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It also is to be "noted that the Manhattan Engineer District
furnished Dr. Fuchs name to the Bureau on March 28, 191.4, after e. Bureau
inquiry concerning the personnel of the British lssion in the United States
working for the Manhattan Engineer District. The lhnhattan Engineer District
also subsequently furnished on August ll, 19-M, the fact that Fuchs was
being transferred to Ios Alemos. In addition, the Manhattan Engineer District
advised on July 2, 1946, that Fuchs departed on June 29, 1946, from Montreal,
M Canada, for England. The Lenhattan Engineer District never requested investi-
~ gation regarding either Fuchs or other members of the British Fission. Accord-
ing to the records of the Atomic Energy Commission, Fuchs was permitted to be
l employed on the atomic energy project inasmuch as General Groves had been
i assured by the British Supply Mission in North America that all members of the
British Mission working with the Manhattan Engineer District had been cleared
by British Security prior to their trip to the United States. _
92 .
With respect to the second visit by Fuchs to the United States,
l, when he arrived in New York City on November 11, 1947, the records of the
Atomic Ihmergy Commission contained a letter dated October 22, 1947, from
92 L. G. Ralfe oi the British Ccmmomrealth Scientific Office, Washington, D. .,
to Carroll L. Wilson, General Manager of the Atomic Energy Commission, re-
92 questing a clearance for Fuchs. This clearance was given by letter to Hr.
92-__13_alfe from Mr. Wilson, dated November 7, 1947. Bureau records failed to
reflect that the Atomic Energy Commission submitted Fuchs name for a name
check or investigation in 1947. C0
Fuchs was interviewed by Assistant Director H. H. Clegg and Special
Agent R. J. Lam here in London, England, during the period May 20 throughJune 2, 1950. lming the interviewr, he furnished essentially the sameinformation which had previously been furnished to the British and in some
instances elaborated upon the information He positively ident:Ltied photo-
graphs of Harry Gold as being identical wi his American espionage contact.
Two signed statements were obtained from Fuchs, one including therein
detailed information relating to the technical data furnished to the Soviets
and the other statement 61.iIin8-ting this technical data,
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1. _{nr_isf!TiZction%2hetee_e_gAt1:e Q-B_1§_-_'kf§GU._@$1l1B0_1'_D2§.§|if§,.6ii endi the _IFB _
' Dr. mil Fuchs was employed by the British during the entire?
tenure of his association with ctcnic energ work in the United States.
During at least the majority oi this time, 111 salary m peas, according
to the British, by the British Department of Scientific and Industrial
Research. . -
. Ihile in the United States, Dre Fuchs, of course, was aseooited
Iith the Manhattan Exgineer District, and therefore, was under the juris-
diction of the War Department. The Delimitstions lg:-eenent in effect at
mt time Asreenent signed Febreerys, 1942! provided me the War Depart
ment Iroclibe responsible for investigation of all civilian employees of the
liar Department, as well. as civilians on military reservations or under
military control.
In a conference between llajor General George V. Strong, Assistant
cmer of Staff, G-2, War Department and Mr. E. A. Tenn on Lpril 15, 1943 an
agreement was reached that the Bureau would not take any action regarding
investigations of persons connected with the Atcmic Bomb Project MED!,
u.n1ess'military intelligence specically requested it. it this tine, the -
War Department stated they took complete responsibility for protective
activities in connection with the EH! Project. Specically, the Bureau
was not to initiate any investigative activities except on request of the
Her Department. This agreement, which was continued in effect during the
entire life of the HE!, fixed complete responsibility for clearance pro-
ceaiuree and investigations on the Ifer Depart-sent. 00-190625-26! -/
2' i £5:'e1iP3i°n Q11 *1" FB£!=333_!L _*ih9i4*iF!E£LE °*H 4!?
' The Atomic Emery Act was signed by the President on August 1,
1946. The Atomic Energy Commission did not officially take over the program
from the Manhattan mgineer District until January 1, 1947. Since that
later date, the Bureau has exercised jurisdiction and conducted investigation
under the provisions oi the Ltonnc Energ Act, which provides for:
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! Ilrvestigations by the FBI wi: reference to character, assoc-
iations, and loyalty ofall applicants for positions with, and eisplcyees ct,
the Atowic mergr Commission; all applicants for positions with and employees
of contractors and licensees or the Commission who will have access to re-
stricted data; and at all other persons who will have access to restricted
data.t ".'-£3 o
! In1'sstigs.tions by the FBI of all violations 0! the italic
Energy Let. . -.
. BIB statute provides that notlithst-ending the provisions set tort}:
8b°"»"<iB-B8 lush Peri-=51 °1' *s-ii-1"! aI1»_B3J?1!9s91=B3£l@"1-col this pl B! BI
gs necessary to mimetic inigsfgaifon i-epo1;r§,... i} any :LncB.v:[3uaJ. wiiwas pern'tedaccoes*tc*restr£cted <Té"E}1he my he permitted access
to restricted data and b! the Commission may employ any individual who was
employed by the ." Section 3.0 ! B! iii! Atomic Energy Act!
Io request was received from the Atomic Energy Commission for
investigation of Fuchs when he received access to restricted data in 194?,
although from the above-cited provisions it would appear that while they
could continue the clearance already issued by IE1!, it would be necessary
that they immediately request an FBI investigation. Ho instance can be
recalled where the Atomic Energy Commission requested the Bureau, under the
provisions or the Atomic Energy Act, to investigate s British or Canadian
scientist or other employee who would have access to restricted data of the
Atomic Energy Commission.
Oh February 5, 1950, the following question was propounded to the
officials oi the Atomic Energ Commission; lIs it the policy of the United
States Atomic Energy Commission to request FBI investigations on British and
canedian atomic energ personnel who will have access to United states Atomic
Energy Gcm.ssion restricted data or is it the policy to continue the practice
of the lnhattan Ehneering District of accepting the British and Canadian
investigations and clearances?" r. Frank Hanna-ck, Acting Director of security,
obtained from Carroll Iilson, General llanager of the Atomic Energy Cow.ssion,
the following answer, which is quoted: It has been the policy or the United
States Atomic Energy Commission to accept British and Canadian investigations
and clearances of their own personnel, Just as they accept ours J
On March 10, 1950, a memoranchm was directed to the Attorney General
calling to his attention the policy of the itonlc Energy Commission in accept-
ing clearances from British and Canadian authorities for their personnel who
work in the United States on Phi-$BSiOf the Atomic Energy program. It was
suggested that intelligence services of the foreign government clearing a
person submit documentation in the form of a report. It was also suggested
that the person cleared file a questionnaire which could be made available
to the Bureau. It was suggested that the Attorney General would be interested
in the situation and would wantto take the matter up with the State Depart-
ment and the Atomic berg Commission. 5-58805-619! '
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- - _- '_i'"'" {hr eelliboretien this case develepld the relies!-113 - '
' <%reprneeentativo er the B1-itishomnmicetions Is.te11igenee- for e-
eoneidereh period est time has been stationed at the Army Security Agency, 1
Arlingtemelle Certain interaction dealing with KGB-activities in An ' hsd been made available to British Inte1.L1§enc .thr0ugh Bumconferences emon_g ,§ieners1_Barter end?-5--and weunhves, .a.rrsngemente"aere made. thr Ir. for s soueeion of _ into:-msticn caavailable torus :m re'presentstivee~oiElI-5 I ax-e.]~L nes along .line_1u he among reps:-eeentativest ottoth RI-5-andIII-6? Special 1gent'Robec't' 1}-"ll-amphere' on ipril 1», 191:9. Th , scl diseaesicns took p1sce,. at which the British representatives weresheen mterial which was helievedte be f interest to th One of the 'matters brought to the attention of theéritieh Intelligegarepresenteti e
was materiel dealing with Rest subsequently identified as aha!. nu
Britieh representatives indicated e considerable interest in themeterial
regarding Rest and indicated that they were attempting to identify him. lhe
actual identification of Rest has made by the Bureau upon the receipt of s
document Iremthe Atomic Energy Commission on August 29, 191,9, which was
- the S iet Intel identied as the document uni had been passed to ov Ligence
rvice h Rest une 10, 191;!» '1'h' author of this document use K. Fuchs.E? 5! 5*; V ea} l
September 7, 191.9, e memorandum nae received n-m-.[§1-s.+,1.=nIntellzlgemeareqneating the Bureau's essietano connection with e @didentification of Rest. Ch September 22, l9£|,9,E§tiah Intelligenc¥:aa edvieed
that the document IISH-3.2 was undeubtedlgr the document furnished to t e SovietIntelligence Service by e available information morning the .author, Dr. mm, nee fu "gig;-amen Intelligenceneluding the fact
that his name appeared in Israel erin'e notebook, the fact that his
appeared on silist or Soviet agents end Communists contained in s captured 92
German document, end the fact that he had a married sister in the United
States, Kristel Heineman, ehoee husband, Robert Heinemsn, had been a member or
the Communist Party in Cambridge, liassaohuaette. British Intelligence was
advised that further investigation of the matter was in progress.-
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September 22, 1949, to February 2, 1950 the date of F'L1oha;!
was a constant exchange of msmoranda between the Bureau and
information developed by the Bureau of pertinenoy was furnished to
the receipt of information that Fuchs was to be arrested by the
on February 2, I950, Special Agent Lish Whitson was
imediately directed to fly to Ezgland and he arrived in London on the night
of February 3, 1950. at the time Whitson arrived in London, the matter was-
slreadgr before the Gcurt, Fuchs had been charged, and was awaiting erraigmnent
and trial. Sir Percy J . Sillitoe, Director General of ill-5, advised Special
agent hitson that British criminal regulations prohibited interviews with
prisoners awaiting trial or after commitment,, unless the prisoners requested
such an interview. Sir Percy stated that under British law, the witnesses
could not discuss with anyone the confessions made by Fuchs nor could they
reveal to anyone either that he had made a confession or the substance or
details of such a confession. Sir Percy stated that should it come to the
attention of the Court that it had been publicly stated that Fuchs confessed,
or should it come to the attention of the Court that the substance oi his
confession had been made available to outsiders, the Court would summarily
commit to jail officers of MI-5, and might at the same time dismiss the case
against Fuchs. Sir Percy stated that he wished to assist the Bureau in every
way, but because of the nature and importance of the case he could not afford,
under any circumstances, to permit copies of the statements to be sent to
Washington-since", when the witnesses were called before the Court, he wanted
them to be able to state truthfully under oath that they had not violated the
British laws in that respect. It was explained to Whitson that the procedure
in the case was entirely out of the hands of MI-5 and that the prosecution was
being handled by the Public Prosecutor under the Attorney General of Great
Britain, and that the custody of the prisoner was in the hands of the Prison
System under the Home Office.
With respect to an interview of Fuchs the matter stood this way from
the time Whitson arrived in London until the completion of the trial on March
1, 1950, although at the request of Fuchs, the MI-5 interrcgator, W. J. Ska:-don,
did interview Fuchs during that period. Sir Percy Sillitce, after the trial
was completed, stated that he h-d_atbempliBd to sound out the Home Qffice on the
matter of an interrogation of Fuchs by Whitson and had also instructed Ska:-don
to attempt to get Fuchs to ask for an interview by Whiteon at the earliest
possible time. W. J . Bkardon was also contacted by Special Agent Whitson
regarding-this matter and Skardon stated that, having regard to Fuchs general
attitude, he had not deemed it prudent to ask Fuchs whether the latter was
prepared to see an officer of the FE}. _
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Sir Pore? Sillitoe also hes advised that he discussed the
pzopositlon of an interview with Fuchs by an FBI reprssentsti-as sith Sir
Frank Hansen, Permanent Under seeremry oi the Home office. 1110 Home '
0-fries hescustody or Fuchs. lessen advised Sir Pore; that then were
three reasons shgr the FBI could notinterrogste mete: rst,-. the tIs=1tyow'
day period for appeal. by Fuchs had not run; second, his place of detention
had not been settled; third, the Pnohsl case was e utter at Parliamentary
questions and dehstes and the Home Diiioe felt that these setters would have
to he out of the say be! re a foreign intelligence agency could be permitted to interrogate Fuchs. K A _ . QIt is to be noted that some o£l%i%-flrepresentetives confi-
dentLa.1J,7 advised lhiteon that they ritish Government noafraid of new pa r publicity to the street tint an FBI Aent ind intern} omFuchs, s:.nee[§1-also already been ember;-eseibygne FBI's inking the g !identification o Fuchs in the first instance.
Zglvies of the tact eettme were delays in getting the statement ;tron BI-f] that Special Agent Ihitsonmss not given an opportunity, despite
his requests, to interview Fuchs, instructions were issued for Special Agent
Ihitson to return to the United States. He left London on larch ll, 1950.
. Serial 713! P
on larch J3, 1950, a mmomndm was directed to the Attorney
General, calling to his attention the tact that representatives of the FBI ~
bad not been allowed by the British authoriti s to interview Fuchs. Itwas pointed out to the Attorney General 1-.l1st¬i.!r_ Percr__Si].I|.i_toe had indi-
cated that the patter was in the hands of the one Office and that the Home
Office would View favorably e formal request throng: the State Dope-uent
and the Foreign Office for an interview so earlier than one month fromBurch 9, 1950, and very probably within vtwo monthgtz was also pointed L1,!
out to the Attorney General that the delaying tac n the part of the
British hsd seriously impaired the Buresuis efforts to identify the American
contacts of Fuchs and had otherwise hindered the investigation. It Ids
suggested to the Attorney General that he might desire to call this matter
to the attention of the Secretary or state, and a letter to the Secretary
of State was attached for the Attorney Generalw approval. le letter to
the Secretary of State from the Attorney cianeral outlined the information
which has been set forth previously, and requested the Secretary of State
to enter into negotiations with the British in order to arrange an iI1'l'.8I'V13I
with Fuchs by representatives oi the Bureau at the earliest possible date.
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'01! March 16, 1950, a cable was sent to John Glnpennan, the
Bureauls Legal Attache in London, ordering his beck to the Bureeule
headquarters for a conterenceigwegarding collaboration with II-5.
Following no-. 01npemen_'e return to Iiondon he was in contact with Sirmm same» on Kcroh"24, 19so,%:1=o.=s up s. interned sir Percythat the Director no outraged at leek of cooperation betleen the
Bureau and III--5 and other branches or the British Government-. 1Ir.- -
cimpeman also raieedspecirio instances or therlaok of cooperation, andthese I113. be emmereted hereinafter in detail in connection with Sir
Percy's reply. Sir Percy stated be was sorry about pest developmentsand that he had been having a"roug1 tLms'h:lnee1.t, but tbatheranted to
mi_ntnin good relations with the Bureau and stated he wanted the Directorto knee confidentially that he 'Id'uld recommend and sponsor an interviewof Fuchs by the FBI. 1!: the presence of Ir. Gimpormen, Sir Bercy telephon-ically contacted a. In-. Baker in the Home Office, iniformng his that 1::-5_wholeheartedly recommended and agitated for au cation and clearancefor a Bureau representative to interview Fuch: -. Baker was reluctantto give any assurance without rst consulting s superior, Sir Frank
Aubrey Nansen, the Permanent Under-secretary or State tor Home Affairs,
who was out of town. "
_ on larch 30, 1950, a cable was received from llr. Gimperman inwhich he stated that Sir Percy Sillitoe had informed him that he had had
a lengthy discussion with Sir Frank 1. otsam, but use unsuccessful inobtaining consent for an FBI interrogation of Fuchs. Sir Percy suggestedthat the question should be presented through the State Department and theBritish Foreigx office, whereby it would reach a ministerial level, andSir Percy indicated that in this case he would continue giving the matterhis support. Sir Percy also asked that the following message be conveyedto the Director in re v to the etatementemade to him byllr. cimpennenon March 24, 1950:
"I have considered the message which you conveyed to me through 111-.
Gimpennan on 21. March, 1950. I have delayed aw reply until I knew
the outcome of 1qy_efforts to comply with your request that no oiyour officers should be pennitted to interrogate Fuchs. g U!
"Let me say at the outset that I an deeply concerned and distressed
that in spite of the long standing and happy relations between our two
services, you should have felt moved to feel a sense of outrage at thenay in which this case has been handled between us, and I can only feelthat this must be due to some misunderstanding of the facts and tocertain circumstances outside my control. . most earnestly hope that 'that follows may set your min/d at rest. ¥ Q! .
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II now turn to the specific points which you msCimpennan, and in order that w answers topreface my paragraphs nth each point. - _
> 1. '- 'Q. That you were outraged at the lack cfcooperetton by the BritishGovernment and II-5 on the loch: case, particularly at their un-willingness to provide the ]'.B.I. Iith an advance copy oi Fuchs!statement end sub ' _ not pemittlng an ll'.B.I. 4891115 '50 -Q"-cation Fuchs. -
'Du:'1ngtheinqu1r71eed1nguptothesrrest,IIseetpnJ.nsto .ensure that no action taken by w service would embarrass parallelinquiries being made by the'=1P.B.I. 1t.1res for this reason that Iinformed you or the impending er-rest 21. hours before it took placeand simultaneously passed to you all intelligence leads resultingrm rucusv confession.
Iliuring the period between ' arrest and conviction when my officers
_we_re neceeeez-13,7 worldng under considerable pressure, I directed -without having received any formal request to do so - that yourepecial representative who had. been sent to London should be glenfull access to all officers working on the case. I was able tommn all hie requests with the exception of the two you mention. J
In the case or the former, the etricmees oi British crime procedurein cases which are subjudics precluded me from supplying the documentwhen it was requested, but its full contents were made known to your .representative, and s copy was passed to him immediately after the '- trial. In the case of the latter, until Fuchs was convicted on letMarch there could be no question of his :Lnterrogatcl.on by anybodyexcept at the request of the accused. The same situetlon prevailed
right of appeal which, as you knot, even though he did not exercise. t during the 21 days after his conviction, duzdng which time he had a g
tw!"On purely judicial grounds, therefore, Fuchs could not have beeninterrogated by any of your officers unidl after 22nd lisrch. Ibis 'situation was made clear to your specie]. representative who was in-formed. that after that chte, however, the position could be recon-sidered. since his return. to the United states on 11th March, I have
C-imperman. . heard nothing! this matter until I received your message from Hr.
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Imits apart from the legal position, however, I have in our
Joint interests always attached prime importance to Il'uchs=
value as a source oi intelligence. Ion realize that for security
reasons, it was necessary to arrest and prosecute Fuchs immediately
legal evidence was available. Lt the mment oi his conviction,
therefore, he ea.e~by no means a mlly exploited source, and my
immediate concern, in both ouriuterest, sas to re-establish the
not of intelligence from him. In the view oi my interrogator,
Ski-rdon, those opdnion on this point was clearly overdriding, it
ninat have been disastrous to introduce another interrogator before
he hiu'e1.£ had had an opportunity ct rel-establishing the oonridonce
which had existed before the trial. that confidence is nor, I think,
micimtly re--establishednta reduce the risk which is bound to attend
the intmduction or a iresh interrogator in these circumstances. I
believe this is a practical point which will appeal to you, and Icanmt hellre that you would have acted otherwise in similar circul-staucee. In _
I2. Bat you tent out c.t.you.r way publicly to defend II-5 before the
_Atmuic Energ Commission, lry praising them on their cooperation and
' paying thm compliments, but only to be subsequently embarrassed by
having to tell the Atomic Ene commission that an interview IithFuchs Ind not been pemitted.l& "J
"H8-tu.rel1y.I would not expect you to have represented my service to the
Atomic Energy Commission otherwise than as you round. it. mule I an
gratified that you should have felt able to praise its work, I
equally recognize that the impossibility of allowing Fuchs to be
interviewed at that time by an F.B.I. officer was of concern to theAtomic Ellery Commission and therefore had to be conveyed to than. 7&1
"3. That the F.B.I. will insist on seeing Fuchs to develop information
4which would assist in developing the identity of s Afherican contact,mt that an 1.41-5 interrogator could be present. K!
1"ImmediateILy on receipt through Mr. Gimpeman of message stressing
the importance which youtattached to securing an immediate interview
with Fuchs, I telephoned to the permanent head of the Home Office, but
owing to his absence from London I was only able to see him yesterday
when I had e lengthy interview, at which I gave my full support to
your application. I regret to ay that he informed me that it Iould
be unprecedented. to grant such a request. ill, therefore, depends I
upon your approach throuw ,the state Department and Foreign office,in which you my count upon my continued support. u! .
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"I an sorry I have not been anoeeeainl in this latter, but you
» will appreciate that it ie net Itthdn =7 ponr to give perlit
to vieit prisoner in British Prison and I IIIOH have ti obtain
pea-nieeion {rm the opriate authorities hetore I; atatt caninterview 1n-ieooere ~-
ct. mt mum tolneirhylll-5 hmdnct dieoueeedthe eeith.In Ozlnporlnn before Ir,-Ihiteon arrived in
"Throughout thie eeee, I7 paruount concern hee hen to safeguard
ze ecuroeeupenwhiehiteaebaeed. rheregulatione applicable
to Sigint Gunnnioaticne Intelligence! nateriel lpeeitioelly bye
doen thatit may not he ounnieated except te indootrinated POlIOIe
In the oaee or anrdigintiatenlalahich ie auhjeette apeciel
reetrictiona, aa no the oeee eith this particular eoorce, concomi-
oationa la; only be made to pe:-acne known to he Ipldilllf indectrinetede
lo intinltlm no received by oe that Ir. Oinperean an specially
indoctrinated, and einoe the channel otccononicaticn hetaeen our tee
eervtoea via 112-. Eittorlon Iae enttioient tor our purpceee, we did not
question the odeaclom Had it been notied to ea that Ir» Ginpomen
had been specially indootrinated tor e pm-poee, I should have beenaoet happy to cooperate with hie» .
In the light oi the toregodag I feel condent that you I111
appreciate that I have, throughout thie case, acted in the fullest
spirit oi eooperatione I place a high value on the good relation:
which our two eervioee have allaye enjoyed and I would not like to
think that a caee which has been eo successfully handled by oar
joint technical officers should he o d to impair the futureetreetiveneee ot our two aervicee¢"u¥. g,! '
It is noted that by c"ah1e dated larch 31, 1950, Ir. Gimpeman
advised that l92_zcha' appeal period no ten days after conviction. rather
than twenty-one day: an referred to above in the statement of sir PercyS1l1.it;ee Therefore, Fuchs could not have been iniriowed hetorre March
11, 1 0.
Ch larch 31, 1950, another memorandum was directed to the Attorney
General, calling to hie attention the toot that 811' Percy Sillitoe had had
a lengthy diecneeion with Sir Frank duhrey Hanan, but had been uneucceeetl
in obtaining consent tor an FBI interview or Fnoha. The attorney General
was intozmed that Sir Percy indicated that thejqneetion ehould non be
preeented through the State Department to the British Foreip Otricet It
was suggested that we Attorney General night desire to bring the matter to
the attention 01 the Secretary of State, and there no attached for the .
gttomey Gene:-aJ.'e approval the letter to the-Secretory or State over the '
Attorney Generalve signature, dated April 3, 1950e /,I 92
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911 Hrch 31, 1950, there ms forwarded to the Bureau by the
- Attorney General a letter which he had receivedfrom Hr. Llewellyn E.
Tncmpson, Acting assistant Secretary for European Affairs. This letter
referenced the Attorney Genera1's letter of March-16, 1950, and stated
that the United States Embassy in London had been apprised of the facts
set forth in the attorney Gene:-al's letter, and had been asked to inform
the Department of the most expeditious and appropriate manner of obtaining
an interview with Fuchs. It was set forth that as soon as s reply was
received the State Department would advise of the progress made. /'
' On March 31, 1950, a memorandum was directed to the Attorney
General, advising him that the Bureau's representative in London had
advised that Sir Percy Sillitoe had recommended to the British Home
Office on March 2h, 1950, that the FBI be granted permission to interview
Fuchs. However, on March 30, 1.950, information use made available by the
Bureau's Legal Attache that Sir Percy Sillitoe had been informed by Sir
Frank Aubrey Newsam, Permanent Under Secretary of State for Home Affairs,
that it would be unprecedented to grant such a request. Sir Percy
Sillitoe indicated that he felt the matter should he presented throthe State Department to the British Foreign Office. 5-58805-93;§rL'
c
In accord with this, there was attached for the Attorney General'e
signature a letter to the Secretary of State setting forth the foregoing
facts and requesting that he enter into negotiations with the British inorder to arrange for interrogation of Fuchs by the FBI. 5-58805-935! /
The American Embassy in London we informed in a telegram from the
Secretary of State, dated April 12, 1950, of the facts set forth in the
preceding paragraph. The Secretary of State requested the American Embassy
in London to advise as to developments in the matter, based on previouscorrespondence, and to advise as to whether the interview might be expected.~.¢_.Wc....,..., we. ewe.» not 3-:1-5'? 1... .-s-9; 5-ssso-5-103s! 1/
In an airgram from the American Embassy in London to the Secretaryof State, dated April 13, 195.9. Ambassador Douglas advised that the ForeignOffice was aware of the FBI's desire to interview Fuchs through commmicationafrom the British Embassy in Washington, D. O. Sir Rober Makins, Deputy UnderSecretary of State of the Britih Government, stated that the matter had been;W.» an-in dim» AM. 3~a|h-:1 Jr... n..3_.g¢'
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H 5 _g_,,a;.,....J,iJ. 3-2!-H.5?-,~§|':':o ¢§*""""3*"-F-"E-onidered by the British Xinisters, end that the Home Secretsryie
conclusion ne theta request for en interview could not be granted,
as to do so would be inconsistent with British legal end penal practices.
eir Roger llskine added that British snthcrities were disposed to give
e.-ll possible help end would be prepared to here any interrogation desired
by the FBI conducted by a British officiel. B stated that if the Anericsn
Embassy csred to make e formal request for an interview, s fennel answer,
deteiling the reseons for the refusal, would be forthcoming. It seecommented in the sirgres: tron Anbesesdor Douglas thet the app _nt refusalwas finsl, end a formal request would bring e fennel retuslh facts
set forth in this airgrsm were furnished to the Attorney Genera by
mmorsndm once April 21, 1950. es-asses-10:1 and 10:2! /
On Key 3, 1950, there res received from the State Depertment,
through Liaison channels, a memorandum which hed been received by the
State Department from the British Bsbessy, dated lay 2, 1960. Thismemorandum is being set forth in its entirety as follows: Q, Uv -
On the 20th April Ir. R. Gordon Arneson, at the request oi Under-
Secretsry Webb, conveyed to Sir Derick Hoyer Killer a request from
_the Goverment of the United States of Anerioe. that His lisjestyw
Goverment should permit e representative of the Federal Bureeu or
In-reetiget on to interrogate Dr. hxchs in prison in the UnitedKingdom. A W
"2. To silos the interrogation by e. representative of e foreign
government of s. British subject convicted by e. British court end
imprisoned in the United Kingdom is an unprecedented depsrture
from British procedure and involves difficulties, legel and
political, for His lEs.jesty's Government. In view, however, oi the
exceptional circumstances of the case oi Dr. Fuchs, Bis Majesty-'e
Government have re-considered their previous ettitude on this
matter and have worked out en arrangement by which it would be
possible for s member of the Federal Bureau oi Investigation to
interrogate Dr. Fuchs. In reversing their previous decision Ids
lls.Jesty'sGove:-nment have bed in mind the strong representations _
made by the British" Security Service I.I.6! in fervour oi permitting
a representative of the Federsl Bureau of Investigation to interrogateIre Fllhlufi . - I
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"3. The arrangement rrhich lie llnjeetyh Government propoceie.
that the representative of the Federal Bureau of Investigation .
should acompacy a member of the British Beourity Bervioe LLB!
for en interrogation ct Dr. Fuche. The Federal Doreen of Inventi-
gation representative could then proceed to question Dr. F heprovided that the following condition! are fulfilled:-K; zip!
" a! Dr. nee. meet in the firet pleee consent to be
questioned by e repreecnrtative of the Federal Bureau
of Investigation. @ {'{,{_]
" b! The interrogation of Dr. Fuche nuet take place in the
presence of e. prison officer. Thin ie the universal.
practice for. interrogation: of prisoners in the UnitedKingdom. Q Kl-ll . .
" o! The interrogation must be confined to counter-intelligence
and security matter: and ehculd not concern itself Iithatomic energy intelligence ee ouch. ;!;[Q1/
' d! A11 that. should be laid either publicly or in executive
eeeeione or Uongreeeionnl committees after the interrogation
ie that the United Stetee authoritiee have received every
poeeible facility from the British Security authoritiee.
In no oirounetaneee ehould e member of the Federal Bureau
of Investigation or em other United Staten spokesmen
mention that e Federal Bureau of Inveeti tion repre-sentative has interrogated Dr. Fuohc. gxzkuj
"4. In view of the unprecedented nature of this proposal, Hirw
Majesty: Government feel bound to nabs the above mentioned request
regarding secrecy. They request that the fact that e Federal
Bureau of Investigation representative in to be permitted to
interrogate Dr. Fuchs ehould be treeted ae Top Secret and should be _ma e known to the fewest possible mmlber of people.";,t! uj ' _72,. in-tn. man. an 3'Jl.§I'Q _I-6 élslb-I-ff e
With respect to the foregoing, a memorandum no directed to the
Attorney General dated lley 4, 1950, providing him with a copy of the
memorandum, and setting forth the following: .W?» //' e, 5. or .
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"i'he firet three conditions, eet out under peregreph three or this
memorandum, l! that e member of the Britieh Seourity Berrioe *
eoeonpee; e repreeentetive or the Federal Bureau of Investigetion,
! that Dr. Fuchs must consent to be questioned, end _ 8! that the
interrogation of Dr. Fuchs nuet tube plece in the preeence of e.
prison officer, eppelr to be reeeomble.
The fourth condition, that the interrogetion must be confined to
counter-intelligence end eecurity matters and should not concern
itself with etomio energy intelligence as such, is denitely
unreasonable. It would be ueeleee to proceed with any interview
with Fuchs with this reetricticn imposed. Any thorough intervia
would lune to cover atomic energy intelligence.
The fifth condition, that all that should be said either publicly
or in executive eeesions or Congressional committees after the
interrogation ie that the United 3te.tel authorities he-re received
every possible facility from the British Security authorities, and
in no circumstances should a member of the Federal Bureau oi
Investigation or any other United States epokemnu nention that am
FBI representative me interrogated Fuchs, impoeee e restriction
which would be binding on ue and ie inpreotioel. It would be im-
possible for this Bureau to comply einoe we would have to furnish
the reeulte oi the interview to the Atomic Energy Commission, other
intelligence agencies and, possibly, to the Joint Congressional
Committee on Ltmio Energy These egenoiee would have to know the
source oi the information and an evelmtion of the source.
the reetrictione which the Britieh Government hen placed on the
interview make it inpcseible for this Bureau to dieoherge its
reeponsibilitieee Therefore, it is not believed poeeible for the
Bureau to interview Dr. Fuche under these conditions-
"In View of the above, you may deeire to take this metter up further
with the Qtete Depertnmte '_ _
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Dlvid Lnwreaoe, in an article appearing "in the H6! 1'01-R Hsr-6
Tribune, dated IOU 4, 1959, discussed the request of the State -
Dopl-rtnmt to the British Gave:-snout for en interview ct roohe Eu
united stetee representatives; -Lserenoe st!-ted that the request hsd
Just been omplied Iith by the British Govermneut end forwarded through
diplomtio channels. Lewrmee also dealt in his article withthe
o1.esraose_ oi roohe to one to the United tstes to work on atomic research
and stated thet the British Home office knew H. rash: were coommist for
e long tine. -
On 1&7 5, 1950, la Georey Patterson of II to Ir.
hndd the contents ct a press release to be issued in In British _
Government on the following day; which stated as follows:
"There hes been the tallest possible exehsnge of intonation
between the United States and British in the mobs cue» The
Uh!-ted States reccitly esloed for tecilitiee to interviei Paths
and in view or the special circumstances of this case, this has
been granted. 1 formal request for tecilities to interview Fuchs
was earlier received in the last tow days.I
_ - _ _ 5-58805-1111! ..--
On my 9, 1950, Ir. John cinpermn, the Bureau's Legal ittachs
in London, tslsphonicslly advised that the Inndon papers were setting out "
that the Fuchs case would be discussed in Pi.r1.i§msnt next Thursday, my
11th, and that the Home Secretary and the Foreign Secretary would be asked
questions regarding the proposed interrogation of Fnohs by Bureau agents.
Mr. ciepormab. said that Labor members would eel: es to the precedent
governing interrogation oi prisoners in England by oticisls of e foreign
goverment, conditions or such an interview, and, in addition, to what
countries such facilities were granted. _
7 5-58805-1.112! "
On my 9, 195°, the State Department ihmished the Bureau with a
copy or s dispatch trmthoimassedor in London to the Secretary of State,
dated my 3, 1950, inc which the secretory or State was advised or the discussion
with "lialdn on that dste concerning the rive conditions imposed on ea interview
or Fuchs by so FBI Agent. It was stated that in elaboration or condition
Ember Tm, "llakinsl pointed out that it was Incl-rdinll principle of British
Jurisprudence that my British prisoner could not be interviewed without his
<=0R8¢*=- H8 flrrthi-' "Bf-81 Wt it is the Home Secretary alone who decides who
shall interview British prisoners, and it is 091; alter the Home Secretary
approves an interview that s prisoner is askei it he agrees to be interviewed,
"lhlcinsl indicated that the British were creating 'edent in allowing an interviewor a tish prisoner by toreigq/'re1:ressnta_tives. ¢j}65-58805;-L175! /"'
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5' letter dated ll! 9, 1950. Assistant Attorney General
- James ll. llojmerney tnreished the Bnreen with e copy or a letter
directed by Ir. Peyton Ford to the Honorable Jones E. Iehb, Under-
Secretery or State, dated H83 9, 1950. this letter forwarded to Iebb a
cownot the Bureau eusorandu to the Attorney General dated my 4, 1950.
setting Iorth the Buremie views with respect to the proposed interview
or Fuchs. It was indicated in this letter to Iehb that the Department ct
Juctice teltthat some farther effort should the nade to obtain true the
tish iii ti ofthetourthandfirth tricti . . a nod can on res srgngaaoynsz! ____,,..
By cable dated my 12, 1950, Gilipermiln in London advised that
the Home Secretary gave the following answers in the House or cannons
concerning the circesetancee and conditions for granting the FBI
interrogation of Fuchs: -
"It is provided by the Prieon Rnlee, 1.949, that an officer of
police may visit any prisoner who willingly sees his on production of an
order issued by or on behalf of the appropriate chic! or officer oi
police, such visit being additional to the prisoner noreel
entitlement or visitors. This provision is intended to relate to
visite by ofricers or British police forces and I an not snare or
any precedent for such a visit by police or other countries. The
governnent of the United States has, however, recent]: made a request
tint e representative of the FBI should he allowed to visit the prisoner,
E1/eve Fuchs, and in the exceptional circumstances or this case the
request has hem granted. In accordance with the neual practice, the visit
will take place in the presence of a prison officer and will be subject
to the usual conditions governing the inter-rising of prisoners."
5-58805-1163! V
On Iv 12, 1950, William Bordm, the Executive Director or the
Joint committee on it-chic Energy, celled to see-gssistant Director I. B. Nichols
and stated that Senator Brien Mclgehon wanted to know for his personal informa-
tion aw recent details regarding the Fuchs case. He asked about the interview
with Fnche and was told on e strictly informal and oil the record basis that
the British he-d set up ccnditione which made the interview impossible.
Later the same day,'senstor Hclilhcn celled and asked it there
was some action that he should take. He wee advised that this was a nutter
for him to decide. He stated he wee --inclined to smd a wire to the secretary hotigitae requesting that the Secretary or Statemeke a_pereonal protect to the
Br 8 e I.
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' hi the sen date, lchhou later advised that the State Department
had succeeded in Iorlcing out- e see arrangement with the British concerning
the interview with Fuchs end were eendisg- e oomunioetdou to the Bureau on
that date. later on the sens date he advised that e comunioation had hem
delivered to Ir. Peyton Ford or the Deperhsent et 1:00 PI, on that date,
which in ertect stated that the Bur-sea could interview Fuchs. end that the
British were withdrawing tee of the conditions; neeelq, the condition
prohibiting the questioning oi Fuchs on technical details of etonio energy, end
the condition which prohibited the Bureao fro: stating that Fuchs had bem
interviewed. . 5-saeoe-1151! -»
By letter dated my 16, 1950, Assistant Attorney General James ll.
Iolnerney furnished the Bureau with e copy of a letter dated my 1.2, 1950,
directed to Br. Peyton Ford tron the Acting Secretary oi State James E. Webb.
Hr. Iebbis letter reflected that the State Department had raised Iith the
British mbessy the questions involved in the fourth and fifth conditions
relative to the interview oi Fuchs by Bureau Agents.
Iith respect to Condition Ho. 4, relating to the confining of the
interrogation to -counterintel1igence and security matters, it was stated that
the State Department wee ensured that tho British do not intendthat the FBI
representative be "rigorously excluded" from touching upon atomic energy
intelligence. It was further stated that it was their vise that
interrogation would be directed pmimr; to counter-intelligmce and security
metters and that atomic energy intelligence would be incidental to the
eohieveoent or the primary objective.
lth respect to Condition No. S, it was stated that the British
agree that this restriction "is new commie" inasmuch as the publicity which
has already occurred has revealed that the British have already agreed to on
interrogation of Fuchs by representatives of the FBI. It wee further pointed
out tint the British Embassy realizes that the FBI is obliged to 1u.rnish
information to various executive egmciee of the Government std possibly
the Joint Oommittee on Atomic mo:-gy in Executive Session ee to the results-
ot the interrogation and that these agencies will have to know the source of the
information and an evaluation thereof. ' '
re. Wobble letter then stetod, "It seems to me, therefore, that the
way is clear for the Bureau to proceed to take the necessary steps to interrogate
Dr. Fuchs. I should -like to suggest in this connection that the representative
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whom you intend to use in the interrogation and such othernemhers
of the Bureau as you may care to send get in touch with Ir. R.
Gordon arneson, Special Assistant to me on atomic energy matters
including inte1.1igence!." Hr. Webb further pointed out that as soon
as the Bureau is prepared to proceed, the British would be glad to urge
London to determine immediately whether Dr. Fuchs would suhait to
interrogation. ' -. 5-58805-1199!
On liey l5, 1950, the Bureau directed a memorandum to Hr. Peyton
Ford with reference tothe letter oi Hr. Webb dated May 12, 1.950. Hr. Ford
was advised that if it was clearly understood that our interrogation of
Fuchs must be complete and thorough and that no phase of the interview, such
as atomic energy intelligence can or should be treated as incidental,
we would proceed to make arrangements for" the interview. It was suggested
that the State Department detemine whether or not Fuchs would agree to
submit to the interrogation. 5-S8805-11.38! Ir"
~ On Hay 16, l95O, Hr. Peyton Ford advised Hr. Ladd that the State
Department had sent word to London to inquire whether or not Fuchs
would consent to be interviewed by the Bureau. llr. Ford indicated that
the State Department would notify the Bureau as soon as they received a
response. he also stated that according to the State Department, there was
no limitation on the Bureau with regard to the interview of Fuchs.
5-58805-1167! "
A cable from Cimperman on Hey 16, 1950, reported that Fuchs
had been seen by British Security Service HI-5! on that date concerning
an interrogation by FBI Agents. Fuchs replied in part, "I am not
prepared to answer questions of a purely personal nature conce nwfriends. Otherwise, I am prepared to give all the help I cm 58%%u69!
At 1.200 PH, $1, on May 18, 1950, after having conferred with Hr.
R. Gordon Arneson, Special Assistant to the Under Secretary or State, Hr.
Joseph Chase, of the Under Secretary's office, and Hr. Henderson, of the Atomic
Energy Commission, Assistant Director H. H. Clegg and Special Agent R. J.
Lamphere departed for London to interview Fuchs.
A letter from Mr. Clegg dated llav 22, 1950, reported that arrangements
had been made to interview Fuchs beginning on Hay 20, 1950. In the interview
room were the two Bureau representatives and W. J . Ska:-don oi III-5. A Jail
attache was stationed outside the door maintaining nominal surveillance through
a glass panel in the door. Hr. Clegg reported that the Governor of the Wormwood
Scrubbs Prison was very cordial. , ~ ' -
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On May 25, 1950, the llI5 representative in Washington, in-. GeoffreyPatterson, advised llr. Belmont that after reading of the apprehension of HarryGold, he had returned to Washington from Canada and would be interested in am
information that could be given him. He nae furnished by Hr. Belmont withessentially the some facts that had previous]; appeared in the newspapers ¢-~---relative to the arrest of Gold. Memo from Hr. Belmont to Hr. Ladd dated 5-25-50!
On Hay 29, 1.950, Hr. Patterson advised Hr. Belmont that he had been
called to Montreal, Canada, on Hay 26, to see Sir Percy Sillitoe. He stated thatSillitoe was irritated at the stories in the Canadian press implying that theFBI was able to obtain the identity of Fuchs contact when FBI representativeswere allowed to interview Fuchs. He criticised Patterson for not knowing any-
thing about the pending arrest of Gold, that the FBI was working on Gold as a
suspect, and for not knowing whom the Bureau was sending to London to interview
Fuchs. Patterson stated that he had advised Sir Percy that Gold's identificationresulted flaénvestigtive efforts of the Bureau rather than from the interviewof Fuchs.
According to Patterson, Sir Percy indicated that he had wired Londonthat he would like to speak to Messrs. Glegg and Lamphere before they leftLondon if possible. Hr. Patterson indicated that Sir Percy desired to discusswith llrlddlegg the failure of the Bureau to advise HI-5 of e pending arrest ofGold. Memo from E-ir. Belmont to Er. Ladd dated 5-29-59! it!!
By letter dated liay 31, 1950, Mr. Glegg advised of the results of aconference between him, Agents Lamphere and Cimperman and Sir Percy Sillitoe Iand other representatives of HI-5 which took place on Hay 31, 1950. He reportedthatgir Percy had indicated that he did not appreciate the Director's messagethat e was outraged and felt that this was unjustified in view of the fact thathe had personally undertaken to obtain the maximum amount of cooperation and had
interceded with high officials in an effort to obtain permission for the Bureau -to interview Fuchs. He also indicated that he had noted that the Canadian pressand some American newspapers had implied that the interview with Fuchs by Bureauagents had developed information on which the arrest of Gold was predicated.He considered this a reflection of til-5 and noted that neither the FBI nor theAttorney General had publicly indicated that MI-5 was cooperating with the FBQ
It was pointed out to Sir Percy that the Director was justifiably
outraged although he was not mindful of the action which Sir Percy had taken.and appreciated his personal intercession. It was further pointed out that the _statements in the Canadian and -Funerican papers were only inferences and that no
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Statements emnsting tron the Department oi Justice carried such inferences
and no statements ..=-nae. tcthe effect that the srreetei Gold resulted
tron en interview at Fuchs by Bureau representstiree. It nee also pointed outto hi: that the London papers carried stories with siniler interences _ U,
I5 C1055! letter titted $3 31,
1 letterldsted June 9, 1980, nae directed to the Legal Attache
in London tor personal delivery to Sir Percy Sillitoe. This letter pointed
out the Director's reeling that the extreme delay in granting pezniesion tor
representatites of this Hm-can to interview Phebe was unjustified and that
tlm Director's concern was directed toesrd the deley end not toward Sir Percy
in whose efforts end sincerity he had complete confidence. Re was again
assured that no statenent emanated from the Deperiment cf Jliltice carrying
the inference that Gold's arrest was based on results oi interrogation oi
Fuchs by FBI representatives. It was also pointed out that after the arrest
of Fuchs, a public statement was immediately made that the relations with the
British in the developnent of this case had been nest cordial from the standpoint
oi cooperation and at the Director: appearance before a committee of the United
State Senate on February 4, 1950, he again stated that the FBI was working in
fullest cooperation with British authorities. A similar etatenent was made bythe Director on February e_ before the Joint Committee on Atusic Energy. J
Sir Percy's attention was directed to new highly erroneous s
utterly ridiculous newspaper stories emanating fr-us London and that no action
had been taken by Sir Percy or his organisation to correct nisinfomati ncontained therein. letter to Sir Percy J. Sillitoe dated Jone 9, 1950!_%
0.. Aw . , 1950, e cable was dispatched to Ir John Ginpennen
instructing his to intern 311' Percy that the FBI had no request for any delay
whatsoever in any deneturslisstion or other proceeding that the British might
desire to take sgsinst Fuchs. This res done inasmuch as Sir Percy had
advised assistant Director Hugh E. 91055 and Bpecisl Agent Robert J. Lnsphere
that he had requested the Home {I-fine to defer for two Ieeks the contemplated
densturslisation proceedings so that the Buresu representatives night have an
opportunity to talk further with Fuchs prior to his becoming antegonised.
es-asses-ma/1m! _,-
By letter dated June ac, 1eso,E|;. eeorrrq Patterson, local
It-5 representative, advised that had received e personal letter from
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exchanges on the right: anchn-ongl of our handling or the Fuchs eufandt it no his noet eampat wieh to restore manual lurking relations. _Ir Percy stated he had no intention at a11 e eontretenpe to erteetthe future relations betmeea II-5 and the FBI. r Percy aeeured th t II-8would continue to be as forthcoming an eve: in intelligence mattezg 8'
812' Petey aleo aelmmrledged receipt of n Director! recentletter and stated that new that both he and the Direetpr had ezahenged. their
view: he wan Smut anxious to let bygoaea be bygone: andta get back to normal.
and healthy working relations. 811- Peru; indicated hie intention to be
present at the next annual meeting or the International eooiatlon or Chief: Alof Police to be held in Colorado Bpringn next October, at which time he hoped
to met the Director.
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D. LPPLIGLBLI UNITED 3'11 STATUTE
In vice oi Hie tact that available inter-nation received Ira the
interviews of Inche indicates hie last admitted espionage ocntaet in the
United States was in the Fall or 19b5, the statute of Iieitations sight
bar prosecution or mobs elblpt nnder Sections 32 a! and 3h, title 50, thdted
States Cede ea cited inaasuob ae oeneee to he charged oocu-zed prior
to Septnber 1., l9hB!e Both Sections provide a aaailm penalty oi death
or thirty you-e' imprisonment there the violation in emeittsd in tine oiware % etatenente at Fuchs to Iiohael I. Perrin, oz. the mum Iiniotry
or supp , indicate that after hie return to mama in 19116, he did on-nun
intonation to his Soviet omtaot regarding intonation he bad obtained inthe United States, the exact dates not being available in Perrinw etatsneng
Ihia night posihly bring Fuchs activity witmn other pertinent provisions
or the Bspionage etatnte, depending upon the date he prodded snob. into:-nation.
It is believed that prosecution of Harry Gold and any oi hie
espionage associates who may be identified, on the basis or information
presently available, would nsqessarily be under Sections 32 a! and 3h,
Title 50, United States Code. Inannch ae both Sections carry the death
penalty for violatime in wartime, an indictment can be returned at any
tine for nrtine violations without regard to the Statute of Lizaitationee
Goldle admitted espionage aotivitiee true 1936 through Decanter 7th, 19b1,
would appear to be barred by the Statute or Limitations, inaenooh as they
were peacetime violations. t
The above-mentioned statutes are quoted as follows:
"s 32. Unlawful di_s_c1oe_ing_in:Io1§|!at_ion affecting not-ion1a1_ defense.. a! Fliiev, éithzilteiror main to Beilive hitit folio "
be need to the injury of the United States or to the advantage of
a foreign nation, onnioatee, delivers, or transmits, or attempts .
to, or aide or induce: another to, communicate, deliver, or
transnit to any foreign government, or to any faction or partyornilitary or naval. force within a foreign country, whether
recognised or unrecognized by the United Statee, or to any
representative, o.t1ieer,.agent, enployeo, subject, or citizen
thereof, either-directly or indirectly, any document, writing,
code book, signal book, sketch, photograph, photographic negatiVI,'
blueprint, plan, nap, model, note, instrument, appliance, or
inrdmation relating to ,-the national defense, shall be punished
by inprismnent tor not more than twenty years: PROVILQ!, That
whoever shall violate the provisions or this eubeeotion in time
oi war shall -be punished by death or by imprisonment for not
more than thirty years; and b!..-J
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don my not to ottoct the conspiracy, each or tho
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proviéodinthocapoottho aatthnaeoenplinhnent
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A. IDEN'1IFICA'l".[0N A Iidmtication of Fuchs age agent was basedon inform ahich was received from The information was
as of June l5, 191.4, md indicated that one Rest had mrnished to his Soviet "
superiors a document, bearing a serial number HSN-1, followed by a digit nhichlee missing. It was nee indicated in theinformation nom SJ
that this individual had s ' ed sister in the Ihited Sta hes and esmight be a. British scimt d on this information, a memorandum was
directed to Kr. Ladd, dat t 25,-} 191+9," recommending -that the Liaison
Section contact the Atomic mergy Commission to idmtify the 'document._ Hr.
Rolander, Security Officer, Atomic Energy Commission, was contacted by e
dentified the H511 Series as documents prepared by the British Atomic Fissionfteen: Liaison-Officer on August 29, 1949, and he, after some difficulties,
New York City during the early part of-1944. The documents in this Series
were obtained from the Atomic Energy Commission and were examined, at which
time the docummt SSH-12 was identified as a document prepared by Dr. K.
Fuchs o subsequently identified as Emil Julius Klaus niche? Q -58805 /' L I
The document nan-12, entitled "Fluctuations and the fficien of S!
a Diffusion Plant, Part 3," was shown to a representative of
who, on the basis of t e tit e, was able to definitely state t it was tdocument in question. W 92
A review of the Bureau's files was made on Fuchs and it was
determined that Fuchs name had appeared in Israel I-Ia1perin's notebook, _
that his name appeared on s list of Soviet agents and Communists contained
in a captured German document, and that he did have a married sister in the
United States, Kristel Heineman, whose husband, Robert Heinanan, had been
a member of the Communist Party in Cambridge, Hassachusette. 558805-3!
On the basis of this information, instructions were issued to the
Field on September 27, 1949, calling for an investigation to definitely
prove the tentative identification, to determine the ctivities of KristelHeineman and to identify the Unknown 3®jectE®cse the same date, a I-"J
memorandum was furnished t rnishing them t vailable information.
It is to be noted that, in onne with the identioaticn of Fuchs, a
memorandum was received fro ated October 29, 1.949,, which contains
the following statemmt: -5 5-3! "10' an' Vi-1'§"§s9292 oueuilw--n-.1"
13% .
HQ 65-58805-149l+X P.l3 VAUGHN PAGE - 50
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"Our Headquarters are new or bheropinion that in the light of
information supplied by you, Fuchs had been proven beyond all
reasonable doubt to be identical with tho Soviet Agent Rest-"
Serial 33!
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Emil Julius Klauaxohs was _b_9__r__n__J.n_£c1sselsheim,..Germa:13r, on necember
1,._?~1,§'-N; His father is Emil Fuchs, born at Beerfelden, Germarnr, on gay 13,I3'%4. His mother, Elfe Wagner, repor'tedJ.y was born and died in Germany. A
brother, Gerhard Fuchs, was born at Russelsheim, Germany, on october 30, 1909.
A sister, Kristel Fuchs I-Ieineman, birth name Elma Anna Dorothea Ida Christel
Fuchs, was bom July 22, 1913, at Russelsheim, Germany. A sister, Elizabeth
Fuchs Kittowski, reportedly committed suicide in 1938 or 1939.
2 . Early background
According to information received frum¬E[-3 Email JuJ.'LusKILaus Fuchs
received his early education at a secondary schoo at Eisenhsch, Gemany. From
the Spring of 1930 to the Fall of 1931 Fuchs studied at the University of Leipzig
in mathematics and physics. From the Fall of 1931 to the Spring of 1933 Fuchs
studied et_the University of Kiel in mathematics and physics. In the summer of1933 Ehchs-' tudied at the University oi Berlin in mathematics and s . Source m 3/9/50, Transla from German data received 1r0m$§whoobtained ormetion i1.1egs.lJ;r.ccording to a signed statement o Fuc s,
dated January 2'7, 1950, his father, Dr. Emil Fuchs, was a person who belonged
to the Social Democratic Party in Germany. At the University of Leipzig, as
a student, Fuchs joined the S.P.D. Social Demorstic Party! and was active
in student politics. Later, after going to Kiel University, and after
Hindenberg became chancellor, Fuchs broke with the 3.P.D. and became an open
Communist. With the burning of the Reichetag, Fuchs, according to his signed
statement, learned he was to be arrested, and he went into the underground
Gommmist movement. He stayed in this movement until he left Gemany,
reportedly leaving Germany on the orders of the Oomrmmist Party, to nish
his education as persons with technical knowledge would be needed after the
Gommmiet revolution in Germany. Fuchs, statement, sets forth thathe thenuent to France and to England»? igccording wt§Ea r Fuchs went to Berlin he attended the - .
Friedrich-Wilhelm Ins hits. He remained in Berlin until July 1933, when he
was sent to Paris to represent the Germs communist students in Berlin at a
meeting of an internatioml student group, which was part of the so-.ca.lJ.edPopular Front movement. He did not have any assigned mission by the leaders g
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1 of the Communist Party in Germany but was sent to Paris and was given adviceand instructions by the leaders of the Communist student group in Berlin. fl
es-sssos-640! _r~.
J' In connection with the fbrcgoing it is to be noted at this point
that on June 15, 1945 J. A. Cimpermon in London forwarded copies oi two
captured German documents, which were apparently prepared by the German Security
Police in the Spring of 1941 prior to the invasion oi Russia. Included on the
list was the following:
"Klaus Fuchs, student of philosophy, Dec. 29, 1911,
Russelsheim, RSHA-IVA.2,_ Gestapo Field Office Kiel.
"Gerhard Fuchs, October 30, 1909, Russeleheim, student,
RSHA-IVA2 Gestapo Field Office Kiel."
The RSHA re ortedly stands for th entral Office of the Security
Police in Germany. W is!
.According'toE§I-$%lFuchs fled from Berlin to Paris in July; 1953.
He arrived in England on Se ember 24, 1933, telcing up residence in Bristol,
Imglend, in order to continue his studies st Bristol University. He studied
under Professor H. F. Mott, doing research work on the theory of electrons of
metals. He remained at the University of Bristol until 193?, receiving hisPh-IL Degree in 1937. S .
In September, 1937, Fuchs transferred to the University of Edinburgh,
where he was awarded a research scholarship working under Professor Ilsa: Born. _
In July 1938, he applied for e. further extension of his permit to reside in
Great Britain. This was supported by the Society for the Protection of Science
and Learning._ Iith the outbreak of World Her II, Fuchs, according 1;OEII"5.|]££Z -
uempiz from special restrictions, being classified as a "6f,rei'ugee from lie-zi
Oppression-. However, in logy, l940,~»under-the order covering all 1. '
he I-as interned. In internment
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ment upon the recommendation of the aut orit es at Edinburgh University inor r t we might resume his research work. On January ll, 1941, accordingtotal-55 arrived at Liverpool from Canada and then returned to Edinburgh,
remaining thereuntil lay. In that month he moved to Birmingham where he began
research work on the atomic energy project under Professor mdolph Ernst Peierls.
In May, 191.2, his employers recommended he should be granted a certificate oi
naturalization. On August 7, 191.2, Fuchs received a Certificate of
Naturalization on the basis oi an application filed in July, 1939, after
an investigation by the Birmingham, England Police Department, which showed
no political activity o any kind and indicated he confined himself toscientific research. i 5-58805-640! ~
In addition to the above background information, Fuchs, during
interview with Assistant Director H. H. Glegg and Special Agent R. J. Lamphereduring the period lhur 20 to June 2, 1950, stated that his sister, Elizabeth,
had been married to an individual by the name oi Klaus Kittowski and that she
committed suicide in about 1938. He stated that it had been reported that
Kittowsld. at one time was dead which report was not true and that he had
learned that Kittowski is presently in the Eastern Zone of Germany and is an
active Gomunist. :
- Fuchs also stated that while h'e was at the University of Bristol
he was active on a comittee helping the Spanish Republican forces and he
regarded this activity as work in behalf of the Communist Party. Also while
in Bristol, he attended some meetings of the Society for Gultural Relations
with the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics which organisation he regarded
as being a Gonmuniet front group. He was not ectually e member of this
Society but did attend many oi the meetings. -
Fuchs stated that while he ilas at. the University of Edinburgh, he
organised the sending of leaflets from Scotland to Germany. This work was in
oehalf of the German Communist "Party. _ _
Fuchs stated that during the period he was in Eaglsnd from September,1933 until sometime in 1941, he was aware that en underground section or the
German Gomumiet Party was operating in England. Fuchs was considered to be amember of this section of the German Gomunist Party and had probably filled _
out a biography concerning himself which was furnished to officials ot the German
Communist Party some timeaiter his -arrival. in England. This was done because
it vies feared that the Party might be infiltrated by the Nazis. according to
Fuchs, Jurgen Kuccynski was regarded as the head of the underground section of the
German Oommist Party during this period.
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-Puche indicated also that he quite likely Iurniehed biographical
information concerning his sister Kristel/to the underground Gomuniet movement
in England. - I.
Fuchs stated that all of his espionage activitiee in behalf of the
Soviet Union were motivated by hie belie! in the principles oi Gomnnilm
and by the same desire which prompted his work in Germnmr in behalf of the
Economist Party. it various times he had doubts concerning the-position
of the Soviet Union in world affairs but nae always able to reconcile the
Soviet position in his own mind during his period of espionage activities
until he finally broke aweyyfrom this activity in February or llarch, .1949.
2- n@i1ie_en_@n@e Peijad estetqe "
On November 20, 191,3, General George V. Strong wrote a letter to Hr.
Howard K. '1:-aver, Visa Diviaien, State Department, requesting that the visa ct
Fuchs and other British acientiete be expedited in view of the tact that they.
were to leave England to come to the United States by November 22, 1943.
5--53305-133! /. I
According to a letter from the Norfolk Office dated December 1.8, 1943,
the H.H.T. Andee, a British Revel Transport, arrived at Norfolk on December 5,
1943, with eighty civilian paeeengere aboard, all of whom were subjected to the
regular Bureau panel procedure. According to the letter, no investigations
were conducted prior to the arrival of the vessel, and no investigations were
necessitated by the interviews oi the passengers. - Ambng those arriving wee
Klaus mil Julius Fuchs, born December 29, 1911., at Rueaeleheim, Germany, a
British citizen naturalized on July 30, 191.2, at England. .00-197474-8! »
After his arrival, Fuchs traveled to Newlork City and reportedly
etayed at the Taft Hotel. Subsequently he reportedly stayed at the Bnrbizon
Place. Hotel for a brief per . he records oi theee hotels for the pert-incperiod have been destroyed.-¬92'_I-éadvieed that Fuchs eubequentiy resided inw
an apartment that he took over from Henry S. Arms, another member of the
British Mission, who returned to Greet Britain on F bruary 28, 191,4. Thisapartment was at 128 West 77th Street, New York Oit,g*The_ recorde or the
Consolidated Edison Company, New York City, reflect that Fucha occupied
Apartment 3-A from February l to April 12, 1.944. The landlady, lire. Frieda
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Stedtler, sso-1 - 189th Street,'Flushing, New York, when interviewed, stated
she had no recollection of Fuchs. Other former tenants who have been inter-
viewed could not furnish any pertinent information. Report BA J .R. Murphy
3/9/so, mo, p.1s! . ss-eases;-642!
Upon his arrival in the United States, Fuchs advised he was employed
by the British Government at the Department oi Scientific and Industrial
Research, and stated his business address in the United States would be 45
Exchange Place, New York City. Shortly thereafter his business address waschanged to c/0 'tieh Min try of Supply Mission, Room 2500, 37 Wall St:-eet,%u!New York City. Es Britiehave advised that while in New York City Fuchs
had office space at the Kellex Corporation, which space was taken over by-
cnother individual during February, 1944, at which time Foch e an spending two days s. week in the office of John R. Dunning at Kel1e:% S588O5-30,188! =
Lt Christmas, 1943, according to Fuchs, he paid_h s rst visit to F4--his sister, Kristel Heineman, at Cambridge, Massachusetts. S-58805-174! A
On May 29 and 30, 1944, Fuchs is reported to have tisited Montreal,Canada for a conference with manbers c the National Research Council oi 1'Canada, according to information fro 65-58805-26! _ __ _* B42...-1-.§4~ =5ou .During the summer oi 194.4 Fuchs again visited his;-sister, Kristel u/ .Heineman, _a.t Cambridge, Massachusetts, eoggrding to his own statement.
i, _ On July 14, 1944, Fuchs is knoln to have visited Washington, D. G. §- "for a conference with Sir James Chadwi Brit sh Atomic mergy representative, i. according to information reoeivedtrcm 65-58805-26! " "
A_ _ ; __ , .v- . .9 ,5, --I - .2. <with respect to Fuc 1 t afer from New York City to Los Alamos,information was receiwd,frm t on June 19, 1944, London telegraphed ,Rudolph E. Peiez-ls, a member 0 e British Mission, who had arrived in the, United States with Fuchs and who,'on June 2,, 1944, had been sent from New York _-cs Les Alamo: 1|here*he hoe-d.ed,92t1_1e'_British_ Group there. In thisjtelegremi London ' tiketl f'or"'adt".Loe on i1iether§'Fuohs should"-rcturn_.to Rzgland '|i0'IOI"k on s. project. 5On June Z-?.,w1__944, P_eior1sn.Arep1,ied.,the_t ddle he_92thought,Fuohs'nhou1d return if" .the projecit "fies being tokens erious1y,.,=lie. never'theless linen that "-Fuchs would be _
welcomed atshcs L1emo;§.." On-Ju1y_'8,i1944, London telegraphed Peie:-ls. saying i. Los llemos should take "precedence over the project in Rigland. On July 20, 19
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land again on July 21, 1944, Christopher F-Keerbcn, also e. member of the
British Mission in Rel York City, wrote to London advising that Fuchs positionwas still uncertain but it locked as if he would return to milcnd rather than
be transferred to Lop llsmca. On August 4, 1944, Washington precmnehly the
British llieeion Hcadque.rters! wrote to Keertcn, with e. copy to Fuchs, confirming
Fuchs transfer to Lee Alanna, instructing that he should catch the plane for
Bantu. Fe from Chicago on August 10, 1944. 0:: August 8, 1,944, Keartcn wrote
that Fuchs would be leaving New York this week-" On August ll, 1.944, Each:1 s letter from the New York Office ct the British 1-lissicn- xylene tron B %§5B805-168! Pr g.92_.,.¢.;¢Q92The records or the Atomic Em:-gr Commission contain a statement that ,3 '
Fuchs use supposed to leave for Les llamas on August ll, 1944. 5-56805-13! »-
According to infomstion received from the Manhattan xgineer
District, by letter dated August ll, 1944, Fiwhs planned to leave Hes York City -on August ll, 1944 end was scheduled to arrive for duzztt I_-cs Llemce on or
about Auguzrt 14, 1944. 00-190625-1063! wan baa - c1,1b.'2:, Pit/P?
The records of the Atomic Eaergy Commission at Lee Alamo: reect
that Fuchs l-rrived there en August 14, 194-4. At Lee Alemos he Iorked in the
libeoretioal Physics Division of the Ieboretozy and resided in Room 17,
Dormitory T-102. 5-58805-336, 15! /-
Ilhe records et Ioe Hence also reflect that on February ll, 1945,
Fuchs lett there for e. vacation with Kristel It 114 I-ekeviee Avenue,
Cambridge, llaseschusettsa Prior to lee.1-in"g' I-cs Meme Fuchs edwised that he
would be at cenhridge tram February 15 to 22, 1946. Ke_return.ed to Les llamas
on Pebrcsu-y 25, 1945 end stated that there hsd been no devieticnifrcm the
itinerary he had £ara£ehed- es-saeos-1:! ** T '
' The Lee Llemce records further reflect that on I01-ember '21, 1946,
I-Niche depe.rted"1'or llentreel, censds e. Chicago tor e tee dey conference eith
representatives or the British organization end that thereafter he In to telce _
e nccticn in Hence. Under itinerery Fuchs showed that he would he it-Ilontreel,
Canada on Icvanber 22 end 25, 1946, Jlbnquerque ch Icvedif .24, 1945, end there-after Io-uld go to Iecc city end return on Becmlher-3J192'§¬e l'here.n.s no
indieetich in the records that Fuchs reported hie, return to Ihcsjlanca or es toIhether he eteted there had been my deviation tron his itfmer-cry.
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In Addition to the information appearing in the records at Loo Alamo
indicating that Fuchs nude I trip to Montreal, Canada, on November 22 and 23,
1945, it ehould be noted that the Imigntion 6: lietzn-eliseticn Service records
at L02:-edo, Texan, reflect, in connection with Fuchs re-entry into the United Ionizer elated April 25, 1950, from
Liaison Office, Ottawa, Gonade!7D
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States from Iezicc on December 8, 1945, that Fuchs had been issued United States
3-1 Gratis Vile Kc. 2400 at Montreal, Canada, on November 25, 1945. This would
eeem to corroborate his presence in Montreal, despite the failure co loceto e
record of any meeting he might have attended there.
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According to information fro; Fuck cati in llaxico wasin company with Rudolph E. Pezlerls. Also according tc Fuche and Peier Wwhile in Mexico Cityigcaalled on the British Consul General they reportedly
returned to the Unit tatee early in December, 191,5 cording to lira.
Eduard Teller, she end llr. end Ire. ?eierle and Fuchs made s trip to Bezico
Gity in Phebe automobile. in late Hovenber, _191+5. lira. Teller said that the%1-cup nae together at ell time and she knew or no contacts made by Ifuche_g g
Albuquerque teletype 2/17/so 65-saaos-26, 385!
Imigretion and Naturalization Service records at Laredo, Texas
reflect that on December 8, 191,5, Fuchs, Rudolph and Eugenia Peierls enteredthe United States at Laredo, Texas being listed as en route to Santa Fe, L I5"5%5"'1&o; 1§2! . Q H.
The records at Lea Llamas reflect that on December 12, 191:5, hone
changed his residence from Room 17, Dormitory 1-102 to Room 5, Dormtory53-109, "Lon Alanna. 5-58805-13! . . _
j0_n June 16, 191,6, Pacherdeparted permanently from Lee Al atravelling to lash-ington, D, O-,»=e,eco1'¢!iI1g to the information5-sacos-26! ' -
I: June '17, 191,16, Fuchs stayed at we Hotel Sheratcn, Ieehington,
D, G, The records reflect that he either checked in on that date tor acne
nightketegr or checked out on that date otter a one night: etny, probably5116 1|-1J'»Ole r n
. , .. According to into:-mtion receireldrtrom on June 21, 19b6,Iuche Ill rec in -care ct Kristel Heinemn, I-9-keview heme, Ganbridge,Ieeeacinzsettel ' . . _ . _ '
_ ' " ct the Inspector est United Staten Reva]. lhteriel at the -
enerelilectz-10 Company, Schenectady, New Iork, reflect that on June 25, .1956,'mu. can e~ personal '71l1t.to.Hsne A, Bethe Professor er pupae» -r. Qmuell
University!, e consultant tar the General Klectrieltmcic mu-gy Project.- _8er:h1 z6.cnd 65-58805-537; -$78! - . .
' It 1, to be noted nannies. Reimmen mam um trip oi mm to
Schenectady, New Iork and etetes that ehe accompanied Fuchs to Schenectady.
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. £iJbcjase;}uu' OE} l4iIZ~ 91%| On July 2, 194?, e. letter was rglived st the Bureau from the
Manhattan Engineer? - District stating that Fuchs returned to England onJune 29, 1946, travelling by bomber from Montreal, Gsne.ds..¥00-190625-2342!
. ~41 ~The Inmigration and Naturalization Service records geflect that on
I~Io-veunber ll, 1946?, Fuchs was readmitted into the United States at New York
City and departed from the United States on November 30, 1947. At the time
of this visit he showed his employment as being with the British Governmerit.
es-sssos-so! '
The records of the Atomic Energy Commission reflect that Fuchs was
in this country during November, 194'? for the purpose of attending e.
declassificstion conference in Washington. D. 0- and also for the purpose
of discussing tmclessified and declassified aspects oi neutron spectroscopywith Dr. H. L. Anderson at the 3.:-gonna Rational Lehorsteziy, Chicago, Illinois-
According to infcmstion received i'rqn@-agaerch 10, 1950, Fuchs
has stated. that during his visit in November 1947 he went to Boston to see the
work st the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and to see his sister.
Fuchs states that he also made e trip to Schenectady to see the -work "st theGeneral Electric Plug
The records of the Inspector oi United States Naval Materiel at the
General Electric Company, Schenectady, New York, reflect that on November
l8, 194?, Fuchs visited Dr. Herbert O. Pollock, Research Laboratory, General
Electric 0ompa.n;y,»to discuss cyclotrons, synchrotrons, snclbetstrons. Pollock
is Research jsscciete sin the Physics Division, assigned to the Synchrotron Project5-58805-52'i', 5T8! ' ' -
Accordizig to "the Atomic Ibex-gy Uoiiinissicn records, Foche was scheduled
to a.tte.n.d another declcssificeticn conference at the Canadian Atomic Energy
Research Establishment st Chalk River, Ontario, Canada from September 26 to
September 28, 1947. 1'.h.eppears, however, that Fuchs was i:.ot_e'ble_to attend this
conference because-of.i11ness. Following his tron r fr -the United States~ '-1946,92%chs, ~to_ info:-motion recei1'ed~-i'rom_lEtct't5l1res- continuouslyengage in the ltanio Eiergv Program at Harwell, E15 e.nd.,_ shore he held the
position of Senior Resoar rker. This was hifstetss sit the time of hisarrest on Fe'brusry_2, 1_950:i I . .0 ' .
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With a letter dated April 1.2, 1.950, Hr. Cimperman forwarded as an
enclosure certain information concerning a trip made by Fuchs to Germany
in May, 191.7. Rlohs stated that he went to the British Zone of Gemany
to see some work cm the centrifuge problem at Hamburg and Goertligen
on behalf of the British Ministry of Supply. Fuchs also stated that he was
able to get to Fra.n.k£'urt in the hopeetof seeing his father, who, however,nae not there. $ w . g
Fuchs also said that in company with Dr. and Mrs. H. W. B. Skinner
he made a motor trip through France and Italy, leaving on April l2, 1949,
and returning on Hey 3. 1949. ' Fuchs claimed that this was a holiday tripand that he did not make any espionage contaots.g[g1l?erme.n letter 1.-12-50!
d photostatic copy of the fingerprints of Fuchs was obtained from
Scotland Yard and was fomarded to the Bureau by letter dated February 7,
1950. L search of these 1ingez-prints againstthe records of the Identifi-
cation Divieion resulted in the location of an applicant fingerprint card
dated October 14, 191.4, which card had been on file at Los Alamoe until.
fonlarded to the Identification Division by the E1 Peso Gffice on October 19
1.91.9.5 No other record oi Fuchs was found by the Identification Division." 5-seaos-ass! I
With respect to his visits away from his places of regular assignment
while in the United States, Fuchs adrieed Messrs.-Clegg and Lamphere, during
interviews in the period Hay 33 to June 2, 1959, that his first trip 1-after
arrival in the United States" away from New York Gity was a visit to his sister
Kristel Hoizmman in Cambridge, Ilaeeachusette, during Ohristmas, 1943. Hie nut
trip any from his lace of assignment was in the Springer 191.1, actuayHay 29 and 30, 19413 when he made strip to Montreal, Canada, for a conference
with Oanadiszrecientiete. Ho stated the purpose of this trip was to acccmpaw
Professor Peierls who found it necessary to" 'g'o to Canada to discuss atomic
problems. He indicated this trip had no connection with his espionage activities.
__ f Fuchs also visited his sister in Cambridge several times during the
Bpring of 19%. Probably atone month intervals. Bo believed that he went there
at;th'e time of a birthday anniversary occurring in lay, 1941»; and also before he
lott tori-csllamoeinlugust, 1914. _ _ _ ~ '
Fuchs recalled that he traveled to Iashinlzton, D. '0. in July, 191.4,
-where he conferred with Sir James Gmdwick, the British atomic energy representative.
At that time, e definite decision was made that he was to go to Les Alamo: rather
. 23 _
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after leaving Chico
spent one or tuo days at the
of persons including Dr. Plec
and the synchmtron. H8 118-d
infornal lecture on certain n
Fuchs then returned
three days with his sister.
in his honor but he was nnabl
that Robert Beineman was pres
sent to the Massachusetts Ins
regarding experiments relatin
recalls seeing Dr. Weiekopf e
He then returned tc
Memo to the I
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while in, 3 Q 1,3
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than return to England. His first trip after arrival in Los Alamos in
August, 191.1,, was in February, 1945, when he visited his sister in Cambridge.
He recalled also that while at Loo Alamos he made one trip in an Army bomber
to Washington, D. C. for a conference regarding his work. The exact date of
the trip was lmlmonn. _
During November, 191.5, Fuchs went from Los ilamoa to llontreal,
Canada, to contact an individual regarding possible employment at Harwell,
England. Following this conference, he returned to Albuquerque, New ileenico,
and traveled to Mexico on a short vacation trip with Hr. and lire. Peierls
and Mrs. Edward Teller. They returned to Los Alamos in early December, 1945.
According to Fuchs, this trip was in no nay connected with his espionage
activities.
During June, 1946, Fuchs left Les Alamos permanently, having been
transferred back to England. At that time he traveled to Washington,.D. C.
then to his sister: home in Cambridge. He made a trip in the company sf his
sister Kristel lieineman to Schenectady, Hen York, where he was in contact with
Hans A. Bethe. He stated he had met Bathe at Dos Alamo: and desired to talk
with him prior to returning to Fhgland. He denied that this trip was connected
with his espionage activities. -
Concerning Fuchs return to the United States in 1947 for declassification
conferences, he advised that he arrived in Hen York City by plane in November,
l9!.7. He a day or tee at a hotel in New York and went to Washington,
D. C. where he attended declaseification conferences which lasted three or four
days. Following the -conferences, he trareled back to Hem Iork City and than went
to Ithaca, Hen York, where he visited Cornell University and talked with Dr. Bethe,
llr. Wilson, Phillip liorrison and Richard P. Feynman. '1'h'ese conversations l related
to work being done in nuclear studies eat Cornell. ' _ _
Fuchs than traveled to Rochester, lien Iork, where he pas in contact
with Robert Marshal: whom he had known at Los Alamcs. He than went to Chicago
and-spent two days at the Argonne National Laboratory where he was in contact
with Dr. Zion. lie indicated that specific permission had been obtained tor a.
visit to this Laboratory and his access to information was limited to some
extent. While in Chicago, he an Hrs. Edward Teller and she invited some people
in to see him whose names he did not recall. He did recall seeing Hr. and Hrs.
Ronald Wilfred ihrney while in Chicago. - -
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4»E1111 Fuchs .
According to information received fromE_£_I 5] Evil Fuchs, the '
father of Emil Julius Klaus Fuchs, is a Gem:-in Nsticnsl, born at Beerfelden,
Germany on May 13, 'l8'?4. Until 1931 he was e minister of religion at
Russelsheim and Eisenach, Germany. From 1931 to 1932 he was a professor
of theology at the University of Kiel, being dismissed from this post in
19 2 of his membership in the Social Democratic Party. Accordingtotilwas a well-known member of the Society of Friends and until November
1949 he a Professorship at Frankfurt_University. He is presently residing
at Rochlitsstrssse 78 0!, Leipzig, Germany and is e professor at LeipzigUniversitjili Serial 630!ource inf on received byV itsongfromihll 5 warch ll, 1950.
The Immigration and Naturalization records at New York reflect that '
Fuchs father, Dr. Emil Fuchs, age '74, arrived in New York on October 10, 19:38.
He was admitted until April 9, 194-9, which was extended to July 9, 1949- Ih-.
mil Fuchs left the United States on July 6, 1949. He was in the United States
as s. lecturer, sponsored by Poodle Hill, Wallingford, Pennsylvania in coopera-
tion with the American Friends Service Committee, 2'7 South 12th Street, Phila-
delphia, Pennsylvania-
Serisl 38!
_ With respect to the background of Dr. Enil Fuchs it is to he noted
in -the June 1934 issue of USSR in Construction," mder the heading of
"Scientists victimized by the Fascist Regime in Germany" and sub--heading -
"University Professors," there appears the name -of Professor E. Fuchs at Kiel.
L00-268980-2, enclosure! .
An article appeared in the Hey 15, 1933 German publication "Unsers c
Zeitl entitled "List of Scientists Iho Are Political Victims in Hitler Germany."
The article states Ila the struggle against Harriet berbarism afxd for the
creation or a pure naticnsl German culture, Hitler Gemany has inflicted
disciplinary punishment on an extremely large number of teachers, "scientists,
jurists, and artists of world fame and has proscribed their works." A list
-sis than set forth of the persons who are political victims. Cu this list,
under the heading "Professors it Educational Aosdmies use listed the nameRrofsssor hail hots, K101. _ " 00-72924-410! _ .
An article froin "Die Welt, Hamburg, Germany, dated February 6, 1950,
deals with the arrest of 1921chs in London. In this article there appears certain
information concerning the father, Professor hail Fuchs, and it is stated that
until 1933 Professor Mil Fuchs occupied a chair for Theology at the Pedegogic
Academy at Kiel. Professor Fuchs is described as a Christian Socialist end s
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member of the German Quaker Congregation. It is stated that sometime after
I1933 Professor Fuchs was arrested and sentenced to one month in Jail for
ihsulting the State Government. "Yet, despite all danger, he remained in
Germany, working stronger than ever in the interests of the Quaker Movement."
It is stated that Professor Fuchs finally left Germany in 1943, stayingin Switzerland until 191.5, irhere he wrote in his high 70's his last books, '
"Prospect Of Our Time" and "Christianity and Socialism." It is stated thathe is presently occupying a chair for Theology at the University of Leipzig.
meson-em Deming to Ha:-ho, 3-2-5o,ssr1a1 829!
Cu February 6, 1950, Dr. Robert Kempner advised an agent oi thePhiladelphia Office that for two months during 3.949, Professor Eini1Fuchs
had been e teacher at Pendle Hill, e Quaker University near Media, Pennsylvania.According to Dr. Kempaer, one William Sollman was believed to have been con-tacted by Professor Fuchs while he was in the United States. Z
-Dr. Friedrich Wilhelm Sollman was interviewed can February 2'2, 1950,at Pendle Hill, Walldngford, Pennsylvania. He stated that Professor Bail Fuchsvisited and lectured in the United States under the sponsorship of the Society
of Friends, which organization sponsors Pendle Hill. He stated that Fuchs, Sr.took over Solmms classes at Pendle Hill while Bellman was in Germany for the
State Department. After Sollmars return he saw Fuchs, S:-., but never entered
into any discussions with him since he considered discussions with him useless.
He sat in on one of Fuchs,&r.'s lectures, which he considered innocuous since
his whole talk ran in the vein "peace is e wonderful thing." Sollman ventured
that contacts of Fuchs, Sr. in the United States would be with "Quaker Glergymen
or old Quaker ladies who delight in speaking of the wonders oi peace." Accordin
to Sollmen, Fuchs is regarded as a great religious man and was s member of the
Social Democratic Party in Germany for many years. He is regarded by Sollman
as a religious pacifist rather than e political socialist.
Serials 380, 381 and memo from Phi1a., s»
dated 2-28-50!' Serial 861!
' According to information received by the American consul in Hamilton,
Canada, from Albert Prey Hartin, who had been with the American Friends
Sciety in Germrq from 1936 to 1.938, all of Dr. Emil Fucls children hadCommunist tendencies. Martin stated that while in Germany he knew the Fuchsfamily intimately, and Professor mil Fuchs visited'hi'n in Cenech in arch,1949. At ttst time Professor Fuchs expressed great pride in the achievements
of his son, nous Fuchs. Professor Fuchs mrther mentioned that he was con-sidering accepting a post in Leipzig, Berma.n3r,in the hope of instilling "
christian principles into s. few of the theological -students there. '
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- - Professor ilsrtin, she is presently attached to Ioilsstsr
University in Handlton, Gansda, stated he sincerely believes thatProfessor Fuchs is not a Oomunist and has no Comunist leanings.In this connection he recalled th.st__Pro1sssor _Fnchs, in the period
tron 1936110 1933, had expressed great concern that his children -tso sons end two daughters -.-- had Gomunist tendencies. According
to Professor Ia:-tin, of the tour children, the only one rho wasprobably not s Gcnmniet was a daughter, Eisabeth, who cemittedsuicide 1:11.938 or 1.939. She was married to Ilaes Eittosski, sGerman Oonmmist who was arrested by the Nazis and convicted of takingfriends across the German border. -He ssis sentenced to six years inprison; but escaped to Gsechoolovakia Iithout completing the -sentence.
Professor liar-tin also furnished intormation concerning KristelFuchs and knew that she was man-ied to Robert B. Heineman. He referred
to newspaper accounts that Fuchs had visited his sister in Boston andhsd given out information while in that city. Professor lie:-tin commented
that it might be sorthsile to have the sister and her husband investi-
gated and watched. Professor lb:-tin mentioned that another son was saidto be sufferixng from tuberculosis and was somewhere in Switzerland. ilhis would be Gerhard Fuchs.!
Professor Martin also stated that if the security authoritieshad checked Emil Julius Klaus. Fuchs with any members of the AmericanFriends Society who had been in Berlin between 1936 and 1939, hisOommist activities would have been apparent as the Gommnist leaningsof the Fuchs children were very well khan. "
_ Source - 3tate Department
Dispatch dated February 11., 1
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5 . 3 Gerhard Fuchs A
According toE¥I §_]c<->1-hare Fuchs, the brother of. Emil Julius Klaus
Fuchs, was born at Russelsheim, Germany on October 30, 1909. In 1932 he was
mentioned in B. list of German publishing houses working under Communist
direction as Editor of "L{ahnruf,'" published in Berlin. In 1933 he was described
as directing the General Secretariat of Workers International Relief at The
Hague. In July 1939 he attempted to visit Ehgland in transit to the United
States but was refused leave to land on the grounds that as a sufferer from
active tuberculosis he was unlikely to be admitted into the United States.He returned t tzgiand and in 191.8 was living at a sanatorium in Zurich.According toliilsh y be identical with Gerhard Fuchs who is reported to
have organized a nee in o eies Deutschland in Davos, Switzerland in Augustl9t.5. According toga}! have received a report that in April 1948 a certain
Gerhard Fuchs, described as a German and a former leader of the Dav-as Section
of the Freies Deutachland, was a Comunist in touch with K.P.D. circles in
Berlin and with Quakers in the United States. He was then said to be active
in an organization known as "Secours Aux Enfents," having as its aim the wel-
fare of French orphans. He was reported to be using funds obtained from Quakers
in the United States in order to assist German {Iommunists visit g Svritzer d.92 So -'r 1-." idbahit f]@I! b $33 ion rece we son rum~ According to additional informaticn received firmlggger date
of Hay 13, 1943, the organization Groix Rouge Suisse Secours Aux infants -
Swiss Red 0ross'Child1-en's Aid! is commonly referred to as the C.S.E. and was
directed in Davos, Switzerland by Frau Gredig-Mathis. She was assisted by
Gerhard Fuchs and he was reported to be nsrlng mds Ihich he received fromQuakers in the United States to support German s when they come to !Switzerland. According to the informatim from the G.S.E. in Dares,
Switzerland ind developed out of the'Unio_n O.'S. ., wh ch has its American
Counterpert in the American Committee of 0.8.1!-.,, which stands for _0rgani2.atia:1Saxiitare Evracia, which means Hebrew Health Ctrganizaticn -' e . - 00-3-£9527-8,9! ' X M
' Information received !Mmm Hutchinson, Head of the Iashington
Bureau of the International News - ce under a date line of Zurich, Slitserland,
February 15, 1950, reflects Gerhard Fuchs has been residing for six years in the
Swiss Sanitary Center in Davos, Switzerland. This institution nae said to be
a home for needy convalescing tuberculosis sufferers and to be financed by theSwiss Sanitary Center S.S.C.! which was created and financed by Swiss Goumnunista u!
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and reported]; has branches in the satellite countries and in the Soviet Zones
of Germany and Alustria. The article also states that Gerhard Fuchs, who denies
his affiliation to the Communist Party, has been the director of the S tariumfor the Last six years to the great satisfaction of his superio ./F{£;'£_l flfk
H&c0rding "t?-Méezzm Fuchs has been a contact of Grace Rhodes,
who is actually ident as Grace Rhoades of llorriatown, New Jersey. She
reportedly comes from an old line long established Quaker famihv and is reported
to have travelled to Ehrope during 1948 under the sponsorship of the American
Friends Service Gom1itte_e_. K According to the Assistant Postmaster in Morristoln,New Jersey, it has been rumored that she has some connection with the Con1nunists%
Homo 3-9-50 to Ladd re "American Committee Of 0.3.5.; LS.-R" 1.00-349527-27!
During interviews with Fuchs by FBI representatives in London, in the
period May 20 to June 2, 195°, Fuchs stated that his only brother Gerhard was
presently living in Davos, Switzerland and was in a sanitarium there because
of a tuberctlloeie condition. He said he Last saw his b ther in Swi erlahdin 191.7 um he made a trip to Switzerland for skiing. zcording to@*. Skardonof 111-5] hard mm has left Switzerland and is believed 1-.0 be presentlyin £lm to Director from Messrs. Olegg and Lamphere dated 6-6-50!
_92
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6- gistelteisomm lend Robert Beisenen -~'
On lie:-ch 12, 1946, the Bureau liaison representative in ottssa,
censds, forwarded photoetatic copies of an address book and diary found
in Israel Halperinvs possession at the tine of his apprehension in eon-
nection with widely publicised Canadian espionage nctsork. The address
book and dis:-,7 contained several hundred uenes of invidivuals living in
the United states and other parts of the world. jnong the entries appeared
the following; - 92
"Kb-us ihchs, Asst. to ll. Born, 8!» George Lens, Univ. of Edinburgh,
Scotland, camp H camp L.!
Intemment operations _ o
Kristel Bsinemn, 55 Grvel Rd., Uatertom"
See Earhibdt so. 1 Attached!
On June 11, 1946, photoststic copies oi the two documents weresent to offices 9! covering territories in which the addressee were L -Dted. However, the do ts hevin been nede available to the 7 g ritieh Intelligence Se m attempt to investigateduals in indivi listed there as e. sees in Greet Britain see made.
me offices reoeiving copies of this letter of June 11, 1946,
were given the following instructions: I-- - immediate]; identity all of
the contacts of Helps:-in listed in the enclosures. Reports should be sub-
mitted setting out the identiiiostion of these contacts, together Iith any
infozntion contained in your field office files concerning then. In the
event there is no intormtion contained in your eld office files, a
prelind.nery investigation should be conducted or these cont-acts,at the e
conclusion or shich, it it appears nscess-spy or dsai:-sb2_Le, a none intensive
investigation of than should he oondnotsdaf
is a nesult or nese instructions, the Boston ottioeinstituted
investigation ot Kristel Fuchs neinesen, sister or m.l,.m1ius nous Fuchs,
and developed intonation concerning her background-. me individual in-
vestigation on lu-istel Fuchs Beinenn no closed by report dated December 26,
19456, but rm-ther invsstlatdon no conducted under the name or her husband,
RohertB1ockHsinemsn,IhoIndbeendsternd.nedtohsvsbeensIeuhero!ths
Omsmnitl Party- Investigation or Robert Block eieenen Ins closed in
ootober, 1947, on the basis of intonation that he had lstt the United
states and was in Mexico City, D. F., as a student.
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Investigation of Kristel. Fuchs Heinmen and her husband, Robert B.
Eeinemen, I8-e reinetituted on Septenber 22, 1949, upon receipt of information
indicating the possibility that $11 Fuchs tee a Soviet agent, This investiga-
tion is presently in 0. pending statue, "
Elm Anne Dcrctbe Ida Ohrictel Fuchs Beinenan, commonly lmovm ea
Kristel Fuchs Keineman, the sister or Emil Julius Blane Fuche, no born on
July 22, 191$ poeeibly 1914! at haeeeleheim, Gemn.ny- According to Immigration
and Naturalization Service records, she resided in Gemeny until September, 1933:
in Switzerland, from September, 1935 to Rely, 1934, where she is believed to have
attended the University or Zurich: in Germany from July," 1934 to July, 1936, and
in England from July, 1956 to September, 1956, $he'1'irB'b entered the United
States as a student in September, 1936, at New York City, thereafter attending
Bwerthnore '0o11ege.et Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, until her withdrawal during
her fourth year course in 1937-38. On Hay 20, 1938, she re-entered the United
Staten at Miami, Florida, from Havana, Cube. as e. permanent resident, and onNovember 2, 1938, married Robert Block: Heinemn at Boston, lleeaechueerttc. They
now have three children, Stephen Fox, age 10; Heroin Rizabeth, age B: and .Kristel, age 6, all oi ihcln were born in Cambridge, lleeeechueettegilthcugh
she claims to have filed e petition for naturalization ac a United Stattee
citizen at Boston, Ieeeaehueette, in December of 1941, the les of the Imig;-a-
tion and lleturalisetion Service at Benton have failed to reflect that her eieim118-8 W basic, - 1
Robert B. Eeinemn, "chem Kristel Fuchs Eeineczan married on Hcvember
2, 1938, wee born et.'Ie.ueau, Uieconain, on March 25, 1917, According to e
highly condential source of known reliability, he was regietered as a. memberof the Cambridge Branch oi the¬l1et Political Association in 1944,,
Through? condential Source, Confidential Intcmont ED-MB IE-100! it no
also ailicrtained that on January 23, 1947, hevinitcd the Gaummiet Party
Headquarters in mm there he rejoined the oemmm Party under thename or
Robert H111. it t he indicated that he had prerriouely been a number ofthe Party until 1981' o r ' ,
the State hep out records reflect that on New 5, 193'! e peeeport no
iecued. to Hcinmen for travel to France, hgiend, Bunnie, Italy, Sudtlerland,Austria and Pelend, . 92 - . _ M It no 11» 1-rpm-one In-e Eggs,» Intelligence semee.-he on JuneB, 1957, Robert B, Heinlllen I-rriir in. Ianden route to aia,
rerturningto England inlugnit ettbat emeyeicr rieltalyend Irene obertB, Beineuen in interviews admitted active mecberebip in the arty and
the tact that cumniet Party meetings had recently been held at hto home.
At the present time, Robert B. Eeineonn operates a lacnderetteunder the name of the Hm-on Belf Service Store, 146 Huron Avenue, Cambridge,
Iaaeachueette, and is lleo enrolled in the Harvard University School ct
Education where he is studying tor c degree ee e Hester oi Arte. Hie current
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address is given as 94 Lakeviee ivezme, Ugh:-idge, Iaseachunte. kistel
Iisineman appears to hate been iestranged tron her husband tor some time and
is presently eonrined es e mental patient in the Ieatboro State Hospital,
Iostboro, llaeeechneetts. In the connection it is noted that confidential
records of the Iqetboro State Hospital reflect that when interviewed,
Kristel Heinenan stated that her husband eas e sexual pervert and that
Konetantin Leiaaanoa, e tamer fellow student or her husband at Harvard
University, was actually the tether ot her three children, e fact which
I-uiasanoe is reported to have ecknowledgedh,
is to Kristel Fuchs Ileinem-en's possible implication in Soviet
espicnege operations, it is noted that her name and address, as roll, as thatoi her brother, Bail Julius Klaus Fuchs, was contained in the address book Ioi Israel Balperin, at the time or the lett:-'e apprehension by the Royal ECanadian Iiounted Police, in February of 191.6. It is also knolm mm in- 615!tmmation obtained from an extremely confidential sonrce
that Kristel Fuchs Heineman was contacted in October of pe on
in the United States who was then servi ail Julius Ill-he Fucha'superior in Soviet espionage ope:-atioe1s%In this connection, it is noted
that then interviewed by the British genco Service, uil Julius Klaus
Fuchs at first maintained that Kristel Fuchs Heineman was not implicated
in his espionage operations. He stated, however, that his sister, who was
evidently an active undercover Gomznist in Germany, new have witnessed his
meetings with his contact in Bee ton and may have deduced that this meeting
was a continuation or his underground work in Germany. Fuchs has since
admitted that he did meet his espionage contact at the Heinenen home in
February 1945. - _
clearance having been obtained from the authorities or the Iestboro
State Hospital, Kristel Fuchs Heineman was interviewed on February 2, 1950,
at which time she appeared to be completely rational. She etated that she
had not seen a great deal or her In-other, Emil Julius Elana Fuchs, but recalled
seeing hie in Germany in 1933 and again in 1935, after his expulsion from
Germany. She also recalled that he had visited her several tines in 1945
Ihill she was residing in Massachusetts. She said that she did not know anv-
thing concerning his activities in Germany but recalled that following his
expulsion, he had gone to France. She said that about 1943 actually in 1940!,
Fuchs had been sent rm Great Britain to Canada for internment as a German
alien. There he was contacted by Israel Halperin, who befriended him and
tarnished his with cigarettes. According to Kristel Iieinemen, Iemiell Fm-1;;
e member of the same Communist Party club in Cambridge, Massachusetts, an that
to Ihich her husband Robert B. Beinemdbelonged, advised her husband that
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Halperin had informed him of Fuchs iuternmeht. Thereafter, she heard from
her brother Emil Fuchs! tron time to time during the course or his internment,
the message in each instance bed.ng forwarded tron Halperin to Furry and by
Furry given to Robert Heineman. Both Konstantin Letelauol, paranonr of
Kristel Heisman, and the latter! husband, Robert B. Heineman, substantiated
her etatemente as to Emil 1'ncha' internment in Canada but were Enable to
denitely indicate the period during which he was held.
Also on February 2, 1950, Robert Block Bcinedan, the husband of
Kristel Fuchs. Heineman, was interviewed. Be. admitted that in the past he had
been active in the Gomnuniet Party and stated that he knew liinil" Julius Klaus
Fuchs. Heinenan aid that he knew that Emil Fuchs had visited with Kristel
Heineman but stated that he had been away from home on frequent occasions and
did not know how often Fuchs had been there. He was not helpful in giving any
information as to individuals the had contacted or visited Emil Fuchs but
offered to go through his papers _to obtain any information twhich-they might
disclose concerning Emil Fuchs. - '
Robert Block Heinenan was reinterviewed on February 3, 1950, at which
time he admitted former membership in the Young Communist League, hut in spite
of evidence to the contrary, insisted that he had not been associated with
the Comrmmist Party since l9hl. He provided no positive intormatien concerning
Emil Julius Klaus Fuchs, claiming that he was absent from his mm home on
almost every occasion that Fuchs had visited there. Heinenan claimed that from
January to Hay of l9&7, he was conducting historic research in the vicinity of
ilontsrey, Mexico, concerning the lexicon War of 181.7. Heineean was reluctant
to identify his associates, "was not fully cooperative, and definitely appeared
to be lying.
Robert Block Heineman was again interviewed on the evening oi
February 1;, 1950, at Ihich time he became evasive and untruthful and indicated
his desire to consult an attorney. Thereupon he telephoned James F. lfahan,
a former Bureau agent engaged in the practice oi law, who counseled Heineman
that he should be as cooperative as possible. Heineman then responded more
readily, admitting that he was currently an active member of the Oomunist
Party. He furnished his Party name and admitted that Gonnmniet Party meetings
were held in his home. However, he refused to furnish the names ct other
Communists, stating that he did not want to talk about people's political
beliefs, but was willing to give any information that might be of benefit in
connection with espionage activities. Questioned specifically concerning
contacts of Mil Fuchs while the latter was visiting the Heinemen residence,
he furnished information concerning an individual by the name of Deutsch
since identified as Martin Deutsch!. .
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On February 7, 1960, attorney Janos F. lhhan advised that he had
spent three hours Iritb Robert Heinemen during the previous evening. He
eeid that Heinemsn was now willing to tell: freely concerning his Party
affiliations end his knowledge concerning ml Julius mus Fuchs and
Kristel Heinennn, providing lhhnn himself wee present during-the interview.
On ?ebruer;y B, 1950, enthority wee granted to interview Beinemn under
thsse conditions. _
- Since this date both Kristel end Robert Hsinemsn have been inter-
viewed on numerous oeoesions end they have been shown numerous photographs
of suspects tor Fuchs inerioen espionage ecnteot. On Hy 22, 1950, Robert
Heinenen viewed Harry Gold in person but was unable to identify bin es the
chemist who bed visited his hone looking for Fuchs. On ..ll-me 16, 1950, r
Kristel Heinensn was shown photographs oi Berry Gold end she identified Gold
without hesitation and positively es the chemist referred to above. She did
not know Gold by my name, however. 5-58805-426; 100-$46228; 65-57449-74; _
Boston teletype o/1s/so!
During interviews of Fuchs by FBI representatives in London, in the
period may 20 to June 2, 1950, Fuchs was questioned eonoerning Communist
backgrounds end activities of the nenfoers of his immediate family. Be stated
that his sister, Kristel, bad been ective in underground work in Germany, but
be did not know if she had ever actually been e member of the Ommunist Party.
With respect to Robert Heineman, I-nabs sts.-ted that on one of his first visits
to the Heinemen buns, probably ct Gbristmes, 1943, he formed the impression ..
that Robert Heincmnn wee e Communist or at least was in favor of the Communist
philosophy. Ilene to Director from Hssers. Clegg and Innphere 6/6/50!
By cable dated June 9, 1950, lb". John Giuperman advised that he bad
interviewed Fuchs who stated that his sister, Kristel Heincmcn, was younger
then himself end actually w-es born July 12, 1915. Fuchs stated he left
Germany in 1933 when Kristel w-es still young end, therefore, be did not know
or beer that she was engaged in Omsmmist work at tbs tine. Ilhen Fuchs next
sew Kristel in England in 1937 he learned frrnher for the first time that she
sotuslly was interested in Gonnnnist activities in Germany. B stated, however,
that the nature end extent of such eetivities were unknmm to him.
' 5-58805-1393! --
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1 .1. ISRAEL HILHEBIH
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- In-eel Halpex-in was born on January 5, 1911, in iectncnnt,
Quebec, Canada, of Rueeian parents. Be Joined the Canadian Army in 19112:
in 1916 nae attached to the Directorate or artiII.1ery; became e captain in
19M. and a major in 19-£5: being discharged ehortly thereafter and becoming
a professor ct mathematics at Queene University, Kingston, Ontario. In the
Amy he worked on a considerable number 01' eecret. projects and had acceee
to all the filee and document: concerning explosives and weapons, ae well
"ae to all new discoveries nede available to the A1-ti11.ery.
Decmenta abet:-acted from the Soviet Ihbaeey at Ottawa, Canada,
by Igor Goucenko, Soviet Bode Clerk, who detected to the Canadian author-
ities on September 5, 191:5, eupported by the testimony; or Gonaenkn himself,
eetabliehed that Kalperin nae a member or the Soviet Military Intelligence
eepinnage network operating in Canada during the period 19k2-19t5- Appre-
hended in February, 19b6, Halperin subsequently nae placed on trial tor
conspiracy to violate the Genedian Official Secrets act. However, on
larch I», 19b7, charges against bin were dimiaaed upon retgaal of a ee-
oonepirater David Gordon Inner: to. teetify eglinlt bin and the consequent
failure on the pert or the Grown attorneys to link bin with the ccnepirecy
through independent evidence, a condition precedent to the admieeibility
ct the Soviet docnnentm. I90-31,2972-incl. 729!
Kristel Heineman has edvieed that about 191.3 actually in 19w!,
Fnche eae eent Iron Great Britain to aneda tor interment ac a German alien;
mm he was contacted by Ierael Halperin who befriended him and furnished
his ulth cigarettes. According to Kristel Hatnenan, Randell Furry, a amber
at the cane Oeunniet Party. club inanbridge, llaeeechueette, ea that to
which her husband, Robert 3. Beinemn, belonged, advieed her husband that
Helper-in had interned bin ct Fuchs internment; hlereetter, ehe heardhcn
her brother Edi Puche! £1-en time .te tine during. the course or hie intern-e
lent, thenceeageineechinetancebeingtornrdedtraaaiperintoianq
and by Parry given to Robert Heinenan. ' "" ' .
Beth Keetantin Lataeanoe, paranonr at Kristel Heinenan, and the
Iatterh hneband, Robert Heinelan, have enbetantiated her._ etat_e§ent'that
llenailnchei one interned. in Banada, but have been enable to indicate thepea-iod-|leriog'1,|hich he was held» 5-53865-h_66!'-/' g _ -
' According to intonation received i'renll!I-Ben ebreary 1|» .-
1950, Fuchs had been interviewed concerning any co e he had Ilth Iereel
Halperin. Fuchs etated that Ihile interned he received a book tron Halperia,
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It is to he noted at this point that contrary to the articles
in Time Magazine of Fohruex-y,20, 1950, the Washington "Daily News" of
March 2, 1.950 and March 10, i950, and the Canadian weekly, "The Ensiw"
ct March ll, 1950 the only knmm. possible link between the uidely publicized
Candies espionage case and the espionage activity of Fuchs is the Halperin
address book entry. The articles referred to above claimed the United States
in 19-.6 was tipped on Fuchs activity through the Canadian Royal Commission.
It was stated that Igor Gousenko learned of Fuchs name and espionage activity
from Colonel Vassily H. Rogov, of the Soviet Einhassy in Ottawa. There is
no basis in fact for these statements. '1he' Royal Canadian llounted Police
have advised that neither the Royal Comission nor the RCMP had possessed
any information regarding Fuchs espionage activity in 191.6, as stated in
the articles. The RCMP believe that Gousenkh may be now attempting to claim
credit for the Fuchs case and that he may be the source of the articles.
5-58805-653! I/
During interviews with Phchs by representatives of the Bureau in the
period Hay 20 through June 2, l950, Fuchs was questioned concerning his association
with Halperin. He stated that he never had any espionage dealings or affiliations
directly or indirectly with Halpez-in. To the hast of his recollection he had
received a letter from Helps:-in while he was in the detention camp in Canada.
He stated that Helper-in might have learned of his presence there from his sister
Kristal Heineman or through members of the German Cosmmnist Party in England who
might have requested Halperin to look after scientists who were incarcerated in
Canada. The letter he received from Halporin stated that the latter was going
to send him some scientific articles and magazines and asked if there was any-
thing else he could do for Huchs. Shortly thereafter, Fuchs received two copies
of magazines; one "Physical Review" and the other "Modern Physics." These cams
from Halpsrin and there was no significance to the publications other than they
were the type of publications that Fuchs was interested in reading. He received
no newspapers and stated that it was possible he wrote to Halperin expressing
his thanks.
Fuchs did not know slur he was released from detention camps in Canada.
He knew, however, that some people in England would like to have effected his
release. He felt certain that Professor Max Borne who was first st Cambridge
and later at Edinburgh University, would have liked to effect his release as a
fellow scientist as would others who were members of the Communist Party.
Memo to the Director from Messrs. Clegg and Lampher dated 6-6-50!
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Wendell Hinklg mm, brother-in--law of Israel Halperin, was
born on February 18, 1907, at Prairietonn, Indiana. He received an LB. -
Degree from DePauw University in 1928, a Hester of Arts Degree from the
University of Illinois in 1930, and e. Pb. D. Degree from the same institution,
in 1932. Since 1.931" be has been a member of the Physics Department of '
Harvard University, Cambridge, llaesachueett, presently occupying the
position of Associate Professor. Effective January l, 1950, he received
an appointment as exchange Professor of Ptu-sics at the Royal Institute of
Physics, Copenhagen, Denmark.. Reoordscf theadiation Laboratory, Nassa-
chueetts Institute of Technolog, reflect that Furry was employed by the
Radiation Laboratory from October 1, 1943, to August 1, 1945, heving bll
approved for access to classified materials as of Jul; 2, 1943, During the
period of his employment, he was dedicated to theoretical research in radarand had access to top secret research information.
According to a highly confidential source Wendell 71!Hinkle Furry has been listed as a member of the Henry uoreau Professionalb
Branch of the Cocmunist Party as recently as 1947. A highly, confidential
source has also furnished information indicating that his wife, Elisabeth
Savrdey Furry, registered as a member of the Cambridge Branch of the Communist
Party for the calender year of 1.945, indicating at that time her former
membership. Wendell Hinlcle Furry is also reported to have been affiliated
with a number of organizations coming within the purview of Ececutive Order
9,835, including such groups as the Joint Anti-Fascist Refugee Committee, the
Civil Rights Congress, and the Samuel Adams School for Social Studies. He
has been exceeding]; active as a member of the Boston-Cambridge Branch of
the American Association of Scientific Workers, and played an prominent part
in raising funds for defense of individuals charged in Canada with conspiracy
to violate the Official Secrets Act, as the outgrowth of Igor Gouzenko's
defection in September of 1945. He is known to have been in contact with
his brother-in-law Israel Halperin on frequent occasions.
The Bureau investigation of Wendell Hinkle Furry, instituted as
the result of Bureau memorandum of June 1.1, 1946, directing the identific-
ation of individuals listed in the address book of israel Halperin, is
currently in a pending status. 00-1.92079! -"
During the interview with Fuchs by Bureau representatives in London,
he stated that he knew Wendell Furry by name and possibly had met Furry when
the latter called at the Heineman hcmein Cambridge, lassachusetts, while Fuchs
36'
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was visiting there. He stated. positively that he did not know Wendell Furry
was a brother-in-Lew of Israel Helperin. He further stated that he did not
know that Parry was a member of the Oomun_iat Party, the Joint Anti-Fascist _
Refugee Gonmittee, the Civil Rights Congress or the Samuel Adams School for Social
Studies. He also did not know that Furry: wife, Elizabeth, was a member of the '
Cambridge Branch of the Gomuniet Party. He stated that he had no reason to
suspect Furry of being engaged in any eapionage activities of any type whatsoever.
Memo to the Director from eas:-a. Glegg and Lamphere dated 6-6-50! -
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1. Events Leeding_AI[p_j_o__Qonijes:s_i_gn_
A memorandum dated October 29, 1949, from the British advised that they
felt bound to advise appropriate authorities in England that the continued
employment of Fuchs in the Atomic Research Station at Harwell, England, represented
a grave security risk and that consequently he should be removed. It was stated -
that in view of this, an interview with Fuchs was desirable. The British desired
to hzow if such an interview would jeopardize the Buree.us informant and whether
or not it would jeopardize further investigation which was contemplated by theBureau.%5-5885-33! :-
:0On November 2, 1949, the Bureau advised theitish authorities that
the effect of an interview with Fuchs on the investig ion which was contemplated ;
in the United States could not he accurately determined. It was pointed out thatI-"'
the successful investigation oi Kristel Fuchs Heinaman might be jeopardized but :
in that investigation. The British were advise hat the Bureau did -not desire -that it was realised a suocessxl interview of Dr. Fuchs might assist materiallyto ask thm to withhold taking action with 1-ea: to Fuchs, but that they should
feel free to take any action with respect to an interview with him which they =
might desire. ilhe necessity for protecting "at all costs" the r'gina1 source rof the information in this case was called to their attention%ai-
8BO5-33! _'-_ i
. " By memorandum dated November 7, 1949, the British advised the Bureauthat[Fuohs had recently sought the. advice of the Security 0.fiioer- at Harwell
with whom he was on good personal terms. Fuchs explained. that his father, who
was living at Frankfurt, had been offered a Chair at Leipzig University, which
he wished to accept. Because Leipzig is infthe Russian Zone of Germany, Fuchs ;
indicated that he was worried about the effect this might have on his position -'
at Harwell and he, therefore, had come to the conclusion that the Security
Officer should be aware or this position. The Security orras er indicated that
such a confidence from Fuchs was most unusual since he was normally reticent---ma_ss1r-'su:r1s1=n*Q 9,! 1/ s - _
The Security Offic er Hing Commander Arnold! reopened the subject a ' 1
day or-two later after Fuchs had reiterated that his father was unlikely to s
rease the offer. Fuchs was askcduhether or not he feared that pressure might 4
be brought to bear on him through his father, and if so, what his reactions - Iwould be. He replied that he did not feel that he could be induced to cooperate
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at the present time but found it impossible to say what he might feel under U,-:9altered circumstances. He asked Arnold whether he should resign from Harwell.
The British advised that in v'§tof'Echs' conversations with Aznoiiawku!they were examining a proposal for lrnol o again interview Fuchs, believing
that this might possibly lead to a confession by Fuchs. Even if it did. not
lead to a confession, it was oeliived that thereafter they might be in a better -
position to assess the chances of success oi hter confronting Fuchs with a
direct accusation. Bureau cements on this development were solicited. R{as-sesos-32! /
By memorandum dated November 14, 1949, the British were advised that
there was no objection on the part of the Bureau to an interview with Fuchs ascontemplated by the British, and that it was felt um the action [Zr his raenerjiu-J=
afforded an opportunity to approach Fuchs in an informal and general mmner
without either alerting him or disclosing the original source of information. E 55-58805-32! /
By memorandum dated December 22, 1949, the British advised that Fuchs
was interviewed on December 21, 1949, at which time he either volunteered or
admitted all of the facts known about his background except those obtained frun
the original inrcrmnt in this case. He flatly denied that he had acted as an
espionage agent and was either unwilling or unable to suggest any contacts
which might have used him as an unconscious source oi information. It was
stated that the British Directorate of Atomic Energy would meet in London on . .December 23 to decide what caution should be taken regarding Fuchs. _x £5-58805-53!
By memorandum dated January 3, 1950, the British advised that Fuchs
as again interviewed on December 3_1, 1.949 and continued to deny that he was in I
any way connected with espionage in 1944 or at any othertime. He was unable to
suggest the name or names of any persons connected with his group in Heriifork
City, who might have been working for or had connections with the 85>vie'ts.
Fuchs stated that he only contacted the Heinemans on two occasions, at Christmas1943, and during the summer of 1944, assesses-1'14!-"
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2.; Fuchs Confession " - _
on January 31, loss, Sir Percy Sillitoe, head oi MI-5, advised the
Bureau that Fuchs, under protracted reinterrogation, had confessed to continuous espionage from the end of 1941 to February, 1949, covering Atomic Energy at X !
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Birmingham University, England, British Diifusion Mission, New York, and Los
Alamos, and the British Atomic Establishment at Harwell. It was pointed out
that technical information betrayed by him included a toll. "bomb know--how" from
Los Alamos. It was also stated that Fuchs had signed s confession and subject
to clearance by the Director or Public Prosecutions, would be arrested and
prosecuted under the Official Secrets Act and the Atomic Emery Act
Quoted below is the signed statement taken from Fuchs on January27, 1950 by 11, J. Sksrdon oi n-5= W; .
Eigvainoigm, 1950; X GM
"Statement of Emil Julius Klaus Fuchs, or 17 Hillside, Harwell,Be;-bhire, who saith:
"I em Deputy Obie! Scient ic Officer acting rank! at atomicenergy research establishment, Harwell.
"I was born in Russeleheim on 29th December, 1911. lb father was s
person and I had a very happy childhood. I think that the one ;
thing that most]; stands out is that my father slug; did what he
believed to be the right thing to do and he always told us that Is
had to go our on wag, even ii he disagreed. He bilssslf had new
tights because he did that his conscience decreed, even it these
were at variance with accepted convention. For example, he was the
first pa:-son" to Join the Social Democratic Party. I didn't take mach
interest in politics during my school days" except isscraras I Islforced into it by the feet that or course all the other pupils knew
who my tether sac, and I think the only political act at echool which
I ever made was at the celebration e£.__the Ieinar Gcastitction when
there was s celebration at school and ell the flags or the Isimer
Republic had been pct up outside, uhsrsss inside large nnnbsrs st the
pupils appeared with the imperial hedge. At that point I took out
the hedge showing the colors st the Dsgmblic, and put it on, and ofcourse it Ice imsdiately torn doempiw! '5-85!"
"linen I get to the University of Lei I Joined the 8. P. D. and took
part in the organisation er the etsdsnte' group of the 8.P.D. Itoned wee]! econ is opposition to the ottieial policies o£.the.3.P.D.
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for example on the question of naval re-armament, when the S.P.D.
supported the building program of the Panzerorsuzer-. I did have some
discussion with Communists, but I always found that I despised them
because it wssapparent that they accepted the official policy of their
own party even if they did not agree with it. The main point at issue
was always the C-ommmist policy proclaiming the united front and at
the same time attacking the loaders of the S-P-D. Later I went to
Kiel University. It has just occurred to me, though it may not be
important, that at Leipzig I was in the Reichsbanner which was a semi-
military organization composed of members oi the S.P.D- and the
Democratic Party. That is a point at which I broke away from my
father's philosophy because he is a pacifist. In Kiel I was first
still a member of the S.P.D., but the break came when the S.P.D.
decided to support Hindenburg as Reich President. Their argument was
that ii they put up their own candidate it would split the vote and
Hitler would be elected. In particular, this would mean that the
position oi the S-P.D. in Prussia would be lost when they controlled the
whole of the police organisation. The election was, I think, in 1952.
mr argument was that we could not stop Hitler by cooperating with other
bourgeois parties but that only a united working class could stop him.
At this point I decided to oppose th official policies openly, and I
offered myself as a speaker in support of the Communist candidate.
Shortly after the election of Hindenburg, Papen was made Reich '
Chancellor, and he dismissed the elected Prussia Government and put in
a Reichstathaltsr. That evening Io all collected spontaneously. I
went to the headquarters of the -Gcmsnnist Party becensel had in the
meantime been expelled from the S.'P.D-, but I had seen many 0'1 my
previous friends in the Reiohshanner, and I knew that they were
gathering together ready to fight £'o_r_ the Prussianovermnent, out the
Prusian Government yielded. all tho? did res to appeal to the central
Reich Court. At this point the morale of the rank and file of the S.P.D.
and the Rsichsbanner broke completely and it-1i'as~.61ident that_there_1ras
no force left in those organizations toresist Hitler. I accepted that
the ¢c|mmmistPart3r had been right in fighting against the leaders of
the B-Pdh and that I had been wrong in blaming thenlhr it. I had
already joined t e Goommist Party because I felt I had to be in some-Brganilsatican. v/U - _ .
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"Some time before this I had also joined a student organization
which contained members of the $.P.D., as well as members oi the
Communist Party. This organisation was frowned upon by the S.P.D..
but they did not take steps against me until I came out openly
against the official policy. I was made the Chairman of this
organization and we carried on propaganda aimed at those members
oi the Nazi whom we believed to be sincere. The Nazis had -
decided to start propaganda against the high fees which students
had to pay, and we decided to take them by their word, con-winced
that we would show them up. I carried on the negotaticns with the
leaders of the Nazi group at the University, proposing that we
should organize a strike oi the students. -They hedged and after
several weeks I decided that the time had come to show that they did
not intend to do it. We issued a leaflet, explained that the r
negctationshad been going on but that the leaders of the Nazis were
not in earnest. hr policy did have success because some members of
our Organization succeeded in making personal contact with some of
the sincere Nazi. The Nazi leaders apparently noticed that, because
some time later they organic ed a strike against the Rector of the
University. That was after Hitler had been made Reich Chancellor.
During that strike they called in the support of the B..l. from the
town, who demonstrated in front oi the University. In spite oi that
I went there every day to show that I was not s.£taid of them. On
one oi these occasions they tried to kill me and I escaped. The
fact that Hindenburg made Hitler Reich Chancellor of course proved to
me again that I had been right in opposing the cffie ialpclicy of the
8&1-.D. After the turning of the Reichstag I had to go underground. I
was lucky because on the morning after the burning of the Reichetag I.
left W home very early to catch a train to Berlin for a conference .
of onr student organization, and that is the only reason why I
escaped arrest. I remember clearly when I opened the newspaper in the
train I immediately realized the significance and I knew that the
underground struggle had started. I took the badge of the r andsickle from my lapel which I had carried until that time.
I was ready to accept the philosophy that the Party his right d
that in the coming struggle you could not permit yourself any
doubts after the Party had made a decision. it this point I
mlitted from resolve in my mind a very small difficulty about my '
conduct of the policy against the Nazis. I received, of course, a
greet deal of praise at the conference in Berlin which was held
illegally, but there rankled in my mind the fast that I had sprung
our leaflets on the leaders of the Nazis without warning, "without
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giving them en ultimatum that I would call to the student body
lest they made s decision by a certain date. If it had been
necessary to do that I would not have worried about it,'but there
was no need for it. I have violated some standards of decent
behavior, but I did not resolve this difficulty and very often this
incident did come back to my mind, but I came to eccept that in such
a struggle of things of this kind are prejudices which are weaknessand which you must fight against. J
"All that followed helped to confirm the ideas I had formed. Hot a.
single party voted against the extraordinary powers which were given
to Hitler by the new Reiohstag and in the universities there was
hardly anybody who stood up for those who were dismissed either on
political or racial gounds, and afterwards you found that people
whom you normally would have respected because of their decency had
no force in elves to stand up for their own ideals or moralB'bB-drdo
"I was in the underground until I left Germany. I was sent out by
the Party, because they said that I must finish my studies because
after the revolution in Germany people would be required with
technical knowledge to take part in the building up of the Communist
Germany. I went first to France and then to England, where I
studied and at the some time I tried to make a serious study oi the
base Marxist philosophy. Theddea which gripped me most was the
belief that in the past men has been unable to understand his can
history and the forces lead to the further development of human
society: that new for the first time man understands the historical
forces and he is able to control them, and that, therefore, for the
first time he will he really free. I carried this ides over into
the personal sphere and believed that I could understand my e andthat I could mks nqrself into that I helieved I should /
_"I accepted for e. long time that what you heard about Russia
internally could be deliberate lies. I had my doubts for the
iirst.ti.me on cots of foreign policies of Russia; the Russo-German
pact was difficult to understand, but in the end I did accept that
Russia had done it to, gain time, that during that time she was '
expanding her pun influence in the Balloons against the influence of
Germany. Finally Germams attack on Russia seemed to confirm thatRussia was not shirlcing and was prepared to carry out a foreign g
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"policy with the risk of war with Germany. Russia's attack on Finland
was more difficult to understand, but the fact that Ezglend and France
prepared for an intervention in Finland at the time when they
did not appearlto be fighting seriously against Germany made it
possible to accept the explanation that Russia had to prepare its
defences against possible imperialism powers. In the end I
accepted again that my doubts hadbeen wrong and the Party hadbeen right. J
"When Germany e rted the real attack on France I was interned
and for a long time I was not allowed any newspapers. We did not
know what was going on outside, and I did not see how the British
people fought at that time. I felt no bitterness by the internment,
because I could understand that it was necessary and that at that
time England could not spare good people to look after the internees,
but it did deprive me of the chance or learning more about the realcharacter of the British people. X
"Shortly after my release I was asked to help Professor Peierls in
Birmingham, on some war work. I accepted it and I started worlmnithout
knowing at first what the work was. I doubt whether it would have
made any difference to my subsequent actions if I had known the
nature of the work beforehand. When I learned the purpose of the
work I decided to inform Russia and I eetablished contact through
another member or the Communist Party. Since that time I have had
continuous contact with persons who Iere completely unknown to me,
except that I hen that they iould hand whatever information I gave
them to the Russian authorities. Lt this time I had complete confi-
dence in Russian policy and I believed that the Western Allies
deliberately allowed Russia and to fight each other to the
death. I had, therefore, no hesitation in giving all the information
Ihad, even though occasionally I tried to ooncentrat inly ongiving information about the results of my can work.
In the omlree of this work I begannaturally to form bonds of
-peraona1. friendship and I had concerning than my inner thoughts. I
used liy Herxiet philoaophy to establish in my mind two separate 92
ocmpartments. the compartment in which I allowed myself to make
in all personal ways the kind of men I wanted to be and the kind oi friendships, to have pereonal relations, "to help people and to be
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"men which, in personal ways, I had been before with my friends in or
near the Comnunist Party. I could be free and easy and happy with
other people without fear of disclosing myself because I knew that
the other oomportment would step in if I approached the danger point.
I oould forget the other compartment enchstill rely on it. It
appeared to me at the time that I had become a. free man because I
had succeeded in the other oompartment to establish myself completely
independent of the surrounding forces of society. Looking back at it
new the best my o expressing it seems to be to call it e. controlledschizophrenia. W
In the postwar period I began again to have mgr doubts about Russian
policy. It is impossible to give definite incidents-because now the
control meohanim noted against me, also keeping may from me facts
which I could not bok in the face, but they did penetrate and
eventually I came to a point where I knew I disapproved of e greet
many actions of the Russian Government and of the Gomzmmist Party,
but I still believed that they would build s new world and that one
day I would take pert in it and that on that day I would also hove to
stand up and say to them that there are things which they are doing
wrong. During this time I was not sure that I could give all the
information that I had. However, it became more and more e1riden_g_e_
that the time when Russia. would expand her inuence over En-ope was
for away, and that, therefore, I had to decide for ngrseli Ihether I
could go on for may years to oontinue honding:over information
without being sure in ny own mind whether I was doing right. I
decided that I could not do so. I did not go to one rendezvous
because I was ill at the time. I decided not to go to the followingone. J . _92- I, _
"Shortly terlerds my father told me that he might be going into
the Eastern Zone of Germngr. it that time any mm mind vms closer
to his than it had ever been before, because he also believed. that
they are at least trying to build e new world. He disapproved or
many things and heiphod oJ.Ieg'd---done so, but he knew that when he
went there he would sq so and he thought that in doing so he night
help to make them realise that you cannot build e new world it you
destroy some mdsmental dooenoies in personal behavior. I oould
not bring smelt-to stop my tether from going there. However, it I
made me face at lost acme or the facts about myself. I felt that my
lei
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father's going to the Eastern Zone, that his letters, would touch me
somewhere and that I was not sure whether I would not go back. I
suppose I did not have the courage to fight it out for myself and,
therefore, I invoked an outside influence by informing Security that
on father was going to the Eastern Zone. L. few months passed and I
became more and more convinced that I had to leave Harwell. I was then
confronted with the fact that there was evidence that I had given away
information in New York. I was given the chance of admitting it and
staying at Harwell, or of clearing out. I was not sure enough of
myself to stay at Harwell end, therefore, I d ed the allegations anddecided that I would have to leave Harwell. u}
"However. it then began to become clear to me that in leaving
Harwell in those circumstances I would do two things. I would
deal a grave blow to Harwell, to all the work which I had loved
and, furthermore that I would leave suspicions against people
whom I loved who were my friends and who believed I -was their
friend. I had to face the fact that it had been possible for me
in one half of my mind to be friendly with people, be close
friends and at the some time to deceive than to endanger them. :I
had to realize that the control mechanism had warned me of danger
to myself, but that it had also prevented me from realizing what
I was doing to people who were close to me. I then realized that
the combination oi the three ideas which had made ms what I was,
was wrong, in fact that every single one of than was wrong, that
there are certain standards of moral behavior which are in you and
that you cannot disregard. That in your actions you must be clear
in your olm mind whether they are right or wrong. That you must
be able, before accepting somebody elss's authority to stats your
douhts and to try and resolve them; and I found that at least Inwself was made by oircumstanoes. Egg
I know that I cannot go back on t t d I know that all I can do
not is to tryand repair the damage I have dons. The rst thing
is to make sure that Harwell will suffer as littleas possible and
that I have to save for my friends as muoh as possible of thatpus that Ins good in mr relations with than. KW!
This thought is at present uppermost in my mind, and I find it
difficult to concentrate on any other points. However, I realize
that I will have to state the extent of the information that I
have given and that I shall have to help as far as my conscienceallows E stopping other people who are still doing what I havedone. M! '
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_' 45
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"There is nobody I know by name who is concerned with collecting
information for the Russian authorities. There are people when I
know by sight whom I trusted with my life and who trusted me with
theirs and I do not know that I shall be able to do anything that
might in the end give them away. They are not inside of the
project, but they are t e intermediaries between myself and theRussian Government. W
"At first I thought the all I would do would be to inform the
Russian authorities that work upon the atom bomb was going on.
They wished to have more details and I agreed to supply them. I
concentrated at first mainly on the products oi my own work, but
in particular at Les. .A.lemos I did whet I consider to be the worst
I have done, namely to give information about the principles of
the design of the plutonium bomb. Later on at Harwell I began
to sift it, but it is difficult to say exactly when and how I did
it because it was a process which went up and down with my inner
struggles. The lest time handed over information was inFebruary or March, 1949.
Before I joined the project most of the English people with whom
I had madepersonal contacts were left wing, and affected, to some
degree or other, by the some kind of philosophy. Since coming, to
Harwell I have met English people of all kinds, and I have some to
see in many of than a deep-rooted firmness which enables them to
lead a decent way of lire. I do not know where this springs fromand I don't think they do, but it is there. K
"I have read this statement and to-the best oi my knowledge it is
KM Eugesa! "Hans Fuohszy.
Statement taken dorm in writing by me s1='+;1i5 permission of mu
_ ;JuJ.ius Klaus Fuchs at the Iar Office on January 2'7, 1950. He
read it through, made such alterations as he wished and initialed..,_seh and every page. K I A Fugue! -"w. J. s1e.1-sons? %
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< In addition to the ctetanent furnished to Skardon, Fuchs gave e. ,
stctoxnent to Dr. Michael W. Perrin, Atomic Scientist connected with the British
Ministry oi Supply, on January 30, 1950. This statmnent, which is quoted else-
where in this -memorandum, outlined in some detail the scientific information =
furnished to the Russians by Fuchs. It is noted that Fuchs divided hisactivities into four periods: ¥ ta!
The first covering the period at Birmingham University fromearly 1942 to December, lees; c 0;,
The second covering the period at New York from December, 1945,. to August, 1944: % UL!
The third covering t&1tpericd at Los Alsmcs from August, 1944to the Sumner of 1946; $ an
The fourth covering the period at Harwell from the Summer of1946 to the Spring of 1949. $ M
It should be noted that by his own admissions, Fuchs furnished to the
Russians information concerning Atomic Energy which had case to his attention
through his own research work or otherwise until the last period, at which time
he began to have increasing doubts as to the wisdom of passing information to
the Russians. In the lest period, he apparently did not furnish to the Russiansall of the information to which he had eeeeee. % UL!
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~" On February 2, 1950, Dr. Fuchs was arrested and charged Iith
violating the British Official Secrets Act. He was errsigxed at the Ben
Street Police Gout before Chief Magistrate Sir Laurence Dunne. Fuchs
was bound over £0:-further srraigrmxent on February 10, 1950. On February
10, 1950, Fuchs was arraigned at the Boer Street Hegietx-ate's Gourt, London,
I at Ihich time he was cemitted for trial at the Central criminal Court,
Iondon, during the sessions beginning February 28, 1950. it the time of
srraigment, James Sksrdon, British Security Service; Henry Arnold,
Security Officer or the Atomic Energy Research establishment, Harwell,
England; and Michael Perrin, llinistry of Supply, appeared as "witnesses.
Portions of the confession made to these three individuals were placed in
the record.
ii March 1, 1950, Dr. Fuchs was tried in London. He pled guilty
to all of the tour counts of the indictment and was sentenced to the nazimnm
penalty or fourteen years. The contents oi the four counts in the indictment
are ss tellers:
'Gount.1 - Ch s day in 1943 in the City of Birmingaem for a.
purpose gr-ejudicial to the safety or interest of the State
communicated to a person unknown information relating to atomic
research which was calculated to be or night have been, or was
intended to be directly or indirectly useful to an enemy.
"Count 2 - On a day unknown between 31st December, 191.3 and let
August, 1.944, being e. &~itish subject in the City of New York in
the United States of America, committed e simlar offense.
"Count 3 §- On a day unknown in February, 1945, being a British
subject at Boston, llassachusetts, in the United States of America,
committed a similar offense.
"Gaunt J. -" in s day in 194'? in Berkshire committed a similar e
offense." _
It has been reported that there was some question concerning the
wading as to the location in England in the rst count or the indictment,
but it nae established that the correct location was Birmingham rather than
Benbury, England.
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The Attorney General, Sir Hartleyhhewcroes, in emeryfashion traced Fuchs history -for the Court and characterised Fuchs esone or the leading nathenaticsl physicists. He stated Fuchs was held to hea hone tide retugee from Hesi persecution "by an Alien Tribunal at theoutbreak of Iorld Her II. Ievertheless, in 1.940 Fuchs was interned as ennew alien and transferred to can eds for internment. Upon release frominternment Fuchs went to Edinburgh University and then to BirminghamUniversity to uork on nuclear physics. On Jone l8, 1942, Fuchs signedan oath or secrecy in connection with his nuclear physics work for the KBritish Government. In July, 1942, Fuchs became a n'ato.raJJ.zed citizenof Great Britain, but nevertheless his allegiance to Commnisn remained
supreme .
The Attorney General read from e statement made by Fuchsan excerpt indicating that ehen Fuchs learned the purpose of his work heestablished contact with the Russians. The Attorney General pointed out
that this contact res established through a foreign Oonmuniet. TheAttorney General also read another excerpt which he had previously readat the arraignment hearing at the Bow Street court concerning the twocompartments in Fuchs mind. He also reed a portion relating to Fuchshaving furnished to the Soviets whet he personally Imam, thongs later atHarrell, England, he began to eirt the information. the Attorney Generalpointed out that in the mmser of 1943 Fuchs went to the United States Fuchs arrived in the United States on December 3, 1943!, Ias in theUnited States approximately eighteen months and continued contact withRussian agents. Fuchs returxei to the United Kingdom in 1946 and there-
after received one hundred pounds as a symbolic payment to shoe suhservience
to the Communist cause.
The Attorney General then told the Court that last fell
information hsd come from the United Btates suggesting that there hadbeen a leakage of information from the British Atomic xergy Mission in
America while Fuchs was there.
The Attorney General also read another portion oi Fuchs ystatement to the effect that Fuchs began to have doubts as to Sovietpolicies and that after he found that his rather was going to theEastern Zone of Gemsny he informed the Security Officer at the Atomicme:-gy Establishment, Harwell, England, of this tact. The AttorneyGeneral than read further from Fuchs statement to the effect that Fuchswas then faced with two alternatives; namely, that he could tell the truthand stay at Harwell, or thet he could conceal his activities and leave
49
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1Harwell. The Judge irgquired at this perms-ee to wlnt the two alternativeswere and how they were presented to Fuchs, and the attorney Generalexplained that they were eltsrmtitees Fuchs placed in his cm mind.The Attorney General pointed out that 1h1c'hs' statement was tree andvoluntary, and further, that Fuchs had cooperated with officials ofthe British love:-smut and hsd said he wished to give as much assistance
as he could to oorrect the damage he had done. the Attorney Generaltold the Court that it was not in the public interest to disclose theextent ct Fuchs cooperation. He pointed out that Fuchs disclosures tothe Russians from .1942 on were undoubtedly '01 peat eseietmce to Russiain Fuchs particular eld. He pointed out further that Fuchs confessionhad hem made while Fuchs was a tree men and that when Fucm was arrestedhe was charged immediately end tried as soon as possible. He stated thatthis was quite different from the types of justice meted out in othercountries apparently referring to the Soviet bloc!. the Court then
cemented that it was his recollection that Fuchs hsd been arrested onFebruary 2, charged on February 3," given s hearing on February 10, andbrought to trial on larch l, the rst possible day he could have been tried.
After the Attorney Generel's opening statement, Derek 0urtisBennett, attorney tor Fuchs, celled W. J. Skardcn, British Security Service
Officer who had interrogated F921chB,_p1a.osd him on the stand and obtainedthe tolloling information: Skardon had talked to Fuchs on 1}ecember21,19-£9, and on other dates up to the time that Fuchs nede his written con-
fession in January. The statement weds by Fuchs was free and voluntary.
The British Government had no evidence to use in prosecution prior to
Fuchs confession. Fuchs has furnished additional informtion since hisarrest. Fuchs had stated that he was cooperating in an effort to right thewrong he hed committed. Bkardcn was then dismissed tron the stand andCurtis-Bennett began his argument, which nae as tellers: ! the statementby Fuchs was made freely by a tree men, not under arrest; ! Fuchs wasunder no sort or prosure from any quarter at the time or his statement;! Fnchs is a scientist of considerable ability; ! Fuchs Joined theCommunist Party in Germey because it fought Nazism; ! when Fuchs was
educated at Leipsig, Kiel, Bristol, end Birmingham Universities he hopedto become s scientist in order to rebuild a oemmnist Germany; ! Fuchs
became e British subject in 1942, hot never e member of the communistParty in Crest Britain; and ! Fuchs never made e secret of his tParty sympathies or association with communist Party member-5.. '
Gertie-Bennett stated that it was a matter or record in the
m-ihish Home Office that at the time ct Fuchs naturalization, Fnclm was a
retngee £1-on the Essie becuess he was addict. it that point the
. so i
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Attorney General interrupted and stated that/there was no evidence that
Fuchs use an active onmnniet in the United Kingdom. Curtis--Bennett
replied that dqyome llmoi-mg Harriet ideology knows that Gomiste act
the some anywhere. The court interrupted, -saying that he was not
perttcslsrly interested in s psychological study at Fuchs state or lied
end instructed that the argument _proce_ed- _
. 92
Curtis-Bemiett then stated that Fuchs _orig.ne1J.y had told the
B68818-I18 only those things which were the products or his sen brain, but
that Ihile he use in America-he had divulged hot only the products oi his
own brain, but eleo the products or the brains or others. Curtis-Bennett
pointed out that during the period covered by the first three counts or
the indictment, Russia was e friend end ally, and that at the time
covered by the Iourth count, namely, 1947, Fuchs vent right on doing the
some things in the ems way. He stated that scientists do not have
exible minds and that Fuchs hsd been in e dreadful state of mind from
the spring of 1949 until he finally confessed. Gertie-Bennett then
went over the same gound covered by the Attorney General with reference
to .Fuohs- learning that his tether was in the Soviet sons, and he mentioned
the discussions between Fuchs and Skardon. He pointed out that Fuchs
recognised that the authorities were suspicious of his activities in the
United States. He said that at the time Fuchs gave his confession there
was no other evidence on which he could be prosecuted and that Fuchs bim-
selt had provided the whole case for prosecution. He commented that
Fuchs whole attitude had changed as e result of his association with
British people and British scientists.
At the conclusion of n-tis-Bermett's argument the Court asked
Fuchs whether he had anything to say. Fuchs, who epeem very hr-oken_
English with e Gemen accent, said in substance that he wanted to thank
the Court and everyone concerned for e fair trial. The Gonrt then stated
that he had considered tour points, namely; _-! Fuchs had imperiled the
rigat or asylum to any new refugees because the British Government could '
not tell when other poisons such as Fuchs were coming into the country;
! Fuchs had betrayed not only his own intellect, but also the secrets
or other men's brains, end had caused ecspdcion to tell on innocent
people; ! Fuchs actions night have imperiled relations between Greet
Britain em the was Ststee cs America; ! 1=uce_' actions had caused
great damage to both Great Britain and the United States-
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/'The Lord Chief Justice, Lord Goddard, before whom Fuchs was tried,stated that the crime with which.Fuchs was charged was only thinly differentfrom high treason, and that the Court was affixing a penalty not so amch forpunishment but to safeguard the country. Lord Goddard then pronounced thatthe maximum sentence I can give you under the Official Secrets Act is
fourteen years, and I, therefore, sentence you to fourteen years."
On May 31, 1950, Sir Percy Sillitoe orally advised AssistantDirector Hugh H. Clegg and Special Agent Robert J. Lamphere that the BritishHome Office was considering denatucalization proceedings against Fuchs andthe proper time for bringing such proceedings. 5-58805-1375!
A United Press dispatch dated July 2, 1950, from London, England,reflected that Fuchs had been moved secretly fro the prison at Wormwood
Scrubs, London, to the Stafford Prison about 133 miles Northwest of London.This move was alleged to be for security reasons."
An article in the Daily Mirror, London, England, on July 1+, 1950,referred to the transfer of Fuchs from.Wormwood Scrubs to Stafford Prisonand went on to say that the transfer was on request of the British atomic
scientists, according to the highest authority, and that Fuchs might soonbe working again for Britain [inferentially on atomic energy research!.
By letter dated January 23, l95l?=the_Legal Attache, London,furnished information received from Mr. W. J. Skardon of MI5 concerningthe possible densturalization of Fuchs. Sksrdon informed that under theBritish Nationality Act of l9h8, the Secretary of State may revoke a
naturalization certificate in cases where the holder has been convicted ofa criminal offense. Therefore, as a natural consequence of Fuchsconviction the Secretary of State informed him by letter dated June 15, 1950,that he was considering depriving Fuchs of his citizenship. Skardon
related that the Secretary of State laid down three possibilities to Fuchs --namely, that Fuchs might accept his decision, might make written repre-sentations for the consideration of the Home Secretary, or might ask forthe case to he heard before a Tribunal set up for the purpose. Fuchs
replied to the Secretary of State by letter dated June 28, 1950, and in sodoing availed himself of the second choice. Fuchs told Sksrdon orally thathe did not want to provoke a public hearing at which a matter possiblycausing embarrassment to him, to his friends, and to the authorities mightbe ventilated. However, the Secretary of State had set up a Committee toadvise him in a number of cases then under review, and the Chairman decidedthat this Committee would sit as a Tribunal during the Christmas vacation
52
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and would hear Fuchs,'his counsel, or any witnesses he might call. Fuchs
was so notified by the Chairman, but Fuchs replied that he had no wish to
appear before the Tribunal unless he could be of assistance. On "-~-.
December 22, 1950, the Committee heard the case outlined by the Attorney
General, Sir Hartley Shaucross, K}C., M.P. As Fuchs was not represented,
Sir Hartley ; presented the respondent's case as well to the Comittee.
There has been no decision to date.
In Fuchs letter dated June 23, 1950, he advised the Secretary of
State generally that he could not expect the latter to accept an assurance
of loyalty from.him. He went on to state, however, that his disloynl actions
had ceased.wholly in l9h9 before any suspicion had been voiced against him,
and he then made the following comments which are of interest:
"When I was first interviewed by Major Skardon of M.I.S in
December l9h9, he informed me that there was circumstantial
evidence that I had given secret information to an agent of
the Russian Government whilst resident in New.York in 19th.
He stated that he could not tell me what the evidence was, nor
could he submit the evidence in a court of law. He stated
further that he was authorized to assure me that, if I y
admitted the charge, I would not he prosecuted and would he"
allowed to retain my position at Harwell. If I denied the
charge, I could not he prosecuted, but he would advise the
Ministry of Supply that my father's residence in East Germany
was considered to involve a security risk and I might he asked
to resign. Major Skardcn was anxious that I should not consider
this as a threat and in fact offered his assistance to find
alternative employment in another Government Department. Indeed,
I did not consider it a threat, since I would have had no difficulty
in finding an adequate academic position. No mention was made of
any activity of mine other than in New York in l9hh and therefore
the assurance mentioned above was of course irrelevant, as far as
I was concerned.
"In January 1950 the Director of A.E.B.E. Atomic Energy Research
Establishment! informed me that the Minister of Supply requested my
resignation in view of secuity difficulties connected with my
relatives. He stated that he would make arrangements to retain my
services as a consultant to A.E.R.E.
52 A
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"This was the situation, when I decided to make e complete
confession. I had received no relevant promise and no sub-
stantial threat. ' I was not forced to coneas by any evidence,
since I had not been confronted with am; evience against me.I
"Although the facts mentioned under quoted. paragraph regarding
interview by Major Skardvn! above would have been of great value
in a plea for mitigation, I agreed through nor Counsel not to
mention these facts during my trial, since in the opinion of the
prosecution this might have been prejudicial. to the interests of
this country.
"I have loyally co-operated with MI5 and the F.B.I. , although no
threat or promise has been made to me at any time before or after
my trial." 5-58806-l1#92! Enclosure!
"i. iii?
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III. 7F§cts"Q0n_cerniI1g ,Al11<?;l"_;'L7Cé1n Espionage C,0r1ié¢I-_-
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tollmring information has been made available bymmg 1hn:l.l Julius Elms techs and his American e Qcon c who is designated in following material under thsjgovernames or Geese and unaud.x
on May 8, 1944, the HEB resident agent at the Soviet consulate
in Rel I011: City, EH3, reported to Moscow that Rest Fuchs! had advised
that the work of the British Commission in the United States was neetdng
with no success in view of misunderstandings. nay advised that it would
be proposed to Rest to either return to Great Britain or to work at a.research special laboratory camp, W]
on June 15, 1944, liayreported tlnt on June 10, 1944, there
had been received from Rest the third pert of the report USN-J2,
Fluctuations and The Efficiency of s Diffusion Plant, Part I11."
Rest had expressed doubt that he could remain in the United States
without arousing suspicion. me United states Govermnent had told the
British representatives that construction of an atomic energ plant in
England would directly contradict the spirit of the agreement on
atomic energy signed together with the Atlantic Charter. It was re-
ported that the British representative in Washington was looking into
the details of transferring the work to England. Ree presumed that 'he would have to leave in about s. month and a half.
on July 25, 1944, May reported that liaison with Rest for
almost a half year had demonstrated the value of H.est's work for the
11GB. may considered it necessary to pay him for a half year, and it
was recommended that this be in the amo of five hundred dollars,which Hay said Rest fully deserved.
0n August 29, 194.4, ay reported that in July, when it became
knmrn that Rest might leave for Eng]:-nd,"Alexius and, as a last resort,
noose! were advised concerning some unspecified matter!. On August 5,
194.4,when Rest did not show up for a meeting and was not at the followingthree meetings, Goose than checked at Reetls ape:-went and was told that
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Rest had left for England. Goose than sent to see East's sister and
learned that she and "her husband scold not return until.-September 20,
1914.. Hay reported that in vies of these taste the tiredollars authorised by lloeoos tor payment to Rest had not been turned
over to hile - - »
Ch October l, 191»-1+, lhy advised that Goose bed reported that
Abraham Brothmn had stepped work at the Ohenurgp Design Goqpany. there use
also reference to production oi. HIM-A-5. It use reported that B1-othman had
been collaborating with lheodore! Heiligeooncerniag the production ot
aerosol boobs. Goose reported totbe EB that in the business arrangements
Brothnan had been cheated by his partners. It was set rm-tn that
Brothnen had set up his om Laboratory at 11-It Best 32nd Street, Hes fork
City, with the help of the Graver Tank Company and the Bridgeport Brass '
Company, and that in two or three seeks he would conclude his work on 'ol DDT indi Goes ls B than I eeros and . It-use cated that e oontemp ted using ro ,and mention also us. made or o hundred dollars a month, but the 5!intormtion rre eee not set forth Ihether the one hundred
dollars emonth were o e o Brothmen. Goose reported tint he had
known about the disagreements between Brothman and his partners tor two or
three weeks but had considered it a temporary quarrel and had not thereforeadvised the" $68. Hosooe was to be advised of details by post. % -
On October 4, 191,4, lay reported that Best's sister had not
returned home. Goose was to attempt to see her again on strip plannedfor October J2, 191.1,. Q? Q .
On October 5, 1951;, ay reported that he was changing e number
of cover heinss, among which were that Goose cover name was be edto Arnaud, and Best's cover name was being changed to Oharl's.
On November 1.1., 191:1». Hay reported that on Arnaudha last trip
to see Che:-1's sister it was learned that Che:-1*: had not left for
Hzgland but was in Camp 2 I-os Alamos!. Gherl'e had flown to Ohisap
and called his sister on the telephone, naming the State oi the camp and
promising to see her at Christms. May reported that Amend was takingmeasures to establish liaison with _3harl':t during the Christmas leave. g»!
On Deaember 13, 191,5, the 1838 representative in New Iork, May,
reported to lloscoe that he did not deem it advisable to concentrate all
espionage activity against at-ondo energy installations in the United
States in the hands or In-naud for the reason that it would be too risky.
He commented that while such a plan would be favorable in that it would
limit the group of persons, it probably would not be advisable from
another unspecified standpoint. 5 ,- "9 e
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e:ber.2D, 19%, Hay made reterence "to Amend, and also
layeteted that Arnend had selected the title for hie
the Praoticaljpplication Underkrodnction Conditions
the '1',hernl.Di££ue1on or Geese. He commented further
tenplating entering into contractl with varioue firms
elee nu contemplating eetting up aelaberatcry. Ila;
hen lrnsnd. rst discussed setting np a laboratory he had
told the 1GB that no._help Ilolaldbe required I:-om"then, but that he was
new indicating that tee thousand dollnre would be required. lie; also e
commented that Arneud underestimated ell the difficulties of organizing a
laboratory and had not auitioiently Iorkued out plane to deal with inter-
ested firm or on concluding agreements with such £11-me on which he nae
strongly counting. lleyhed suggeated working out the poeaibilitiee in
more detail, and Hey stated that there would not be any clearer picture
earlier than the end of January, 1919- Hey advised that Arneud'e note
about the creation 0! e laboratory by himself had been sent to lloecoll bypost en October 21;, 191+!»
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It is noted that the signed statement given by Fuchs to W. J.
Skardon on January 27, 1950, which is quoted shove, contains no information
concerning the identity of his American contact and in the statement, Fuchs
indicated that since he had first decided to give information to the Russians, _
he had been in continuous contact with unknown persons whom he knew would
hand whatever information he gave them to the Russian authorities. "He stated
that he had no hesitation in giving all of the information he had, although
on occasions, he tried to concentrate on the results of his own work. Eb
stated further that he did not know anybody by name who was concerned withcollecting information for the Russians and that the last time t he gaveinformation to the Russians was in February or Harsh, 191.9. C
The statement which is quoted elsewhere in this memorandum which
was given by Fuchs to Dr. Hichael W. Ferrin, indicates that Fuchs, while in
New York during the period December, 1943 to August, 1944, furnished to the
Russian Agent with whom he was in contact in the U.S.A. , information to
which he had access, his min contribution being copies of repor1'.s' in tin
I-SN series. He usually handed er the manuscript oi each report after ithad been typed for duplication.
He stated that the first contact with the Russian Agent after he
went to Los Alamos was in February, 191.5, when he net the Agent at Boston,
Eiassaclzusetts where he furnished him with a report of several pages summarizing
the whole problem oi nnking an atomic bomb as he saw it. He again met the
Russian Agent in Santa Fe at the end of June in 1945, at which tine he handed
him a detailed report which he had already written in Ins Alemos with access
to relevant files. He had several further meetings with the Agent in Santa
Fe in the autumn of 1945 and the spring of 1946, but could not re mber precisedates. During these meetings, he gave additional information. !
Fuchs stated that the Agent with whom he was in contact during his
whole period in the United States nus more capable of understanding the inior-
nation than had been his contact in the United Kingdom. He described him as
being perhaps an engineer or chemical engineer and stated that he clearly had
no detailed knowledge of nuclear pivsics or of the sort of mathenatics withwhich Fuchs was competent to deal. _
By memorandum dated February 1, 1950, the British advised that
Fuchs, following his confession, volunteered certain information regarding
furnishing iraiormation to the Soviets while he was in the United States. He .stated that this was carried. out through the medium oi one Iran. He did not M
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know the identity nor nationality of this individual. He did state, however,
that this contact was not a nuclear physicist, but had some knowledge of
chemistry and eng-1-nearing. All meetings were carried out at street corners.
Four such meetings took place in Lfew York City during 1941.. A further
meeting was arranged to take place in Boston, Massachusetts at Christmas,
194.1,, but Fuchs did not show up. One or tee meetings took place in Boston
between February 13 and February 22, 1945. One meeting took place in SantaFe in June, 191.5 and further meetings occurred st e later date in Santa Fe.
Fuchs maintained that Robert Heineman was not implicated. He stated,
however, that his sister, who according to the British was evidently an
active undercover communist in Germany, may have witnessed his meetings with
his United States contact in Boston and may have deduced that-this meeting wase continuation of Fuchs underground work in Germany. $'5-58805-344!/' UL!
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Sh! m KEIBLE .1-AFAZAF£§.
1- Iafwasiieo-111°! Edits; eioensa
Kristel Esineasn stated that epprocinately two to three Ieehs before
her brother visited her on February 12, 1.91.5, she was looking out the eiodow
ct her hone at 11.1. I-eksview ivenm, Cambridge, lIassechnsetts.' She noticed ecan wallclng down the street whom she did not lcnw and was, therefore, surprisedwhenhe can toherdnor endreng the bell. Thetinewas Justbefore noonand she would tix the date at somewhere between approximately January 20,1945, and the first deer of February, 1945. Ihen she answered the door theunidentified individnelssked her it she were Hrs. Beinemen, the sister of
Klaus Fhchs. She responded in the affirmative and be introduced himself byname, which she does not remember, and he stated he was a chemist who hadworkee&:.'|.th Fuchs and was anxious to see him. it about this tine KristelHein 'e children came hone £1-an school tor lunch and she invited the manto Join them. During the course of the meal the unhnnnn nan learned the
dates between which Fuchs would be visiting her in Cambridge. lire. Heinemsi
was under the impression that this man had worked with Fuchs at Los Alanna,
but she could torn no basis rorihie recollection. She believed that when
the mm left her hone he may have taken e bus for Harvard Square. HrsHeinsnm also has the impression that this nan came iron Chicago.
lire. Heinensn stated that on the second day that Fuchs was inCambridge the sane men rang her doorbell -- this date would be lpp!OXl1Il-'GB1J'February 14 or 15, 1945. This call was late in the afternoon, Hrs. Heinemanbasing this on the fact that her children were home from school. Hepresented lire. Heineman with a then popular work or light tiction, "Ire.Palmer's Honey." He also brought candy for Hrs. Heinemsn'_s children. Shetook this nan into the living room where Fuchs was then sitting. She statedthat prior to the man's arrival she had informed Fuchs of the previous visitof ds man, at which time Fuchs appeared to be somewhat annoyed but did notcomment beyond saying, "Oh, it's all right."
On this second visit or, the men he talked Fuchs tor e period of
tteen or twenty minutes in the Heineman living room. lire. Heinenan waspresent for at least a part or the conversation, -but stated she did nothear any or it. She recalled that she was surprised at the short durationof the visit in view of the fact that it was her belie! that the nan hadtraveled a considerable distance to see Fuchs. Ire. Heineman recalled thata tow weeks or months later, possibly late April, 1945, the nanrsng herdoorbell for a thirdtim. The man again esked..£or Fuchs and again stayedtor lunch. During this visit the man requested» information concerning thenext visit of Fuchs to the Heinemen home. She responded that she did notknow when Fuchs would again visit her. She believed that on this occasionthe man mentioned he had two children smaller than her two youngest. Thiswould fix their ages at three and less than three %33o5 _446_! /-
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2. Infonngtion on Booer;trELe__i.nen_n_n.Fr . ,
Robert Heinenen has provided the following information whichrepresents a eunmiry oi a number ct interviews 0! him. Heinennn stated
that he net the unidentiried nan on one ocoasicn only. he placed this asduring the lest rev days oi February or in the first ten dag-e ct lies-ch,191.5. Heinensn cane hone tron classes at Harvard for lunch and the un-
identified nan eras already in hie hole. He was introduced to RobertHeinemn as a friend of Klaus Fuchs -- a chemist Iho had worked with Fuchs."
For lack oi any other conversation the t'eo men diecnseed the weather and
the nen made reference to the exceedingly heavy snoetall in Bui'i'elo, New
Iork. Robert Heinenau was or the definite impression that the nan hadarrived by train in Boston n-on eone point outside the city, and he believed,
Iron his recollection concerning snow in Buffalo, that the individual! trainhad passed through that city. Iieinemen also has the recollection that some
tine during the course or the conversation the City of Philadelphia wasmentioned. Heinenan stated that the mn did not etay long at hie hone, and
he does not recall that anyone else was present except llrs. Heinenan and thethree Heineman children. Heineman stated that he would know this individualagain it he saw him and thinks he could identify him tron a photograph, but henot positive of this. Robert Heinemen believes the man: tirstmme was Joseph
and that his last name begins with "Bob," possibly Robbins, Roberts, orRobinen -?£5-58805-4'46! W '
3. In_i'Q_r_:ne.ti9n_From Kgnetanqin Lafesanoo '
Kristel Heinemsn stated that she believes she might possibly havetold Konstantin Lafananos, her paramour, about the visits or the unknownman, but she is not sure of this. Konstantin Lafesanos, in an interview,stated that he can recall a scientist visiting the Heinemen hone one day atnoon, approximately February, 191.5, and prior to Fuchs arrival. Lnfaaenoestated he had gone to the Heineman home to taloe care of their children, andrecells that a man arrived about 11:00 ll looking for Fuchs, end stayed torlunch. Latasance tated this individual. was not very tall, under rive feet,eight inches, and possibly five feet, five inches; or stocky build, weightabout tvo hundred pounds , and having e. rather round face, and giving a Polishor Slavic appearance. Lefeaenos has 1'e'e.recollectione concerning this person,but it is his impression that the visitor discussed the value ct vitamins, andLatazanos concluded that the scientist was a hacteriologist connected insome new with e He-I York wholesale grocery manurectering company. It is tobe noted that Le.fananoe was nebulous in his statements concerning this person.
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Name
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Height
Weight
Build
Hair
Complexion
Face
Speech
occupation
Eyes
H81-ital.
Statueii;
Fuchs
Unknown
1+0 in 1945
5' 10'
Fairly Broad
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Round
Not physicist,
possibly chemical
engineer
No Glasses
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. Heinemn
Joseph Rob
In thirties, possibly
late thirties
5' 6"
170-1'75 lbs-
Stocky, not fat
Dark, thin, receding
hairline
Dark
FulJ., but
fine features
No accent
Chemist
Wore Glasses
uarried,
2 children
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Heinemn
Unknown
About 40
5' 8 to 8-1/2-
IBO lbo
Stocky
Very dark brown,
thin -- not curly
Dark
No accent
Chemist
l|u|
Married,
2 childrenI
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1Subsequent to Dr. Michael H. Perrin's interrogation of F4.1chs,EiI-~53 %
advised the Bureau representative in London that Fuchs had stated that
arrangements for the first 'm$eting with the United States contact were made
in Benbury, England. He had for a period of time been meeting with a woman
in Banbury. He indicated that the first meeting with the United States contact
was in New York, possibly somewhere on the south and of Manhattan. The arrange-
ments for the meeting were made orally in Banbury before Fuchs departure forthe United States. its-58805-ass! /$3A C
On February B, l95O,cl.£I-aadvised the Bureau representative in London
that Fuchs had, on that date, furnished the following desoriPtion of hisAmerican contact: g -
Age - about 40 - 45
Height - possibly 5' l0"
Fairly broad build Round. F9-oe " -
Fuchs thought that the contact was possibly a first generation
American but could not describe his ancestry. In addition, he stated that allmeetings were on streets of the cities involved. $65-sssos-519! /"
9 On February 10, 1950, the Bureau's Agent in London was advised byE[I_-ED-that Fuchs had stated on that date that he believed his first New York '
meeting was held on an unknown date at the corner on Henry and Iarket Streets
on Lower East Side. New York! Another meeting was possibly in the area
between the Williemsbur and Manhattan Bridges. Other meetings were held inthe Bronx and Brook1ynj§65-58805-523! 1
C? On February 15, 1950, the Bureau was advised by the Agent in Londontha ESL-ahad furnished advice to the effect that Fuchs had stated that the
description of the American contact furnished by the Heinemans was "fair,"
but he did not remember the contact wearing glasses or having fine features.
The name "Rob" as the beginning of the last name was meaningless to Fuchs and
he flatly denied that he ever saw his American contact at his sister's resi nceor that the Heinemans had told him the man had come to the house. He stat
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Qlrthsr that he got the'inpress'ion that his American contest had no previous
underground experience due to "the very obvious manner in which he looked back
to see whether they were being followed. Be also stated that the meeting _
places in Bee Iork were held in the evening on the dates arranged to suit the
convenience of his contact. the contact arrived and departed £1-on the meetings
on Ioot. During the meeting, both would walk through the streets. In Hen Iork,
the documents were turned over to the contact in an envelope wrapped in wrapping
PIP-!1_'J$ u,!_ _ 7 :
He also stated that the first meeting in Boston was on a business
street or nixed business and residence buildings somewhat ctr the main center
oi town. The second meeting was probably a day later but the place was not
recalled. "On both occasions, he delivered _notes to his contacts, writtenbetween the meetings. 1 no
"The first Banta Fe meeting June 1916! was held on a quiet street
along the river. For the second meeting, the contact was picked up in Fuchs
car on s country road outside of town. They thereafter drove to a lonely
road and talked. Both dates were arranged to suit the convenience of his
contact who arrived and departed from Santa Fe by bus. The information turnedover was handwritten or typewritten notes. $%65§58805-327! /.
IA . , I
The Bureau nae advised on February 23, 1.950, by the Agent "in London
that Fuchshad furnished further information to the effect that both oi the
Boston meetings had been held in an area bounded by Washington, State, Atlantic
and Commercial Streets. He continued to deny that his "American contact was ever
at the Beinemans.
He also stated that the first Santa Fe meeting was on the north hank
of the Santa Fe river on Alameda Street between Castillo and Delgado. The second
meeting was on Washington Avenue , Just below Kearney and proceeding out Bishop's
Lodge Road. Cable from Hhitson 2/23/50, es-ssaos-626! I
The Bireau was advised on Harsh 2, 1950 by the Agent in London that
Fuchs had given further information to the effect that in the first meeting
Iith his lmerican contact in New York in 191.1,, he and his contact both wore
gloves and in addition, each carried a second pair of gloves. Gable fromIlhitson dated 3/2/so, nunber 1.10, 655eso5-526! -/' LL!
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On nereh 4, lsso, the Bureau was advised that Fuchs stated that he
obtained oral questions rather than written questions from his contact. Further, _:that he did not take anything to Boston and delivered nothing at the first
Boston meeting. Subsequent to the first meeting, he wrote answers to the _
questions which were asked him and delivered them to the contact at the second Q-
Boston meeting. He further stated that he had only two meetings in Santa Fe -
and that he had no meetings with any Soviet agents after the fall of 1945 in
Santa Fe until late 1946 or early 1947 in England. Cable from Whitson dated3/4/50, number 4l_8! Serial 733! X :
On March a, 1950, the Bureau was advised thetguehe had eerenuly ,
examined photographs which had been furnished to him an which were previously
made available with Bureau letter dated February 25, 1950, and rejected all the ~
photographs except that oi Joseph Arnold Robbins. He examined this photograph
carefully for two minutes and said, "There is something familiar about this
man." After covering the forehead oi the photograph to simulate a hat, Fuchs
stated "I cannot swear, but I am pretty sure that this is the man I met in the
United States. Fuchs was referring to his American Espionage contact. The
interrogator requested him to visualize the men as he first saw him in Man-
hattan and e. ain look at the photograph. He did so and stated, "I think itis the man}: Cable from Whitson to the Bureau dated 3/8/50, number 425!. P4
92 g, Serial 827!/ lat gr J w
memorandum dated March 8, 1950, the British advised that Fuchshad identified the American contact with ve ' jrtainty" as being ide t calwith a photograph of Joseph Arnold Robbin mo !s/005 ed 3/8/so " " =
1is 89 sh?0n March 10, 1950, the Bureau was advised that Fuchs ha admitted
that he gave his American contact the address oi his sister, Kristel Heineman,
in 1944. He was told to call at Fuchs sister's residence to nd out when
Fuchs was coming; there. Fuchs met the contact at the Heineman residence in
February 1945. They discussed the questions orally, but not in the presence
of Kristel, and made an appointment for a day or two later to meet on Portlandstreet below North Station in Boston. % 9,!
Fuchs also stated that the Russians did not know he was going to the
U. S. in 1947 to attend the Deolassification Conference and while here he had
visited Boston where he had gone to the Massachusetts Institute oi Technologrand had visited his sister. $ Q!
62
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iie 1u:r-thee stated that his Anericge ccntact tried to give him the
ilpressiuc that his Swiet superiors were pleased with hiii. He stated his
centact lenticned money an cnefocccsion hut he refused to telcs it. He ennctremember any otter of Soviet scientific cunether eeard for his work. £1 ' cm. £1-en Inuden 3/10/$0! Serial eov! 5
rn. Bureau was 1111113-llll use e nencrendnl Ix-Qua lb:-ch 10, 1950
setting tcrth Fuchs answers to certain questions previ Jqrsnhdtted by the
Harem. Concerning his American ccntect he tmmished sdditimel intorneticn
that it was diimalt for the contact to get to Santa Fe, he use not independent
apparently meaning that he could not travel at 111.1! end Fuchs tensed the
iqressicn that he ea: in some smlll engineering concern. He indicated also
it was more "dangerous" tor the contact in that lonely district Bantu. Fe!.Is also stated um he ma no alternate contact in the mg 65-58605 - ,
lam :b.-cm Belmont to mm 3/13/50! Serial 1012! _
Ch 3/16/so tn. Bureau Ins edvieed by tn. Legal Attache in Landll um
Fuchs had rejected the 1950 em-veillnnce phctcgrsplu ct Joseph Arnold Robbinses not um; photos ct nu lmerisen ccntect. He .1-..1;.e 1m.v.1-,@_me the 1943
photographs ct cbbine which had been previously sheen to his resemble: hisAmerican ccntec@ éG¬u13Le £1-cu Lcndrm 3/I-6/S0! Serial 788!»
In interviee with Fuchs on Ila; 20, 1950 by Assistant Director H. H.
legg Ind SA B. re h £ur:n1shed the .toJJ.csri.ng intcu-nation about hisflmericen contact: Q! _ .......__
Height c we or 9» ""- _'
Ieight 175 lbs.
Hair Dark does not remember heir line!Broad face and ngm-.Usual]; dark eve:-coat end suits. '1e t ooe%-.nt.1cnea__1_;;-gang wile and child. g?one y have en Jewish, my have lived in Pu elphia, .
lieves he mentioned the letter once.
llo accent in speech, but believee speech would be Beet U.S. Guest. '
Described him as being of middle class. '
Hie familiarity with certain technical term led. hche to believe
he was chemist or engineer.Fuc tated he my have giv d acme name to ident1.fy @ce VJ
he celled there able n-cm H.H.61egg, en, lay zo, 1950! M c
- 92 .92
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it E? 22, 1950, Fnolm, in an with lloeeora Olegg and
Lanphere, furnished edditionel.»'in1'or|aation concerning his aeeociation with
bio American contact. He at-lied that at the first noting with the contact
in the 0.34. the contact bod a glcve q>pa'rentIl,7 carried in hie hand!.
Incbe had acne other neane or identiricetion, carrying a newspaper, and eone
identifying words, but he was enable to recall the detaile. He did recall,
however, that the phrase identifying hinelf ended, loan you tell me how to
go to Grand Gentral Station?" the contact was then to reply in an unusual
and not entirely responsive nanner, ed Ioche was then to respond in e.
cuapletely absurd manner, in accordance with instructions he had received
tron his teaale contmt in Ianbori.
He etated that the tir-at probably around Ghrietaaae
91.3! and within one mm. mu He believed the contact to
have been wade on Henry Street in llorket Street, on the Dower
laet Side. they walked together and nothing was paeaed to
Fuchs at this meeting. '
mche indicated that there wee a total or epproximtely five meeting:
cu-noreinllewierk. One ctthectherleetingewae cnFi1-at avenue, near the
Queenebcro Bridge. He "walked under this bridge on First Avenue during the '
contact. Another meeting waa on a eta:-cet near the entrance to a enheegy etation
which was the "mecca" atop on the Independent Subway Line, Oentralfark, Ieet.
another Ieeting wee in the Bronx, near a cinema, possibly on the Ch-and Goncouree,
near 159th or lblet Street. another meeting was arranged for Brooklyn,
possibly near the Boro Hall. There were tall bo:L1dinge'1n the neighborhood
ld HIST! traffic.
Shortly before Fuchs leit tor Lee Llam
…[truncated]