaoeBy J. Edgar Hoover, Ielim I-ll °vv¢1'l'I¢I*»"=- ~.?..='v'>' . '0 Direetae, Bureau el Investigation, Deparlleat O! Field ocea o! the Bureau 0! lieatigatlvn lie alta- ; . . ' Jul-lee. 1 aled_ In the larger cities oi the United States The In. .. V V _.. - ~ . _,_ _,,-..,_ -_-=4 . .. , -. . »;_-......--=--1;? ;~,..=_-=1»-._--;~.<-4. _... ,;¢?~--- I . a _ - V _Topic "108-I.av§' Euloi-cement, L~ ' F =41-u 1 n ti i i's'u"* '-7 I--..;..~'=r--"-:v'~1:;~-"* . _ ~ _ _ an c% lu-eauo_ nveat a_on ~ -'_,-.'_;=,'--~-'=- -"" ~ _ II "w Imu el av!-elu pmnxiapa 1' . anion or etherviae, to other eweroueotal hveatiga.
"" -,' ,.a. ~.-.@"- i;i;~5é-i=E.".i'L 2~<~: " X noun ureapectzre _oI their ylau ia the Q. *'-*1 " i" cl-1.1.0], '15. ; hi -nk] byevju. -"*1-'~¢~¢ vrnwvvl-v-~ Wynne el mile . lean :1?» mm 1'5, follow-ingzzribery ol no5 _ oclala, civil Eights and domeat: zlivlleel. 1 . . ""5! '°PIw- ' b ' ta, Grin ea g loan. _.-. . 1:911, Health | C9ld, F _ _I a .10 ' ' V _ gg cmvnlh: r dug i, v, Government oluall. Intimidation of
. I Hg
from
ta. l!¢pare;,¢ge arecial agents. There la also a diriaion covert_ of Juetioe has been ' ' . . g 92-eatigative work of the Bureau ia rried on hy I0-clled T HE Bureau OI lnreatigation 0!
J It the Qf.|][l.Qd u ; gneeu, I-ork ot rt aeeouutanu required in the investigation investigative divillon 0! the Delrtmutmis 0! farlotrpaieg lIl92Ol92'5|92I "i°!l!5°'" 9 I X15951] ustite -am ma. u u charged with the duty Bunk An. Nltiphal B-amok: M. Pom! Pravda of inrerligating violations of the lara of the United Flrlhlanl. Qkqt; . ..~~- ..j»'§.;;~. , States and collecting evidence la eaaea in which the ' United State: ta or may he a party to latex; 48 an indication efthe Iork of the lureau afllvnti. , Aa a matter of praetieal policy. the Bureau at Ia- gatioa there la oahaftted the following table ahnI-eatigatioo eeodueea ioreetiratire inq=£rie: into aueh i|.g oeatenoea. nes and Ieeoveriea imhsed and "and Eolatiou. or alleged violation. at Federal late or h;' the Iork of the 8::-eau during the scal 3-ea: end atutea as are not specically assigned. by legislative he June 80, 1926: - - -V"Y
I!
v ~ Senteaeea
Tn. lloa Dan Adjusted Oempelaatian 1024 ....Au.i~tI-net .....................-...---..............l.';;L'aa asatzera .................................._ Bank:-uptq........................-..............._ Q:-!'.d.st:e: azd auretiu .........--..-...........-..lrihery .-.....-...............--...-t...-.........Contempt 0! eou-rt .......................-.....-...Couaterleltiag ......-...-.-.-.---..-..........-"-Cezrtt-!ClaFr_~ .................-.-..............-. Giana on Goveruzceot and Indian rel¢l'vatiohl...-...Crimea on high aeaa ......................-5......Custom, Ian and amuggliag ..................--t.Ihploaivea ..........................---..-........ » ' " "' Frauds agains: Gm-enuaent ......--.........-......._ ll~Illegal veering or uoilorlaa ...;............-........ - 'Immigration .................-.........-...--......Ianlwluntiq .........-........................... Income tax ,......................................Iain-atata eomeree except tlieha ...........-....--a .In!-inating 'it'n¢llQ teen .-. ...................-.. . Jury laveatigationa ..-.-...-.........-.-..--...--QIazieao nattara .......:...---.hliocellantolu mat-Ian ..n........................-._Iileellaneou| by aeoouotauta!....-.....--..........Nareotie ............'..-...........................National Banking Act..............................National Ilotor Vehicle Theft Att........'--.........- 2.Naturalization ...........Z....-....;............... ' Pauporta and viaae ........;..................2".-Peonage ..........-...............................Perlury ............,..........................-...Postal violation: except postal lrauda..j..._..........Pmhihitiou Let ...................................Radical matte:-a ..............................-.....Belective aervioa ......'..........;..................Thefts, embezzlement and illegal poueaaion of G0vt.,_prorerty .............._....;.....................Thetta tron intentale ohxpmenta ...--...--........Uaing nail: to defraud .......-....,.....-.-.t-.... _War Rial: Insurance ..........----.......-an.»-..White Slave Prot Act
eaeeeaaeeaaaeaeaaeleeaaaalle .1:. 0- 4
8-ll-ll.2-4-1Fines ' lkorea-|g'
05.00
as.so|.oo
m.oomwooo
mom
u.m.oo
am-oo
moo
1.13.00
amoao
8:.soso_
moo _
a.m.o|92"._-_ M.-.e»v -_~;_e 3» _j.
055-8022105-12
16.060-I
l0.N
INLS
0879-I0
064.4&.l0
4-95.8
at-00
M0-28*
* most"
aeooo,ri~:~" am1J50.U. .omaao
a'.auoo-
J -Q'00- 1%-Q<=.-1'.-~~:';=- 7 '
63300.00 .
_ 73,380.70=§%33
fsoofoo0.060%
i-I0
fl. uaoo
3: .
r
-w
--
-ks
i,v1-
..~...~4-
-
Ow
0..
1-
J
r-
.11
J if._v.. ._. , '2;
- +-arm '. J -'~~ rf -»es;;_,- -,;y-a.-_-. . ." ~-~~ ,_ - "-1- » :92w .~
I E, __.
.r~<¢Y_PV>-4.~_--n_g¢¢ %@4v¢- _ _ag;.-_ _92. 92
There were two life sentences, both for erirnes on
Government and Indian reservations. _I U O
QPECIAL agents of the Bureau of Investigation'ari
" selected with the utmost care and after the most
rigid tests have been applied. Appointments are eon-
ned to those possessing LL. B. or LL. ll. degrees
trom recognised law schools or colleges. _
it has been found that a comprehensive knowledge
of law is practically an indispensable requirement in
the intellectual equipment o! a modern investigator.
It is recognised, also, that the Inor'al equipment of a
high-class investigator is of positive importance. No
special agent of the Bureau oi Investigation is ap-
pointed who has not rst been thoroughly investigated
and whose entire career has not been subjected to the
clcsest scrutiny. All agents appointed must have spot-
Iv-as records and must not have been guilty oi any
oense, either civil or criminal, at any time. The age
limit has ' --~ s:t between the years rt 25 and 40.
' O O O
- Agents oi the Bureau periorm every investigative
1-
.-.'.i -
. '1activity in cases involving violations of Federal stat-_
utes up to the point at which a case is presented in
court for actual trial. All agents perforce are well
grounded in the laws of evidence and not only possess
the theoretical training which a legal course aords,
but develop, through experience in performing investi-
gative work in intricate oases, and sitting at the coun-
.aol table with United States attorneys in court during
the trial oi these cases, a practical knowledge of legal
procedure'which enables them to exercise the requisite
investigative skill and judgment in the performance
ed their duties. .
. . _ . o e _ e
THE work of the Bureau is growing rapidly. although
there has been no increase in fact, there has been
e substantial decrease in the past ve or six years! in
the investigative personnel. Among the classes of
cases showing a substantial increase rum year to year
may be noted those involving violations of the National
Bankruptcy Act and the National Motor Vehicle Thett
Act Violations of the latter are particularly numerous
and are increasing rapidly. _
~_. In addition to the investigative work under the
jurisdiction o! the Bureau, it should be noted that the
Director of the Bureau is vested with the immediate
supervision and direction of the stional Division of_ em, ___,____¢-,7. .._;.___.s.,--1..-I ~~¢ user
Identication. This institution was created by an Act
0! Congress and its oicial statutory existence was initi-
ated on July 1, 1924. '
It commenced to function under the provisions of an
appropriation act covering the general expenses o! the
Bureau ot Investigation o! the Department of Justice
for the scal year ending June 30, 1925. This act
-carried a special provision authorising and providing
funds for the acquisition, maintenance and exchange of
criminal identication records with the officials oi the
Government and States. The Identication Division U
located in the Hurley-Wright Building. I800 Pennsyl-
vania Avenue, Washington, D. O. It is manned by an
expert personnel of ngerprint classiers and searchers,
together with the necessary clerical sta'. _
There are,-at the present time, in the possession o!
the National Division of Identication 1,219,511 guer-
print records of criminals both of national and inter-
national importance and of current actual interest and
value. This Division is supported by, and operates in
close daily contact with, law enforcement omcials
throughout the country, more particularly with the
members of the International Association of Chiefs of
Police. The Division receives an average of 600 nger-
print cards daily from law enforcement ofliciala
throughout this country and abroad.O I '
THESE records are, immediately upon receipt, classi-
ed and searched and in the event any previous
criminal record is iound in the archives of the Division,
a complete notice covering the details thereof is im-
mediately transmitted to the law entorcement ocials,
penal institutions, etc., transmitting said printi to the
Bureau. - - _ - _-
During the scal year ending June 30. 1927, there
were 166,920 ngerprint inquiries received by the Bu-
reau. O! the prints received, a total of 52,223 identi-
cations were accomplished, showing past criminal
records of minor or major importance. The value of
this service and its importance in connection with the
work of law entorcement officials everywhere in con-
junction with the investigative work o! the Bureau is
increasing from year to year. _ x ' -. ~- _ _;.'_ ._-f_
In the nest article of this series, to he '
printed August 8, Howard Sutherland, Alien _ __
Property Custodian, will discuss the [auctions -92
-:
.
el his oes. - - ' ~ ---~~-'-_-_.'g-:~_--.l'.'-'15--~'§~-'_ '" -,3. " . C-r'¢'~ u:1. av rat Called sous Dali! Puhllshtll Carvers U H v W Tl.-
._ , ___ _ .2 -", '_ ' 0' -; , e -' I
> rt a.~.' _ 192- '2' » 1
Q f";.~_' _-rm
~
'3'. ii-s/~ J,Q _ , _-,_.-' 1
'. V -Ir. c
ALT:
'_ ..
.25"-.'§¬-Z . '.__ ~'
s.-.-,.-
kw
~-..-.411-.~
3" ' ..;
Q cg
"5.
.,___ _ .. _
I
i I
|
I
Y
~s1_ _ . _>{_ £-
- 1.._ ._ - _..o_ , 0 r~ .:,,- _ » 1
._ < -* r 92 ,»_ .7 g, .-- ~- . _ _ .. i ~ "-. T 2 '-c . ' . . . , . mp _ *-.v _ . ' o ; . _. 1C '_-~- 1,;-...-1'» if, ' 92 Hp: fl! -'1 -3 Q...' ' ' ;_- . - " ' ~ 7 ' -#.»=' - - ." ~-'~'* ' "" F -. ~_ -- .: - ' -~ .w' 1 4'? . -1 - % ~ » 'u L - . ' 12;," 5,.»-Q . "- .~ 1 Q xi . - __ ' ' ' -c '_' ~ ~a;.:.~. . Qf. ,__'_' r§, _,- ~' . _._" '" ';.. 3 ,'-_'- -_ ' . - .- .._ .-..*. = t.»- ,, ~ - .- I . -1-. - "' ~ . -~ an ~-'- L."=l"" it .->~ " 6. " "1 .1 .» " - I -* *~ _~ :3 . "- 5.1. ~3: .7 I " "~'£:;"-V I" a">,- ~-I-lg - T - :.'-v.~; -/'7-.aL * ~ ~ -?"-"".°-."- l '- 1' - "53:- ' '- _'~ ~_-..._ - . .,,._,.. .....s. .-, . __,,,,,_, _ , . -. . ....,. - ¢-. 4* --. _ . sing: ~...4..... lxw . . .... -.<Z~_ W v 4_ >~'92.~T._ _>_ I, --Ir; I _-_ - . .. ..».-- _ - _: _- . K? , ,1 , . .,*- ,,,- : __&; _,_ .._._- pry ._ §.a_£.;_a ;:
' . ' l .- .-92. I _"""
:~'-':w- l ~::s- - ' "4 ' Z ' .
_ as __~ 92.
Y r9
F! "Vi=1 I _ :!|_ "|_.1iJ" 5".
_
_.__
F
H an
R
a
_¢
_h
_
W
5 W4
W
WMI T
v
_W
r__
_
__W
MMH
W_
_
_
M _'___7 __: _ i $____: r_ __:_;_:'_'_ _ V
¢
|
1
I
wT.92l'1'I1 "13-I1 il'l'2I92H'-Z TREK-Eh I _
F?-!'l F i"_." I? '! L
r_L_f!__ Q __ ___ y Y vlv II. I iii
.~
, ,
E
;»
F
F
92i
i ""* _' '
l
/
i
. @Im"ITi