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he illstioesl Advisory don:-_ j -The usio ~Oomm1ttse -oi the ,~'Iive years. The representsiinsii-_£;;;?.-:¢:.~.='
miiiee ior Aeronautics ens ests.b- IIACA consists oi i5 members sp- government sgencies serve Ihilein
iishsti by the Congress in 1915 ll ~- pointed by the President. They in- diice. Mi members serve as such '_'*_'};':;.
the government; esronsutiesi rs- elude two representatives each at without eoo:penestion._____.;;.,.... >_--;-.-=;___f 1;:see]-ch egency. -1-he snshiing sci the ofiicesinchsrge oimiiitsrylali f.-. _ A -_ ~speciiiceiiy charges the IIACA erith naval aviation, no representatives _;- The main Cbmmittee is supple-.-;a-:;_*;_;
"etuiiyo|ths problems ti ight with oi the Civil Aeronsoiics Allhorlty, !IMI'l92O by I system cl ibchliicll gq.;i~.lsviesr in their prsuicsl solution!. cone representative esch oi the .~6Oll92iIiltlec8 and subcommittees -lo ii t -
To this end the Committee operstes Bmiihsonisn Institution, the U. I. _.|s-eptu-e sniirscommcntl lo Che Ilia ;its osm,|-esesrcii isborstories, eo- Weather Bureau, the Netionsi lu- --Committee the programs .1177-ordinstes s fundamental research ~.reso oi Btsndards, together with six _.-search to be conducted in heir e.-_;.:%.=1;,.-_ .-progrsms. other agencies end sn- . seditious! persons who ere sc- speetive special iieids.'i1isdditio_|i¢§§-3 _._ .
courggel mi supports research in qusinted with the needs oi seroasu- ~1ihcee subcommittees assist in no-t
acisntilic educational instiiu- Iicsi science, either civil or |niii- ordinoiing research in-ogrsms tad "-
Lions. "loch s scope oi sctivity is hry, or skilled in leronluiicl1In- sci ss mediums-oiexchmgeol ideas '5-"hf
made possible by the structure oi _ gineering or its sliied sciences." end iniormstioo sarong on groups .
the 114:5. . _ . These isttsr six serve ior terms oi concerned viii: svistion. . _;___ ' . .. -~47 - . -. ,__ .... -,,-F,,_- ,_4 , ..» ,,- .. . -,.._ . _., ' _ - _ _-,__ _ -3- --q cl-.§ . _;~ ;--;. -:1,@"¢-5~-:,'~4!'_-_2'-;:,-.,.._*"- - - ".1-'.': ::;,:.- ~ 1--,' :4 .1-r - -. -': *7".-1. *2: 1.. . ac--'-= "f' -- ' '- "_~ "-. '»¢-¢--»"'92'?.'1'-I§.192-I.'*.-:"1'|*',-- -':;.."ir:~.. . :4; ._;-92. H31 _ - I ~--dc"; 1 :-:_;I . ~ll'-- . _' . :92_ P:-'2" mg: _ - ' -92!1.-:n -in :..|.-M'.a?- I"a~7_?92'_:92sI. .~. - vi: .-";'2;-::$lJ§_'v-v-'-géfleig-"-1:, Li.-,1 -~- - A' gr» --- -"gr --- -; - - -_ . .'-..:--,__ -.4." *. " 7 . ""'i.. .; ..- ' '* -..-- 1 , -é%.;,$_j-._,,. _,- ;-,,_-i-.1-I.-2»-, .,_.. -- ',-.;._g- . __ ,. . .. ..,--_ .3 ._ 3*...-.-" .. ii.-. 1" e -.-:- . 7: : ._.a.;i:r-~ Q.-»~.:.»....#$$;f,>,-.4*.'_., l , -,.J ,.',,_.. .,e.. . - ._ P ' _ - ..- 7 , ' ~t,s~ - r ,s -o-.- 4-I .-*-- ___--r - _J---"-"'. '3 r 44- . : ;_-.u_;-r=}7Q,e~- ,m-_-_~_3g-92f71!l=Ir*_--.-- '- ¢- -. Q ._-'_,_ , .- - e - .. _. ..e V ' '. .. : - - --';.- .- . --1.. -- ~..1 .-< a | . .._,,_ _ ._ .... _ . . . :. ,. .._ - . . . .. . _.-.......-._.1.. .- - . - .. . . . _ . _ _ .?_ ._ _ _ _
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A__ =u,__A _.i__-..._..92.__:-__£__. :____;
r
rit. system lies in the tact
members are eelected irom every
brooch oi aviation and allied inter-
tsirs. Outstanding technical men
irom a variety oi aviation nanotec-
turing companies; iron: educational
and acientitic institutions; iron: the
-lniliiary establishments, the oom-
mercial operators, and other gov-
ernmental aeronautical a g e n cl e 5.
are recruited in: auiioonmittee
lervice: -
. -. Administration oi Committee
eeeearch activities is carried out
_lIy a Director ol Reoearchpho with
his immediate atali ln.I'aah.ington
controls the operations oi the
l~lACA's three principal research
laboratories and awards research
contracts outside the Committee:
:§Ji¥»:u92,m.lmk- ' - ' _
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.'n&'..'_...-- ... ' _-_=.:.. I. y92-Original and largest laboratory
la the Langley Memorial Aeronauti-
-cal Laboratory at Langley field,
near liarnpton, Virginia. leaearch
tconducted here involves virtually
over; phase oi aerodynamics, hy-
J: I N i Q 1 I . I "D"
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ll .1. M.. -* '5-~.~r~*"',.i@ ' ,
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The etrengthoi the entail 92}1ii- d-rod;-namics, at crait atructureéd Ibetter diiiaation oi acientilic
t itsand aircrail load . A light station
tor pilotiese aircralt at Waliops ls-
land on the Virginia Coast is oper-
ated in conjunction vith the Langley
Laboratory. _ ..
The lines Aeronautical Lab-
oratoryon the Navy I Moiiett Yield,
a-ouih cl Ban Francisco, Californiais concerned primarily -with high:
apeed aerodynamics and has the
largest and eomeol the iaeteat wind
itamels in the Iorld. '- ' 5-
The Flight Propulsion Research
Laboratory to located at Cleveland
airport, Ohio. The work here wr-
ers all problems oi alrcrait propul-
aion, including the apecial amper-
aonic aerodynamic problems eon-
aecied with high-apeed propulsion.
""lhe IACA la" constantly oa-
nding its Iltorte to let nelearch
contracts vrith universities and other
organizations having euitable equip-
ment. By ao doing, eiiective use oi
other research Iacilltiee 'il'lnade,
Implication d equipment ia avoided,
i I i 3, I. .1 _ -. . I. . _ _ I- _ _ S:'92F92e_ Q: __;s I M; y _ .,__" I it ea _ Q 1, J "'~ _ -Id - it: I. ' _ - .5, ;_. - '6', __ -._ _l" -'1-' 4_ I "5. e -I , . i .V ""i1'*=~**'~ -5?-it '.4-e *' we ~ ' -'-1" ~ --.~:-=1*~ ~' 1 M £: 1;; I , 3- -3 , kl e u ' __ hi. .i;.t .-Q '1'.-I' 5-, t 29231t$._':-_-;-u: a _ _~_,§._ A . 11-1'; '* -' -iv -!- nu---'. ~-. ' .- " t - ' '.~,'.92_. -' f'.l.-.,-. '~~ --,. . _--3 --.~_ ._ a»."§' _. .. --_.. ~.'~». .-5'. 1.==- . * .. ..-sil
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lo-irq In-v0_ . _'. ~ .__i;,'-";:.- -llll.-5-:.'-'-ear k -,.., . -+1-:=e--....~-i t -;- " - --' " ' .i__ v_ 1 1 _ . a larp--ih I1I e ' i'~' . - -. -'i-- 9- i",.'-'2 ' -' 1. 92,- tel I<7'.. -f"j U -.-_' . *-a g " ' -0" 1" 92 '' 5,. V- 'r_'. A. 92 b-I. :___i _'_ at .- _-- , - -- ~ - » . - _. '-. .., _ . _ i," ea:-'3' iii-.3
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. - J r . . - :enanpoier is achieved. ' -'
- Fldoreover, by training inen in
otaside groups in the apecial Hunk-
ing and technique oi advanced re-
learch work the depleted reserve
oi trained personnel la being re-
plenished. "l'hie"is one cl-the prime
ohiectlves oi contract research. in!
lb arar did aerioae damage toad-
Ianead training proprama. Io lul-
cuting research contracts, univer-
cities introduce graduate and92uder-
-graduate students toihe challenging
exacting requirements -cl ad-
vanced research, giving them oppor-
hnity to Aievelop-their capabilities
In that direction. - -~ '' . ' ---1.1a.'»-u..- -. - '---" .'
"The producto! research in all
"these laboratories is an NACA tech-'
il report eont.a.in.i.ng detailed and
accurate information in the latla
-qrinciplee governing deaign, or the
Iae oi alrcrait, or the behavior d
_ gases and materials mder a variety
£0! cemiitiona._ they are distributed
as a government oer-rice i.o'deaign-
- core, manniactm-era and operators d
. i
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The RACA Piloilell Aireralt Research elation
of aerodynamic: andoontrol at veryhilh speeds in
lire:-ait,and to technical and aden-
tliic.lihrariea_ ilu-ou¢ho_ui the oom-
ln choosing an airioii, lo_r ea-
ample, a designer can consult the
compiled characteriltice oi airloiie
aadeeieei the type heel suited to hie
purpooe. irorn the accumulated re-
eeareh reporte on liability and eon-.
trol,he can design stability andgood
handling quaiitiee into an airplane.__ -_..., O.-_- - ~ . 1 .
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l1;l[]BLE SAND TUULS 4 ,
4 -_ ~ -1
_" Basic research tn a broad dy-
namic field such as aeronautics is
an qr:-r-expanding activity. The
tunction oi the NACA is to probe
areasoi the unknown tor new knowl-
edgcui the phenomena at ight. Up-
oliestabtislunentd eachoeIrbritlge-
"head. the organisation must exploit
and develop knowledge to the point
ell practical application by the an-
dustry, the |nl1ttary,and civil oper-
lltng groups. Frequently, the de-
'e_-eiopment oi new knowledge result-
ing "tn new aviaiionpertormanee ea-
poses a new unlmowii area which
auustheexplorsd. - _ __ -_-H
.1
v
J-|~ v-
.» _, --,
_Iliny'1-esearch problems have
been with us tor a long time and re-
quire unrelenting ettort tor contin-
ued progress. Bolution of some lead
to new ones such as the difficulties
involved in transonic and supersonic
ight, which are -as mirage and
meaningful as those attendant won
the Iirsi ight oi man. ~ - '
IIACA research Iaciitties have
grown space with the new and ex-
panding areaso! research. Because
oi the timedttierential betweent:as-
it; research and ultimate successful
development, the never researchequipment reflects, the_ shape ti
things to come. And yet, theoitler
equipment rarely becomes obsolete
hecause so-long as aircraft must
Itart trom rest and return salely to
rest; so long as the need exists tor
_better small personal all-crsii, tor
large transport airerati and tor au-llperaunic IItlChllt¢5,l¢l&Il..l't equip-}?=M
Inent stunning the entire range ll
pertormance amisiee is requiretl to
qperate at lull npacity.__rM__ j "= ..,,»..¢l-.¢-2->41-137:1}, .
" Tihthe tolloiing pges mana-
ly described the areas at resear;-J:
4". "1 .9" 3.!-C4 -.-P91 *_"_$,.P1 l
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1 Q .
*1QqUF"i tent oi exploration.
sivc 4 the array oi physical -
seirrh equipment ml? be, the pri-
mary tool oi any research organi-
gtinn is brain power. from the
crecti --e thinking oi the curious mind
evolves the incisive recognition oi
the research problem and the de-
sign of exploratory equipment. The
NACA has succeeded in attracting
to its employ many oi the iinest
scienuti-: and mechanical minds in
the world. ' By rirtoe oi the various
committees there has been mar- -
shalecl the outstandingtalentolsero-
nautical America. The iollowing
pages describe the problems against
which this talent is deployed and the
tooiaiorthetask. . . '.
For convenienceol description,
the areas oi NACA research are
rolqhly elded as iolloll: J, -
Aerodynamics . .. _
HydrodynamicsPropulsion '
Mrcrait Loads '
Al:-irame Constroctionand
_ Materials - .-
Operating Problems _' _"
ifhflcll Het-Ith -
"Flight and Pilotless Aircralt
' ' N I
wlerodlrggcs 1 "- _
- The rapidly increasing speed ll
military aircrait and the prospec-
tire use oi high-speed flying mis-
siles have placed [real amohasiaon
.._'. ~ . _ . 1. .. - ._
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ir-ewe, ._-.- - ..,$ . I A _, _- At '~ a.
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» I __ ...'___ _-_... A" ' er-1- *
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An aaial-ora turbo-dot engine ll preilred for imrsstisation wider accurately aim -____'_elated operating conditions in the Altitude Wind triamel oi the IMCA .5-T.
solution oi the problems d high-
speed ilight. Wartime development
resulted in military aircrait capable
'-of ierel ltight at speeds exceeding
550 mph. Atlsuch speeds, certain
aerodynamic phenomena associatedwith compression shock and the at-
tendant airow separation appeared
to impose serious limitations to any
iurther periormance improvement.
ew aerodynamic techniques lorrie---hying the {light speed at which shock
occurs, and tor minimising the ad-
verse affects of shock when it does
'-""_ -' _ _ - - W -'JtA.»s»,"...'~,,..o _ " T."
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--'--* -~_-*.~--i-~-,_e-~ ---- ,...--., -..-.~._ -.___..._ . _,._- ~ ,_.- .-. .. - . -I->.~7-1.".' . '. ~ . ' r~_---.__¢_',
occur, together with new andmore ~ e.
poweriul types oi propulsion: 'sys- _terns nowavailahlepaill permit sub- ,=_j_.-§Iantiai increases cl speed. He "f'_'. '
high-speed airplanes ed the sear h- '~_- -*=-
tore will ily taster than-the speed oi '
= "P- ,-saw.-'~. 1+». 531".-~ ; '
lixtensive investigations j *1"
wings and other airplane ooo:po- -
aents are being conducted in wind _,;;L92--:
wnnelsand in flight ioperiecthiotm """_:.-'methods, such as pianiorm earia; .
ions and boundary-layer -cmirol, -'-lor alleviating shock losses. Bet- . t
tar understanding cl the mechanics -*~'.-If-'_"_ _Til atiocit cares must he obtained ._f.:?¥_:f';"-t"through iusdsmestatand theoretical _'- '"
studies. inasmuch as [light at veryi..,.t..'_-'.t-1-L.kw---.:_Ji4_;.U.,.ijé.;§.k?-2£.'!Z..;__.,,,..;gi§H$1=a_It' - 1 ~_-; ,,"-,-,,m¢t.,;,,i,.;.;;_-,,-'- ....._.-7 --;_'_v,__;_,high speed appears to_de_maod r'ed_t-'~1_Y?{-I,-%_"'3"l-J""T -"=F'#"1"?.C~i?i?l"%"~;¥*i!'?""3fi"i?i?3!3f':_*t"I'5'=.=~Et;*; !'iei;'B§Z¬;i"I1*:"?"=;"92'.~jl"--"Ill!!! diml cutlievrlliwc imt 4: '=f-ta-._...__. -is;.:-._»-,1-1- 92_ -92. _-._¢.|,.-=;- -_._:_:.::.J.,,',_,._ Q: rum . M or M w mm .
92 _.. .~'.<..-, . -' '*'~=*"""==*: »' "~.-'-='=*-92 <- ~5'i ?"t't# i*"?=;=--- t~. 1'1--1 -tr-, It-~.~>.».=i.. .-I--» - -.'.:. .1..¢_...»-'.':._~.'.~ 7' F . .--. 1 9.1-.-I '92 ¢., Y. _._ - . __. .. , 92 .---.- -t. - '- *0. - , .-. '-_ I -- -_-,T.';.. :1... 1-;' ,.,__-,. _ . . ._..._ -.,,',-..-- _.~.~.-. . l- -t .N. _'_. ..__.. ..-... Inf: ..'-1 -_ r;'__. _* . _ ~.- - ' - - Imeans oi salts-iactorily lying such .~ "
-ooniigurattons at the low speeds re- ..-.=:.'
aired tor landing and take-oi!-are
-I?» .3 : ' '
' is the tower speed._ J; pj_;,;;. -, -' ' {light in which commercial trans-"'*i"."'.'-""' -1 1"" . .-.'-=--7 --' --I - - 1 2'...- .r~#1'~-*'-I '-<** "~."=":*¢'*:=l#?I'»@ 151'-at *" 3'-:1 #551 2: .-!t-*'.=-:==~I- =-;-.1 Fa:--"s-*1-.:»;~-; --
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A omen, scaled airplane modal being lltunched at the uitcm Ptlotloss an-lcrait Research Btatton. lniormatton is obtained through telemetering and tracking.-Y 2.22"» .-> ;"~:*-.-=. =2-*'i"*:'*I:":""' Pf? .. -*1 .. e. _ ,._,;,<..._c-i ~-or F-;=:.:@-~3'2*r_.-1-t><=._ ;,Q.f- -Q;-.;,*§ hzwport and cargo airplanes new slit, __;~,-3,.@4 " ' " ate. iurther increases tn speed ass "'""*-"
-range and lurther reduction tamper. fa-:~*_:~"sting costs may be expected tin-oil: faerodynamic reIinemen;t..I8ystam-' Tiatic investigation ti the complete f-F _-
range oi airfoils lparmitiiag eaten-> ;¢_-'_"'"
alve laminar ion is belt conducted *' 5in 101?-lt_lt'bti!el'tt':l_I'l!l tmnels and
in iiighi to correlate and evaluate
-the various atrloil characteristics. '
92.
l92 , ._.. ; _. __. _ - 1 - _ _ 1 -- 5"--1 2' . - - lo . ~ - - . ---;_.- _, . _ ._ , , . _ -_.._ .... ..._-2:4; - . .- _ _ ., --.~ --.e~ ~ - .#_Ii ' ' " ' ' '--' -- ' ~--- ,-- - ' ---1 ' -_'-1-5;, i ..,:-=_._" - - "=- ".*',i=:_*_-_r¬|i§,H- I J
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The pnssibllitieeul largegains irom- ~=- stheuseol howitllry-lityercontrollor ._ . -reducing drag and increasing maxi-Itunflilt have been merely touched"190 . -and must be completely in-» yeeiigated theoretically and experi-¢!?".7 mentally. in wind tunnels and in-:-_____p_ ight. Further lnntllrnentsl theo-" ""7 Treilcal and experiments"! siudiesoiiioundnry layer are in process be-nose the mechanics oi trmlitiondrum laminar to turbulent flow ere'1- t not knOIn, and the mechanics ol' leper-ationoi turbulent ilotvsere not--v-Q. _.er. _.determine hm! to getear-eh ta men and their ideas. Through eooperettue stiort and er-the I.nl0rmll-inn desired on any problem.
_ unless means ere ioimd to speed up
.ihe burning process. Corolla;-y'tocombustion research is the study d
_ new iuels to meet the new require-Jnenls. High speeds demand iuels oi.-greater energy content. With bothjet engines -and rockets, rtnge islimited because oi high iuel eon-sumptlon in relation to thrust re-ceived. Thermodynamic Utudy it
necessary to provide the values re-
quired to evaluate the heat processesin new propulsion eystemfend lot-tllculetion d per-iorm_ance.. - =._;..in
I5. ' . -~.1- ;_ ¢ ,. , _ __ _ _ I ;,,};-.,;;._..;nideretoo§!;_ _u _ _ - _ _ .l ;_ ;.-,,_._5... _...,,,_, ll.-.a-4. -..._.--_-4-...4..1_,,_-'Q,,q,- M; 4 4- , , sq: . 92-
.,-_¢f.i.=_. " Therehasheena greaterclunge. 3 ' ' l. Jr: the ohlracier d prop!-tllion II-- '- -search in recent years than in any, brunch oi arronluilcs. luccesslul-'f-_}.;-'_:.'. types oi power plants have o-'__-.~.__;.._. gened the way to new combinations_-,-,1;-E'*_;;;,»§;',-"st ideal. -These MI pursiuimies.it , while-greatly ncivancinpotrr abilities.ml--.-43'. tori»; iilh them new lt92tl_dliilctili"5-li-'-"I-"~.<l"°""". P» »-."n»..- l .J-;¥:92_-__..-.7.:___.__i4; ..,. _ Q _ i ,n t"{.-'" omhustlon in "the continuous.yde oi jet engines presents' ' "5 henomenl to he investigated..-r » -- the dornbulllotl process is cornpll- -__. _¢;m| by the presence oi high-speed-=2" -r. um;-came capable oi hindering~-7-._.q.__-;.~7¢e|o::ilsusl-ton and reducing eiiicleney'~_ ,_ -. -_. _._e - ~ " ~ - - » . . - -=.~ - - ~~ ..;:::::::~*:~ .....,.-=--**-** ~22 - .. - . -- -. »~ . 92~ --- - * --'""- " lP1',_°E,*ll*__°" -. .T -- .'....-"tr. - "-**- i'-£~'-3-'{'1{"*1>.92'r'.¥'I'E§?3?'??.i'%:=!' +"i ~-'=~r ~--' k;b'g_!> ~ ---~..,..-..,,-» .--; . . - _ - - _, _..'_,_92-f~+__,,.;-if-7,; '....:,.. .7.:,,,§__a,_i_ _:_'_L-_;__ _;92 ,-I P Q - we
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-. -' - ;., : -. 1.:-.s!.=*¬?"' ' V» " f » - ; '3' ' .15 i . ."' . Q . ; _ 92 _ -0}1;y-we wags if '" W I i 4,1 ta:,;' L " ' I -'rL1:' b, 1 ; _ _ -:7? I
I I fn ___ ___,_.v1":. tie la:-#1 1' ' 1' 'L'l: " l-E3"'=';' x ---» - :1 -_ jg - _,_- n it , _ Z re ' i'H%#a .:?£w:.:"h%:J5 '7 - =;a- ~=--i"~. *"- ~- 5,-u,. ' . . 1 _.m 1....-.m;¢.:¥ --.»;_¢=-"-Ia;j'.'=_-3.; " ' -- , ylmzfhe-:-'-e..','1.1'rt..l- "'92I_-?>-l s -, .' -- '92r ' _ '-- 3 ".-1 -1-; _ .ey -rt , ,; .~_.-4, 0- I» | . W - " 1?-it - £ "- ' -- 4'1 §':'=!:.'.f|; greatly-increased demandsn compressors to iurnish air athigher pressures and larger vol-umes entails energetic research toachieve best pertormunce tn the-rnost oornynei units. Turbines to
drive large compressors end pro-pellers involve stringent require-ments of blade elilciency,..airengthand resisthnce to high temperature.Bearch ior new meterir.ls'e'lth_-in-ereaaad reaietsnce to high temper-liuree end stresses is demanded tornearly every component oi new pru-eulsion systems. " . '_ __
' ' The presence G illi-preeeora and turbines revolving athigh speeds emtiiasizeslhe need torbetter understanding oi iricun. Indtor knowledge that will lend to moreetiicient hettring auriapes and ma-
terials. _- .
theoretical research in eeroriaullcs-wsnriolbeover-empttasleed. liealthyfrdlrih 0! any science "depends anexperiment ind iheorykeeping pace-_1I_ith each other. _'1be Icienee rd"aeronautics -is treoorning increas-ingly complex nod -theory must be-Incolrlged to-keep pee with andto guide experiment. livery branch.01 theoretical -physics irrly be in-_"-volved to some degreein my pro-gram at theoretical research hiaeronautics. .iAs 4 gene:-pl 4-ole,' every iundimental experimental is aseocllted erith s theo--retical project. In view pl the con- etdereble extension cl experimental1 .
' -
value hail importance * f;" -r1,
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3-l_.,iacilitie's, an expansion-at t_heol'et- -_' eel-r tr
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II _l_j,_g_, - r- _
AERODYNAM I CS _ - ..
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_ I
_ -0 suasomc "AERODYNAMICS . ..
Subsonic aerodynamics is basicand is an essential field oi research
tor man-carrying aircraft through-om the entire npeed range. Such
study includes investigation oi allnds oi airioils and aerodynamic
shapes. In a systematic program,
the work lnvoives development oi
theory, progresses to experimental
verification and development in ape-
clalized wind tunnelsand is then ex-
tended to larger ocaie in lull-scale
and pressure tunnels. Also included
in this work is atudy llrtllning to
drag, boundary-layer control andtnterterence oi airplane components
inoombination; _ _ _In wesenting aerodynamic re-
search methods, it should be stated
that ight research is one oi-the
most important. This applies to
"every branch oi the subject, but es.
pecially to high-speed studyof oom-
plete aircrait combinations. Ior
this reason, -[light research and its
special branches are treated in a
separate aection entitled "I'ii.ght
and Pilotless Aircl-alt p. 34!,,
rather than repeated everywhere it
applies. ' ,- .j
1hepliACA has pioneered the
design and use oi iull-scale tunnels.
_'l'he 80- by l092I'oot Ttmneliaa the4 92 . - . < ' " e
e. . _ I1 ..' J- '_". pa. _ - _ - 1 ' 1 ' *' - ' 92. D , -. . ,
hrgeet 'ever planned Ihen it iii;. f-
_-completed .tn 1031. "It has been-ea--.-;-5~v=s .Oéeded in size only by the"i0-by
U-Iootfunnel at the Ame: Lab-
oratory. The two tunnels are used{or large-scale drag investigations,
boundary-layer control studies. andj-"are particularly valuable tor lnve'l-
tigating stability and control, jntiielanding speed range, oi large-saletings andshapes designed ior high-
opeed and supersonic ight. Ilarlhese tunnels full-sized "-uiifpianeiscan he studied with engines operate.
ingmhether powered by reciprocal-'lng engine and Ql'OpE].lEl'§l'_.[5 af-_ .. ._ .,_.=-line Installations. '" -='*"""* " 1" "wbg"
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The 4_O- by I0-loot '1 Usll largest in the worldarid Ueen
us-=1 to study airplanes and wing
pal-"lS'Itp lo 1'0 leet in span. The
entire structure covers an area oi
eight acres. The largest part oi the
- air passage, ahead oi the test sec-
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_ 'f- , - ' *<-§- - .92 "_ A -éthe experimental aodpractlcalle-$5 '.j__ _ ' K _ _ - ' § 92'1_'},§__l1,__h_-_ "IQIOPIIIQIII I III -n¢92C492_I8l .!Il Q __._____7" .. ' Q A _.- ,1 . :_ e ' . . __,,;, " #,;l'.-..;C- ' . iamlnar ow. '10!-dragf-'1.-'_ _-_.. *_~._;F;.§'f._+-,,'l,--,- - ' g.':.¢§";.;--.t- 5 i IfllZl.liI;lPlldl5@U!Btlllll1li|l¬}.'~ l" - '. '- _ ; ; ' lo aircralt was the ream at oonllm 1=?>.-.-.;: 2- =1-1* -- -. -_'. .. ' " ;'- cod klninesex 1 1»-mu "Qi-M "' ""* " 5. - Q"-"""H__ ' atao:t:¢:.1tluun:cha:92:92:r:acem92::é§5
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:~;'_¬ul-i -"'*._;" ~;--*!z;.-an-*~ - tr '-tion, gneaslu-es 182 Ieet high by I72
tee! wide. In completing a circuit oi
Ylhe tunnel,the air -- 24,000,000 cu-
hlc teat, Ielghing about 900 tons --
Irnvels nearly hall s mile. All the
tunnel enniroia,u veil nu thoae tor
_'-the airplane engines, are installed
--in the balance house directly under
ihe teat Ici.lon._ A l, -
ffifwo-Dimensional DU':T92IIll!|lC9* Pressure Tunnil '
_ The NACA ins developed many
ipecillized wind tunnels tor pelic-
"alav imposes. lome ol these are
pressure hmnels, in which the el-
Jective scale oi models can be in- _ I ' ' - 1" .i l
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"Second largest can mm: to this so-q"oo-not and altl'|e-l.AlI:1e_7.J.,lIiurllOII._It permits study oi large-scale win: Iorma and alrcntt It apostle Q soiii.... _ , _ ._ . | _- -- '- ' ' *-- - 1-. . ':'_ -i;'.',a-. -:.*_.:-.'.r:'.r.F -= -_" -
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I" . 1-. , .T ' I ' $...:,:;-,-_ 'f ii, --1 IQ. . . --_-.- -- ._q.-.'_.; , _ W- I p. - :1 er-r -_--T-n-.. _, "1 _ _ _ _r . . - - __ _' .~ "5 --"T~-- - -dtmenml i "3; y-_a=-L--7i_...-»:..=......s.-r:-i-1-s-=~.¢.,....-..s..::-.a.-"=.~,...u».;m=.i-»u..»..,..:.r;.;.}a.=»s,.i. "~ ;;92.-.i..-...,,_;¢ Y9 _;_____:_.__ 1: ..""I'!F~.r92'-=v=->':1II't'.>m~'i '1"?'.'- "3'=,q!=iR,rf-"'w~""- -4* "@EEMww§ n» _=-H: _ -wliaunx M .* ' '" - - _- --. . . -_-_,- r . .- 1 _ ~ .
t - S I -. -Jan. __|':[_ - .:-_._,-r - .-* - _ ._,, 1.1 .l. _ I. .._.......>.e>=.=-.;_=:...-_r~'.-.._ ".1-=§_=:-.-= .:=:. ----: - "'*,;' 1=- -.. ..--3. .~ _. ,g__- >-: --'~-.-rt:-Fe" z_.;;;_.*=i=s-'==s=r1=¢_¢1@,-¢.1~,q_=_;-,:_-§@,s,*i,.; _ _A " Q
' ' L an nmrummnmnew pmvldu nnv¢I=vw'1lw'IvhiM PM-_ .-=.~.- 1.» .-. . e:.Jm 5-1'i..ltm0lph9l'Ol. It ll used tor atutlyqi alrtolll andeompletejnodgll. Tmnel In !Nl_. -They are 11906 Elf- I0x80it.,ov'al,eloae6 Test Section ----9 --~
egan.-|n'o:5°@wI div-Ii_~I<AI@_-Iv
'-----~'--- 86.000119 'Power--_---.---- - -_¢~-_- Atmospheric Pressure '--_-'~ -
1 ' ' '-é' " I ~ l-1-?> "#_;"Z --i-creased--'-- -U0 1.00 it.,@ovai,ope.n 1'
--- -_-_»f.g 1- 151- 120 lllllll
Q _p Q 2 ._ C.-aw hp
c,---0 '0 .- -Q '1' I *lllOS@Bl'lC-
_- ..z~.' . '~_ __.d _-__.<_
so e -er ~ er 11-
,' ~ 'denaltytain¢r-euedahovenorm_sl
_ acomblnationol the twp lnaprea
' -' The two-Ilmennluial low-hr~ ~._-N]
fbnlence tunnels at the "iiACA at j 1"
Langley Field are dt particular in-"'-"' _1- -3- 92u92p92,- "16Q- . .. .r_,,4._'.>w.=. - .:_,-...,r; 73v.-__.4..,...-3; 4. .'.:_-.._.z:.r.-..'.~_ Hm? _, Q 5 :"f"..,--'.-: ,'_-.92 _,_ ''- Va "- "Y -v" -._- _ ....<- < » .,-_,- - -- ' ' . - - "'_' ,, r - ~ Ifair-.%" E?-1". 7? . in - w "1. "" " 1",'1"T"'92'. k T,_-'-": ._"_':,3_f""f"-_'f_"..'f""--¬9~l_'1"': *1--'-"'"'92 .4 -,1-1....-1-_ 1.v+'---vi----1-..:'=i>-gnu--"92.'~i;-9.:-----'-~. e - ~ , I. -_ 1 4 l. l .' ._v'_ ___-. - _ __
t;,_.'_nt -ly tor alrloll research inc.-dy
ol 1= gh ltll devices and control sur-
hce -' under finely-controlled condj -
tton -.
-The 19-Foot Pressure Tunnel
and the 12-Foot Low-Turbulence
Pressure Tunnel are used to extend
research on lirloils to the study oi
complete tings at r high Reynolds
sumhers. Theysre well sdapted tor
study d Improvement oi complete
ilnr. characteristics, the develop-
men! of high lift Ind lateral control
devices. and evaltntton d unprove-
ment oi stability, control, sad per-
iorrnlnce eharscterlstics ed lir-
planes in the design stage.
' A untque Ieature oi the ll-Foot
T92|nnt"| at Ames is lhet by prtlally
evacuating the tunnel. investiga-
tions can be taken up to high sub-
sonic Mach sumbers. - - _'
' __ -.
51-»; 10-Fo0t"lunne1s ,
- 0
' "The size snd speed of these tun-
nels makes them well suited -to s
wide vartetyoi generslserodyusmlc
and control studies. The correc-
tions ior data Irom these tunnels-
have been so well establishes that
excellent agreement ls obtained be-
tween tunnel and ight results. Ac-
curate predictions of lnndllng qual-
itles of--s design esn be made. 'ln
addition, Ahey are well suited lor
llmdamental research onsucl:_|::rob-
lems ss idzh-ll.It devices, control
surlnce hinge moments, -sud lite_..., . I_ I : _ 12-Foul Low-gurbulence P_re_sgu're Tunnel - ltmes
f" ,..,.. r . ' ' V -
/J" _ I - Test Section "
. . '_ "Speed
,_ _ 7 Power. r ' g . Pressuret I , ' _ _ _ " ' ' ' ,_,,_ _ '____,_--,,.,: 4,-...._" _...|.c41.;.,--|-l..s..n--..-Ii-. --.- -_l-_.__i_-. _:¥ '_ t .__,_.,,...e.....-..._.___..... T. ___ _.._.,1.__..._........______,_.s..__...._ -_..-_._- -._ _ -q-- ll ____ ; _ _**__*_q ___r.A_. . __~£ _ _ Q 92 - _ ' -_ - - ' L *"
» i
ll it., eh-cular,.elosed
- IP to 150'|'nph
i !'itoi atmospheres
.. ,,:- _.»_; ...n . .l ' .1 ;'~' .'.*'.,§-1""_ 92 . I Q ' - A
. Q . _ . _ 92_ , - we ' I92 1 ' K ' ' =:'
ll ' .. _ - - - ~;- '. A {tr - ' I It - ~- -- ,- -' -. . "- "-: '~r 3--'-.3;"- ~'. -~ N I ea 91- .~.§92 » .- - ' Y | '*-T"r*~¢~='=-.=r'-:'=r."t'-1-s~'~"-"
- -, _ | _ 92_"92o:92_ _ w I - 92 92 f - _ .--.92__ ._ .1. P . __ . - ' '92 ' 1 J " 5. . T I. _ _ _ _ - . _ . 1
' _ ', . I . ' - . 9| - -. ., , .4, .. F _,- .,- _-~., :__ , --._- , _ 5 -_ _-...t:'=..: .;;-..i.*::;.?i>Z5r; :-L -.15 .- _ . - -t t=_ 54 Er.-».~{,"»,',. ~ ~-~=-'-Ii1- l -.'-.*F_!':Z~"1'..=-:'-*f.'-5.-R-'... in-J }*W~:92' ' : . 0 '
L 1 t -I-. 4-"- ': I.-¢ -- :1-5'--92",':--: 1-"Q!
_ _ '_._. .__ . ,__- ..-92i_,-_|. .:-- . --- .' . '. . - . - '- - l ..
.- ._ ;, " '_ '_ ll"-..-"¢¢' . . - --1 ..... . . _,,- .. _--?-I- - .* ~12. ,.. 2.. :.* -.~- ..-er" --ere-:1.-7'1-r.-.:-1-.i:.1-t-ell-~1'+=-{,f*-Q-===¥-§=j= -3-. -
, - ,- - - . _ .. . . .- 1;, ;.. -2 ____.,..:.¢.1__ _;_'.;.*e.:_._¬;.-1, __.. -. .,--._ -4 .' ' .-s...--s->........-n-ir .-.; t.
Ihe I9-foot Pressure Turnnel -tangle! _ " _' _ ,...-- .
- - - -_ -' - -' '- -=-- -j - - .--. -- =- "1en.;-enrecm-elnsted -""1'*'
0'-o_nI0 _y C-C-_QI¬_~11'I-I-C.-1,1 :,___~_,Polrgr -I an0-QQ.q0Q0Q-O_;-I00-0QQQQ--_@",m|hp._L"
_Pressure -.----.*---6-----,8----_---itollltmnspheresfy;-Test lsctlon
Bpeed - -
- - ~ '_~*--
_ _ jbro-Dimensional Low-Ttrrbglence Present; Tunnel ..,_.;.,,___. _~-.{ .
1e.stBec'tlon#i-H--~-----Q_TIz{1/2lt.;q-eciani'ular~i:1ossdawedhCiCQQDI;§.I.@f".@'IQCC-Q-iotoiwmwr hiMr "' ' "" "". -I- F "' "' "". "'1'. .._ ' -3.. '5 1:V."'-;I'-"-Dressers _ - 1-.4~.-.-=.:_:..-~ ' 4 '5 - -iw i-=- -_-_-E '¥f=.¬-""3_l7 bl0 ltmosphens'}._§.1»§=;- .. ,-.4 -"3'-. _.-P-Io-5-__"-w-ea-I-.-_~=,~-92-1-".1-w-¢~?_S- ' "1-,1 --" " ' J v :.~*- * -1- - - F1 **Ji_-.'-.. '- -boundary layer. M. _ . . . _ |...__.,.,._,_,, ___.________1___,H._?__5____t__.._...,..,......-, ., .-.wJ:es,~_,,-,e__m,;.._i.9;,:,$;L.:i;§=;M,£;3-@;,s¢-»._,m__-,4 -,q,.,_t-__2.t.. :;-s;;=;J_+r.une¢.:;-.n:2:.v¢nb:q--s3:a¬l~:sar.u2 m¢=~,;_.¢s . -' .==- _. ."-- t , 1- r"-1:1 .. 1" ' o *:=- -'1 ---"'-- - "'* -."*"""" """*-" .. '1' "-' "" .-F'2 "Y"f'f?.§' '2 -.-e. ~JE -*-""'i5°"5--=-»»r-"-"!-P'¢.-Y1¥;'f;_-;f3'?-ifffilgg-Dlmenslonal Log-1urbulenceTunnel 5 ,3, ~. '- ' - ' ' ' ' "r ** " * * _ r _- _______;:_f-: .*r,_=__-;_ . '__'_ '. M" , I1e5 Begun I-,"'." " """ " "A l.-it . -»,.". r.-'"'*'-1""-"--"-'* -
Ica---_s».i-an-0--as-Q "-1 - ..39,. -; - ~ -1%-.-.@'-;-<'r' .'?~.'=~'.?Z "P-1*-~5»=--~~= r~.- 3*' .-- '- - . - ', ' _. !-.""~'I t~l'3':" '-T"-"31-T1-7.:.-.-l-:1-e-'leati§ Led»;-|'3-' . .. ' " _- -.-.».;_-._._.t"-.-..'-.--3-H I0-Foot Tunnels -== "_"§5E?¢=¢;~*- ;@$£" n -: '*"1??r§1@?-F-$*"=7; = - ;i.»'»¥.a3:.2.t~. . .: - . ' ' '11;-.1-*lt -. 1. ' I. ' l _..-1..-e_.»...........-_ .-. . sndai s tB.ll1'|dI--"-*. " - --- ' *-= ..., '5-II" "- _ _ . '-- at -.-=.-5.: Luigi!-E9 i_ _* -"-g- '8 o . l §,;3 '_1lg. 2 I .. .1 :_ ' - , l Tent Iet'ttoh' --'¥'__e --"~"-' - -37-1-' ' ""-.--I1! 1'1"!-a|'1d '_-»,k,1f:_ -Pi """ -' ' ' Speed '--- - ---- =-- --*-1'-=~ -'----'--H .'- -* ='-'* "'j.¥""-1"?..-":'Fi -{'1'--E, " . ' . Power -"P -- *1 *"= "- I '1-' '2 e --7'?"-.~-' **92e-*.=e"'* 5'" T917". - ' - -. . ---.--------*-..1 »;~----- ~-.-.--I" '*:"-'.2.'.' " - .-:~ .'-'
{ "3 _- __ em -, - " . .. . - , --' 1-. R Na. - - ,--»'-~'--'-.a-§--tiyr-3-14--r.-1....-"- -- ' _ .- ,_--; -, _.~ = ...-.-<+_=;1£-1;.92=¢;~1¢-rest-t=aE;t-=2-are-er -4;.
.» . 7;-~»-.--_ - - . '___.-.-_'._.._ "
,... _ I '
oi B-freidy Ior control lnves-'
tn Lsnllq 7- by 10-Foot Tunnel.
' q.:.._ . __j,_ ' ,_-_-__;". ____ -,- _.._
~-"."-;-" I-mt ti» -- -- . '_ .: - .- - --~ ~ ~-.e-- " "-1 "-3.-..-.. ~- ~ I ~ - ~ ~-
f,:5¬:-;.,. 1- t; - - 3:3 Ill .}.I'¢¢lll!|gtllI|',:~llO5B§ e A9
J a -1- .b -Q "Q it P - Q -'~ '_.
_ -- .._... . - . . .. >.- ,-...-. , .-,.__._._.T. I--.__ .'.. ,...r_ , ' -_ " 1 - '. "- - 'r~' - , ",-., - ~-5';"f ' er?-I e"-.7}; .'92 1-*'l"".31l '~'§":!._§. " 3"-".5'9' ' ' ' ' .1-xg92"-E92§'n-w
' t ' - ; ._ r . ...._e_»..._- -_. aw-n 5 .._-..--- |-.._._._- - _:_@__-- - 4%; 1- A_17-}~-:92__.e_!__-- V-___?_~:_:_-~;;_;-T¢d7_'_.|.-¢.___1-x-;_,_;_a,.=,__;.-_,;,,__;..._, _a_.,: .. ' .s- .4-_.-- _ ....__ . _ _ - . _ ~ < -' I - '__; '_-:_u_;_ . _:_ _____-____ _92 I v_ _ __ _ _' _-' --. _- i ~ u..'-_ '
' ' I
92 - _.;,*_-_5;,- Y-7.1.-3;--_¢'.""r;-:~."%i--r.=F 1- ' - -- 1- -.-at '. ' J-=1_.*§T¢--1' ,92 .
15: Q.-J! . r
;"==--"l- . tI . I -_ I -I. J-:0 it V92..?.;___ ;ii .
'- . ._ I -0,. -' .51" 1 I.t e TRANSON I c AEROD/NAM | cs n ~ *~< . -.1" - <! _ ii-2.-"_. - - - 4 ~ -"'-'.-§t:l'. .""."'.-- ' |' _ _ _. _ ._-",'92_§.g9.'; . ., - h F *. .1 . " " - " - L.11§.:~. ~.-. - -'= -
I 1 r
, . - - ,-.r ' .-
92 Pk-iw _ _ '8ome oi the NACA'soutsianding ' ._ -Aim: has beentnl-ttadklng the lpet:-
lsl problems at aerod tee near -G . M
V the speedoi hound. Trsneonlc prob-
iems arose many yurs ago in con-
_ _ aeolian" with the high tip speeds oi
Y_'_"{" -propellers. -Liter, alrcrait speeds
' entered the transonic speed region,
sad the NACA concentrstedon the
_ Ittendlnl problems. Now, with su-
" ' '. persontc ight tn the offing, explor-
etioh of the Lraneonic aerodynamics
lteld ranks high smong the HACK:
;t-esearch protects. '
' _. a-, . -1
e, _ _ Unique research methods have
l-g~@.__~,,_~.~lIOlI92 developed by the IIACA tn the
_-I. -
' .. ..-_~-..r:t,-.
:~*.*:"
u__ .. _-__- ._-_,- -.'-~__ _ -. . _ _ , - t
.- J' _ ,-. n I 1- . l __ . _ .?- ,.....; _?_.__,_ _. n ' ' . .. ..-:'.":';"".?"'4 . __ __ - .. _ _ _ _
' '-T,-~'~ 7-:~=-~- 4;» » =- .< . = .- ~. .1;-.~:; I11".--t-...»:-~'.:2:-1;- ._.-:_:".:..-r.-'.=~_."-Mir?$33¥i§é-5P*=1<.'>-;>el -~ '_ _ - 1 - _ 92-' 5 ' 4 f ,1_ .. .- .
trlneonic Iield. The II-It:-llow in-
vestigations sod use oi rocket pow-'
and and lreeiy-tailing bodies with
teiemeterlng sre outstanding enm-
ples, and are de_serlbed.t'nore fully
_snder the Flight and Pilotleas Atr-
erait aecttausdthishook: __- _~":
' Wind tunnels -cl Itprelleled
accuracy and etciency have been
designed by the NACA Ior its high-
speed research. At this time, it is
possible to span the trsnsooic speed
region by the Itnd-ttmnel method,
and the data have proved tube re-
iilble. Iollovtng are the RACA tun-
pels uaed in high-speed research.
_ --ti; :~':_4 _.z -9,; L; ....-_'~ . ;.__-.: . -'1-3:-.'.,:.-:...."..'.:___ I _ _u-_____ ._!__v;__#_ _;; ;:+_.v-_>__-¥_-i-.l-H ';.1.- .J.="-.-.;.--..,__1--_,.z£:._._;_;_ ~_-r,;:'_.;II-I the rst large tnmel he tutu ...=_-345?-{;:=$§=.;L:r§;q:f?=;#¥'=_-e= t --'1.'Ff*_'_:~_5_"£.:;,92f92" 2 : "_ -the trsnsontc range. I has peerttb ,§_rno - ~ .._ . - .'w_=, Q 3 ¢o_: him" .81 - ; 3-,, -1 5:4;-.._ ..-.. -;."'_§>~ ,.-T-,;:-!_-_,';]?';'v-!l_¢>.-z-2'-~¢_ an Q D m _,_,?_
.-.-¢- _- .-_~.-..':_ift':_-'*__.+._-.-1-iv.- -.-'_r' ;-.~~_-1_.f=_;r::~-92 §l_f'a- _- -1-J"-; |-"!~.~.-._-_-1»-11-.___:=. I--r.~=I.v_. -W:--g~_-.'-sf; ...-_ ; d lid S = nocltd the dentgn "tutu-mutton --"1-"~'srr-""*,.@==¢=,1r"*m-=::*;:*;>: 1~e="="-"r~r.- ' --? - lomponosts. --Y1 ~~¢£-==7;.j-¢-@5 :?*§.5- ~= ==i¢-.1/'4-,_ . D .. ._ -., _~J- - I . 7.
, _~.- _..1¢_,_ ;t-' 92_:;92-_{=-J-__._-:_;'.:»-11 _' .J 71:. . -92 U
_ ' - _ I, _ '=- I1..
. . A wide variety 0! research ts
conducted In these _-Iltllll M II!
high-speed char-setertstlos at-sir-' '
e. tolls, propellers, s.tr inlets, interssl
'I1oI arrangements for jet-propub
.-Mon systems and other airplane. I
r .,- 2w2'.':l°:..sqt.-;~f-.-I-v... . ._.. ..,-.1. ..-_'"_F' I I ' s 1-,'
Pisnsare underway to increase .'_
-the power at the Langley 18-Foot -Tunnel from l8,N0 to ,009 horse,- -4
rpoweraud provide torspeeds grsat- rt
-erthaa the speedot lotnd. IAF5 ",'
T In the smaller tssutels lllvedtt-i "xi
..[ltlCI'tl are eond' ucted on the i|hd|t-
'- men!-a.l nsture oi comp-essihls Ibis.-Q f= _-4
>-- 2-=. Pm a-nu Tune! it awn
. ... -t .... -...--. - . . »e....~..?.- 1~.-1- Used in the transmit: resend: ll:- 92.9 :1-_-.-_. 1 .si1;&- _ 3, -::=_,-_ ._',.T»,.;f-a-._.|. .,|__._.h...q H ' . - _ .. .¢- ,1. I-_. _ --_u _ 3 : i .,_92 -- '.n_' -4-ta-;,__s.t . 1 v 4- :-- I-,-.-3;; ,¢., _,,92@_» ..__,.__ - "1?-g, r._¬_ ;EJ:l-il; r_._:1r['. _-i.-H I id-_ -1:? 1. ':'_.-1;,"-._"L.'. ':_."'1_;_£-_':1'-_ ._ u Ibillyiltl. T ,3; _- _f-.,>"-'.e*;*~ "-
I
- ¢- wt.;'@;¢=@;~w*~. #5:_ ... . . . . , _ . ..__"a~ - ___-t. _.. -_ _,._ - . , - -- --,-__;r -.. .- _ , -~;_~..1»_j._ .- 1 .} . ._ |;_._-,:;;'i::_~; 5.1-U-,._:f. .3 - . ~. ig - . . ... - . ..;=-4.-l...~_-;.¢~,=. -;=-.. .1 ~. -- T-2'1!-Itlmlc eerodynsmtel is I.. . 92..-_.. .-lt- e - __"'---.__ 1 --:---, - - ».', _- it 92- -,_.-," -U I.-it - - -, _*__ :_" , ._ ',' ~'- " " " - ' |
= 1 lu mu"t__.:l ~._ eel_ -=' eomples lteld and the need tor Ihe- ...
ti *;', .92 '- _ "for! ls pest. oat dour knowledge' ~ 92 ,_--at present is purely the:-esult at
_ '.-vczperlmeltt. 7WehltI]et~kI'loIl1l"
_ Rhst happens nor _Chy.._;-rlttere ls __
.. . - - -tlllllenging Opporttltl-ty isthlelleld T'-
,, 1 _ _ _ _ 5, _ lnltleveloptng the mathelnatlcsaod- -"- ' Illusory neeesssroesplainthejsui 925',;',,;_,.'1v92|I$I"" - 1"" -' ' - . '_ _ 7 I _ _ ;.-,,;.1;-4¢t¢,=;;.;-.'r~¢?'#-=;%?{?*f¢i-*1*=»'¢'92'f:§ 1445;; ;,_:____ jlbmena encountered end tpjqumime ~ - 5 * 1 , .. -1..p,;.~,.;,~-;..i..;.;..... -;:=..".'; J. $1 it ~<?~.|_t'."5;" ;- *5?1 '1. 923:t-'- .?' ' .s»".§55 "_1:- T51-'._»7 '" ' 1 In Fm"! equipment WI! " ' ' -1 t.--4 Jhsf Ill - H-J - ..l r .->-.-it--'-.*' _ 1-,. 1',"-¢.;,'i".-E-"* "J. 9. . ,. .- . -"-1*=-'- l-3 ' - in this eld tsaB-ell electric oom-*-* " _-- -55 " . , »~-"' .- " - _ pater to provide lest, 'eceurl.te -lI- '
'.<1y,|¢1'u am larger high-Ipesd tunnels is use to-rpet mm st the Moss Llbor- Iver! in "W Wmricll lplllm d_ jig . it'll -powered hy s 27,000 hp motor and provtdes speeds up tn B80 lnpli. pomplex |1roblems.**";" -- *2 o'-
mi
e E.-'.-7;
{mu-e eapertmeta. i.g..g£=§z;;,».".-;,.
- -1 My - .. "---'~ - - - . - -. . -. - , . . " » --.»-2?-'. , .-. - ~-§:1l.:»~.-. -. .- ..-.-.;+r-'i.:; ' >- J-.-. , . ~- -. ..-. .; :1-' v. ' -1 "1-r"Y".s-2 ." #<-K=.'»- --.1.-_e~.--=~-. .- u :.-...-_:.»-l-»*~-.-.E1'>13.§-f-5;"-'-=':. ' -1": "-"- - 1'! ;' "- * -"1-' 4"":-q_-. ,' ' 4 ; '. -, 5* -92 A ," . t. "' "' ' _'-,;'r'- -1;. 1 ; '-"";»'- fl-1; ~92'~}*. Pv Qua "~:~ . ' - . -_. _ -.»- -_. - - _,_- -- -_ ~" -_92--. -. _.: -_, :_ . _ . -"_ _-_ __ __;;'.__: _._r Q __.|..,..,., 1-5 .- . -. . _. _,_ L!» . _:.__.: _.,_ 1+ ... _ t ._; _. .,=t..."P~_,1':92_ __- __ . . . .. _ ... . _ _ . , . ._ _.;-.183 . . . --.~ -4..,.~....~ - .n-, ._,_,- ,.,..', .92._ - - .- . . .. 0- ..- e -. .-92 -._ . ,- - ' - ._ -' -- - _. ~ --' >" . .- -.""..1 11'. "' '1 " ' ' ' . . r . '1 =?=.~ -'-F -"" _'",-"*»1 -§- v - . 1 I - . .' .r - e -~w~ ml ."¢I e 92r~_--,:"'vu _ ~'-,_;._ 1. - V5'4-..
.- -v.- -_-~_ _ ___ __. .-.,,__._____ _:~-_ -~_- K A, :-5_.;_-' _._ _ .=_,, ,'-J_ -;_' ; - _! , 5 __ - - __
- M
1,-1"
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ww-
Tutlocon
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a.,_. _.,lest lectlun
Sum! - - -
Power - - -
PressureM ' L _ 2_='~_L~ ..._ 1. ,-- -;,,_"- a , ___ _ _4__V __'. -_- -_ , V-_4§,;__r_: -A l-__-r ~-~---~ -T~ * "" i _ 2 .
Q 7 _ - . 1 1- mfg-85 tunnels -
_ ;I_L-Foqtggh-BPcedT?I1pel -Llg§L¢!_ .. 7 . -_ it 7' 7 4»
D$&DCQ§_'QC_C§
cyan-Icons--u--Ww ,Q!a,'1IML°!
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aunncocucocnuaocag-'nvn'nmO#lQfc _',.
_ . . . L -1.. .
ll-Tout La!-Turbulence P1-euurefunnel -Amen ' - . - "l_ 7 _ _ ' _ 77. 71'-
ux -- - ,_ _- .__ __;___»|;§,;£f;_;___
92I-b1QU'llllOICkm _ ' __ _ __ , _. __ Tunnel at lulley , .." "-'2 ~'-'-' =-'@*> :='~~I 1.-T~===E-3w-.'>1&==-IE5-};!.<?+3i¬= i»_!=:.>=~'; '-'1.-=»~H;- -1".-w ,[Described In Ghoul: Lerodynunicl auction,-9. I1! -:4 :~ ' -. ' _92---I
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Analyses based on isiformation
low available indicate that man-
earrying supersonic illghi is possi-
ble with propulsion mite cl the gas
-turbine and ram-jet 111708 at their
present U-lee oi development. This
possibility has opened up a great
pew eld of aerodynamics. Rather
"than simplifying or eliminating old
-"_-1a-obierns. it has added a host oi
pew ones. To the old problems of
low -speed stability and control there
are added the transonic and super-
honic probiems,entatting whole new
areas oi research on sirioils, "I111;
= Although present -theories oi
supersonic lions are tairly well es-
lablished, a great deal oi experi-
--Itent remains to be done to ooniirm
ilhetheory. Added knowledge isosc-
=essary onponéitions oi large die-
turbances, where present theory
--Ices not apply. Extension and con-
ui the theory is needed
t J.-.5
* >ior the design oi any type of super-
ionic alrcrt. _ . .. ' _
I
4 - Other problems not susceptible
to theoretical treatment are bound-
ary layers and their iiiieraction
with shock wave iormatton in super-*=='-T--sonlc iiosrs;e'iiects_ oi scale arter-
-solds number; tics oi rarefied gases
. an relation to aerodynamics at sa-
*..-.:-.-_':.-.-is-ernely high altitudes. Malina Iiih
'_F_,;'£j-;psrticle mechanics as contrasted
' - __ -vita more normal iluid ows1..1J_.¬:¢,"T-A-nt-r 5 1-'-e rd". - '1
jj?,f?_'-3. problem oi aerodynamic"' "heating. in relation to the pilot and
;_ 41;; airplane structure is important, --- r.
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"To aid inthe quest for knowl-
edge about supersonic ight, the
IIACA has designed and built ammu-
lier oi aitpersonic wind tunnels -
about id --s'I.ng'lng in siae Lt-oms
iew inches to the 6- by 8-loot giant
at the Cleveland Laboratory. In
conjunction with the rocket, tree-
ialllng D061 and Vin;-I10! tech-
atques tor spnning the transonlc
sone,NACA facilities now wrer the
entire speed range irom toe sub-
sonic apeeds up to'l.5 times theapeedotsomd. ' ' ' - - "1iBfl0Ill¢I'.iMlIllB|#I1lIl..r.'-'I.".?'-f~.'In view oi the importance cl
-scale eilects at supersonic speeds,
rsonic tunnels even larger time..Iw=
,-are 8-by!-Pusltllibeneedadlo
-accommodate iautticieetly -large
models without tunnel choking and
shock wave reflection. More oom-
fplete knowledge cl the basic nature
-oi supersonic ows is required tor
adequate detail design OI a Ill!
'-large supersonic wind tunnel. Here
basic research will be needed tor
"the continued improvement oi-su-
' .."IA
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p but this can he treated theoreticalii __'This inttery oi manometers relisiers the pressures eater air-toil
. , -..-1, mg test, _L_ __ ,' __-._- ,,___._ f .-tacesin coed lhe.l|tparIOn_ictuonels at th_e!'J.igltiP:opuisionR-esearchlaeoratera
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A éupersnnic wing model randy for study in the Lmgley 6-1nch'8§.q:Ierlonlc huiwl 92
Ilthother wing and bodyfarms beizw. The tame! pruvidaallach numb-art up to 2.1.
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LII ' M. P. _ ' i ,1 . '
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In the lleld ol airplane liability
"and control, the rapid increase in
tlrqnlane size, Ipeed and power has
fitecesslleted an increasingly delicate
ldjustmenl of all the {actors milest-
lng the flying qualities oi aircratt tn
order that the work of controlling
-Qhe airplane does not exceed the
41101; capbtlitles. Castro! iorces,
-rlor eaample,92ncre_a.se approximate-
,. t r '. '92- »-. 1-"r . - I _a l;~-._ -. .-- -.
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. _,,-c -»'- -_ _ == Dese:-thud tn Bubsonle Aerodynamics auction,-|:.'li! - . N _ _ -" __":4;V__l:92-Q" _ -. I
_ . . MM _, ,;,'__,__;_,._ __ M __ "Special new branches "oi .81» E '_1 ' =11-lls 1'92""'°l= -l * " ' -' _ " ' foamy and control study are included '
' ' ' ' - .- "' " lntransonlcan:l'eupersonlcaero-r-- ."; -.2:-.2-~~. £-- _ -.._" 1Jerces, resulting trom little-under-3- 4 l ii_ _ _-_ ___ 3 ___ ,.-__
' 1;
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'xF"-1 _i
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_ STABIUTY ,AND CONTROL
lyasthe aqua:-eolthecpeedendns
the cube oi the else. Ior geometrl-'
lly llmllar airplanes, doubling
1:oth-the size and epeedvnould tn-'
crease the control lorces by a lac-
tor of about 32. A greater propor-
tion of the forces most consequently
be balanced either aerodynamlcally
-or by means oi auliliary |l0Ie.l' syn.-
lerns. With rer tar e or oer last " 7 8 I .
aircraft, ouch a large proportion oi
the torces must be balanced that
.-relatively small changes in the air
I-nod eectll dllach number, Eq-.. - in"-.
"I Y '_ -~ ' , r I : U F»-r;---4-'1::-1':'in*~'-;5.."--irk'iIi'§-%."--..,-
.. '.~!-Q10-Foot'lunnels ; ~_ ..". -.a:_r"-924' --:11
-Q.. . 6 I}-- . 1 _-92_-e- ._ -$'_ r-.;...._ _ ,- _. ,1 ..._.
K PJ .-. - : r"-r
"___{92,' I 1- 1
=1noldsn92:n:her,and so:-hire ' d
Oeilectlon and roughness may mug
the net iorce the pilot ml-Isl hlnlll
by several hundred per eenl. Ml
result, independent and systematic
fundamental investigations are helm}
conducted, Utilizing the most Gill-.
able wind tunnels and covering net-Q
__ casary rangesol Mach number-.8274
llblds number, Ind llrloll, emlrol,
and balance shape. These htaarl
-being coordinated gm! velled 5|
nIm.'9 5- . .; '.__..__ -of
..- l - 92.--I or
' I 1111! III!!! H ihe'1£bor|' tori
Ptmeeugmons of stabllltyan control
ls conducted in facilities also and
Lmgeneral aerodynamics. in Mill-
_tlon there are several lacililles per-
tieularly -destgned ior this work.' -:-n-en:-;4~A;,,_ '--n-11:, 1|-r-' :'-
i
_ {Described in Qubsonle Aerodynamics p. All-'._t-""'-I" * _ ' "
A ,._:___ _"__j0 Iodotnftrmel E12! W_:n___W___i.-g,».»=r§-_=-. , ._ r- - - . ,.~-- pi automatic ltabllityr ____'__ A _ __dynamlcs in edition to _these,eu- 11..;.~¢, ff =~".~-ducted In the high-speed and ewe:-Tf '1" Joni: tunnels, there is the new Hell
~_._1.-. 1*? ,-1'IITIl¢l@ -ii~ Q-5-an ml as "I92:"l.'1§.M plytlhw ll-I_£I'tllI ma"! roéd '-33-.--..---,§ 39904 r - - ' -.1 "'-"'- ""._e-'7-.f P .' .t..'.' ';..° ° 5° '"P"*~"m 5 ._I.'eehieles. fills work ts. described _ 4
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q . i.,.-.- ,t_¢....4, ~q 7 -
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C-P'DOQ.QIIQQQDDDUO_l¢§aoh -- -.""'" ll_a:-pone 3,-._-,-W q?--1,; ,.§Itutiies on remotely-controlled dynamic model: "
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. _q;.;__» »_ .4 _ ' _. -dlmenslonal models in curved and rotating _ the ' "'5-J. ' ,.,5g.;. _--_llo'e stmulnltng maneuvers w-L-.-:_j '-.j;.._ ,-_.,., _,: 5.. .;mlts Ieteptgliy el.ne_e_desienlinll|;t:t, _
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92 .
'1
1*? PROPELLERS t .1
_ , r. _ ,_ J3... .., -.
v '-, ..- __~_ _.. _._ _ - v .__ I . ..-_'_..@;t_._.;- .._- -+3
.25: .1'4._.'-~_".=*".'-'..923i.'.,... -' 5-"..w ...'..-. mi ;-c..-.:,'-:...":..- .21:-t',;{_,',.i,.;L:i.-;'_:_1,=:i-T1;a}3: .-_ It ':
- M speedeapioatleast S00
mph, the screw propeller is the
most eleient horn propulsive
device lor aircnit. -High cHicien-
cies can be maintained tor all the
Wm ,1-;' ah, .important airplane operating con-
ditions, including take-oil, climb,
_ cruising, and high-speed night. In
the laboratory, propellers have been
designed, -built, and opera-ted, that
hsveyielded eliicienciee scarcely
less than the theoretical maximum
attainable. Subeonic propeller the-
ory is regarded as adeqtnte and
means exist ior applying the theory
in practice. -The cnly barriers to
realisation oi the high theoretical
propeller eiiiciencies in commer-
cial applications are the diiiicult
lliechanical problems involved -it .
obtaining a completely clean inane» '~
tare between a wide airioil propel-
ler shank and the spinner. This -
problem lies in the realm d com-
merclal development rather than in
the iield oi research. A number ol -"
apecialpropeller research pa-elects
related to vibration, icing, trailing
edge extensions, tip shape, and so
lorth, remain to be worked on. and
other similar problems wilt arise.
The most important basic propeller
research at present is that which
will extend the eiticient operating
range oi propellers into the super
m-itieai high-speed region. Propel-
ler research in this direction is '
proceeding along three lines; one is -an_'IttearPl toincreaae the critical
tip number by sweeping hack. themler blade;ihe second is to Y
apply the principle d low aapect
ratio; the third is research at |iro- _
pellet-e tor completely supersonic92
._,- ._-.- e ..»_..-,.:.=:... 1'-.- .-.15-:.;-1 ~'.{:="1it':- '3' re "2--' - "'-;. '-*. rm? 2"5 _ l nu» "0 rp .-1' ,- ,._ ».,-',__92;= ;._-: ',P1JI}¢.a-,"::,._..-45'? i,w.'*"',. ». 1,.". - .- ,¢ '-_-.92,;92,, -_'.
. Prooeller research properly
begins with airioll reeear-chin ia-
~ellities already described, Illlih -as
thetwo-dimensional and small high-
opeed tunnels. Blades and complete
propellers are studied in the larger
high-speed tunnels, ouch as the 8-
Ioot High-Speed Tunnel at Langley
and the 18-Foot Turmels. Complete
engine installations are investigated
l
r' " 5 '- _ -' - ' ." r I...-.1----.--_._. .;- ." .-_ .-_, ______. _' __ ___r._.,,__ -.-.....92l- _..,r._... . . "92- ~. 1 - I
er-. t
sronadynamoznetar-.-_- ;_ - -- 2 -.._--- -E:*_l'__ _ ....--..l__ .l. . ... ' -
7.. -.l : - . ..._-;_. ...__ gt; I: ; -:?. ',;;::,_.*:i'-..I
:-
:v-'- ._-"¢. .
Iii the 16-Pod I.l'|d_Full-»8ca.l'e-T'l|1- .
.1215. These etudies cover ihe_aom'- KY1an-ea oiisets is the whole -,¢;@~"-T _
Ita1ls.tl.on,inc1uding amen-sensual-.
loci! lithe propeller. _. .l.-1'..L-"9 ' . 4- 92- .-t
in addition, there are iomeIisecial Iacilities that permit ;ro- '11,; M
pellersand bladeseetlons toreaeh _'~"_--l
tips-peedsabuveti92elpeed_otsotrnd,' I
. ' 2 .*fJ"."!¢z. I-*1" '_',;- all .1-"'{,L.'"5-" q;.:,r.a .
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p
is-H.--e=:x-92;.2v-s -~v92"i .- -, -.,__ . "a92 -- 92-. - -»-- 92 ,-....-K-_-gm- I'.p
The helicopter, still in an early
r. T. _. __.=atn::e_ oi development, has proved oi
.. . -__
,....
r'92-TEJ. - -
r ~|92
_,_ . --
.=.92- Q_,-. .
-.-. '
4-.1. -s ,. -."9Fgroai value because oi its unique
- -ability to iiy slowly or to hover in
ihe air and to take oil and land in a
limited space. These characteris-
tics have made it the ideal alrcralt
Io? many commercial applications
..and its uaeiulness may be expected
to increase steadily as its present
limitations are removed. However,
development oi the helicopter has
been handicapped by the lack oi lun-
-damentai anders-i.anding of the aero-
dynamic and structural problems
~ ztttilllf to rotating-Iing aircralt.
Developmental the helicopter into a
practical machine with desirable
ieatures of periormlnce, reliability,
and utility critically depends apon
1"-"""-a'=!~the success in solution cl the many1
. _ 1..
ROTATING WI NG A i'RCRAF'i
- ' 1
a. _ -- --.~.a- 1'. '4 .
- -,. .._.
s L
¢92 10'» _'-- -. -. : ., - .- _ I 1 ___ ._
reduce the degree of skill required
lolly it. increasing importancewill
lhereiorebe attached toiundameniai
knowledge 0! liability ._and to the
methods oi improving and simplii-y-
ing helicopter control systems. fin
order to insure smooth and eiiicient
operation and to decreaee mainten-
ance costs, development oi rotor
-blades oi improved" suriace design
and uniiormity of mass and aerody-
namic characteristics must be'car-
tied out. Paralieling development
-of iiaed wing aircrait, the ability tn
fly at greater apeeds will be de-
manded oi the helicopter as soon as
satisfactory performance and han-
-dling qualities are achieved in the
low speed range. with this in mind.
the blade stalling, vibration, and
--".e.'.-..-.._ ' ..- = --.-e'3<*s£-"'."- ; --"rt.--t ,'- - ~ s~- ;;Q . - --' , ;r f.~=-_;_~_:-7.1.-.._§.-__,_._.sg ,3 ..,,,_-_u~.'¢.-_.",'_L'-
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compressibility problems oi _-high-
speed helicopter flight are [under-
going thorough -Judy _idh_ toiland in the»laborsloq._§§,3a__ t-__ "»
The -helicopter test lower ls I _
special piece oi equipment-ior is
vestigatiitg rotor-a.1t'i.s a steeleosl
so teet high, with a rotor Iiboniiltg
head and provision tor all controls.
A 1.500 horsepower motor lurnlshes
yooerior 1-olorsdspio 40.0w
potmds oi thrust through a =-speed
.rangedi0to400rpm oithe otor.,i92n_ernometer installatims to liner
jside give accurate records oi wind
conditions. 'lhe-tower is sdiiicieni-
"l7 high to elevate-the rotor above
the level oi ground e!lect,snd dupli-j
eaten conditions _d_ @;;-55.;
r '. " F-'5.::t-=- j..= 1.. ;"-Z{I?.J..£'...*1;;'."., ,_, . i.7~."" -.».- -.. .- .. . . .7 ;-.ir&§-vii-**:!'ch'!"°-1 F .'4.~..--i ..;T »,-.A.':..3.§t 7-...=.".'I '4 ' "" "M": " ii".§§d *2 rf"-" :*-"-*="1: "1f. Y"?~i'_-"=':="92 " '
fl" Resultant wartime spectiic re-
"' Zi"1YZ;Ieareh "have been used, __as tar as H-.~' "----i-e-. ~'-'- -
-2*:-_~"~'"=p.1ton applicable to all types oi heli-
ieoers. However,-the need tor s'. .,.- _possible, to provide basic informa-
Aaystemac survey ol all phases oit_-'-.;"3*-rr '- -jelicotaer ight is being attacked
.. _.~i_¢_ P I. .. ,.'. .ao that rational design iriieria can
be established tor improvement .0!
...;.j arms, twin. airioii section, and§-§=_»*$j§<*§'~=*fsoris;:e condition on hovering, cruis-
'-f*.=F:1==¥.--=<*||t;,' tgn speed, and auto-rotativein-{;Fm;n|;.¢_ The actor; qgtq-1,. ._ -1.*f"*_1_"'__}n¢p:_~ptor Vibration and flutter need _ .;_;:.'?""'_Id ..;_Z;.c£t§§i _- '?:*~j-t'»!';*.~1§"'8_l~p-Ktif-§f'¥!l92'-M *-1-|' _ _-"*"f-'?f- -AT:
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ID p is¢ t"i
H. _ I ' "-:"~"1: -'-= '. .2 .2 ' "'i";*_*. "Q? --
' ;T;"'~1'_=----""l="'=ln anaijrticl and experimentalR t I , - J . , -._ | - . '92 - , r ..-"~ . .-"-Y-%*.!"¥j~_~e-- ,_'.. .¥"'».J -; -='-_-{<1-;. , -3. _ r. .'-i_ ~ ' " - -,,92,-»_- -4.-_-I --5-Ha-:-i_J _-at _ _ a A .!. H ' P. _ .5 ,.;- _ _r .:,-§ _92:-g';F- J I ' _ . '- > > V 1 _; _-- -. _ .1 0 ' ' *~- - - .1 *
» if |Q~ In in r
.. -1 . ..-..<-=~.r;*'+~" 51; s . Y s ""1-l'_ -.¢:'${¢:§,<e§'3;¬'¢§'i&if-'92;; ."$':-|.¢' --~. Q: - -" . ' . L "-1 -I _:.- n ,9 ,_ ' - I21? +1.» -.r.-rt 4 '; "' .0. -"I -,- .1.*'.&.it 1. '-= r . »_- ." _ '1N ,t G 1 -> 4 - ' ..~ '-- . ..q,_ Us > _l_t»._f_!|,_ .F|,__ L' __="{ "' '3;A .-
-in 1 il ff "5 la
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.s.¢O n ~ -I4" - .. .- _ _ _ T - -:;_§_ I :3.'. H ~ -fu* ;.- I . 'l:'{H5¬:?'{:92' "' ~ V-ql §.?-5' :-
. -_. '.-Ca, -ti-I ,"t";_ - :' .- ,_;_ . . _ Ixgégqcgfcnovenmtlm is required to om» -fr-..*r*.'.. _?,.;_.[.rlt--3.1,-_-__ .,,_."_~_|;f:':f. !_ ' _ __ 1 __,_.,,~__._'r'u_.. _ -=";"--_;_ ' anine theeiiects oi rotor b1sde'pian-"-jf;"*i_.;§,.___1e.;;;;~<.;jr, _ -5" - _f...| i ..~n1' ii
-I ~31. 1~ Ci uwruutmy mdernoot As '. . * _, ... ¢_:"-2'-fir.-. :.:.t:-.x'92=1::,,..-.<= 13*: ;c. r.-2.:-4*.'='ls:..r:=. I
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. -2 , " A A - -J. O ":4'¢Aé:57 -~15.- J-- ._:_#-.. .J_ ¢_ .-'. ~ ' ' 7; -,__'._' - . l___..._; ,_;-'-e-is = ' ". _ ,4,-, > 'r . ~ . _'. .- ' . --_ . - .,* .". ' - . '-' '- - ' . -- . I _ ,,_._._-@----_.__.;-___.._._._.--..._...---- - '- ' ~'i""-i'_ '-""' " .'
_..
AERODYN/92MlCS_ or
_ ' I _. a~ .2.~_ . . _ t ,s I _, ,ENGINE stnstattmton i i
Ȣ D
' -. .- _ . .'---.-'
The grezitl y -increased dirersit y
rd aircralt power plants and the im-
mediate importance of iiight at tran-
sonlc and supersonic speeds hive
multiplied the related aerodynamic
problems inurgent need of solution.
Internal ow "velocities in eircrait
ducting underwent a large upward
revision with the advent d turbine
propeller and turbo-jet engines. As
sonic ight speeds are approached
and exceeded, the larniliar patterns
oi external -and internal {low are
drasticailyaltered. Itarn -Jets have
shown great potentialities as a pro-
pulsive means tor flight at super-
sonic Breeds, and the development
oi this type oi power plilnl has cre-
ated n need tor aerodynamic knowl-
edge in previously unexplored ilelds.'-' -..:!-'1'
"-Fi-'{ ~:-- -
- ' 1 .
These developments lave great -
iy emphasised the urgent need for
Immediate extensions oi inclement-
el internal and external [low re-
search in order ttfrnaite adequate
progress in the design oi aircraft
"power plant installations. --In eddi-
tion, aerodynamic refinement oi air
intakes, ducts, outlets, turbines,
combustion chambers, -co:npres_-
eors, end nozzles must be accom-
plished ii the goals oi high-speed
and supersonic {light ere'_t.o be re-
-alised. The need tor lundamentai
research in the -lieid oi external
llow about bodies suitable tor hous-
ing power plants for high-speed and
supersonic aircraft is es critical as
the need tor extensive Internal-ow
Gilfdl. _ -..s. .- _;. .'._,.-; -.;,.- ! . .~ . '-_ __.¥- :,,. i...._._ ~_»_ ..l-.... __ , . v - .. - ..._,- .», . . --:1 .4 . . . -_ ' -l . _......-1-, -t... --.- .~
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Duet and islet test 'nnqn is the museum Aerodynarnlce Leboralery-at Langley.
Progress to higher ight speeds involves inaior problems oi tnternalair handling.
-_ H .- .-..- - . .-
,. -A. '».» 'A ' , _'f,."_, '_. . "... __' _ ' _ , , 7 t 3,, ."' ' ' '. , _,_ __, _ . -- , -. .. ,. ..._.._-. .-Ila:-_. *_-5;--l-1--I'_ I _ -. 1 . _: :VJ|&I Qt _92l__<..|1 g ._ L , 4: , ,4- g . - ' '.- 0 , -- ' . ,-4 -»-e- -.. - 1- --» _ --.--.. . _ 7'9 -- .1 < - -t - -¢ ,' -0 . '- q- r - - - ' u ~if
. _.._._F" I .., .-. r-, »'.~ - F .,. I. - -.,:_£:,% "-el - . O 1I ':_92 {<3}. .;_ 4'. -vi. ' M Bi "' ~' '~~ . ' I l i V Pr" -., .1. l -~/ .1 v s EL
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.-92~.~ _- ,
F_{'|l:92:é- .-_-.~.:v:-'i 2.,_;,'_;:::.>:».,-Q-_i'§ _ __.._, _- ; - 92 --I - iQ-.~ i.* -"~ ' '51- ._- -rs. ti -:<*;.-,.£a>-1.. I-1.£,-T-:¢-_-i-_*-ti-'.--t-...;-r'w.~-t -15' 5-»:-.- 31; M. ;-__-.»..-1-.y--- ,--.-.-_.r- ~ ~--
lesearch in the eld of inter-
znai air handling is so lnunh involved
with propulsion that the research in
the two fields isalrnosi inseparablel
This is particularly true at super-
sonic speeds, where such propul-
;-sion systems arttie tram-lei are
basically {lying ducts. Consequent-
ly this subject is attacked both in
-aerodynamics -and propulsion re-
- search. iupereonic tunnels are Q-
teneively used in the study oi ducted
body shapes. rue Jews governing
eilicient eombimtionoi duct entries
end airplane body shape ne-edto be
_ well established to make siiperldtiic
-dlilhtspseiul reality. _____ _- ..*'-Y ,.-,,.- I--.,_ . ..._v»..t.
'" Early research in internal aero-
-dynamics led to the development oi
7 the radial engine curling. "That work
_ has progressed through he years
lrom the simple ring oeeIi,--qutii- '
retest {or io'I_ speedindo lhenarleal,-st
-at rel'lned.1il¢h-speed'ooI1ings-Iii . tprovide tor speeds inex_eess oi thee:
presently attained by propellered V
-atrcrait. lt_no92v extemis to super-
sonic airiiows and the study pi in.
iets and dliluaers in supersonic
wind tunneiel .".:._ir! ._ _ ;_ I.-. -'-I-re-i e;;ec:;,a,,s4s~_:¢7*§?*e»ss;rr*'
additionto supersonic in-'~
eels at ell its laboratories. J-llie
NACA maintains I oompietedaduc-.,
lion set-edynnm_t'es_ "laboratory, "e*ith'
facilities that provide large volumeairow: over arange at pressures ., *
and velocities. at its Langley liab-
oratory. ls eonyunctlon with pre-
pulston research 'Iaetlitiea at the
Cleveland Laboratory, increasing '
opportunity presents -itseli
Vital and expanding field. _Jnthis4%.. ..
4. -. - .. rue." 1* r-r . _|- _ | ' _ - . , .. 7 = _ " 1_,__a".!.-" ' .._92' .'.'i - ".. - 3 1 .~__~,-e -...;'§s-:.t.' .'-. _,-I-,;e=e.41'-;!'?';:_:'.,1.~§'gs;,u_92,;_-_y'{;,;-__,.,, ,.,_ ,. ,, 1 .- . ;. DA -,.- -n, t . ~- - -H. 1 . - - ------<» 1 -,---- ---.- --.-.. - . -.' -,- . _. ._¢¬"»._!-' _:_L- " -J. r. _ " ,... __ . ,- .,-'r-92~_,.*'-- "_Vm-.. 7f . " 5 L - 1 -.1 -1.! £!£';'_F:F ? ""'. _ 1 - . . t..- .
" F; -at 7 '-"'-- Iii} .;'.§""- Z 41,1 'I_'?"*Z§- _-Z. . J .
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- v _ *'-~_ -._..-. -..e._....- .¢.-__-
In
e
-demonstrated that its speed and
,___fsnge must he increased, not only0 _
- .,. .
.- 4;:..;..' .-_ '
... 1*-.
....si..:,
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"92-
re
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:- ' ' ' 4 in ,"?92_-F
t. I ,_, _1. -,1 '|' 92 I I l EL _lfQ,,¬' C er | "-
Use oi the seaplane in the war
by rcductionoi aerodynamic drag oi
the hulls or oats, but also by de-
-_velopme
…[truncated]