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° 1§*F*L%¥»%¥¥i¥l2 q mm Oppenheimer nee born ingest 14, 1912, ink! York Git!. He
use ednmted in _thiI'_oonntry obtaining a E 1. napiee at Jehunopldm thim-vii"-r
in 1933- Ie"a'ttended tor a short period of time mvendish Isbe:-story, Gsnbridge
U-tversityin I_pndon,' subsequently-Ierking in the Physio! Ieborei-017 Of the
lldxoreity at nrenee in If-elm He-reseived his Hub. .in.HwIios Iran the
Oelitornin Institute of lbohnoloay in 1939- hbsequent]; he worked at Stanfordmiversity as snlseistsnt in the Phyoiosbepsrhsnt. pur.u>ition in 191,1, at the miversit of »= tornia -92 .=_--= . e he
.:n tori! = -.,- es n reeear - e ' .- '1. = '15!
the bseio dove open : of the story prior to the ezistenoe "oi the 9.5-ll.
contract Iith that mivereity. H6 Ins considered
thetbeniomnbrroeets B_osg:%ttwoieersst.Ioe Qgmm- ope nuo tests o o B He no considers one oi the
0. e o er non qne prooecmre need in producing
nuclear ssion. 1:1 the smmer or 19!»? he beeeno associated with the Ilhijrersity
or llinnesota as an seaietsnt Proteesor of Physio» D1 June, 1949, he tendered
his resignation to the Ilzivereity at Iinnesote etiting he had been e member oi
the Ounmnist Perty in the late 1.930% and that he res going to testify before
the House Oomittee on In-American Activities oi this hot. His resignation
nae sooepted by the President or thehhivereity. .
Oppenheimer has hsd an ineue from $10,000 to $15aO00 a year hosed
upon the estate left by his parents. Be is mrrisd to the former Jaoquenette
Ivonneossnnnhonasbominsnsdae asyhsvettoninor children, eboyends
girl. o
Frank Oppenheimer was the subject of an investigation conducted by
the FBI which use instituted on lleroh 11», 1947, ether he had resigned tron the
Radiation Iebo:-story 13.8-lb Project at Berkeley, Gilitorniae Prior to that
he had been the subject of en investigation by the llenbattsn mgineering District
Iho had respomibility for oondnoting izmutigetiona of project employees st '
thi lo -
Ihils investigation developed information oonoerning Oolmunist
stlietions and post Golmunist Party nenbe:-ship on the part or both Frank
oppenheinsr and his wine, no into:-nation Ins ther the Ienhettsn%énse;;L_z_zg gggget 3 Qe FBI re'IE1-"E Egt Frank Oppenheimer eng'%'Ii"'>
eh omge setivities. .» » .
In lleroh, 1949, the FBI interviewed Bylnn Rubin, e former gm. ,3
the Iesedem Protsseioml Section et the Ins Augelss Ocmnty comunist Party
4"!-"8 911° years 1933 end 1939, Iho edlriled tint ironic qwpenheimer during the
period 193'?-1939 ettended meetings or this Beotion ot the ummrist Party.
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01 Jhne 14 1949 mm teet1Iied."hetccre tl1_e*Hp'e_eeOcmittee on ue=, leecnpnied by nu oauneel cnrm-<1 .1. Burr
nu Preeid t 1 th ktionel en c e Ieiyere Guild, et_Ihich tine he, cppenheimez, .
etetedhehedjcinedtheuumuniet H113 I81 ' L219 2|-BRBIGBB8 California
-emeuiierahi. d -- » '5__'_1 ,- e I
"L 681 " _e lite, Jeoqnenette, aoempenie_
---:-"W s counee es ~ are the camuittee that ehe eleo no e card
carrying member oi the Ocmuniet Rrty in 1937 until the spring of 1941 at
Iheedena, mum-m.
subeequent to hie resignation n the mivereity of Iinneeota,
hank appenheiner took up residence en a mall ranch near Pagoea Springs,
0010:-ado. He vent there with hie family»
01 December 26 infermtion me reeeived that e ineeport application
had been received at the Depertment of State Iran I1-enk qapenheiner indicating
e desire to go to Indie tor one year for "etudy purposes." Pertinent infor-
mation concerning Fnnk Oppenheimer was made available to. the Department ot
State at the request of the Paeepert Division. me applioation riled by
Oppenheimer indicated that he had received an invitation hem H. J» Bhebha 01 A
the Tate Institute o£_ Fundamental Research in mm to epend ehout one year in
Indie Iorking at that Institute. Ib Ina indicated that Oppenheimer had been
working on comic 1-eye mr the peat eeveral years and that he Ieuld enjoy the
opportunity to experiment near the equator en oceanic rays and had accepted the
invitation» It wee indicated that he planned to depart £1-on New Io:-k city onFebruary 15, 195°, seem or treneportetien unknown. u..£'..,.., purl. .<r.£v ab
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' 8811-Z§'.; IllS Regarding AccountabilitCmm Letter to AH§_ 1January 1952
" UMSLUGS -URANI
l' l! You may desire to consider the possibility of identifying every
uranium slug by sane easily applied system of marking or numbering jshich would
not damage the slug. Records oi inventory, transfers, dispositions and experi-
ments could bear the identifying data. _,
"! Consideration my be given to having records oi mzperiments reflect
the material loss or gain as a result of the experiment. '
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"! You may also -Irish to consider the possibility of keeping uranium
slugs in properly designated lockers or cabinets which can be locked when
not in use. The storage space could be arranged so that stocks can be easily
checked. The keeping of extraneous material in the cabinets with the uranium
slugs might" be avoided.
" h! Consideration might be given to some desigmted person maintaining
a record of individuals who obtain access to the building staring uranium. A
person could also be designated to accept charge-outs for material and dispense
material after making proper entries in a permanent record.
" S! You may wish to' consider keeping uranium slugs used in eacperiments
in a locked space when not in use. The identity of all persons handling or
disposing of uranium in any manner could be recorded on all records.
"! Consideration could be given to a study oi material loss in dust,
et cetera, when uranium is out into wafers or filings as an aid in accurate
accounting for the material.
uPLU10NIUM SAMPLES -
I1! You may desire to consider a centralized accountability section which
could receive copies of written records oi receipt, transfer or disposition
of vital materials. In addition, a system oi double checks could be established
as an aid in detecting errors in entries at the outset. i
"! In addition you may desire to consider the possibility of each section
charged with the responsibility for vital materials maintaining an inventory
record concerning each receipt or transfer oi material. A report oi the dis-
position of material could be used as a posting medium to the inventory record.
ML INFORMATION CQNTMNEDHEREii'-J IS L?§'§?J§_;"=.T;-Sl.;iEi! . Us1 DATEZ-'7'¢"'l BY3>°4%P"Y1'5-:r=r5' .,;_d 31' 70 %75*Il3la_-"{P
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- " 3! Consideration could be given to providing separate working facili-
ties for each section or to providing separate section storage facilities.
Access to storage facilities and laboratories might be limited to employees
actually employed therein. Porters, watchmen and others could be accompanied
by an authorized section representative. .
" h! You may_a1so desire to consider taking an actual physical inventory
at least once a month in each section charged with vital material. .1 copy
of the report could be sent to the SF aocmmtabity representative for a
comparison with his records.
"! Consideration might be given to maintaining a record of the location
of vital materials, particularly where samples, et cetera, are kept at some
place other than the regular storage facilities. The storage of samples in
hoods, receiving containers and glove boxes could be avoided in so far as
it is practicable.
"! You may desire to consider the advisability of identifying waste
material in such a manner as to limit the extent of search that may be
necessary in the event of loss of material which is believed to have been
disposed of in waste. Cardboard boxes containing waste could be identified
by room number and the date the collection started and ended. The Health
and mstrum Section could record this data in addition to maintaining
a record of the particular section of the trench in which the material is
buried."
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Bhortilq liter active hostilities ceased, a program m
the d s io br d sz-no erv es mi into the mite Btstes a number oi oensn Q;
Ausigig scientists and sreoisliegs, they were brought in end
under
oontrol bl the erle service interested in utilizing their hnovledge and
abilities. Sons oi this group have returned to lu:-ope; theexact number
is unknovn but it is understood to he §2&xiuate1y one hundred. Another
g», in excess oi five hundred, is being handled under a PTOQPIIJQOT.
- hie *prog'an is handled by the Joint
Intelligence 0bJectives Agency ct the erled services!, the Department of
Justioe end the Departmnt of State. The program is designed to perlit
Oerlsn end Austrian scientists and specialists, vho have previously been
hrought to the United Btetel by the u-zeed services for exploitation, to
obtain visas look!-D3 tcverd perlanent res idence in the United Btetel.
Thee Gerlen and Austrian scientiets were brought to the Uhited Btates
without Eierr notification to the Bureau bl the gtereated armed service,.92
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1:-on tine to tine the Bureau has protested to the servioes o_£;th3 %~-" -
hm-ingingpt s.1i_ens i_nto the United States without Eior Qtifigig to the
Bureau. The first oftioial notification that the Bureau received concerning
those individaieli vaikon ovenbermls 1 , at vhich time s. request was re
oeived iron Mr. Peyton lord, than Acting Assistant to the Attorney General,
i_or en investiggtion of several oi these scientists, with particular elphasis
on tE'i-iternal oeounit? aa'feots*o1the1i;- contemplated i-migration,
On November 10, 191»? , the Bureau edvised ltr. Peyton lord thnt, 131- -
tigatiaus of_ this character uonlslly fell within the Jurisdiction of the
Immigration and In-turalizetion Be:-vice end, therefore, the Bureau would not
conduct the requested investigations. -
On liovenber 110, 19h7, an-. Peyton lord forwarded a nennrendun to the
Bureau in Vhioh he advised that it was the desire oi the Attorney General
thet the Bureau conduct the investigations requested in his lelorandun of
Iovember ll, 1957. _
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Since Ucveoer 1 7, the Bureau has coniucted investi tione atin; German a.nd 1s ac 5 eta
xogram. Yhere are seven invesations presently pending. ne investigations
are an applicant-type Iinvestig-Tvinn and consist ct a cl-eck of the Bureau
indices, neighborhood inquiry, employment inquiry, and credit and criminal
checks. The investigation is glad to .1the grind 0; g in which the
@ien'ti_et.hae ectuallLresi_4gd jg the @ted gteteg. The Bureau sthese on a_7tbi.1-Eiay deadline basis. These cases are received by the
Bureau from the nepartsent of Justice in the torn of e dossier containingbackground information and setting forth the results of jg %§tion con-ducted % the % in the and Aust;j,§, together Iiih I. eta gned
bythe ceroit'iescenistintheUnited3tates,inIbich
he sets tcrth that in his opinion the scientietls presence in tin United
States dose not constitute a security threat. .
is indicated, the particular azmed service who has custody of the
scientist or specialist is charged with his control. An examination of
the investigations conducted by the Bureau reflects that the greatest
mqority of the scientists and specialists are utilised in research vrork
for e particular branch of the armed service forces and that they normally
reside on or near 1.1-aw, Navy or Air Force installations. However, some
are working in private industry, butare still carried as being under the
protective custody oi the interested branch of the armed service. Currently
through the Department of Justice the intereted armed service, who con-
templates bringing_ any scientist or specialist mu the United States, causes
a name dzeok to be made of the Bureau iudicee for available infonnation.
The Buieau Ias requested on August 30, 19116, by m-. Peyton 1-we of
the Department of Justice to conduct a similar type investigation of an
alien bmught to the United States by the Deparhnent of the Anw, which aJ.ien
was not s citizen or German or Austria. The Intelligence Division oi ins
Amy nae contacted ard they advised that this alien was brought to the
United States under very secret circumstamee and that it was felt that if
an investigation were conducted there would be great possibility that the
identity and purpose of the alien's presence in the United States might
become knoin. The Army advised that it I8-8 contemplated at other such
individuals would be brought to the United States;
Ihe Bureau advised llr. Peyton Ford by memrazrim dated September 23,
19118, of the above, ad it nae stated that no investigation in this type of
case would be conducted, however, the Departmnt of Justice would be advised
of any infomation the Bureau had in its files concerning these I-liens.t
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February 6 , 1960
L eew.=.ne.r1. cnmmlm /QERQT an ts 3'5 - /W L Be: an:-ms nomnr ommnmn, an{tulle I ' J. Robert Oppenheimer, Jerome _Q/gals- ||?| Robert Oppenheimr, "Oppie"» =e=§fs§_§§*%ar> B mI. Personaljistogy and Emiplqymnt, RN, 9 ._ ,9 _ 4
Julius Robert Oppenheimer was born April 22, 1904, t New York City,
Iev York, the eon of Julius Oppenheimer, a German born naturalized American
citizen, and Illa Friedman Oppenheimer, a native born United States citizen
of German ancestry. wpenheimer attended the Ethical Cultnrel. School at New
York City from 1910 to 1921: Harvard College from 1922 to 192.5; Cambridge
University, Cambridge, England, from 1925 to 1926; and. Goettingen University,
Goettingen, Germany, from 1926 to 1927 where he received his Ph.D. degree in
physics. _He was first employed at the University of California on July 1, 1929,
as an Assistant Professor of Physics. In l§52 he was promoted to the position of
Associate Professor of Physics and in 1936 was made a Professor of Physics. He
was granted leave of absence on July 1, 1942, and from this date untilj151,_J,94-p6,,
he was Director of the Pro eet it .BerETe ora snd_Los Alamos.
On this latter Kate he was restored. to active status as a Professor of Physics
at the University of California. On September 1 1947 he became Director forthe Institute of Advanced Studies at Princeton, ew Jersey. '1nsc'H§e.s is kn?
he s s Juli R be t of so amp oye . 1J_-8 0 1' Oppe mar s e fourth husband
Katherine Puening, who was i;ormerlLmar-risd to one Joseph Dallet who was killed
in Spain I5 I937 fighting forize Spanish Bepu'5Tican'1rmy. " "'*""_'
II. ,§ures.u Investigation
The first investigation coniucted by the Bureau concerning J. Robert
nhei ttdi 1-¬achl94land bad all Oppe mer use s_ar e f n r J_ , was se on an egation receivedthat J. Robert momer was siigiedl resent at a meeti in the fall of 194092vhich'92ia's_a-t 'te e zélsaac Foikoff and wilgiam S as§ %ar§E
unc onar es n San Francisco. Th s nves gation was continued unti c18; IEI3_,_£92;nen Eior Eneral George V. Stro re nested the Bureau to discontinueany active invest Effie? of"'Ui>penhei'mer. On April 5, I913, Eeneral strong §HTr'IseH
that the Army was taking over the investigations of scientists at the Radiation
Laboratory, University of California.
On March 13, 1946 ,_§he Bureau rg,Lnst_i_t_p.te<i__i_nys_stig§tig_1_1_ of Oppenheimer
for the purpose of ascertaining ma activities and contacts. This investigation
consisted of_a technical and physical surveillance until his departure from the
University of California for the Institute of Advanced Studies, Princeton, New
Jersey. Since this time no active investigation has been conducted other than
the development of a confidential informant. At the present time this investi-
gation is in a pending ~-inactive status.
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III. Commmist Party negate:-shi_p and Reported Association with Communist =
Part Front Grou . V A ' '
In %; of mg, a confidential source advised this an-em that " i
Julius Robert ppenheimer, 2665 Shasta Road, Berkeley, California, identified _as a Professor of Iffhysics at the University of California, had been $rt:d _in 1928 as being Q member or the Oomunist Partg. This iniormation AL
been continued by indepen ent e a on co noted by the Federal Bureau
of Eveetigaon. = - fr
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Through other confidential informants it was reported to this Bureau
that Kitty enheimer site of Dr. Julius Robe enheimer was at one time 5
a mem er o e ommnnis ormation has no een co ;b y. B Aiepeilent InT'estiga5i'on"'co'n3.E'c'ted by the Federal Bureau oi' .'|.nv'é'5£lga¬ion. ' 5
Investigation pgrfgged by Hilitgz Intelligence Division agents ' A
and furnis ed to s Bureau by the llanhattan A epr D s r c eat-ed that
Oppenheimer had _previous1y been c th the activities of t I oni alle ed
Commznfgt rgznt org _1n the Ba? Area pr or o s emp ent with
the foe Alamos Project: f
The Consumers Union, the Comittee to Aid China, W _
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c"' " 92=*the American Committee for Democracy and Internal Freedom,. L
the National Emergency Ccmittee for Democratic Rights, the -
Spanish Aid Committee, the Berkeley Conference for Civic Betterment, and the American Federation of Teachers. !-J f
During an interview with J . Robert Oppenheimer by Bureau Agents on =
September 5, 1256, O peier stated that he was so naive re ardi olitical
t ers u untme Q 3}], 1,2} , a e w even vote, but t ween e pe ,
om to 1939, he engaged in political matters in an amateurish way; that
also during this period between 1936 and l932. he had identified himself wiJth_many or the so-called gs on groups and ad trihutlons to some* " 1I£""£' _"£ "éIE mt art 1" lB."_-t?i""-of them and couid cons e_1; a leaa p08 le t some _ o s con
Eio d eventone - o -I-~~ - " s a ed that he never
a Zagpt e¥I,§8 a pee- ; ommnisi, butindice that he Fad at least in
icademic interest in the org 4 zaT.ion. ._
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During A ril 1947 J . Robert enheimer was interviewed by this _P Qgggeiliqj i'gQ,g*9EP__§g§h§ at ltim ' lflF"'Fo th war h Bureau. At that time t - ___one _e epr o [ex r e
had an intellectual interest in Communists and ha _Qb = It II. - torf za »- r- <-= -v groggged as Q 94?-._l-1-:.-I. W°mm -1- "
t e U e- = es. e ~= - = ned that his activities were intended as a support
for a group c .- ~ ; to be working torards some desirable purposes, however, he
said he soon solved the policy and the falsity of the platform of these front
organizations and that for some time
a lsan Francisco report dated June 9, 1947,
100-17828-15h; I00-17828-175 . A
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IV. Activities I, - 4
/ -The following infomation was iurnished to this Bureau by
representatives of the llanhattan Engineer District.
On A%u_._st 2.6, 1253, 2:, ,1, B. Enheimer, mentioned previously, awas Qtegjgwe on e campus of the varsity of California by Lt. Colonel
Boris . Pash and Lt. laall Johnson, U.S. Army, Manhattan Engineer District.
In answer to questions of the Arm officers, Oppenheimer furnished tte
following infornation: - _ -' _j
approximately six months prior to the date of the interview,
Oppenheimr had learned fr three different employees of the atomic bomb'
project, known-as the 13.5.11. Project, that they had been solicited to furnish
iznformation, ultimately to be delivered to the USSR, concerning the project.
All of these employees had" been bewildered by the proposition and had asked
Oppenheimer for advice. Because none of the three employees had cooperated
in the scheme and because all three of them had talked to Oppenheimer in
that two of the men were s ose ssoc a e a w and
the e er one was ass gne to the B.adiation_1g_1;gratory,,Berkelez,
California but was expeo o .=mf§-1-as to another experimental
I0caEIOn.
Oppenheimer stated that George Eltenton me the person who, accord-
ing to the three employees, had attempted to obtain the informtion for an
unidentified Soviet official attached to the Russian Consulate in San Francisco
Oppenheimer said that Eltenton reqmstsd a mn, whom Oppenheimer refused to
name, to act as intermediary in soliciting project employees to furnish
information. Thereafter, the internedisry, on three separate occasions, .
contacted the three above-mentioned employees and ezpl.ained to them that the
United States was failing to discharge its obligation to its ally, Russia, by
its failure to furnish scientific data to that country. Ibis failure was said
to be due to the action of the United States Govemment officials who were
unfriendly to Russia. The employees were reminded that Rusaia was mtitled
to, and badly needed, the intornntion for its war effort. The intermdiary
then volunteered to arrange an interview between each employee and Eltenton
mo, in turn, could transfer all infonnation furnished to the unidentified
Soviet official, who was said to have had a great deal of experience with
microfilm and duo was in a position to transmit the material to Russia without
danger of a leak or scandal. According to the intermediary, such method was
being utilized in order to correct alleged def ct our official coumunicatitransmitting scientific infonnation to R1:ssia.@Qtl9 _
0--~ atted that e name of the in rmediary ms known to
h:Lm but e re use - div e t because o .¥'H'=1iFr=92it=
consiere the '~'-=eiIl'.TI=1'5I|7Wf5_T~T-111 owever, the term-I ary was /1
en e as a faculty member of the University of Galifomia who was notconfidence, he refused to identif these individuals. He did state, however,
ODS
4 Aconnected with the D.S.ll. Project. A
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On 3e ember J2 1 Qppsnheimer was inte1'vieI'Ied by Lt. ColonelJohn Lansdalf, Jr. , U5. £. He restated/much of the intonnation set
forth above, but sf ed to di e e identities oi the intermedior thegse e1%JI.2gee_§ oi is Eoiect wh§ ha; Eeen con§ac§e§:based retu upon s belief that no oma on hadgpassed and that no
harm had been done. Alec, he demurrsd on"the ground that all ct those prsons
had become involved accidentally and on his belie! that the intermediary
d tihad cease ac vity. Qp%imer Qg state that all three of themigtbe classed as s§ga_-the c toRu_s§ shut tha - s --
Qy"Q1'6,Ot u :;I|e -I -|:.':? 0,1-':__' oltrav GT0
" 1- reerencs o P. e ermediary, Oppenheimer called him a "Iantraveler" who was planning to leave the University faculty about December, W
A</$1l9h2, totake a;-position elsewhere.
Cn Decanber 11, 19 Oppenheimer was interviewed again by officersof the llmhattan Eafifeer istrict at Los Llamas, New Mexico, ani
Oppenheimer then, for the first time named Haakon Chevalier as the University
of CaJ.iIornia professor is Ed acted as Itermeaary for EItentonJ '
Julius Robert O nheimer related to Bureau s on
Se mb 5 IWI6 t B st I H E E pte er , hat to the e o s recs ec on, Haakon Chevalier ed with him at his home in Berkeley, CaJ.i£ornia; that
Chevalier indicated to him that "something unpleasant had happened," and-
related that George Eltenton had talked with him and told him that it was
necessary to provide technical inionnation to the Soviet Union. Oppenheimer
stated that in reply to this, he used "strong words" with Chevalier, and
told Chevalier that to do such was "treason" or "close to treason. " On
further questioning, Oppenheimer said that due to the lapse of time since
this incident, he was vague in his mind as to the exact wards used by him
and Chevalier in their conversation, and any present effort on his part to
reconstruct their conversation would be pure guesswork, but he did definitely
recollect having used either the word "treason" or "treasonous" to Chevalier.
Oppenheimer was denite that Chevalier had not asked him for
any information concerning the pm-eject. Oppenheimer advised that he did
not discuss his work on the project at this time, or at any otter time,
with Chevalier, and so far as he knew, Chevalier had no knowledge oi the
project. According to Oppenheimer, Chevalier gave no indication that he
knew the nature or the experiments being conducted at the Radiation
laboratory, and he definitely doubted that Chevalier knew such experimenta-
tion had to do Iith atomic energy. Oppenheimer stated, however, that
Chevalier probably knew that he was engaged on technical experimentation
having to do with the war effort. ~
' George Charles Eltenton, s British national, was at the time of his
contact with Haakon Chevalier, an employee of the Shell Development30111951157, E-meryville, California. At the present time, he is in Engle.nd -
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During this interview Oppenheimer said that he did not regard the
conversation he had with Chevalier as an sPPr0sch to him, Oppenheimer, for
sscret or condential information; that he was certain from Chevalier-'s
attitude the latter had no intention of getting mixed up in azw situation
involving espionage or treason. Qppenhsiunsx-' also said that because of the
I~- - 0 - o -in-imeriil-a ITIH. on'e socurit t3at"TI"'1'il' r= cl o e ; so = == - viiET6TYi'§§:-F§er'ft fie cident; and. therefore! he neglected to repo_e matter to e_§_t_92_ o es at some e equen , a ma er o monthslater he made 5 re cit to the sec . ey e came e re ca
c efforts toward obtaining restricted and confidential information.
He said that in reporting the matter to the security officers, he endeavored to
convey to them a warming of the possibility that Eltenten was engaged in spying
on the project becanee he gained the impression in his conversation th
Chevalier that this was no casual activity on the part of Eltenton but was a
serious effort to obtain restricted information. '-Oppenheimer said that in
reporting this matter, he tried to protect Chevalier's identity, and in an
effort to do so, had "concocted a completely fabricated story," which he also
described later as a "complicated cock and bull story," which was to the effect
that three unidentified associates had been approached i.n Eltenton's behalf
for information.gevsluation he gave to Chevaliers attftude dur £5533 o ' or-1-vi-inn
On June 26, l9-b6, George Charles Eltenton was interviewed by Bureau
Agents and he admitted being approached by Peter Ivanov for the purpose of
obtaining information as to what was going on atlp on the hill." Eltenton
admitted approaching Haakon Chevalier, who he knew was friendly with J. Robert
Oppenheimer and requested Chevalier to approach Oppenheimer concerning the
project. He advised that Chevalier agreed to the approach and then subsequently
advised that there was no chance whatsoever of obtaining the information.
00-1856-'4-L6!
On June 26, 191.6, Haakon ll. Chevalier was interviewed by Bureau
agents. He furnished a signed statement admitting that one time prior to
larch l, 19103, he was approached by George Charles Eltenton regarding the
possibility of getting information regarding work being done at the Radiation
Laboratory; that Iltenton stated that any information concerning the research
being conducted would be of -use to the Soviet Scientists and that they could
benefit from it. Chevalier advised that Eltentcn stated that he had been
approached by someone connected Iith the Soviet Union in an effort to obtain
this information. Chevalier stated that he mentioned to J. Robert Oppenheimer
e matter concerning an approach having been made to him in which m inquiry was
made if any part of the secret of the project should be made available to
Russian Scientists. _
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_ - teve Hleon well knoin Commmiat -Party tanoticnery who wasinvolved E3 §oviet eepionage attempts directed at securing information
relating to the Atomie bomb was, determined to have been in contact with
Juliae Bo enhedmer. Ihen Ziapeihier was in'E'em'v'ie|red 3n"SeF'n?'§'
he Ial quee oned ' 'He a the ae@nntmoa _t thriugh the aeeociation with hie wife Katherine enheimer H55. nr meme B§?i£ male? ggeve eleon. bppe H _ e a pr one , a man
fought Iith the Loyalist Forces during the Bpanieh Revolution, aui this
nan Ias killed during the 8iege of lad:-id. He advieed that thereafter
lleleon was in Parie, France and visited hie rite uho was etaying there at
that tine. Oppen_I_1einer'etat_ed that it was Stevelleleon who brought to hie
wife the new of her former hnebandw death and according to Dppenheimer
consoled her and assisted her in making arrangemente to return to the United
cl d th latt 8tat==- Oppenheimer atiitv. that urine '6 §£u&&
1910. while he and his ',u_i1e were rsliding at keley, California, 11_g_;;gg_e1y_eQ
a e - @= 1 - from St e Neleon and made arrangements for Steve Nelson to
- sit he 19'-.-1 e home. 1--@-~= state e was present at I-
time, and that Steve N eon and hie wife appeared glad to nee each other Hestated that thereafter Nelson and hie Iamilzlrould occa sit "theOppenheimer's Some Fit t these Heltelwere friendly and to 'eTee"¬'3£ hierecollection Had occured about five times dur% ll. Oppenheimer etateg
that Nelson had never aroached him or ormat on re ardJ.ng' thegs ---Bmenia tut ,= g - - Jglgljgloted-t 3%-Radiatiiof-1 Lajtlorz. SE1
' isc re ort ed 100-l 82- 5 MI" 28-175 e 28! anc o P dat 6-9-1+7, 7 , P88
an investigation of Oppenheimer conducted by this Bureau in connection
with hie employment with the Atomic Energy Commission in 191+? did not reflect
any other derogatory information than that set forth above. The majority of
persona interviewed during this investigation advised that 0ppenhe:L|ner's
loyalty to the United States was unquestioned.
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in our tiles eonoerniingisdolph Ernst Peierlc, .1» asnlier or-the D1-.i.tieh __
Iiesicn in I8! 1..-1: city dunng 1944, and s clone sesodtl-to of Dr. Fuchs, - .- -. usmronw-mroonnmm j
V mark IS uncmssirxzb xxczrr E
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the publication oi the Atomic Energ Ocnuissicn entitled Essential *
Informtion on Atomic berg! states that-on AIl921et'30, 1941, it was decided
in mglcnd to set up e special diviuion to direct the non: of scientific
search. This special division was said to have been composed of Sir"Jamee
~--: -- ck, Professor Psierle, Dr. Balboa, Bison, snd'B1ede.
he italic Energy Commission has advised that Rudolph Peierls is one
oi the foremost theoretical physicists in England. He has carried out muchimportant work on mm aspects oi atomic energy. According to the Oom.eai.on, '
in the e1mner_e.t I942 tish research reports on certé-in aspects of atomic rengtggge made evailsble to the J.Robert! Oppenheimer group in Berkeley,
CB. O 0 '
Emese reports were of substantial value, and in November, 19/.2. '
1 penheiner wrote s memorandum to Peierls describing certain points of difference 2
between British and American theoretical work. In this icy there began cooper
stion zhi tine resulted e ti 881 oh 11,7 Ii cneomingto the United Statesto partake in atomic research. 92!_ ~ '
on December 3, 191.3, /1>s.ie e ved in the Unitedstates at Norfolk, :
Virginia, aboard the HIT Andes, a British Navy transport. He entered this i
country as e nslber of the British Mission, and as such engaged in atomic »
research in Isl York City along with Dr. Fuchs. Daring the early pert of 1941.,
according to the British, Psierls made mmsrous short Journeys within the
United Stltee until on June 2, 1944, he oi£io:Lnl'l.y left the New York office
enroate to Loo nuns. it ms Ahmos he was employed in the tieal Ptwsios Division and was the head of the British group the:-e LA> t 1
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me records at ins Alahos reflect thst Peierls first arrived there
in February, 191.4, and tins-IlJ,y departed there on January 9tn or I031: 1946.
According to these records, Peierls resided at 2854 Q Street, Ins Alamo, from
July 1, 1944, to January 9, 191.6. Ihile at Ins Alsmoe, Peierls was
accompanied by his wire and two children.
the records at Les Alsmos reect various trip msdeby Peierls.
From November 10 to 16, l944,he Isa nay from Les Llnnos for the pizrpose of
attending a nesting of Senior British members 01 the project and Ias to
meet with Dr. J.-Von Henmnn. At this tine he considered the possihd.].i.ty
of making n side trip to llontchir, New Jersey, to see his tether.
From February '7 to 15, 1945, Peierls attended a conference at the
British Office, Ieahlngton, 13.0., and Visited his family at llontclair, Nei
Jersey. Upon his return to Ins Alsace he visited Dr. J. Brentsno of
lbrthwestern University on private business.
From ms:-ch 3, to 7, 191.5, Peierls attended a conference st the
British office, Ihshington, 13.0.
From Jame 28 to July 2, 1945, Peierls visited Dr. Cbadrick in
Iashington, 13.0., and also visited at lontclsir, New Jersey. i
From July 2': to 30, apparently 1945, the re 1-<1; at 1.05 Alamosreflect that Peierls attended a conference at the cifornia Institute of
'Ib92'.J1nOl0Q. '
From August 28 to Septanber 21, 1945, Peierls bed a conference with
Dr. Ghadrick in Washington, D.C., prior to leaving the country.
From October 11 to October 15, 1945, he attended mother conference
with Dr. Chi-chick of the British Mission. '
F1-on November 9 to November 15, 1945, he visited Ieshington for s.
purpose not revealed in the records at Les Alsace.
From December 26 to December 31, 191.5, he left the project for e
destlmtion and purpose not contained in the records.
The Iar Department furnished intonation that Peierls 1'817.l.1'£l6d to
the United Iclngdom from HaJ.1.£a.x, Nova. Scotie, by sea on Jamnry 25, 1946 ,
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The reconis at hos Alarms also reflect one trip lads by Hrs, E,
-Paierls, wife of Rudolph E, Psierlss. its records indicate that she departed
on July 2'7 no year shown, hut either 191,4: or 191,5!, and returned on
August 41-h. Prior to leav-.92.ng_ she stated shewould he available if necessary
at the Hotel Ambassador, Ban Francisco, California, and that the purpose of
her trip was a vacation, she rnmished her itinerary as ism New lance!,
San Francisco, Ins Angeles, Lsny, upon her return, Hrs. Peierle stated there
had been no deviations from her stated itinerary and that she had contacted
Ire, Skinner at Beceley, California, who is=bel.ieved possibly to be the sire
of Dr, H. I, B, Sldnner, head, General Pmrsics Division, Atomic Energ Research
Estsblislment, higland, .
Information furnished by the British reflects that Psierls accompanied
Dr. I-uche on s vacatLon_to Mexico in November and December, 1945. 3.1-, thisidme Fuchs and Peierlsfgontacted the British Consul Geneml, ierico C112,};
_EH",_-gs-I -
hue records of the Ihmigration and Naturs.l.-isation Service at ml-em,
Texas, reflect that on December 8, 1945, Rudolph and Eugenia Peierls entered
the United States at Ia:-eds, Texas, enmute to England by way of Santa Fe,
New Mexico. Mrs. Peierls was traveling on British Passport No, 30918 issued
by the Foreign Office at London, England, November 19, 1943, and valid to
Novanher 19, 1948- he passport bore a temporary United States Visa 210.4878,
dated December A, 1944, issued at Herd-co Ci-w, and valid for one year, The
Emigration records reflect that Hrs. Peierls was of Dissian race,
Inc records at Los A.1s.mos contained a. copy of a personnel security
questionnaire filled out by Mrs, Eugenia Peierls on July ll, 1944, at which
time she applied for a position with the University of Ca.l;Lfornis at Ips
Alamos. This questionnaire reflected that she was born at Leningrad, Russia,
on July 25, 1908, and that she was a naturalized British citizen. She claimed
to have 'aT'Eended the University of Leningrad, Leningrad, Russia, from 1925 to
1929, majoring in physics. She listed the following employment:
Geophysical observatory, Leningrad, USSR, 1930-1931
queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham, England, 1939-1941
General Electric Oorporation,B!.rmingha.m, England, 1941-1943.
In this questionnaire Hrs. Peierls also stated that her tether,
Nikolai Kannegiesser, was born in the USSR and was deceased. Her mother,
Maria Mandelstam, and sister, Nina Kannegiesser, were both born in the USSR,
she listed her parents-in-law as Henry Peierle and Elsa Peierls of llontclair,
New Jersey, and stated they were both born in Germany and were German citizens.
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Mrs, Peierls listed as references:/|I ,
Hans Bethe, Ins Alnmds, New Mexico, lmonn 12 years;
Victor Ieiaskopf, Ins Alsmos, New llealico, lcnotn 12 years;
Chain Pekaris, Professor, 622 - 111,:-h lest, HGI Iork City, Nev Iork,
The British have advised t'Rt1dolph Ernst Peierls, who Ias born in
Berlin, Germany, on June 5, 1907, and his rife, Eugenia Peierls, hem July 25,
1908, Ieningred, Russia, were both naturalized Bzish citizens on lllirch 26,
194°; at London, England. Rudolph Peierls is said to have landed in the
United Kingdom from the IBSR in 1934. The British furnished the infonstion
that Dr, and Hrs, Heinrich Peierls of Berlin, Qemany, are the parents oi
Rudolph Peicrls, Rudolph Peierls' mother Ias born Elizabeth Herman on
June 1, 1883, at Fm-nk:£urt, Gemarw. The British advised that llrs, Heinrich
Peierls may have entered the United States from England in February or March,
1940. Dr. Heinrich Peierls was said. to have arrived in the United States in
arch, 1940 to be re ding at Hope Gates Avenue, ontclair, Hen Jersey,33 Of 3 "'*IThe indies: reect that the Newark office received a letter dated
January 2_2, 1942, from the Lbntclair Defense Council, 65 Ohestmt Street,
Montclair, New Jersey, over the signature of Thomas P, Handle, in which it
was alleged. that Heinrich Peiez-ls, 30 Gates Avenue, Apartment 405, llontclair,
New Jersey, was s Gemem and very pro-Nazi. Ibis letter stated that "his
neighbors in his apartment house are all complaining because of his utterancesm
With reference to the activities of Peierls subsequent to his departure
from the United States, information is available that from February 13 to 1'7,
1946, a. conference on "science and the welfare of Manldndl I8-8 held in London,
according to a report written by J .A, Simpson of the University of Chicago,
who was a. delegate to the conference. The report stated that the British
Issue of Scientic Works formed a. committee of atomic scientists, Prnfesscr
R. E. Peierls was listed as a. member of this committee and also Dr. Amunn
May. Dr. May was convicted in can-ads of espionage activity on beha ofSoviet Government as an outgroilth of the defection of Igor Gouzenko%t.A5
The April, 1949, issue oi the Bulletin of Atomic Scientists contained
an article setting forth the views on freedom of science as explained by
Professor R. E. Peierls and Sir Henry Dale, former President of the Royal
society and winner of the Nobel prize for medicine. Peierls and Dale spoke
for the possible exchange of scientific information betleen countries and both
mentioned the desimbilir of scientific intercourse with iron curtain countries,
and were critical of the United States treatment of scientists. In this regard»
Peierls is quoted as follows:
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"One hears a good dea1_o£ t the dangerous effects ot
udentiete who hold subversive tien of one kind and another,
hm this, £ortnne.'t817;'>192-B not taker; very seriously in this - -
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~ I-mam-e oim nponaorsof the Bulletiaot the Atomic 8c1.e11tl.et_te
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mdlima
RECOIMEMJAIION
he foregoing is for your infohmiion.
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On December 20, 1944, an incomplete mention _is made of Goose and also
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installation in Goose because of the risk involved _ >
a laboratory and it was reported that Goose was going to prepare a paper on the
ermal diffusion of gases '
prisons ggsgpsrncrlsc nnprscs _ A . '
In an interview with Kristel Heineman she stated that an individual-by the
name of _Deutsch had visited Fuchs while he was at Cambridge in the winter of 1944-
1945. Robert Block Heineman on February 4, 1949, in an interview with Bureau Agents
stated that Martin IDeu.tchhad made inquiries regarding Fuchs whereabouts in June
of 1944. He stated that in February of 1945 he had driven Fuchs over to see Deutsch
on Buckingham Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts. In this connection it is to be
noted that Fuchs has admitted that he was to have an espionage contact in Cambridge,
Massachusetts, at Christmas oi 1944 but that he did not keep this appointment and
subsequently met his contact during February of 1945 in Cambridge. It is apparent _that there e.re,¢her £ _, certain corresponding facts between Deutsch and theunknown subject Goosejt is interesting to note that on his Personnel Security
Questionnaire fi ed with the Atomic Energy CommissionDi:.1tsch states thatfrom 1944to 1946 he resided at Santa Fe, New lxico where he was employed by theiiiniversity
of California at I-os Alamos. If thi Qccurate Dentsch would have known Fuchs at
Les Alamos and therefore there would have been no necessity of contacting Fuchs
sister to learn his whereabouts. The information available to us does not show any
possible connection between Deutsch and Abraham Brothnan. Further investigation kwI
I
is being conducted to either prove or eliminate Deutsch as a suspect in this matterr 1
PERSONAL EISTQRY OF Q3-UTSCLE 9
According to a Personnel Security Questionnaire filed with the Atomic Energy
Commission, Martin Deutsch was born January 29, 1917, in Vienna, Austria. His
father's name is Felix Deutsch and he resides at 44 Larchwood Drive, Cambridge,
Massachusetts. His mother-s name is Helene Deutscn and resides at the same address.
His wife's name is Susanne Deutsch and they have one son, Lawrence Peter Deutsch.
Martin neutsch graduated from the University of Zurich at Switzerland in 1935. He
received his 13.5. degree in physics on June 8, 1937, and a Doctor of Philosophy
degree in physics on June 10, 1941, both at MIT. The files of the Central Office,
Immigration and Naturalization Service, reflect that Deutsch was issued a Certificate
of Naturalization on February 3, 1941, in the District Court at Boston, Massachusetts
£Iil1_Q.Bll. _
In his Personnel Security Questionnaire , Dent sch listed the following
employment. From 1941 to 1944 he was employed in Education and Research in Physics
at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology at Cambridge, Massachusetts. In the
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period from 1944 to l946'he lists employment on research by the University of
California staff at Lug Alums, low H611-60. _,ll1. HD5625 Kimball, H8-BB&Ch118!tB
Institute of Technology, advised that Deutsch was appointed to the staff of MIT 1
as a teaching fellow in October_' of,1939. He was appointed as instructor in 1941
and promoted to assistant professor in the Physics Department on July 1, 1945.
Hr. Kimball advised that from January 1, 1944 until March l, 1946, Deuizsch was
attached to the laboratory of Les Alamos, Few Mexico and thereafter he re.1°111°5-
the teaching staff of HIT. . = _
The records ofithe University of California at Les llamas, New Mexico, .
reflect Dentscn had been employed. at Les Alamos from January 24, 1944 until he 1
resigned his position on January 16, 1946. " p ,
ESIDENCES '
In his Personnel Security Questionnaire Deutsch lists an address of 44
Lsrchwood Drive, Cambridge, Massachusetts, prior to 1939. He lists an address of
61 Garfield Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts, from 1939 to 1944. He lists an
address at Los Alamos, New Mexico, from 1944 to 1946 and since 1946 lists 86
Buckingham Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts, as his residence.1
EPQHLQ ENEMY REPPIPAKT JNVESTIGMIQJLEI 1
On May 15, 1947, we instituted an atomic energy applicant investigation of
Deutsch after the receipt of a personnel security questionnaire which set forth that
the I-ionsanto Chemical Company of Knoxville, Tennessee, desired to have Deutsch give
lectures on nuclear physics. Thereafter we conducted an investigation at Les Alemos |
regarding his employment by the University of California there. We interviewed
persons having known Deutsch while employed at Los Alamos and they all described
him as never having done or said anything which would lead them to believe that he
was not loyal to the United States. Similar sentiments were expressed by the neighbors ,
who had. known Deutsch Ihile he was at Les Alemos.
At Boston, Massachusetts, Deutsc'n's education and employment by HIT was
verified. Associates of Deutsch at MIT lmew of no disloyal information concerning
him and recommended him for a position of trust with the United States Government.
The references and neighbors of Deutsch who were contacted also vithout exception
recommended him as loyal. .
. The Boston Office indices reflected certain information concerning Deutsch'e
father and mother, Felix and Helene Deutsch. It was reported that Dr. Felix Dentsch
and Hrs. Helene Deutsch attended a reception given for Dr. Ba:-sky, the National
Chairman for the Joint -Anti-Fascist Rewgee Committee which was held at Longfellow
House, Cambridge, Massachusetts, on July 16, 1942. The names of Dr. Felix and Helene
_ 3 -
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92
Deutsch of 44 Larchvood Drive, Cambridge, Massachusetts, also appear on a list
of the North American Spanish Aid Committee. _, It is to he noted that the Joint
~Anti-Fascist Refugee Committee is an organisation which has been cited as Communist
by the Attorney General in connection with Erecut ive order 9835. _
' It lras also reported that in 1944 Dr. Felix and Br. Helene Deutsch were
residing at Haines Hill, Earth Wolfboro, New Hampshire, and had. a D1-._ Marion C.
Putman as their guest." Dr. Putmsn, during the tell term of 1944, was listed in the
catalogue of the Samuel Adams School for Social Studies, 3? Province Street,
Boston, Massachusetts, as giving a course on "Psychological Development of the
Child." It is to be noted that the Samuel Adams School is listed as an organization
which was cited as Communist by the Attorney General. Our Atomic Energy Act
Applicant investigation oi Martin Deutsch was completed. on June 16, 1947, at which
time copies of the reports were submitted to the Atomic Energy Comnission.
- DD 11101--L I_RE.QEi":$IQF °QN§E1iNl§G_ 31l!T5°E
On Hay 20, 1946, the Boston-Cambridge Branch, American Association of
Scientific Workers, in conjunction with the Cambridge Association oi Scientists
Federation of American Atomic Scientists! and the Joint Council for International
Cooperation sponsored a salute to the atomic age at the Hotel Bradford, Boston,
Massachusetts. It is noted. that the Joint Council for International Cooperation
includes some thirty organizations among which are the American JewishCongress,
the Massachusetts Citizens Political Action Committee, the Massachusetts Committee
of One Thousand, the Massachusetts Council for American Soviet Friendship, and the
Samuel Adams School for Social Studies. It is to be noted that each of the above
organizations is either Communist inspired, Communist dominated, or Communist
infiltrated. ~ - " A
The program at this meeting was under the general direction of Professor
Martin Deutsch and. the chairman oi the meeting was Dr. Harlow Shapely. Speakers
included Admiral H. B. Bowen oi the U. S. Navy, Office of Research and Invention,
Senator Brien Mcltahon and others. A demostration of atomic energy in a test tubewas given by Dr. Deutsch.
According to Confidential Informant" on Jamiary 1'2, 1947, a b7D
luncheon was held at the Massachusetts Insti u e o echnology for certain numbers
of the Cambridge Association of Scientists. Those present included Martin Deutsch
who participated in s. discussion concerning the possibility of discover repotent fissionable uranium material other than uranium 235., 238 and 239 ~ |
. 1
Madame Irene Joliot Curie, French nuclear physicist, visitedl the United A
States from March 16, 1946 to April 1.2, 1948, as a guest of the Joint Anti-Fascist
Refugee Committee for whom she made a speaking tour of the United States to raise
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funds. It might be noted at this time point that the Joint Anti-Fascist Refugee
Committee is an organization listed as Communist by the Attorney General within
the purview of Emcntive Order 9835. Madame Curie is the wife of Frederick Joliot,
admitted Trench Communist andahead of the French Atomic Energy Commission. At a
dinner held in her honor in New York City on March 31, 1948, sponsored by the
JAFRO, Madame Curie nadé a speech for aid to anish Republicans whom she said
had been betrayed by the democracies. She said that the "present reaction" was
following the tactics of Nazis and Fascists before World War II. She said that
war rumors against Russia were political propaganda and that it was not possible
that the USSR was thinking of war and the anti-Communist propaganda was due to fear
of react ionaries. _
On March 29, 194a rgdnme Joliot Curie left New York City in company with
Dr. Edward I. Barsky, the National Chairman of the Joint Anti-Fascists Remgee
Committee. She was reportedly on her way to see Dr. Deutsch at the Massachusetts
Institute of Technology. A dinner was held for Madame Irene Curie at the HotelBuokminster, Boston Massachusetts, on March 29, 1948. Following the dinneraccording to Gl_Madame Curie was to be dr en to MIT where she was to beshown certain work of Dr. Martin Dentsch. b7D
ECQMMEKDATIQ
The above represents the pertinent information appearing in the Bureau's
files concerning this individual. l'92u'ther investigation is being conducted to
prove or eliminate Deutsch as a suspect in this matter.
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Io net. tea-th for your information a In-for azmary oonoezrning Dr,:AJ.J.an I
Inna . » ,_ 'W an mromnon mm W----W" A A . W@i@? &"4i "' i
Cm B timber 5, 19105, Igor Gouzenko, Cole Clerk in the Soviet Ilbally,
Ottawa, Canada, aietectel E Oanaaian authorities. Document; taken by Lin from
th £11.06 Of Colonel Iiholai Zabotin, B07101. Military Aitlnhl Ind. Dl.100tO1' oi the
Soviet Military Intelligence Berrice in Canada, _eaj.ab11ahed the axis-t.9_ae in that_
cpunt;7 cf a wide-spread Soviet eepilumgn mvmT' Lu-ET? 5'51» was oi-15256
docmneE£aTe{£p;j1ei'ei:iH"by e 5?'E':Ee::Ty" oirauiiso an! the confessions oi several
or the individuals ivolvoa, eeyen porlbnlilrb eonvioted in Oanadian court: for
their implication in the miyork, ineluiing Ben Carr, rho I'll l.pprehand_.0d. by the
IBI on January 27, 191:9, and. subsequently slepo :1 to Canada. one of the winerytigwea in the mm»;-x m m-. Allan Imn Bay. us
1I!.AT.I-MVDUNNIIAI
_ Dr. Allan mam my van born in Birlinghln, England, in 1911. He received
a B. a. nag-ea mm King: Oollega, Great Britain, in 1933; a P. H. n. in 1956,
and by 19h} had became a z}g_q;4ear$§iciat or eonliaerable ability and ;gronil;_1_ene_e.
According to Gouzenko, lhy ma been in the pare: the sen Unieia far may years
antlhadbeenaaecretmnberofthe Go:|lumiIt1>lr92'-yofGea1'.B1'it-ain. the £9;
pt his Goummiet. mmberahip apparently was known to some gt his ggentitiogg
92_1'giker:s_'irIi9 gin! gF_i'- rapid-1: iir *E:e Ef'Hi1|11'x55oi'Tiiee__inumach ad iahey believed.
his Eeiiuau -ai>m1<-E17 vai E£s*ie1en¬ff1a
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' About the liadle gi li, Dr. Allen Imam lhy, a temporary British civil
servant, was sent o with a 3-oup of prolinent British nuclear physicists
engaged to work on the atomic bub project for the Department oi aeiantitio
end. Industrial Research of Oanada. ' In the perfornnoe of his inties, lay had
access to a substantial amount of knowledge concerning atelie fission. Although
having a fairly complete knowledge as to the various operational processes in
uranium experimentation, hr. by iii not knew e secret teatm-es or the atomic
bomb nor interaction as to its assemblywbv
the into:-ntion fu-nishea by Igor couzenko, as substantiated by the
voluminous documents which he Isis available, reects the following do con- 'coming the utilization of Ila; as a Soviet espionage agent in
For approximately a year after his arrival in mm, my was not eon-
mme in any my by my representative of the Soviet Military Intelligence
8e:-vice. Hovever, am-mg the latter pm of 19th, the Soviet llilitery Intelli-
genes Headquarters in Hosea! instruotei Colonel Ilikolai zebotin to establish
contact with Dr. lbw through the Soviet agent Fred Bose, a Canadian Oonnmist
amber of Parliament who was smug those later oenvietei of violating the
Canadian Official Secrets Lot in connection vith his espionage activity. In
view of the extreme ilpurtsnos of this matter, Oolonel Zabotin felt that a
contact with my through Bose was not advisable and obtained the mnsent oi
the Soviet Military Intelligence Headquarters to use Lieutenant Angelov, oi
the Soviet Embassy in Ottava, for all oontaets with liar. llosodv than assigned
May the cover none "slot" andprovidei Lieutenant Angelev with the recognition
passvord, Best regards Ira Michael." Ihese facts would indicate that Hay -
had been furnished this recognition symbol before leaving the United Kingdom
and had seen nit until contact ass mule vith his bye person using
this phrase. ' Q, <
ne first nesting betveen my and Angelev was a particularly teal-naJ. Iattair. At their seoomi neetim, by gave Angelov a lengthy survey oi the
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entire atoaie bomb pregeet in the United Btatee and Connie in IO tar as it was
kmvn to hin. A ligest or this 1-epm-t vea eahlel to lloaoow and the eotuall. written
report, in |u"a om hanivriting, was eent by oourier tron Ottawa to Ihsoov. At
the thiri looting, Q Eve Qgggg 5 e£1e oi uraniun EQQ which vee eoneieerei
oi eeoh inportanoe that it no inaeoiieteiy own to lloeoonr by Lieutenant colonel
Petr leotinov, Aeeietent Soviet llilfitery Atteohe in Otteva and. an inportan ea ietantoi zebotin in the operations of the Soviet Military Intelligence Be:-'rioe{% L!
Illeiietely after the bmbing er lireahine in August 19h5, ween oeh ed
Moscow oertain intonation reoeivee tron by one towariei a Inert report by byD
giving production figure: and furnishing a aaell guantitl of u-enim 222, In this
oonneotion, it ia noted. that lay re aoeeee to qnmtitiee of uranium
253 in connection vith his work in cannon, but ue not have eooesa to uranium 235.
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the B11t1e_13 B0_01I1l_|iJ Ottioe 'an¢_!_hi_e oggtioation eoeepted. R Q, Q gggt eiz
weelis at the §3,g_Ji1.92n-éioal Ll-1?O§l£99l_'1__01'i|ih0 Univere 1 oi 0111252, one of the tel
facilities in Q; g inst. During this perioi, he had daily eoeeee to uraniul
235 specimens, the nonnl lone of which during experimentation ooul eu ve
oovere po on turned. over to the Soviet Military Intelligence8 oe . , _ . a
It in that on the ooeaaion or hie meeting: with soviet represente-
tivee, thy also turniehei garbled data eonoerning the reiio pcroziaity fuse end
that he vas paid. lune between $200 end $500, ee veil an being tarnished 'with bottles oi 11qm ! - .1'
During the letter pirt oi August 19b5, liq node e trip to the Chalk '
River Pilot Plant oi the etoaie bomb project in Ganeee. Iia Soviet euperiore
vere aware of this trip and no-e also aware that he no being oriered beak to
the United Kingdol to anpervise certain theoretical research vith regard. to
atomic tieaion. Acooriing to Gouzenko, they were of the opinion that la; would
be Inch lore velnable to then in England than he yrould he in Connie, maturingAugust oi 19|#5 Ibeoov gave zehotin apeoifie instructions regarding the aenner by
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me Bureau investigation of Hr. Inehl vee instituted on September
22, 191+9, by e letter to the Iew York am! other eftieee redting then to
ied1ate1; institute an investigation to eterline the Soviet espionage
activities of Ilr. Iuehs. On the sane Bate, by rum-andna, the British '
authorities were ulvieed of the tentative identication of Br. Inch: ae
a Soviet espionage agent, and they were furnished the available intoraetion
eoneerning kin, inelnling his nsne having appeared in the address book of
In-eel lialperin end. the feet that hie nus appeared on a liet prepared. by
the Gestapo of Ouniets and Soviet agents. British authorities vere also
advised or our info:-mtion concerning Kristel Keinenn and the feet that
Robert Beinelsn, he:-'hueban¢l, was 11; a member or the OenunistParty in Cambridge, hssaohusetts
Binee September 19319, there has been e. constant exchange of
nemrenda between the Bureau and the British authorities, exchanging ellpertinent intonation .OTO10pel.
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On October 29, 1949. -e memorandum was received from the British
Authnrities which set torth that they felt bound to advise the appropriate
authorities in England that the continued employment of Fuchs in the Atomic
Research Station at Harwell, England, represented a grave risk to security
and that Fuchs should be consequently remeved._, It was set tcrth in view of
this, that an interview of Phchs was desirable and the British Authorities
desired to know if such an interview would jeopardize the Bureau's original
infomsnt and as to whether it would jeopardise further contemplated investi-
gation by the Bureau.
A On November 2, 19b9, the British Authorities were advised that it
was believed that the effect of an interview with mm on the Bureau's
investigation in the United States could not be accurstelv determined at the
present time. It was set forth that the successful investigation of Kristel
Fuchs Heineman might be jeopardized but at the same time it was realized that
a successful interview of Dr. Fuchs night materially assist that investigation.
The British Authorities were advised that the Bureau did not desire to adcthem
to withhold taking action with respect to Fuchs on the basis of the Bureau's
investigation in the United States. They were advised that they should tee].
tree to talesny action with respect to an interview with Fuchs that they night
desire. They were informed th t here was the necessity of protecting at allcosts, the original informmt.®QA'!
Interviews
Emil J. K. Fuchs was interviewed by the British Authorities on Decem-
ber 2l, 191.9, at which time he either volunteered or admitted all the known
facts about his background and activities except those which had to do with
espionage. Fuchs flatly denied that he had acted as an espionage agent and
he was unwilling to suggest any contacts who might have used him as an
unconscious source of information." The Britie thorities reported thatthey contemplated a further interview with
December 31, l9/.9, at which time he continued to deny that he was in am way According to the British Authorities, Fuchs was again interviewed on / .
any other time. Fuchs advised that he only contacted Robert and KristelE
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Heineman on two occasions. His first visit to see them was made at
Christmas, 1.91.3, and his second visit was during the sumer of 1941., but
he use unable to recall the exact date. Fuchs did not furnish, during
this interview, any constructive information concerning his sister
Kristel's movements. He stated that the Reinmans intended to visit
him in Nee York City while he was there but that they did not do.Lsc. .
Fuchs advised that Kristel Heinemen did take s vacation in the sumer of
1944 but stated that all he could recall was the the-vacation was taken "atthe coast" and he could give no further detailsm M}
On January 31., 1.950, Sir Percy J. Sillitoe advised that Dr. Fuchs,
under protracted re-interrogation, had confessed to continuous espionage
from the end of 191.1 to February, 1.91.9, Wvering Atomic berg work at
Bimingham University in England, the British Diffusion Mission in New fork
and Lcs Alsmcs and the British Atomic Establishment at Harwell, England. _
It was stated that Fhchs had admitted that the technicalinformaticn
furnished by him to his Soviet superiors included the full details concom-
ing the atomic bomb which he had learned at Los ilamos. It was statedlthst
Fuchs had signed a confession and probably would he arres and prosecutedunder the Official Secrets Act and the Atomic Energ Act&5 ; _
It was reported that Fuchs had furnished very limited information ,
concerning other persons associated with him in the espionage work and that .the details concerning this matter could he furnished at s later date.@L{
On February l, 1.950, the British Authorities advised hat following
his confession, Fuchs had furnished the following information:
Re stated that he was recruited in 1941 at his om instigation
through the introduction of a Columnist friend whose name he had not furnished.
He stated that his first contact in England was a man of Russian nationality
whom he did not further ide tify. His second contact in England was a womanof foreign_nationa1ity.§ A/
Fuchs stated that his contact with the Soviets while he was in the
United States was carried out through the medium of one man. He did not
identify this person further and stated thathe did not mos the individnal's
nationality. He said that this contact was not a nuclear physicist but had
some lmosledge of chemistry and engineering. He said that all matings Iere
carried out at street corners. 01 these meetings, four took place in New York
Massachusetts, at Christmas, L9 , but Fuchs did not keep this appointment. City during l9U.. A further meeting was arranged to take place in Boston, 2 S U!
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One or two meetings took place in Boston between February La and :2, 1945.
Another meeting took place atSa.nta Fe, New lieucieo in June 45;92a.nd a
further meeting also occurred at a later date in Santa Fe up
After Fuchs returned to England he had another contact when he
identified ae possibly a Russian. Fuchs maintained that I-Ieinenan was not
implicated. He stated, however, that his sister, uhc had been an active
undercover Gommnist in Germany, my have witnessed his meetings nith his
United States contact in Boston and may hevededuc t hese meetings werea continuation of Fuchs underground work in
On February 2, 1950, Dr. Fbche was arrested and charged with
violating the British Official Secrets Act. He was arraigned at the Bow
Street Police Ocurt before Chief Magistrate Sir Laurence Dunne and the
£c1lo1d.ng charge against him was read: _ i
l, That he, tor a purpose prejudicial to the safety oi the
interest of the State, on a dq in 191,? oomunicated to a person unknown,
information relating to Atomic Research which was calculated to be, or
might be, directly or indirectly, useful to an enemy contrary to the
Official Secrets Let of 1.91.1.-1.939. ~
2. That he, being e. British subject, for a purpose prejudicial U
to the safety or interests of the State, on a day in February, 1.945, in the i
United States oi America, communicated with a person unknown, information .
relating to Atomic Research which was calculated to be, or might be, direct
or indirectly, useful to an anew.
Fuchs was bound over for further arraignment on February 1.0, 1949. -'
The British Authorities advised on February A, 1950, that Dr. Fuchs
would not be available for interview by the British authorities or anyone else
between the time of arraignment and the conclusion oi the trial, the date 01'
which having not been set, but probably to take place before the end of
February, 1950. It was reported that Fuchs had furnished no descriptionof any of his eontacts $! W
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lee Ii: nu _ /.! , !' /THE BRITISH SUPPLY councn_ IN NOR-H AMERICA ?5/!LL
Box 660 "
Inunum Fnumcuu STATIO
Wnmnavou 4. D. C.
F Rom 640, Grafton Annex
Iaahington, D.C.
£4. 0' ' "1
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December ll, 1943
General L. R. Grove:
In In-_ DepartmentBenn 5120 I/L.»
Virginie Avenue and 21st Street -
Ianhington, DJ.
Dear General Graven: _
I forward herewith e letter from Hr. Akera conveying
an assurance that all members of our present. parties
have been cleared by the British Security organisation
in Great. Britain I t t. tr - will prove a statement eatinfactory to §ou. g /92,
Yours aincerely, If Q
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. QRITISH MINISTRY QF SUPPLY MISSION
' '$I§L' » - 92 M
BRITISH PURCHASING/COMMI5SlON[».§/' !
' '9 Room 2401, '43 Exchange Place?
gggg-_g@g_ V_ _ Goth December, 1943.15§¢<Deer ChsdIick,L5§ -
' 1-L. gz-rqg ru_1Le__g,;_qy Mission. h seeuiehg
_ I understand that General Groves would like formal
assurance that all the members or the British Tube Alloy organ-
isation, who are new in this country, have been cleared b theBritish security organisation tor work on this projectééq
' You can inform hil that special clearance is re-
quired in England for anyone who is brought into this work, "
even though they may already have been cleared for work onordinary secret war projectsjgy
. This special clearance has been carried out in
the case or the £ollowing:- '
__ Higson
R. Peierls
"I"."E Simon
H. S. Arms _.
H. G. Ku.nn_
R. K tigo O. J'On08
R. Park. '1! 5391'! I '
G. T. '
ur
C. F. Kearton
J. D. Brown
N. Elce
H. anethurst
L. B. Pfeil
S. S. nith
J. Chadwick "
H. L. E..0liphant 92
O. R. Friach
H. S. tromlinson
E. W. Titterton
H. S.
II.
K.W. Massey 1L. Webster 5_ ~ Fuchs 6!
I hope that this assurance rom me will satisfyGeneral Groves that all is in crder.$_ju_
P1301. ,1. Chadwick, W! !° ° 1= =1n<=@r@1r,B00111 afton Annex !8, _ - ' .0, Q
COD D.C. J Washin ' MM Q8 3 1
W» A. AKERS -
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Ir. Carroll L. lllsm, I -
Oeaersl Isnsger, /1Us S. Atwis llbrgy Cqlssilnq W -Public Iellth Iutlng -' 4%
1001 Oomtitutluu Ave. s. s. " ,
Ieshingtm, 0.0- '
Dssr In Iilsau wt,
Dr. H. I. B. Bklmer of the Atuie leery leseersh lstsblislnsnt is
UJ. is visiting 0.8.1. ee have been infested thet is ell! srrlse Qthe 81st of Ostebsma W
Is have been eshsd ts srrnge f en tttserery fer the pa-pesevisiting the following estshlislnentssy LL
1. Bell Lsborstaries - ehere he intends te visit Dr. lhrsellsvy fr thepurpose of discussing rystsl eemters.or
2. Broathusn Nsttonsl Lshsl-stories - fer the purpose of disessslsg
the teshnies s ots of syqletrms end sysshretress with Ik-
Livlagstn. I
s. Omen! Flsstris Qsnpeny - to dlsonss -zen n-. an ' the test-nieel espests of syeletrns sn betstrmsé L
4. Chlsgg lhaivsrsity - to Mseuss the uhj t of neutron speeirereopy etth Dr. H. L. Al6srs0n.CQ' 3 Q,
With regsrd to the proposed visit to I011 Lsbsrsteries, Dr. Dbrth
of the Atunio hergy Resssreh Bstsblisinent will seeeepeny Ma is this te-
stsnee, end he I111 he scsmpenied by Dr. I. Fuchs of the se lstsilllii
an his visit to Chtosgo University. Ie ere nsble, st presqt, to C0118 OB
snot dstss of the proposed visits. For your infernstlen, they I111 tehs pleeeduring the period between the 81st of October ens the Nth of lwqhersuésgm
It will be sup:-eststed if you csn give us terms! elesrsnee tea-~Drs.
Skinner, Fuchs end Dmeorth r these visits so thst es any presses with the
prspsrstim of en ittnersry. u
You-s stseeu-sly,/s/ 1.. 0. mars éséw
L. 0. lelfe -mm» Q
I _W ~ _- _ __ U . I L I 92 A D
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'0
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lrltinh Ccncuinlth lotono Olu
United Magda Solontia Malian
178$ lucubuutta nun, I. I.Iuhtngtou 0, 0. cl;/! W
Dar llr. lnltn my
Ilth roforcnu ta your latter of Oatohor ll, IO have
no objootlm to tho visit: and dlaouulonl propoud for
Dootoro Bkluaor, Pooh, and Dmwrth on the 92>nll that no
0310100 rntrlatad data. will In lnvolvod. In have
notlou the vu-tau orguuuttou of this ouuurrcuoo,
with the 92nhrctaul1n¢ that u will u-raga direct thur: dutu for out Y1ll¬.C% U1
Sinooroly your-0,
> Carroll L. Ilka:J/3% Gonna-11 Icugnr
an C. L. I11:
OI I} K. WK 1 liillllill
copy of latter hm1.. 0. n-1:. to can-011 L. lilac éi!|-L
mm Ootohr 22, 1941{ 0
0 "3
P J
YtoCi?"-an 1, u5é2§ - Crrn»uu/on 1!
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