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FEDERAL BUREA OF TNVE-STIGEATION
SUPREME COURT
PART 1 OF 14
FILE NUMBER : 62-27585
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February 1, 193592 7 Q
H/I _/97¢"...I telephoned United States llarshalq of the _Supreme Court relative to his request for a coup e of Agents
to attend court sessions for protection, and informed him
that I had discussed the matter with you, and you had ad-
vised that such requests would have to made in the form of
writing; that the Division has recently received numerous
such requests, and the Department requires the we account
to them in such matters; that if he would address such a
request to the Division, it would be given appropriate atten-
tion .
1 copy
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92 U,3-eopectfully,
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E. A. TAMI»!
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JOHN EDGAR HOOVER 0 ~ D
1 _ Mr. :01?-°" """" "
pllcronr. C1es8----""'EAT;ggm Hf g.IIlfI2E.g£1T1t MMr. Bauhman "
cmef clerk
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" February 1, 1935M 1' . N ath an
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Mn Ed '3"5""'
Mr.
Mr.Ez" -Y ---- "
HaTb°---""'
My-_ Keith A----""'
IvvwvMr. Léer
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e N Time - 11:25 A.ll. r ~"- -5 "°
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_ usmommnuu FOR THE DIRELLTOR IMF- °""">92 * ' W 92!-1x5-SC-1- dY"l- ---------- " ;.....i
Q.________...-
United States llershslnpf the Supreme Court
92 telephoned e end requested that wewnave en Agent 6T.
., tend the session_pi§Jourt on H*on*daLandppossib1y Tuesday for
thc? purpose of taking care of any emergency situation which
might arise; that there have been persons attending the court
sessions who are not at all desirable, and the Ear
that it wouldshel felt
be more secure if a couple of our Agent were
_ the e' that he has previously made this request of llr. Nathan,2» ' manor the Field Office has been sent out.
-- 1 told.thst I eeele submit +1»-H you for your decis!:"! _/
92: IO
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Res ' fully, I
E. A. TAHM
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Ir. J. Edgar Hoover,
Department of Justice,
Iashington, D. C 2-{.r. '92iir192"92
Mr. Tract-' ---- --
92 M155 Candy
From the very large number of requests coming
in for seats in the Court Room on Icday next, we are
expecting an unusually large
difficult to maintain order.
Therefore I have the
possible, to let us have the
eon on Monday next, at aboutattendance, and it may
honor to request you, if
services of two of your
lQ=30= n several occasions
in the past you have assisted us in this nay, and you may
be sure that your co-operation has always been deeply
appreciated.£>L Iiry
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February 4, 1935
A H IEIIORAHDUI FOR THE DIRECTOR"I .
' Re ectfully, '
E. A. Tamm
J
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COPIES DESTROY?-U34 use 21954 é 7:5::.i%;"-It.
_ = *¢~e=.@1=r@;_.._rcu 'a;L9292vr"». "
---- -o_ ,.;.Mr, Nathan ..... ..
Mr. Tbleon ---- --
M;_."C-les'z~-' ---- --
11;, B3:ugh§=P|an§
»nw**3*fP1*.--'-----£3_,;,,_5»,2,;_.;m
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Mr. Harbo ....... ..
Mr. Ke1th
r. Lester , .....
Mr. Qul. ....-----llr. .92i.1uo%.r. Tuylln ___
lfr. i'r~:u:V ~--
D..n:sC.uww-__.r
I gersllel for the ypreme Court called ------*
advised that it would be unnecessery to have the * ' ed »to the &1preme _Qgurt j;_Q_<;1.§;;_ andi accordingly cal ndcountermanded the previous instructions which had been to
him.
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RECORDED t M :>t»vf§@» 6? uivasn nu»;
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I U' S D5Fv'92[iI-hit-1 ' ECE
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92K - I;BOHI! OFFICE OF DIRECTOR:92DIVISION OF INVESTIGATION
TO
OFFICIAL INDICATED BELOW BY CHECK MARK;!
Mr. Nathan "__u____m___ ______ d
Mr. Tolson _
Mr. Appel _"
Mr. Baughman
Mr. Edwards
Mr. Egan --_-Q:IIII:IIIIII§
Mr. Glavin _
Mr. Schilder
Mr . Tamm _____ __
Mr. Tracy J_
Inspector __
Unit ______________________________________ _
SecretaryMr. cless "_.II._.II:IIIIIIIIII
Mr. Coffey __,_:1'_1:1I:'.I'.:.1
Hr. Keith __ _____________________________ h
Mr. Lester __________________________ n
Mr. Quinn ______________________________ _
See me ____________________________________ M
Prepare Reply _________________________ m
For Your Information ____""_"_
Note and Return ____________________ _
File ____________________________ ____,__
Remark ":7?
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-' '*~92 3"
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F-5." ~''1?"92_~.92 1Mr.101-m EDGAR HOOVER U ' ~ ! Mr
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Mr
Fashbxgion, §- GI. Mr
February 9, 1935 ' '
Time - 11:15 Lil. . . Mr
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gowns F°lLTH_E JLREFFIQB Mr
b ! 2Mr.
Mr.
Mr.Nathan ..... .. {
To1son..
Clegg........
Baug!.man__
Coffey ...... ..
Edwards
Egan
Hnrbo
I-Ieith
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Qulnn..
S idor
amm __
1ra,cy..._.-.-.Mlss Candy _____ _. IRe: Request of U-S- llarshal of ................
b Q Q/ Supreme Court for Agent .
United States ilarshalg of the Supreme Court telephoned
and stated that he would apprec t very much if we could send two
Agents to the court Monday morning; that he is somewhat concerned over
the crowd which is jcoming to the court during the trial of the case
there. He further stated that he recalled that I had previously re-
quested him to submit such requests by letter, and that he would be
glad to confirm this one by letter.
I told him that while I did not know whether we had any
Agents available for such duty at this time, if he would submit a
request in the form of e letter, due consideration would be given
it. He Stated that in the interim if it develops that the Agents
will not be needed, he will advise me.
Respectfully,
/" Q
?/~/
E. A. TAHM
1 copy
é..¬_"ZZ§-g: 4/; . * .' ' I r'3""7_" '4TROY =1COPIES E3 2 195* -.'.92wrs10.~c=.= INVESTIGATIONB4 get. _ asoonnmn 3
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"!I=¢11+-=eL.¢»».mMr
Mr
M1"
Mr'Mr- Nathan-1___,> . ! Mr. Tols0n______
Mr. C|egg,_______
M: .
Ch
MrI
l92'I.".
FFebruary 9, 1935
Z
MrIr. J. Edgar Hoover,
Department of-Justice,
Ieshington, D. C.
Dear Sir:
Ia I make a similar request to that of February 2ndriiIIiru-an-_-__
Eaughman
Ef C!3r-k _____
Ctiffey _____
Edwams"
Egan ________
Har-bo______
Keith ______ __
Lester ______
Quinn
arnm
Tracy
7
and for the same reasons therein named, viz: that two Special
i d to assist I8 on londay Agents from your Division be ass gne
next at 10.30 A. H.
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February ll, 1935
IEHORAHDUN FOR THE DIRECTOR0 :><~
pieim of snmrigmm
31. 5. gqmimmr of alusiim
-1.» r.
Mr.
Mr.
Mr.
Chl
Mr.
Mr.
Mr.
Mr.
Mr.
I ir.
Mr.
Mr.
Mr.
Mr.
s.92_ 2'1
1 ol'_mn______
¢l=:':..-- ....
Baughrngn
ef CleI'k_____
Coffey ____ __
Edwards
Ezan
Harbo.......
l.<elth ________
Lesser ____ __
QuInn,______
5chlIcer__
Tn .... .-
any
sCandy_____
Relative to the request of Marshal
d f S ecial A en so o e ivision Suprem§_§ourt for the etten ance 0 p g
in the Supre the morning of February ll, 1935, you are
" celled on Saturday afternoon to stateadvised that1 t b Llondey attendance 0 these gents wou d no e necessary on
office was so advised.
vow
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92
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xvr .Respectfully,
Eu An T811111]
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u. s. 0§Pr.Rmc.-<1 or JUSTICE
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92 .
February 16, 1935-
Ir. J. Edgar Hoover,
Department of Justice,Mr. Nathan _____ __
Mr. Tollon _____ __
Ml. Back up ______ __
Mr. Beughmgn __
Chlet Clerk _____ ,_
Mr- CIeg'g__ ______ __
M r. Coffey ______ __
Mr. Edward: _____
Ir. Egan __________
Mr. I-larbo_______
Mr. K61th_...,,______
Mr. Lester ________
Mr. Quinn _______ __
Mr. Sohrlder .... __
I-'lr- Smith ...-.
-Inn TII'Il'I'l-....-....
ll Prior .....-.,.
blue Candy .... ..Ieshington, De C. ! m" m """_"
Dear Sir:
5 lay I make a request similar to that of
February 2nd., and for the reasons stated therein,
that two Special Agate be assigned to assist I8
on Ionday February 18th.,at 10-30 1. I.
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: . - ,0...---up-_.:'.-=I'""*-U 3 r". NathanJOHN EDGAR HOOVER L Z C. . T0350" ------ -~
_ DII-ICTOI.1:-. E3acku$-----
1 ...r. aaug92"H'"B"--' EAT:CDw Irhrral Burrau uf Jnnrugatinn i" °"'* °°"
T."l r. C'leglZ-------I.D.§2parlnuu1 nf Ixmrr -
Mr. Egann" m Mr. Harb0 ------- ~-
Mr. Kei"Li'92....---N 16, My-_ |___e519r ______ ..
Mr. Qulhn.....-
E, Mr. Schdel.---.1 T1518 Mr. Smit ----- -~
Mr. l'I'"'|"|- ---~--
r. Tracy ---------
IE!iQliAHDUllC_EQE_THE e_1ll§EC'If0R Miss Candy ..... --
J Re: I1 .1: __________ H
.>-_..---~""""_"--' . U /
United States Harsh fe the Supreme Court telephonedwith a request for two men to a the court session of the Supreme
Court on Monday morning. I told him that if he would forward the
written request for these men efforts ould , I be made to have them there
at the appointed time.
P!/! V He stated that since Agenl 1 an
*' Qfi 0 e Washington Field
ice appears to be somewhat familitfflhe setup out there, he
wanted to know if this Agent would be sent. I told him that I had
nothing to do with the selection of the men; that the request was trans-
mitted to the Field Office, and the Special Agent in Charge sent what-
ever men were available.
' Respec_tfully,
E. A. TAMM
1 copy
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H;-;*.:92oq92:o|*t.|_1*taIa'ngo|:'lr| to in uaigud ¥.»'-j»;',~:? '*"- to assist hi: on londay, February 18,
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JOHN EDGAR Hoovl-:R = _ 11- HQ!-uihmsur 7% i
nnnscron ' bier Clerk e -HP.ClzQ§_______ I
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_ United States Harsh t thfapitol telephoned llr.
3'? Foxworth and stated that they ecting a rather large crowd of1 '4 bu people on Monday next up there, and wanted to know if it would be
~/' possible for the Bureau to furnish him with three men to be present' " ' " in the crowd in the event an emergency ituation arises. aid ant. 11-1 11 am tkno tag s a. 1r 1 e e no w a e
- what the situation is with reference to the availability o Ag_g_n_ts,
, he would che the tter, and the llershal would be contacted Bome-+_J time later. isud he can be reached at National 5321.
E. A. Thllll.-
-1../IF. .
92 .- ,92_- _2*
RECORDED '2 .87. 2'@-
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JOHN EDGAR HOOVER U
mnzcron
EATIWW Qfeheral ureau nf fllneeiigaiinn
31. 5, §2parim2ni of gunre '
'**l1* £* » 3 L r92
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October 2, r J
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I tale oned Acting Spe
ton Field 0 fice and edvis[I from Un't States llarh
; of thre ,Ageqte in the onext. O
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1 - .. H., 92
--.-a
el Agent in Charge Hickey at the Washing-
that tggjmreau has received a request
f the Sugreme Q_g1_1_;-_t for the assistance
the Supreme Court on Monday morning,
I :Lnstructed- to send Agent Burruae and two othera
who he might select.
Respectfully,QM "
E: 1. mun.
92
R L&.~Z7~..f3?5<3EGORD O '
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October 3 , 1935 . *1" 8" """" "
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lb. Later ----- --
Time - 11.0? 1.11. """* ' '
Mr. Sushi; 1'
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I contacted Uni_ted__S_tetes liars of the Supreme Courtil3;929B;A133l!lLFQ.iL I5£_D 9
i__and 1.:LIc76ed him' that his request of yesterday for the assistance of
three Agents for the opening of the Supreme Court Ionday next had
/been discussed with Mr. Hoover, as a result of Ihich instructions had
been issued to three Agents to assistn this matter.
_appea.t6 very appreciative of our cooperation in
this matter. -
Respec ully,
E. A. TAMI.
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UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE
Lug mt 12,1937 92/_
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Ir. chichoster in the Department
advised me that Sen.92B1ack's name
was aubrnitted to the Sgnate early
this afternoon for the 31.12:-eme Court
vacancy.
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following statements, where _
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material available for releaee to you.
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Information pertained only to a third party. Your name is listed in the title only.
Documents originated with another Govemment agencyes!. These documents were referred to that
agency ies! for review and direct response to you.
Pages contain information furnished by another Government agencyes!. You will be advised by the FBI as
t0 th3 Uf infOl1'I"l2tlOI'l fOllOWll1 Dllf Cilllia with H19 nthnr nonnrvvfinc! _ __ _, _ __._e _._____-.___ _e~~.~___° __- -----...--.-.----- ------ UIIII -v-Iwl -5 --92.J92-um >
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The follo g number is to be used for reference regiding these ages:__ we -iél 7$i8~s :- él l
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35 DELETED PAGE S! 3uo DUPLICATION FEE 4§
_ ...____._..._1,_..___ .., .._,-_<-.----._4-- . ._. __ ___ -_,.__..._ _-_-i_- _... .. _ -Q S 92JOHN nioinggoowa - J//'_
EAT: cow Iehrral Bureau uf lnuengatiun I Cl
Hniteh States Department nf Justice
anhingtun, B. 6.
q:b Septenber 20, 1937.
L
TC Qvmw we em 1>1RE<=m
0
Gordon Dean telephoned me on the evening of September 14, 193?% to inquire whether the Bureau had cond ote ~=an nvee t o tthe Department's request of Just1%§§y»¬E.Y'do§g':;£<iertsE'é.§&ré1%1'§s.
The following day CI infomed llr. Dean by telephone that the Bureau
_ n-3-9;; records did not dieclo th se at the Department had ever requested+ / any investigation of any of these three Justices. .
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Deleted under exernption s! ,,_ _ _ with no segregable
material available for release to you.
Information pertained only to a third party with no reference to you or the subject of your request.
Information pertained only to a third party. Your name is listed in the title only.
Documents originated with another Government agencyes!. These documents were referred to that
agencyes! for review and direct response to you.
Pages contain information furnished by another Government agencyes!. You will
¢.. 41... .,..|..,.-,.1.:1:.t.. -4 a.:.. :..r..........¢:,... 4'.-.1l.~...;..,. A... ...-.n...1+..4:m. ..,:+h +11- n§|Iar an-" 1:lU UIC IClCd3d.Ul.lll_y Ul Ulla lillul lllcluull lunuw I115 Ul.ll Lullauitallvll vritll I-nu uuu..i |I5v1Idvised by the FBI as
Pagetsl withheld for the following reasontsl:
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The followin number is to be used for reference regarding these pages:
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Pagetsl withheld entirely at this location in the file. One or more of the following statements, where
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JOHN EDGAR HOOVER
DIRKTTOR
!A'1:IlO
Tile:
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?/>1/0 ~ >92
3121121-al Bureau nf lmmngatinn
nitnh itatms Bepartnumt nf lnnrn
anlngtnn, B. Qt.
September 21, 1937.
EQR_. _'l'HE
was advised I have no information on this but
IO ng hie request to the attention of the Director
and would aacertain whether he might be able to make anofficial statement. 1 u>1a1 Iould call him
back in this
F El ITi. D M o
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FOIPA DELETED PAGE INFORMATION SHEET
Pagete! witlilield entirely et this location in the le, One or more of the following statements, where
indicated, explain this deletion.
Deleted under exemption s! _ o__ ___ _ with no segregabie
material available for release to you.
information pertained only to a third party with no reference to you or the subject of your request.
Information pertained only to a third party. Your name is listed in the title only.
Documents originated with another Government agencyes!. These documents were referred to that
agency ies! for review and direct response to you.
Pages contain infon-nation furnished by another Government agencyes!. You will be advised by the FBI as
4 J1... -..l.-.....,.l-JIIJ-... ...L<|-L1- 5.-.£n-.~_¢-oi, -t lnIl,92...l¢-n A"- an-n~--Ii--H1 -1 -"ii-I-92 él-tn .-ti-I-92=v -.-an-92=~ i=¢92ll] Ellc ll:I.C§¢lJlI.I.I., 92.Il llll llll92JLlIlLl92- I IUIIUW Ills U ! 92v92JllD92IIl-OI-l92-Ill Willi IIIC 92Jlll92vl B592-'ll¥"[lBJ]I
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FDIPA DELETED PAGE INFDNMATIDN SHEET
Pageisl withheld entirely at this iocation in the le. One or more of the following statements, where
indicated, explain this deletion.
Deleted under exernption s! _ _r_ _ with no segregable
material available for release to you.
Information pertained only to a third party with no reference to you or the subject of your request.
Information pertained only to a third party. Your name is listed in the title only.
Documents originated with another Government agency ies}. These documents were referred to that
agency ies! for review and direct response to you.
Pages contain information furnished by another Government agencyes!. You will be advised by the FBI as
to the releasability of this information following our consultation with the other agencyes!.
Pageisl withheld for the following reason s!:
' Htl- A.ln:-n..l_.- Anlnn._.R.4JJ ../l-.. n
For r lnformatr n "'9'-'0 Q'/QM > W male A W 4 5%,!
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FIJIPI DELETED FlGE INFORMATION SHEET
Pa_ge s! withheld entirely at this location in the file, One or more of the following stetemente, where
indicated, explain this deletion.
Deleted under exemptionts! e_, __ with no segregable
material available for release to you.
Information pertained only to a third party with no reference to you or the subiect of your request.
Information pertained only to a third party. Your name is listed in the title only.
Documents originated with another Government agency ies!. These documents were referred to that
agenc-y ies! for review and direct response to you.
Pages contain information furnished by another Government 3gency leS!. You will he advised by the FBI as
to the releasability of this information following our consultation with the other agencyes!.
Pagets! withheld for the following reason s!:s J xxxxxx
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92 '92 I__ 92-It: 4 . ; .0 . | 1 _ I A .l_ - A J _ s -/L 4 - _ nyour information: "Q10 All I e' [4/7*-O A I _ _, _ _ __ {Z4
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SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES. /
No. , Original.--0C'10BEB TERM, 1937.
.
Motion for leave to le a petition for an
. . ' ' Mr. Justice Black toAlb V tt order requiringEx pargeetitiosztmew show cause why he should be per-
mitted to serve E en Associete J nstiee
of this Court.
[October 11, 1937.]tel] Pm Comm-I.
The grounds of this motion are that the appointment of Mr.flustice Black by the President and the conrmation thereof by the
If Senate of the United States were null and void by reason of his
,» ineligiloility under Article I, Section 5, Glanse 2, of the Constitu-
~ tion of the United States, and because there was no vacancy for
which the appointment could lawfully be made. The motion papers
disclose no interest upon the part of the petitioiier other than that
-. ' of a citizen and a member of the oar of this Court. That is in-
ll sufcient. It is an established principle that to entitle a private
» J_ individual to invoke the judicial power to determine the validity
"I i of executive or legislative action he must show that he has sus-
-' teined or is immediately in danger of sustaining a direct injury as
Q» the result of that action and it is not sufeient that he has merely
id a general interest common to all members of the public. Tyler v.
Judge's, 179 U. S. 405, 406; Southern Railway Cornpony v. King,
217 U. S. 524, 534; Newman v. Frizzell, 238 U. S. 537, 549, 550;
Foirch"- Id V. Hughes, 253 U. S. 126, 129; Massachusetts v, Mellon,
262 U. S. 447, 488. .
K The motion is denied.
1
1
' i 1'55
' 92
_ .___'__ - _-pm-nr-' T ' A *-
0 Q
SUPREME COURT 0F THE UNITED STATES.
E-ii
No. -, 01'igT.l18l.---OCTOBER T'mm, 1937.
Ex parts P H. Kene Motioxi for hearing on the title of Mr
Petitioner. Court.L} Justzee Black as a member of this
[October 11, 1937.]
PER Cvnuu.
The motion is denied. E: parte Albert Levitt, decided this day
I
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to the releasability of this information following our consultation with the other agencyes!.
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Pege e! withheld entirely at this location in the le. One or more of the followimz eta ents where I _ fem . E- -
indicated, explain this deletion.
Deleted under exemption s! _ with no segnegahle
material available for release to you.
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Information pertained only to a third party. Your name is listed in the title only.
Documents originated with another Govemment ager|cy ies!. These documents were refe rred to that
agencyiies! for review and direct response to you.
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to the releasability of this information following our consultation with the other agency ies!.
Page s! withheld for the following reason s!:
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FEDERAL IPEAU OF INVESTIGATION
___D1reotor
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____Mr. Toleon
____llr. Clegg
Hr. Quinn
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Mr. Egan
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u SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES.I
a¢
No. , Original.-0c'r0snn Tessa, 1937.
ll/lotion for leave to le a petitln for an
order requiring Mr. Just-ic74Bleck to
show cause why he should be per-
mitted to serve as an Associate Justice
of this Court.Ex parte Albery Levitt,
Petitioner.
[October 11, 1937.]
Pan Comm.
The grounds of this motion are that the appointment of Mr.
J ustice Black by the President and the eormation thereof by the
Senate of the United States were null and void by reason of his
ineligibility under Article I, Section 6, Clause 2, of the Constitu-
tion of the United States, and because there was no vacancy for
which the appointment could lawfully be made. The motion papers
disclose no interest upon the part of the petitioner other than that
of a citizen and a member of the bar of this Court. That is in-
suicient. It is an established principle that to entitle a private
individual to invoke the judicial power to determine the validity
of executive or legislative aetion he mut show that he 11% ene-
tained or is immediately in danger of sustaining a direct injury as
the result of that action and it is not suicient that he has merely
a general interest common tolall members of the public. Tyler V.
Judges, 179 U. S. 405, 406; Southern Raalway Company v. King,
Z17 U. S. 524, 534; Newman v. Frizzeil, 238 U. S. 537, 549, 550;
Foirchild v. Hughes, 258 U. S. 126, 129 ; Massachusetts v. Mellon,
262 U. s. 4.47, -ass.
The motion is denied.
, W mnsxnv..~:,c92J"* 7--=
A TU-°iL.!,"1 55/ "W-L
__ _ _.._ W - ~_ __ T ______ _ _..92 ___._.4.._.._xi. Q J
SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES.
No. , Origina.l.Oc'roBEn Than, 1937.
Ex pane P. H. Keey Motioli for hearing on the title of Mr.
Court.0
. . Justice Black as a. member of this
Pet1t10ner.
[October 11, 1937.]
Pm Comm.
The motion is denied. E1: parte Albert Levitt, decided this day.
Ls
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Hr. Ennle, Allen nely Control llnlt .
Hr. Hcllulty, Allen Property Unit . . .
HI. "QIQH °|r.CtQr| I I I I I I I
Hr. Bennett, Director of Prleone . . . .
Hr. lierrieon, Coon r. llllgretion end lleturel
Hr. Sheughneeey. Lleleon Dffloer, I. end
Hr. Lawrence, Director, Bond end Splrlte
Hr. Quinn, ldeinlotretlve Aeeletent -. .
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1 '~ .-f-=2 -- t 7 -- l+._ i"?:Z'.;T"'"-?'.'l".? ' ?. ""a.-5*T""¢1moral du 4 1 l T ,, ~-11' 1 - , -"-.-",'->j-;?;;¢,L? -=;.Y"-%T>f_:"ré?'.i._1,".'i-,_j r_ ~_. 7,1 L .' _ _ _ P-j;jt~_; _,J;_ - A-_:.-~; -;="=e;.§; ._:e_-;_,.-L,:|-:.:,§,.1'A_r-~,1ja§£.Erf¢..!?;#L¬;;¢jc-it _£;_~; 4,,_-.'-f '~*_?_f._,,_T;§-¢-.-! H pn-- _¢ - ; ibis faith trans1omed'hia n1~e1¢== mastery ofldetail
_. _.,_, . _ _ _.-. . - .. 3 - . _,,__:_ -F. -_pursuit of an ideal: Lt the bar he brought hie lg-eat fts of; ? _E .~,,,i;," I-1 -'.'.."_'1,?7__i¬f~,._' 1, .. -1 ;'+-'_"- 9-"; Q-*1?"_ J01? study, and oi constructive e¬atemanship to the service
of his belief in the common man. In the field oi labor relations, he - ,§T'£a.{?~§- - .-_ - .v-.,-_.,-1.. g ;---._. VII ,, . 92 92devised a plan oi industrial peace which called for continuous co1labora- if! Fn:
- 1 -"5'?-*%~.1-, .- . ' ' . - I -" .' - ' " '-' _' ~1"';ii_-.~?t
Ction between empleyer and labor, a continuous sharing in the resp0n.ei- -.4_ ' ' -s-'1'.». 7 _ : - »- - , 1' .,, 92 * _.b5-nties of tmenagélnenta l In the iie1d.oi finance; he insisted on the
_ -. . ';e- v ,_ 10 1 _/ _ . I
limitations oi mortal understanding -in endeavoring from the vantage point
'-s.fof the exchanges to direct giant industrialenterprisesu " Perhaps his I u '
proudest achievement while at the bar was the establishment of the system
of savings bank industrial life insurance in Massachusetts: This system,
as he envisaged it, would not simply give added security and so addi- v M Q. A
tional freedom to the workers; more than that, it would be a demonetra-1 '
tion oi what could be-accomplished in an undertaking oi modest size by -
ordinary men working without the prestige of position that has come to ,
those who manage large aggregations of other pe0p1e's moneyu " '_ ' "j--~
_ All his views were grounded in theksame distrust of bigness, the
same sense of urgency that the energies of all men should be released and
. ' 5 92 '
utilized. He was profoundly attached to the principle of Federalim ' I
He lost no opportunity to advise yonnglawyers that the United State '
not Hall Street or even Washington; that if one went there on a to-L. o1'_ 7
- l _ _,_r'--""'
jsf-_.____ ."' duty one should not overstay his time; that talents and ,*
be taken back to the home community . ' .
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vpprtuliiglnq om_1n+.¢g£1.#y,, and hiefaith in.the_s ~l 27' :7 ' - *5 ' T ' "~.,'~-'7 5-*"? '-. ' ".""'. 't "'-"-.
0! -tr_adJ.t1_m_u,Ie1§e too strong-i Hheu the ourt use prepared, as V..,,: _. '_" '..: "ix" _ 4 " . ' = l-r .9. ' -..~ .' - _' ' > ' -_ "'J3 ._____ . #_ ___ _ . _ _I ._ > _ K lei. '3 : --__ .»- 15. _ _ 4.. 1,»-.q,_ _.~__;: .-..,-____-_ -,_192_.-V" _'_ . r:-.--.,Q!#,?;4._..in me £.1.:_-at_3ennes_gee i's1:1e7f_luthority:oas'e, At.o_ anno1mce etcnetltii-' t I
tic} _' fd<>&n-1;J¢_;m1¢h"1;;;i tva1',:heWn-one 'the!'ieeeffninnl at
.... -_e.t what &_;'eg;L_.Pée,ri es an 92_:;svar_;;a.nted a.ntieipa- t 92_M J -. ~" ,. ;-, --,1-.1 , .- '-,- V _. - F U _,ticn__o:£ the constitutional question. ilo inoonaiderable part or his- = 7 r, - "' . ,- . 1-," ', .* . ._ ; ' -- '4 ~ -- ., . -- J . ~ .92- .~r ,"' _- , -- .-e .- -I ,, ,
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labvrs on__t._:1e_ no:-it into the o.f_staying_ the judicial _'
hand 1es.t_it_tdecide_mora_f}1an was reqniped by the case at, bar. W zm ,_ ,
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the one or two insta,ncee in which it may be suggested that he departed '
' .fromhis canon of judicial parsimony -- instances where he took occasion '
- -' V - __ | -' . . . - . - - - _- .
to east constitutional doubt on declaratory iudgnente and on a. general - " Y
: _ . _92 . .. ,7 _,' . }--._ . I _ . . '1 .
Federal common law »-- it is worth observing that the departures were in
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11-hj interest of confining the powers of the Federal courts. Ho one was _'
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more .0 the 11.11.11.211-iere Qllthe i1;nction- of the Court; -
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36 the grgndmir the Gonr-U:e_ nevi edifice, "lest
the ooh in-some eases es. hem lees st
rather than on the inwerdtbstrength of the appeal to reasons "conception of the office U .~ -_ I 31;. __ 5 ..,_.--,~»-e:_"::- '. "' - ..*..'; _' I --.m- . M --- -gs -»-§.-s
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_ _ . 92_ - 92 .- o 4!,_ _ -._92 -duninant was his devotion to reason that opinions sseespeos ores -*"""*" * 3- - »- --*.o-.-.-' ' I5.- ' * -.""92i
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L-to satisfy unsuccessful counsel. No.releveut_ argument was to pass ';-_t_f~.5?f
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a sense of failure, though I
gence of the advocate should. _ , _ . - o -Ff:I _ A - ._ , _ h _ .__,
for reheerinng was tiled; the Justice felt- 0 k 92 __ ; , ,_ - _- w _
never quite understood why the intran.si.-- ¢
be a fault attr ibsted to the jndge- No ' I _,f';
one who ever heard the Justice deliver a major opinion fran the bench '
could fail to understand theIV - .
symbolism, and more than symbolism, of _
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_ .. ,__ __ _, , __ ._ N . . . . .- i 3--_" 2; '1}?-4.1. ;* " nhevm endsculptured-with infinite care. these who will} ~ _'__. ~ 4
_- r .. _/- way in this undertaking were giveh an un1'Orgi.'1rah1e experience- '- > ~~ .' P " "Y t "- ~ - T "' - '1 -'-"*i..'"»$'.*i.»_--'l'. t:--..*~3.-*1--:~:~ '?--7l"~e;i.=*J. '?'Jt"§3.=h.9292.'~"*- ~*77"fiétti
souled devotion to a great calling. -it 4' I.,Z§*:;.'%§;'.»».'¢%_.T'
_ -k * 1;; l Fill. can grow the flower ';~it'33tM92~ Y-71....-i
_- _ _ For a.u. have got the-seed '.';;I,"-_p1§".-,_-'-.- 1 ~
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' Those who knew him would saylithese things, but theynould speak pJ@ L 4 1?
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finally and above all .o£ his moral intensity, his spiritual g:_'eatneo_s.
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His was the quality that,by a word cbuld lift 1'-he heart, by a nod en-. ..
kindle the spirit.
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To him unempl oyment
less people brought I H
strongly a sense ofvs. .
earth made protest.
_ .~ fras a course he wlieved mer.......""y right J5 - --r! in-
I
volve mufortunate hardships. He realized;-that victories cannot be won
without a struggle and that a price must be paid for every advance.
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his faith in the understanding and morality of the multitude gave himHis moral judgnents were stern, and they probed deep.
shame at the slowness with which the nations of the
serenity. He never yielded to despair, and to gloom only when he found
- _ A -
too many men complacent. Moral obtuseness andfaintness of heart were" 3- 7- .- Q /1;.* _ Q . ~ /- . - . . .-.~-t~- -'. °?....t;- :¬
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was "the most sinful waste." The persecutionidi he1p-- - -
him not only the écmznon sense of grief, but even more
He was not a sentimentalist. He could not be swayed
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'i ' In a life iraughtl with znore than one man's".share of sharp encounters.
the enanies to be dreaded. So it was that njhen he was asked in the darl/
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To flagging spirits he would hole these up as a banner that could never
be struck.
It is fitting that we pause at this mcment in the world's history
to contemplate his life and strength "from his spirit. 'For was it
not of such a spirit that the poet of another war has spoken: "The
pride of the United States leaves the wealth and finesse of the cities
and all returns of commerce and 'agricu3.ture and all the magnitude of
geography or shows of exterior victory to enjoy the breed of iu§Llsized
men or one fullsized man unconquerable and simple." .
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" - , » Hr. Justice Brandeis; ~ ' 92-!
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F.» ' "B'eni':Ii." Int ire._ _ .._u _ _ -_ v _ _ . .- . is - _ -1 s <Jli ,'_ ._extra ordinary ' " contribution tlo-shes;-otession iii which _we have ,ip__e_nt'.- . , , '~- W " '- -4 in ".-i-if.-;~},=~" Lg.. ~ " but as-1nericans;923e'insd" not-ior a moment that up _qzpres_s.w!_iatf._13,-Q 2 *
u-.. .- , ' _ ' - " -IH ¬ torgeur count:-ye it is that atthis ' ' .. . '
, - - ."tn-". hstice Brandeis iz1ttl'zis|'broader.-sense, 1;»-'e;m_ nqeggg, ghee {eds
neiendede tlmoughoutthe world. is we fight Q? 5,;
today as rede'iinin g' among ourselves and I:m0ng|§h.0s_e.Wi.th when we are- ' 92 _ ' < ;:_ ' ~ :..- ex .-'
the meaning and the reality of those values. If this war touches us more ,I ~ ' -. -. u "3' ~ U '4-
f§;:1:eeply> than war, it is to the extent _that__we feel the essentis of our -| ' - ' -- .
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- His preparation for his'twentyathree.years on this Court thus tran-
scended his wide and varied experience in practice which hadxbrought him to
the front of his profession. But in the practice the same qualities stood
forth: there was the battle for cheap insurance which led to the adoption of
the savings banks insurance legislation in Massachusetts; the successful cam»
paign for lower gas rates in Boston; the_Ballinger-Pinchot investigation which
resulted in centering public attention on the vital need of immediate and effec-
V 1
tive conservation programs; his chairmanship of the board of arbitration in/
the needle trades; his representation of the interests of consumers and work-
men in many fields.
Although he was frugal and ascetic, living a life of steady concen-
tration and immense work on the problems before him, his singleness of purpose
never limited the friendly sympathy of his'nature, or the curiosity of his mind.
f
He was without prejudices, as he was without cliches. The asceticism, and his
fundamentally moral outlook gave him in the eyes of many of his friends the
quality of a saint. Mr. Justice Holmes felt this reverence for his younger
associate, "Whenever he left my house," Holmes wrote of him in 1932, "I was
likely to say to my wife, There goes a really good man. . .' In the moments
of discouragement that we all pass through, he always has had the happy wordJ
that lifts up one's heart. It came from knowledge, experience, courage, and
the high way in which he always has taken life."
Yet Justice Brandeis had none of the mystic essence which we associat bwith sainthood, He was practical, realistic, patient, persistent, He " _' <
the mind of a trained social scientist to the analysis of legal op; _-5;W**"
decision, a method which is beautifully illustrated in his brief i
the Oregon law fixing a ten-hour day for women wage earners. Thre~
the law; the other ninety-seven diagnose factory conditions and theii
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_ Qmore aatm-send more ttrlasemlnded is duo fptt!:sin£1.uences 3,. 5;, ~- _. . . - , . , .3 4-.~'}_i_ _. _ &A_.--_7' "ms; . 5»? _ ' 7.2.s r I ~'92 '92 .-weiniiagiv'- - _~ - J. .- -1- . ~'- ip" ' I ___- -. _v ;,- _ 92 --'1 -.. - ,.- _'-.'_ Q 1, g, 1 -__, .= usien; .1 IBssest;,et=61!~-*.1fi92b4§1:t1oo1<:o!_eoinjte g;. H '=.|- t.-'1 '»-'.=_~ ' 2" ' '-5;: ";J ..'-R? ' .. ,14 "
' ikdges tode-y's,:-s more 1~n1m1=;»1vas "given-Kb ths.l8s1uq>t1on o'!,,_c¢0PtQi_zlDgml,
ee et"eu;e;~eet ..; " 1}; e;,1;;;. 1;. ;.1@;~; ;.. tege ..;.;;
.=- . »~r~ ..--Ki ~.- 'A_' I -. --1 4 , vl ssdeve "judge, is uot.te' in-.;=k our judges that to pageuf -_
-.- - .-_ . - ._-, >-_ . ».- _ _..A--92- ¢ - -- ._ . .- _ t _ , , . _ , . ,. . - e I . .1 1,_ 1__ . =- 92- /. ¢ _',*- ~' AV - . 3, .'-;,;..- ' , '~ :"§'.- - ." 1 4. - - '- __ ...--..-_-. -. ..-:'-';'.",..¢;_'.- r-- should be made to Ieei, as many Judges already do,- iillllb ms tmzngs needed to v ?
].1'berty'are radically re Adilfersnt hers fifty fears béciir J
. I ¥ .| .; . 2 92 ,_ V; 92 __ ' V _.
In the PB-at the courts h§§ve rseehedjtheir}eono1usiernB"1a18e13Qdeduetively. , . _ 92 _ _ _ _ .. . .- . - . _ .1 _ , _ _ _- _ _ _ _.92 - . - . .' . - , . .-,.. . _
iai1d_pre0edents._ The manna I hm tried.to92e'mp1oy an .
ma; _ -»4 5 . -. 7- - 92_ K
breemeeived notioqe. " - .. "ffarguing oases before been induetive, reasoning from the facts. "i V ' H to Bu;g92*;t"th?;.4i-a,.a¢1= had =-.'p'm.1¢$op1iy 8: 11ré_im?i do e
H I _ ' '-92 -. u
a - I hesitate
not o£_ p:r1ma.riJ.y ssa jahilosopherr hllko 11511 philosophers 'c1ee].':withh': If z"--C ._-;- '___ ;. f. ,-I; >_ - {X ' _ I 7- _ * I. _ 2 I
generalities that take ghapey of the Lmiverual and glitter above and below the
realm of the reetleausi pa.rt:lc{§J.a.r?' Ulike lib:-. 7-iuetice Holinee; who,
-_ A ;;e, 5 - t .
though he was of the essences}, yet felt that the nature of man was to indulge _
". ' - " *. 1' y ' -. . . - "_. , x . _ , - 92 I... .. _ t _ _ »
:Ln't-heir formulation, Brandeis, clear in his first principles, was truly enxpiri-;_92 _ . .1 r » - -> - 1 -. . , . , ; _ , I , V 1
Brandeis '
. _. .. . _ .- 4 _6&1 in his preoccupation» Mhile Holmes" doubts were philosophic,
were ecientific; in]: have rio Luqgal phiiosophyi he said; nu;-W 11fe92I haYe.thought onlyt in coru1ectior[wg?1 faets that cbnge hefore me. 1 ¢ j We need not_ mueh reesion laeuto see ¢=°1;<§1t15n5L'i§ believed
that behin'd "every a J is someone s ignorence, and that disputesT
generally arise from misim H ' i_ngJ President Wilson 1-mew this when, after
. _ . k ,1 _ 1: ' '__ _ 4, 1 If - .; _ . r . ~the hearings o"n the Juétie _' "'1 Tgoihtmt which had lasted for three aontha, he
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a;::e"re1eas'e<i-SL3. lite--voiced;tthi'aA,ap}Jroe.ch tings! -pr;
-_ .~_92 .in his; testimony before the Commission one Indu_str1§.1 Relationaé in l9_I!-4, mom-1 . - . ' ' r . ' 1 ,"- ' ..
remarkable for havihg been delivered exte1npora.n_$-:i_92;e],3rs;, "We. mst,__'_' he toldthe- 1_ ", 3. -- ' '-. - -. 1 I1 Committee, "bear ;l.n*mind all the time that lfiowe§&er much we may desire materul "
J.,mprovemen1;,- 8-I'Id1I!1J.B1'» deeire it for the eomtort. 0?? the
States is a1_demopracy .8.nd,tha.b-we m1st_have,..above< aIl.1things,. 1pen_.'_- -It is the» 4
developnqeht of ma.nh0Od to which any .ind§.;stria1 §._1d;s9c?.a.l .535.-gteme eho111d_b_e_;_e 5 " - .. " 1 V V -"-2?-,_"*?e1.-;..; . -~ ~ .- , . 92 :=e<=+-.e=-w* it h 1 ~ - , - 4. - 4 - . _. I e , . '7. . M~ ,. . , I r e ,
_- ; Thet, <I be1ieve,,was the chief raasonavh_vL}2e;wae.,ao deeply conc_erg_e_d -
With the growth of huge cbrpqpetions as presentingea grave dapge:r.tp Americhp
Democraey by Uhglt he galled-"eapitalizingé;£ree.Ah1e£',ic§1;1s,;_'!_.~,eeI11_!h5:5é diéssegzti-Jig IJ
-h _ _ _. _ _ _ 92opinion in Ligggtt ii. _"_L_§_g, he spoke pf the '_'v~_'id;es_pr§a.;1;__1_ba;I.ie;C 1 -_- .; that biX _92~ theecontrql which the few he.ire§1exa'rted throughrgigpt;-qnr;'pag*gt;inns, indi 1181 7- - |.
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H1811, I ll A " r _ 1 q" __ t __l'_.»___ _ _.!1 r= ~ ."'
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lo 2i _ Thou iho non" our 1I1d61JB1:|B!1'BO';*_?|'lb rotc in a
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r ' men 1fz~eee_t,9.Eaniopl_the1r toculties; and its goyerrgnsntp _" ~ .- M =21 ;.#~t"_'-~ ~- » --"er.-aw z . ' 1 P; . '-'.---x 1:2»-=- J": _ ..:'" 4- - -"5 ' =41 H "01
p -__. =_n=eq treeie.1'.i',avee the erttteiz-y. mete lite:-ti-I in its~ ' 1 <-' - "" 4". _A vi I I." . >'-.» I '-' "t -'."' . | ._ _ _ "-4. 1_- -'0. ; -_'--___ V- 1 j.-:> - _c - _- -, e,,- .'-." e-' ; 1 - .-1-4'» 3:... .' , l;- "1' IT " ind means» .They beliejredlibsrty bejlaezjseérct- 1._ ..'--. - ., 1- » . -e = ,- -A -'- , '- _.-J "' - -P, -"',92' . ":5 - ' t,» -- 7 _' 92 -p " -- _ _.._ - , .- '; __- I ' 1L _ ' " I D
I _» _ _-_ L -gu _ ,1 4|';_,_,n an J92-£1 - - a .T- an - _ ' _ J-an ' "'2
U8 _ -~ A * uney DB.L16T9G met Irsedom to tnimc as you nJ..,uj_ ,1_.__..- -7 . . . - . I _._ , _ . *1 »- . - , ~ - - . - .. - 92 .» . . i V re - - . -.wt J -.' _ -I -- e - -" -e- - ' -.' " . 1' -192~ ' at .- A ;.. e 9 92 ; 1-: * -. ..~ ~ ' V - -_. '92 - - . '- -. . ,- - . 1 .-. . . -_; - . " I . .92
to -speak as you think are means ind._ispensab1b'totI'§ei 3iscove_1"y andspresd of_ . J< _ ~ _I;¢:> -A, .. - - .- ._. _-.. .~ i.t=../e_ e.i.. ;_»- .- I - .~: *~ -, . ~- - - -,. _ _._ ,4 ,_ -= ., , .3 . . . .;_ i political truth; that without tree Jgeeen and assembly discussion would be . -.
_ ' l V -7 92 "~.- I Q j . ~ :1 ._-'-"Fa ' -'_*~-12.". *1: -'-Y - J-:' l/ '~'-F "M" ' '_ "f I
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W 4+ '%¢°"1==='r:4=.=°1¢'=# er ;~vr~'=~==¢=:e===-e-w~=92r Q-e:s==-711-v»1~1=-=@»:=* e s0-0-
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wees rr+=4»;+1_;;==§1.=¢~@=-11-> =41"? ?#_!-§- .-5?-.m= we w:e<==1I*s I. race was .supe1__'ior_ to _a _é_ft'er_--l:.11_e first. ;-:-1-;~_.~+' '.. _ _' 92> 1»; -1 '--"'- 11" ;r-'- ': "" " IT 92 - ;_ _
Worlder had begun he expressed this difiermoerioi 9.q!1c.ep92§iPn,' '- . _ _ . ,, - ,- . -__ _ . __ . _ .. -. -.. ,..... -,,.*-.-- -. ... .' r _ 1 _ . _ _' w BI 3R I i ll iIIf92I¥'lr IIIQTIQZ CDRQIQ QIDQIIll-U9-5-I-ll-6 5-7W'&92Jnl-G Illll-G YVVULII-I"-DUVGII #55107 WIT 92
_ _ . -" .'. ._4-. -reams,» he éa1a,_' "qediosteo 1;.1;§1-by 1;r;¢'Q;;-o1;13er1§ooa 'orA:g_an, 1-ejected
heretofore the arrogen_t._ _e1aip1 that o_ne_§§ce is in another-
Ayneriea has beJ.ieV_B Fghat B8¢Ch,_r&ce_ __s_omethin.g 0,1 peculiar value which it _- .. . -.. -- -1 ._' - - "- - ' . -_ . _ .. __ 1- . ._ - K V ; . . .... r , _ w. . - ~ 1 _ .'.._ - _ .' .. _ H *~'_- 1. - .
could contribute to the attaimnent of those high id_ea.1a for which it is striving
~_ . ,. .-_ _ e-, _, __ _ _ _, .92__, 1, ._.! . § . ,. @-
Ameriqa has believed that in diiferentiation, 1n"q.£ormif_c;v§, 1_i.es. 1:.}1epatfh
of progress. eating on this beliei, it odvanced 'h_1_nnan hagnzifrgeas _1t has
- '-" _ as-* ' "_.'* ' '
prospered. e _" I _ w - r J, T _~ Q; ;__-s. . " = . 1 - '-
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V 'I"' i, _ . _ I '_A.~-. "
r-sq. great American whose life work brought nearer £0. fulfillment the e
Ainericaa Q5116: in équsie 8¢:$;5pérzim1£jHai§'a -ilndivirljualafreed
st. Q 5
REME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES.
Nos. 183, 186, 18'7.Oc'r0BEn Tmu, 1942..9292. -
Thomas J. Pendergast, Petitioner,
183 vs. 1
The United States of America.
, . . O W ts £ C rt ' tRobert Emmet O Malley, Petitioner, she Elite; stgtegolgscuiiz
Us . I"- _.A. _ .l__ ._1_ E___ LL_The United States of America. noun OI Appeals mr we
Eighth Circuit.
A. L. McCo1-mack, Petitioner,
187 vs.
The United States of America.
' [January 4, 1943.]
Mr. Justice Dovoniis delivered the opinion of the Court.
Petitioners, together with one Street new deceased, conceived
and executed a nefarious scheme in fraud of the federal District
Court and in corruption of the administration of justice. The
short of it was that petitioners by fraud and deceit and through
misrepresentations by attorneys induced the court to issue decrees
eifectuating a corrupt settlement of litigation. It happened this
way: ,
Several insurance companies doing business in Missouri led
with the Superintendent of Insurance an increase in insurance
rates which the Superintendent denied. The insurance companies
led over 130 separate injunction suits against the Superintendent
and the Attorney General in the federal court to restrain the en-
forcement of certain statutes of Missouri on the ground of un-
constitutionality. A three-judge court was convened which granted
motions for interlocutory injunctions on July 2, 1930, whereby the
Superintendent and the Attorney General were enjoined, pending
nal decision, from enforcing the Missouri statuteson condition,
however, that the insurance companies deposit the amount of in
crease in rates which was collected with a custodian of the court_;:u~ 71-1-:;_:_; _;¢ -
to await the nal outcome of the litigation. In September 19311;special master was appointed -"wl1o"héT<T 'l'1'ea"i-'i'n§f' "'D'u1T1g t ' 7 51* f5-:.f..,_..'!.»./J -'.'_"--"lee--.. Z» i|.~ I ~ .1 . , _ l
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2 Pendergost vs. United Stain.
time the premiums impounded by the court accumulated, until by
1936 they amounted. to almost $10,000,000.
The lure of thi sizeable amount of other people s money played
an important part in the scheme which was hatched.
Street was in charge oi the rate litigation for the insurance
companies. Pendergast was a political boss . OMalley was the
then Superintendent of Insurance. McCormack was an insurance
agent. Of these only 0Malley was a party to the litigation.
Street agreed to pay Pendergast a fee of $750,000 to use his
inuence over OMalley and obtain a. settlement of the litigation
which would be satisfactory to the insurance companies. OMalley
was agreeable. MeCormack was the go-between. Street made an
initial payment of $100,000 in currency which was divided $55,000
to Pendergast, $22,500 to OMal1ey, and $22,500 to McCoi-mack.
Thereafter an agreement was reached and reduced to writing in
form of a memorandum. OMalley would approve as of June 1,
1930, 80% of the increase in ratm which the companies had sought;
the parties would appear by their attorneys and join in seeking
appropriate orders for distribution of the impounded money; 20%
was to go to the policy holders, 50% directly to the insurance
companies, and 30% to Street and another as trustees for the
insurance companies. The latter were to account to the companies
but not to the court or the Superintendent. The memorandum
agreement was not disclosed to the court. But on June 18, 1935,
the insurance companies led in each case a motion reciting terms
of settlement and prayiug'for an order of distribution. On the
next day the insurance companies and OMal1ey led stipulations
agreeing that the court should make the order of distribution.
Thereafter on June 22, 1935, October 26, 1935 and January 24,
1936, hearings were held in open court on the motions, and briefs
were led. Counsel, who were wholly innocent and acting in good
faith, assured the court of the honesty, fairness, and desirability
of the settlement. On February 1, 1936, the court acting in re-
liance on the representations and without a hearing on the merits
entered a decree ordering distribution of the impounded funds as
prayed in the motions. It also dismissed the bills, reserving
diction, however, for certain purposes.
Petitioners then proceeded further with their corrupt plan.
About April, 1936, Street paid $330,000 in currency of which
Pendergast received $250,000, OMalley $40,000 and McCormack
$40,000. In the fall of 1936, Pendergast received another $10,00092
. "- _=-as-~i.!:+,'_-,,-.-, . '-.;k ' "Hi-r--"_l»'._ -- _ .._ "' "-2-=~' -_--._ ___" - I
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T=., _,-92..-"_ 34 4'-T':I :1-v - ._'. 7, f -'
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- .r.- -L... - :. . .' v - i-...;. ._ .-i-.-so-rw-"..»---.=>='§....-.-_ ... ' __~~_._- .'.' 'r-,~;,~~_;.<- _; _-§- --. -- =- V; '- - ._'r|1.i~ .. ,. :- . "-at --u-4-_ .V - -41*"-r
092.9 Q eQ rr I*"w7"Iv* Jul -+'r~92n:r_§ I _;'"1-11+" -- *1-In W .._ - ~ hr -
Pendergarf vs. -United States. 3
in cash from Street. That left $310,000 of the $750,000 foo
unpaid. And so far as appears it was never paid due to the un-
raveling cf facts which led to an exposure of the enti_re corrupt
scheme. For about that time an internal revenue investigation
of Streets income tax return disclosed that over $400,000 of the
funds for which Street was to account as trustee had been paid
to unknown persons. This was reported to the Court in February
1939. A grand jury investigation followed in which the rest of
the sordid story was unfolded. See United States v. Pendergast,
28 F. Supp. 601. The Department of Justice caused Pendergast
and OMalley to be indicted for evasion of income taxes on the
amounts of money so received. They pleaded guilty and were
ned and imprisoned late in May, 1939. Id. On May 29, 1939,
OMalleys successor led a motion praying that the decrees of
February 1, 1936, be set aside on the basis of those disclosures
and that the insurance companies be ordered to restore the funds
distributed to them. The court ordered the insurance companies
to make restitution; and they did. At the same time the court
asked the district attorney whether contempt proceedings should
be led. About a year passed when the court on May 20, 1940,
requested the district attorney to institute contempt proceedings
against petitioners. An information was led July 13, 1940. Mo-
tions to abate and quash were overruled. 35 F. Supp. 593. There-
after answers' were led and a hearing had. Petitioners were
adjudged guilty of contemptPendergast and OMalley being-
sentenced to two years imprisonment and McCormaok being sen-
tenced to probation for two years. 39 F. Supp. 189. The Circuit
Court of Appeals airmed. 128 F. 2d 676. We granted the peti-
tion for certiorari because of the importance in the administration
of justice of the problems raised.
Petitioners press several objections to the judgment below. The
chief of these are that the oifense was not a contempt under §268
of the Judicial Code 8 U. S. C. 385! as construed by Nye v.
United States, 313 U. S. 33, and that even though it was, the
prosecution of it was barred by the three Year statute of limita-
tions contained in §1044 of the Revised Statutes, 18 U. S. C. § 582.
We do not reach the rst of these questions and need not express
an opinion on it. For although we assume crguendo that the Cir-
cuit Court of Appeals was correct in holding 28 F. 2d p. 683!
that the conduct of petitioners was misbehavior in the "pru-
enee of the court within the meaning of §268 of the Judicial
4*5 9
'1 Pemlergcat vs. United? States.
Code and therefore punishable as a contempt, we are of the opinion
that this prosecution was barred hy § 1044 of the Revised Eltatutes.
That section provides: No person shall he prosecuted, tried, or
punished for any offense, _not capital . . . unless the indict-
ment is found, or the information is instituted, within three years
next after such oense' shall have been committed . . . ."
It would seem that the statute ts this case like a glove. If the
conduct in question was a contempt, there can be no doubt that it
was a criminal contempt as dened by our decisions. See Nye
V. United States, supra, pp. 41-43 and cases cited. As such it
was an o'ense against the United States within the meaning of
§1044. It was held in Gompers v. United States, 233 U. S. 604,
that a wilful violation of an injunction, likewise punishable as a
contempt under § 268 of the Judicial Code, was such an o&'ense .
And see United States V. Goldman, 277 U. S. 229. Cf. Ea: Parte
Grossman, 267 U. S. 87. It was said in the Gompers case that
those contempts were infractions of the law, visited with punish-
ment as such. If such acts are not criminal, we are in error as
to the most fundamental characteristic of crimes as that word
has been understood in English speech. 233 U. S. p. 610. That
observation is equally pertinent here. Moreover, we can see no
_ _ __ _ i _ __, _k___ reason for treating one type of contempt under §268 of the Judi--- .. u -4 .,..- .. .. .. __,_ s3-.._' ' H '.. +l._.-i F '
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»g5-».-1.¢-_ _' ' _:_.-.
5cial Code dierently in this respect from others under the same
section. No such difference is discernible from the language of
§1044. Because of that and because of the further circumstance
that Congress classied thegn together in dening the oense in
§26B, we can hardly conclude that a distinction between them
for purposes of §1044 should be implied. Furthermore, the fact
that this prosecution was by information, the absence of which
has been held not fatal under §104-i Gompers v. United States,
supra, pp. 611-612! brings the ease squarely within the language
of the section. ~
Certainly the power to punish contempts in the presence of
the court, like the power to punish contempts for wilful violations
of the courts decrees must have some limit in time". Gomper:
v. United States, supra, p. 612. It is urged, however, that there
is no limitation on prosecutions for contempts in the presence
of the court except as one may be implied from the conclusion of
the proceeding in which the contempt arises. But if we are free
to consider the matter as open, no reason for that dierent treat-
ment of contempts in the "presence" of the court is apparent.
92-
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Bendergast vs. United States. 5
Adams V. Woods, 2 Cranch 336, held that this statute of limita-
tions was applicable to an action of debt for a penalty. Chief
Justice Marshall stated that it would be utterly repugnant to the
genius of our laws to allow such an action to lie at any distance
of time . Id., p. 342. That observation is equally apt here. Pro-
ceedings like the rate litigation out of which this prosecution arose
might well continue for years "on end awaiting nal disposition of
all the funds. If there is a contempt, it takes place when the mis-
behavior occurs in the prese1ice" of the court. Statutes of limi-
tations normally begin to run when the crime is complete. See
United States V. Irvine, 98 U. S. 450. Every statute of limita-
tions, of course, may permit a rogue to escape. Yet as Chief
Justice Marshall observed in Adams V. Woods, supra, p. 342,
not even treason can be prosecuted after a. lapse of three years .
That was still true at the time of this oense. See R. S. §10-43,
18 U. S. C. §581. There is no reason why this lesser crime,
punishable without some of the protective features of criminal
trials, should receive favored treatment.
But it is said that the contrary conclusion is to be inferred from
Gompers v. United Stafes_,,supra, because this Court took pains to
point out that its ruling was applicable only to proceedings for
contempt not committed in the presence of the court. 233 U. S.
p. 606. But that reservation, made out of an abundance of caution,
also extended to proceedings of this sort only" id., p. 606! viz.
proceedings where no information was led. E1: parte Terry, 128
U. S. 289, 314, sanctioned summary punishment for direct con-
tempts committed in the presence of the court. The question
whether that procedure could be followed "at a subsequent term,
or at a subsequent day of the saine term was specically reserved.
Id., p. 314. That is a procedural problem peculiar to direct
contempts in the face of the court see Cooke v. United States,
267 U. S. 517! and obviously has no relevancy to the problem
of the statute of limitations.
The prosecution contends, however, that the oense consisted
in the imposition of a fraudulent scheme upon the court, that
successful execution of the scheme required not only misrepresen-
tions to the court but continuous cooperation in concealing the
scheme until its completion, that the fraud on the court would not
be fully eected until 80% of the impounded funds was distributed
to the insurance companies and $750,000 paid by Street and divided
among petitioners. On that theory the fraudulent scheme, though
' " T_ *" ' ' 7 7 ' W? "" 1: ' 7
II U i O
6 Pendergast vs. United States.
commenced before the three year period, continued thereafter.
Accordingly, it is argued, by analogy to such cases as United States
V. Kissel, 218 U. S. 601, 607-608; Hyde V. United States, 225 U. S.
347, 367-370; Bream. v.JE'l1:'aii, 225 U. S. 392, 400-401, that the
statute of limitations began to run only after the latest act in the
execution of the scheme. It is true that the information was
drawn on the theory of such a continuing offense. But the diiculty
with that theory lies in the nature of the oense described by
§268 of the Judicial Code.
That section, so far as material here, limits the power to punish
contempts to cases of misbehavior in the "Presence" of the
court. If this was an ordinary criminal prosecution brought under
§135 of the Criminal Code 8 U. S. C. §241! for corruptly
obstructing the due administration of justice , quite dierent
considerations wouldgovern. The fact that the acts were not in
the presence of the court would be immaterial. And we may
assume that a fraudulent scheme of the character of the present
one would constitute a continuous oense under that section. We
may also assume that certain misbehavior in the presence
of the court might constitute an offense under §135 of the Crim-
inal Code as well as a contempt under § 268 of the Judicial Code,
so as to give a choice between prosecution before a jury and prose-
cution before a judge. But the offense of misbehavior in the
presence of the c0urt.does not have the sweep of con-nptly
obstructing or conspiring to obstruct the due administration
of justice . Congress restricted the class of offenses for which
one may be tried without a jury. In the present case as in prose-
cutions for contempt for wilful violations of injunctions Gompers
v. United States, supra, p. 610! each act so far as it was a con-
tempt, was punishable as such and therefore must be judged
by itself . As we have said, once the "misbehavior" occurs in
the presence of the court, the crime is complete. It is con-
ceded that but for the misrepresentations made to the court
there would have been no "misbehavior" in its presence within
the meaning of §268 of the Judicial Code. And it is not claimed
that there were any misrepresentations made to the court within
three years of the ling of the information; or if May 29, 1939,
the date when the court directed the inquiry, be deemed the im-
portant one Gompers V. United States, supra, p. 608! there is
no contention that any such misrepresentations were made within
jthree years of that time. It is not fraud on the court which §268
. . __|
v
F
P8. _-qvv . . . . ., -1::. in-
I I
W Fv
P e '
Pendcrgast vs. United States. 7
makes punishable as a contempt, unless that fraud is misbehavior"
in the presence of the court or so near thereto as to obstruct
the administration of justice . And, if the latter requirements
are not met, the fact that the fraud may be misbehavior is not
suicient. The mere continuance of a fraudulent intent after an
act of misbehavior in the presence of the court does not
make that misbehavior a continuing offense under §28. The
misrepresentations to the court made possible, of course, the con-
summation of this nefarious scheme. But each subsequent step
in that scheme did not constitute a contempt unless, like the mis-
representation itself, it was misbehavior in the presence of
the court or so near thereto as to obstruct the administration of
justice . No such showing has been made here and none has been
attempted. The fact that the scheme was fraudulent and corruptly
obstructed the administration of justice does not enlarge the lim-
ited power to punish for contempt. It merely means that if peti-
tioners can be punished, it must be through the ordinary channels
of criminal prosecutions under the Criminal Code. We are forced
to conclude that any contempt committed occurred not later than
February 1, 1936, when the court ordered the distribution of the
impounded funds. It was therefore barred by the statute of
limitations.
Reversed.
Mr. Justice MURPHY took no part in the consideration or dis-
position of this case. _- -
Mr. Justice Jaoxson, dissenting.
I do not agree that we should leave undecided the question
whether conduct of this sort constitutes punishable contempt. To
use bribery and fraud on the Court to obtain its order for dis-
bursement of nearly $10,000,000 in trust in its custody is not only
contempt but contempt of a kind far more damaging to the Court's
good name and more subtly obstructive of justice than throwing an
inkwell at a Judge or disturbing the peace of a courtroom. I
would hold the conduct of these petitioners to be misbehavior
and within the presence of the Court and hence a contempt
within the meaning of the statute. I should not deect what1" "
0
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8 Peudergasf vs. United States.
seems to be the course of practical and obvious justice in this case
by resort to metaphysical speculations as to the efect of absence
of the schemers from the courtroom when attorneys whom also
they had deceived obtained the order from the Court. '
Neither can I agree with the Court's conclusion that this con-
tempt expired with the setting sun and the statute of limitation
then began its work of immunizing these defendants. The fraud
had as its object not merely to get the Court order, but to get the
money from the Coin-ts custody. The contempt and the fraud
did not cease to operate so long as the money was being disbursed
in reliance upon it, and by virtue of its concealment.
Hence, I nd no good reason for interfering with the effort of
the lower court to bring these men to account for their fraud on it.
J
Mr. Justice FRANKFURTER.
I wholly agree with the conclusion of Mr. Justice Jnoxsozs that
the petitioners conduct constituted a contempt within the meaning
of Section 268 of the Judicial Code, 28 U. S. C. §385. But I am
also compelled to conclude, for the reasons stated in the opinion
of the Court, that prosecution for such oense is barred by the
applicable statute of limitations, R. S. §10-14, 18 U. S. C. §5B2.
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nu. sa' u .* q _- Order Ho." 3176 --;:-y';;.;s_-';~e~1,r.ss:~:,:1.,_=; -.1 1-E-H L r ' ' - ' - - . bur-I "
Supplement Ho. 1 ' _ mm. ' M:-.Qulnl'I'|u-115....
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-__.-. .__ . 4.,-. .-.,-..TheOSupreme Court Advisory Committee on Federal Rules of Civil = - ~-
Court, the Committee are about to proceed to the consideration oi proposed
amendments to those Rules. The azmouncement further states that any sugges-
tions from the bench and bar will be considered. '92 - '
If you, or any of the attorneys in your Division, have any suggestions
for amendments to the Rules, I suggest that the attorneys suggestions be sent
to you and by you forwarded to Mr. Holtzoff in Room. 5115, together with your
mm suggestions and such comments on the suggestions of the attorneys in your
Division as you may care to make, for transmission by him to the Advisory
Committee. 4 f '
All suggestions should be in Hr. Ho1tzof:E"s hands not later than
January '28, and sooner if possible. an original and three copies of each
suggestion and comment should be sent to hint.
I am having sent to you sufficient copies of this memorandum to send one
to each attorney in your Division. s _ .
FRANCIS s1nm.s ,
"" ""'_' M u Z Lttornegr General.
" L§3..'#275g;'- i.
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= Director, FBI . / DAT-E= JanuaryTO
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F:-cm time to time Special Agents of this Field Office
have made inquiries regarding their admittance to the United
states Supreme Court while they were attending In-Ser'vioe'
Training. The filee of the Savaxmali Field Office fail to re-
fleot any information regarding this mnitter. I would appre-
oiate it if you would furnish this office with the information
and requirements regarding the admittance oi Special Ag-ente
to the United States Supreme Court while attending In-Service
Training. -
M
1 i *001 92 .
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a Jam mom movmz, nnmcroa, mmzmn mmau or mvzsnmnrnz
+ SPECIAL M§§¥TS' ADHITIIUICE Ti! TIE HIIED STATES SU'PiIB$E3 O0UEl.'
Iour oozmurrlcatzlaz at Jmmxy 18, 1946 I-bu 1.nq'u1ry cmtzhzg thi
pmcodura lb bi! follntod for Lgmtal a<h:i.tt-5:100 to the {hit-Id States Supnlm
= court while they an llttmcling m-{=anr:.oo training. '
1'|' I:1tetoth:|C1.urko£thoIh11'ldBtataI3q>1UI
the necessary hum for qqalimtion toriadlittnnoo
Court. Thane form should be eoiqalevtoly tilledt'a dupartun for In-!urv1oI n-a$.ning._ 92
Uponh18arr1va11nHuh1nztuuonu£!.ntIondngrnom3ng,hoatwuJ;1E92
contact the Solicitor 0unora1's Office not Inter than 9:30 LR. and mica known
his doaim tor adsuittonoa to the mitecl sum Supnml Court, Lrrmgemonta I111
'66 iido bar So.i.icitor uanéral to heat the 3p¢¢;;1;_;_ Agon t at the rmpmm Court
Bw.rL1.ding at 11:30 Adi. of the sane day, tho £11-at thug or the In-Service School
Ind will pmsant the application of the Special Agent for admittance to the
Snpmm Court. 'Court unkin
to tho" Uni
out prior
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eight-saaa 'lupnenIe mY _$§_1'1..__..._£-!=hF-llf-||"
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hack, an action which Eta-
aibly indicated lit.
e court ordered the laauee
lriued allover again when Justice
Robert H.A~-Iacklon returns loom
proaecutini the Nazis at Nue_rn-
- -V .-".92 I
1- caaea involved. 1 ' '
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O 3. __arg_=_]_1.};92|'q u;_92|-aunt-1-v A-3p u - | $117135 - - ' . ' u
hram:h- A CIO union of Govern-
ment employee conteste-'l_ it as vie
latlng freedom of Speech, press and
.p su persons con- U 5 M A 1 11 victed in ta o ann c c argesykontend it is up to the State to say
whether double marriage permitted
y a rel'gion is legal." 3 wagehour guestlo?, A
uck ompan emp oy tends
e is entitled to 0V¬i l.lil92E He ' Pl!-
he linois Su reme Courtat in t I1 P '4'!
Qvhlch held the interstate Com-l__A__S_ee Yage 2, Column I [I
| .-- --e-J? -is a, John a owengji; _ - ""' " * -- aaaoomatrnaa-Sid Fried---~? .-!'"% ' '" .
than, Ema lnvoiing Ii exemption
92|.nder,tI1a_ Wage-Hour Act. e .
1 The'.Suprema Court_reiuled toIlatlablltl - -
ork ll 7
.dtala-lhutlon of publication! devoted-grtnclpaliy "to atorlaa oi1 loodahed. lad. or ulna. t-*_--W
nd - -
dealer. who vaa lined $100 oi a-
charge of vlolatlnl the law enae¢ed-
thy the New York Legislature I
lreviewaauit to declare vacantthe
U. I. Senate Ieat 0! Carter Glass.
-um; 87-year-old Virginia Demo-
crat. John Locke _Green, Arling-
ton County Na.! Republican leader,
told the court Glass had not been
on the Senate oor aincc June 20,
1942- -' .- .'.l -'
_ The court unanimously reversed
the conviction oi two men and one
Ltemberl oi a re-rlirms.. , , __.
group, who had been convicted
bl - ~l| ' - . g-ggerll man 9 ;_:'£wF|£_Act for allegedly taking a 14-yearold girl from Utah to Mexico to
become the polygamous wife-of
one .ot the men. ' The opinion, by
Justice Murphy, said the purpose1084. Winters waa accused oi poi:
sealing, with intent to aeil..a mall-
zine called Headquarters Deter.
tive, True Caaea from tlac,Po1l¢Qr
latter." _- _ _ _ _ ._-appeum division at the Bu»-
preme Oanrt 0! WEI YOTL $11!;
Judicial department, upheld
ne and said the magazine eon
ained crime atoriea which port:
n vivid fashion tales or vice, Ill
er and hltrilul-"~ .- M39.' -1'. 7 ,_-: 'a..>a ~ aw
under the Lindbergh Kidnapingi
of the act was to outlaw inter-g
state kidnapings rather than gen
era! transgressions of morality." I
added that there was no proof o
unlawful restraint or that the g
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August 19, 1950
J
J, Edgar Hoover, Esq.
nvestigation
United States Departm tIr. hum ---"'
Ilr. Ludd -- "'
1;, clues ---"-
II. Glnfill
nu. Nlchdl
Mr. IeIII-'-""'
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I
A /L7
/, Director, Federal Bureau or I //P /Q:
en of Justice
Washington, D. C.
Dear Mr, Hoover; .
e /r
I have filed my application?fQr d
t__ a mission
o practice before the United $tates_$uprene=§ggr§,
I have been advised that th C '/e curt will sit in a i;}£!!
special session in conjunction with the American
Bar Association conventi on in Washington for the
purpose of admitti
Since my resignation from the Bureau on
October 5 l9L5 I ha , , ve been practicing law here.
During our vacation 1ng applicants on September 20th
I would consider it an honor and a privi
lege for which I would be extremely grateful, Mr
Hoover, if you would appear with me that morning
and move my admission, The ceremonies begin at
[11:15 A. M.
Iest year, Rose Marie and I 1 K5
visited the Bureau, and Mr. Nichols arranged avery nice tour f ;A7ere sorry that we missed you. /w e? or her. She was quite impressed,1? and we w },p¢p¬w!
I. u I r M, incidentally, John brimmer, the head - Q
K5 Y'_.-/ Beach, requested that I convey his regards to yo
;, -r
$ 1 - " ' -:-I " . _, ,_ - ..__.._. . .. .__
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LAW ornozs
DE COSTAS,MAER 8: FLOYD
MUM" a M Corr" 507-BOB I-SCAYHE uuwoma ALLAH "MA" ,- AIIIIYAIIY QDUIIYY IOLICIIOIWALLACE N. HAIR --
FIT LMinn B2, FmonmnROBE .FLOVD
AURELIA HAUKIO|'I'|CI'. IIIIIAIIICAILI AODIIII DIIIAIILO
3
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19. 195°L I v2' i T I-5'.".' .4" -.. ~<*" -§',"' ~' 1..-"#53 ' ' ' ».§ 1.1 .' . ..".,-» -- » 1 ~ - _""+¬-'_.§_'}_,=, .**~*-;;"~;. Q»,-'-I --_, 7-. R -* _.,-.; 4:? _. f=,- '_-*1 _*1-- 4-V . "1.--_-fr; lg», 31" ;_-. I " -- "$1 -" - 0 ,
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Dear Louie; "-=" T -'-_ ' - Q;-.? i'?*11$P*"¥'
. ._ _ ' _92 V . I; _j_ ;-.'= 1: '_'_.. " _'_ , ,'_
_ - - I have today written to Mr. Hoover a personal_
letter in which I have requested that he appear with me _
to move my admission to the Supreme Court or the United'*.
States on the morning or September 20th. The Court is o_
sitting in special session for this in conjunction with
the American Bar Association oonvention there at that
time.
_ Will you kindly talk with him and tactfully
see it you can encourage him to extend to me this very
great honor and privilege? _
Also advise me whether you anticipate a visit -
here for your vacation. The hotel rates are quite reason-
able now, and will be even more reasonable after September
first. I will be glad to send you the rates; and talk with
the manager and owner or the hotel you pick,'so that all S
courtesies will be extended to you. -~-e
Rose Marie sends her bto. with all best wishes
and kind regards, I remain - _ /. I'
I ..
we
92
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I.. A h ' Your 1etter4iof7*1'ugue't'19," '1D._$0 uh been treceiued
and I do appreciate the thoughte uhioh roapted you to Ir-ite-
I regret, however, that a prior oouitaent on Beptenber I0
"viii mic it inpoeiibii for ie to ijJPiiF' iith you on that
date to nove your udnieeien to praoiioe before the United _"»
§tutee Suprene Court; - '- -____f_'='=";fo- - 7
5-.-
" Sincerely youre,
1* £8? J. E . _ , _It nae very kind indeed of you to convey to ee
the Ieoooage from John Dr-inner and the next time you are in
Joe-'e Restaurant I would appreciate it if you would extendmy tintieet regarde to lilo _ "' V - - e - - * ~ -
_._ K. 3 92 I
' 5. f- 4--an --41- Lnnug an-L no-4-pl QIlLl4 KQJQJ I khanR "U8 Iiilfu, A Ullwty
you night like to be advised that Special Agent Louie Leek! *
paeeed away on Auguet 8, 1950. You can well imagine hob
much of o shook thie no to all of ue here in the FBI. Q
_ . _Iith beet Iiehee and kind regarcie, ;. -
A- -=8,-,'1 ,24 _&;1¢.,: -.. - Varat nu 4u 0.? 1115 Llllec.4I
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WA$l'llNG'lON, D. C.
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HIE COUTI.
PHIIJP I. PEIUAAN, .
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>llHQLID_FQ_I7_l;.d4 3; a_ 1,Oiff Mm e 1:27 UNITED s"r. QOVERNMENT
TO = ~ ~' Ir. Toleon b 92_921 " Mm: February 28, .1952M FROM L B Uicho-18 , l /E . SUBJECT: / J unl__.,..._
4! .Qu§PsLL=J:¢;L.e! me .1. 4. 3 g
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Guard instructors. 1; eince
na attention." "*7 ha :1? they received 1itt1e ow Z-
w11e_i_ her th9_g.e_.n.en..Jmue-_the_.aa,pabil-e _ l}qpi3a% and ge15Qd_e!1hQt.her_me._e.auld..'ltu$n.n'l._the.u_.tma_nen_ne.:y 3 Q-|,,,_,
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5 r .mLmr;em1iand that wwe
~ o .e__I.n..nnte.ide_J..ae.t1:ua.ti.an. It nae explained toadditiena11 that a precedent of this nature couldo e ee a liehed. k said he understood.
cc - Hr. Clegg M
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. 92 .#- " . _ : . . -, ,1 __ Q 1 fl toms close your e:enp1ory.ooreer.oj' more than
forty ueara in the service of your Government,
and I did want to drop you a pereonal note to
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extend my very beet eiehee for your future hoppineeei _
7vl8arHoover R. '
r
-ii}-T1 NOTE: Bufiles reflect that, while there has been little
contact with Hr. Uaggaman by Bureau representatives, what
few contacts we have had have always been very pleasant
and he has indicated a friendly feeling toward the BureauL: 111'." 4,
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@£fice of the Marshal Ir. Ha:-be
5~_uz;g_n_z.=..Gw=-It or the Ilnitodjtatea In R»--=Waahington: D. C. m 'r"'7"J" May 31, I. !|IIIhliIl___--
Ilr. llohrDear Mr. Hoover Tum R°""""*-
Ir. Hollomen
Thank you very much mu Ham"
for your best wishes on my retire- mu Gnu
meat. '
May I also express my thanks for the
courtesies extended to me through the years by you
and your staff. '
Sincerely,
, Thos. E%§ggarna.n
Honorable J. Edgar Hoover
Director, Federal Bureau of Investigation
United States Department of Justice t
COPY-eff
- Mk} PROCESSLWJ
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A ; 1'0: Hr. 1'01: on DAB: -Tune 19, 1953
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'__ police. acid e would talk t , -3,-
' Belmont I ____' hf, -- fr; , J R01 nzccanie '2ACTION mum _ I . M .
3§*':_"* the Director: office and were oz-all ldvis , as 92i was M1. Belmont. I had ick cal]. 81$ !-good of Washington Field~:._;@~;§ ._ Office, informing him of the lubstance of the call and instructing ' J» . him to notify the Clerk of thaI8up1-one Court so ihéifcourt might?§ » b8 llGIt8C|' 5 _ 1 o ' - to} e- f j_¢ _,o 1,J _ i __ _ - _ .. . _,a.._.__;,_* 2: f
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Ir. I. I. load, Specie] Lgent in chargeof our Iushingtoa Field Office, has advised as sfthe special consideration and can-testes uhick polextended to our rep:-esentatives who eere at theSupreme Court Building ei the time sf the rtlilgs
" in the Rosenberg sees.
i " A You may be certain that :11 of II in the
{BI sincerely appreciate the uholelieertei cooperationwhich you and your lea gave Is. If Is can ever renderany service to yon, please de not testis}: is lei ne
non. A
h 7 Sincerely genre, - i
BECORDED-29 U Ed ar Hooveréi 9 3mnsxzn-29 ' 5 E _;~,;;__6_.»,
1/ cc - Ialhington rum Office as-5521!, r¢=i*5s§z"?'§/:5;/#§s .', .
e W D: "' 11 , .M - Qrvid i binder: {92F¬'=? "31¢ f;_-.Iorr: u ilc cq §q.§ua&,HG.S;!' a $5, .&°Qi'_a¢, *¢_._0,1,m:G trgébi §3¢?: r J' f92".-T'rr- w in Iii Y X1Roses: »r_ _J i "II Qi @ I£21751 A, I31 'i= *9»z?;;..@.@>"i i »»»=?-8%» -5,. ~,,9»Di ~ I --»~ ~ . .11 1% *
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....-:--~-~-- ,_ i . r + "- , ,_, : M .. ! - g! :;? y_ _r_ ._ Oifé Memorandum - -UNITED STATE GOVERNMENT
TO = me, TOLSON » . a warm June 30, 1953
FEW = ii. R. oiauirw
SUBJECT:
There is attached hereto . R. 5824, a bill
introduced b yr. dhel on . y f June l ,
N. 92
This bill states that title 28, section 1651-__?_..v_I. __.|__.1.__ _1_!._L __ _I_l________:__'___ _.___°._|_ __. _..1_ __'-J '.n"._-_IL"1iCl'l 830388 SHOT; CI-Tl .L'l78T'f1GI6I» U8 ll'JT'l6 01" T'U.l.E ribs IIlI__i_,17/!
/L.
£9}
may _has jurisdiction, is repealed. ££,.-
This bill further states that it sheiéibe unla _u
for any individual member of the_§nited States 1_preme Court:to sit alone at any time in any legal proceeding or proceedl il
ings of any kind whatsoever that may either be pending
before said Court or that may be in the process of litigation,
at any stage for discussion, consideration, review, determina-tion, judgment, decision, or}action before the said Su r
Court of the United States o America. - 10¢/1 ..
' No action of any kind in anyl egal proceeding o J
proceedings whatsoever can be taken by said Court or any .
Court shall designate at least 5 Members of the Court and
himself, or 6 Members of the Court excluding himself, who
shall be present in person and actively participate in any
given litigation either properly before the said Court or
that may be in the processbf legally and rightfully coming
before the said Court. - 'Member thereof unless and until the Chief Justice of said -igj
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" ;1/be issued by a justice or judge qf a court which " -=
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929. :;2°;:2:::.S" I-I. R. 5824
A BILL
To repeal title 28, suction 1651 b!, Of the
United States Code, and for other purposes.
By Mr. CHELI
JUNE 18, 1953
Referred to the Committee on the Judiciary
» :
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0
830 CONGRESS H R 5 ' '15'1" SESSION 8 2 4O O
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
JUNE 18,1953
Mr. CHELF introduced the following bill; which was referred to the Com-
mittee on the Judiciary
A BILL
To repeal title 28, section 1651 b! , of the United States Code,
and for ether purposes,
Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representa-
tives of the United States of America in Cong-ress assembled,
That title 28, section 1651 b!, of the United States Code
be, and the same is hereby, repealed. It shall be unlawful
for any individual member of the United States Supreme
Court to sit alone at any time in any legal proceeding or
proceedings of any kind whatsoever that may either he
pending before said Court or that may be in the process
of litigation, at any stage for discussion, consideration, re-
view, determination, judgment, leL'.isi011, or action before
the said Supreme Court of the United States of America.
Ii
1
2
3
4
5
6
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8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
21
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SEO. 2. No action of any kind in any legal proceeding
or proceedings whatsoever can be taken, entertained, heard,
-_. ..__-- f92§rh -92 A-1discussed, considered, adjudicated, decided, or any opinion
or opinions rendered, or any stays granted, by said Court or
any Member thereof unless and until the Chief Justice of said
Court shall designate at least ve Members of the Court and
himgglf nr nit Members Of GOL1I't 6XGll11I1E himself, J. LL, 92I<l ».'-- i...____ _..__ -_ ._ U _
who shall be present in person and actively participate in
any given litigation either properly before the said Court
or that may be in the process of legally and rightfully com-
ing before the said Courti
SEO. 3. Any existing rule or rules governing the pro-
eedure or procedures of the said Supreme Court of the United
States of America that may be in conict with this Act shall
forthwith be modied, corrected, changed, or amended so
as to conform therewith. _
Nothing in this legislation, however, is intended to
change, alter, or modify any other rule or rules governing
the operation or conduct of the said Supreme Court except
nthat which has been specically referred to herein.
Any and all other existing legislation, or any parts
thereof, that may be in conict with this Act or any section
thereof, is hereby repealed.
to Y» .
_ 5- _ 1. _ _ _ 4 q, I , 1 J. -- -V ? ' 7. - '_-:1 " .;~ _ " ._ ' , - r -.-e~,:.'- "_" L 9" 5-o '|f' ~. '2 '-Qt J. ' J2 -. ' - _' * L ' -qr BY ' '41- 0- ¢ V-' .7 ' '.' -F:1 ¢ . .- -- 1--' , ' r'~ -'~" ' --K 6»--'-_Y-.v-,-'92 '. 2'1. '- =" ~°:'"' "-'* ' " '1? ={.Director, I'll 543335! - JV" 33: 1953
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3 in I I "rs "I" -" " W pg ' Z." ..w .0 __ - -- -_-.*"" '. . ' -.~ ~ .:92 . .1 ; .- _, V_ ; e.._._- .3-I I-1 .' 4 .__ A;
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zsrxouae I - u.'o_f1 -"°°* =11;-wo ,L_ ML c__3'.2ii- - i y _ __ Q t = ' ~ = -' ]_ . l o: -1; 2*; - 1.;-1
A . - -I .!' .| . -I ; _. iv " _ i _. lip I 1 J], I I--7 J-F -___ .
1 "1: the eonclueion of themlinge o;:e:Zé~p~=e' boon
of the United Etatee in tkie caee, Ir. EAROLQ _ -IILLIZ, i-lentof ens! L-cart, eepreeeeé great acleirntivor Jar -p-- 58:35! and a -deeire to tote e tour of the Bureau: .- " " _ L _ _ V _ _ we <_92.___, . D! .f-~ 9"' During the nuneroae acticnt befvre the rene Courtan-. IILLIT, by hie mating available aee If lie of ige an3 etiiff,
nude it poeeible for lgente of the Iaehingtoe Field Office to .=
keep abnaet cf theee actioue. He one Me eta}; often node naggeeticne ee to the beet place for the Specinenil to be in
order to know at once chat action individual gee, er the
Court ae a whale, nae tall ing. They alec advieed as econ ae
legally poee ible any action contemplated by the defenee attor-
IlIUCe
i ' During these cotione before thie Court, APEBRI¢@e.t1!!, United Statee Iarahal, node arrangenente ;oF s]5¢Ti¬1lAgente to be ec placed in the courtroom in order that they vcould be acailct e tctghcaee in hie effice and hce freeclca of
entering and leaving e courtroom at any tine. This arrange-
uent lade it poeeible for Agente to cbeerce chat pas happening
in time courtroom, ae well at fl-srnieiing the iafcrnaticn is-_lediatel t0 the Burealie '_ _- I Captain £gn{ L chtei of Policellorce, Supremeec._'o_:_:rt of the United Eta , mad» auaila le the facilitiee cf hie
ojfii-TeT 6IFio5'ie'1o6ated near the pr-eee race in the Supreme courtBuilding, and aletgflamiehed immediately all iqfcmation heard hrhie men etationed rcughcut the Supreme court Building. W
Special Agents aduieed of the arrival and departure cf pereo o4-QQ --Jl l L ii ii, - - --- 1ilnring inporiau-'% rv.eII in iiec UGIIQ -
It ie recounended that each cf theee perecne be eent I
letter cf appreciation by the Director for their whole-hearted
cooperation in th ie caee. Arrangements have been nade for Ir.
IILLEZ to make a tour of the FBI in the near future.
4 » /I 71-Qcorms nnsmovmn INDEXED-18 " .
.E'T:.L -P - - --- 92 --- ." c4 DEC 2 1964 105 .1uLr151953
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mm emmnc, er es. **;-.3.-A. , _; ifeerronor - I - A 3. ;.-. 7. 1' : .j.§-;;;',?§_ ';,;-=**'f.;.,_'._1;: 1:_.;".*.* -"£;j-:1-;+5r ¢..
_ _ ' .7§,'..g__f.;» 8 34-. _-4» J. .,;.'.;_.,._}'- _ _- Q I4-_i.'._._% _ *1 1.}-_:g;1,_3_¢_ g9;:!'.'$-" ~'~'s§ z¢.3§_;;{ . . . _ ~ - --.: 1 ' ~ . - - -.- _ ;_ ~-»- - .-' .. _92 __ F!-I __ _ b. -I _v».' . h ow . 't 92_ 5 W1! jig-:H.lQ_ - _. , .1: I ~.» '>- ~-.» . , -' . . ...:~- ." . 1. ,~ .1 _ . -» - ,-- _ __ _. - -..~¥-_=92' I . r -- .,.92~_~.. pg 92. ,, __,. .___-.,",_,...f-. L, .
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cre it lttcnlcd I70 lcili lllicl I-38-Q, Plllcllillthat lettere of op eoietion tee-out to, I lzrelc illq,ler! of the I one court ' , , . -:0lorehel, end aptoin co ' e lolioe I'c.roe,~1_-
I, 8. Juprene court, for eeepefeticl lit! H0 cyclic inconnection eith this ooeo,. '- _ . Q31 It -;'._ 3 ;; . »
' more ie oleo cttoohed no letter dated 8-:8-88, 'rconueending that o letter or] appreciation be cent to J, [dill
Lunbm-4, J'r., USA, mill, I letter of commendation be eel!
to A081 Junee Q. Ii1ehei_ner.lII_,|er- their per-t__in thic ocee.
The above individual: rendered the following eeroioc ~
n this cone: '
Iilley node hie office and etoff available
Pti OI? _ Q
at the _' ~,I$tOPIII'Q ente eo that they could keep abreast of oeticle
rene Gourt, the individual judgee, end defence
" o i, - - - ' ~. .h-.
Lippitt node co-rongenee" for cgerrte to lc"e' epleocd"*
in the oeurtreon eo that they ooold be ovuiloble to phonon in
hie office and Moe freedom of nooenent in and out of the *
courtroom at any tine, ' " . . 1 ._"-¢
_ 6 ik
Clptain Brook node euoiloole the fooilitice of lie
office which ie located neor the prece roan in the Saprele "
Court Building and oleo immediately furnished ell infornati a
beard by hie non etotioned throughout the building.
' Lunbord handled the oral crgnnentc of lo
netienc node in thiepntter. _. e _. Q» _¢,', _ e ' ' ' Q 1
Iileheiner one oenotontly oeoigned tlrlie? one fromthe inception of proeeoetive notion in 13511» l@_'I,.§II"l1-Kreeponeible for the evooeeefel eppoeitiengn the port of tGovernment to the earioue levee node by Q: defenoc to cetocide tbeee ocnoiotioee. /Q- _,;~§,~' ;:_?..- D 73 gr: *'__ "_ _ mnzxzn - 131 7%-RE;-5302,, 3%
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i= Juan nntnil In low-nu"! 1;-<_;¢~ _ i¢QntiJlabJ.q___Iitl til , -t ~ *7 5 llyutflll u nu mm In W , , xaginnnvi-n%;,;;%g .. with tin qpointunt Jar]. J, Attorney, _ nu ipllq 3 _w"' icaiiiiiiii 3 iliirateaia $5-aattit-:--::, .:- Q;-"~-': "-- ngnnrur outrun, r__c____ hit Itoton Jttcnny-on 1%
1888. In nu also I» In tort Mat: lhpnln 0
- he! -J!-nn ts gggngr, ,l9lf, !ri_.IIP,_#l__lil ,an I. A lttornch ll. In n pnrtnn 8! tlldrnfirl92
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U.t- npllalrll nunan apin Lu, 0 rattan lnnoln-l' in.Donovan In rn, for ndnluion lgfll In hr} ll 11!_ 194'-i. ii izaicti icntici iii ideitsfiii iii ii iii iama: Q-._
-. uh furnished in confidential illtfllll lllrlill 983operatic» which Dentin tavfudnnar to the 8niota,_ 'F'?-p6_?'ll__!. ; .
H Eileaeinir gs inusgtigatgélu an vi dspcrtnental A
applicant by the Bun-an in lily, 1950, in connection with
his appointment an Assistant United Staten Attorney, and II
an-ogatory info:-nation dcvelopqi, JI I _ _. _.. A 5 _ ,_A _. .-_ .- - . .. - 1 I .. V. ., .
no Ar or * I
Ii ?_. Y ._ . ' _ 1-. ' . , - - - s - ,__ ','_ * .- V 11 :5 itcnncldd that fl! nnygciillld qf ITO i
H0 be app:-and and that the C1-in Record; Section bu _ i
tat-kertztd ts ;?'g1',%?9 epgrggristn lgttgrp to tip above-_,-_---.nut ionnd individuals? i ~ . ' . -' -. ; II ' . n '
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Oi M8m0f§?|&lum - UNITED STATh23 GOVERNMEN/1.. -1I 1.-anIO | '0 T0180! K ' ' DATI: Jill 16; 1.95 ui=uR
Fl-OR ' L. B. Iichoh
IUIJIEI: '
. Q. _D . -on July 16, 1953, ' SI;i3 B n 11-1.111 mm» telephcnicallyadvised Crosby that Ir. Hare I:L1.1:.La who is the Clerk of %or the Uh_i_tq_¢L§tatee, who Ia: vary helpful to the field suffice during the '
appeal on the Rosenberg matter, 1| coming in for a tour at the Bureau at
2=oo PJ. on July 11, 1953.
A Special Agent will handle thin tour and it I111 be very special.
Ir. Iillie 1: acquainted with a number of Bureau oiciale and Ir. Hood
advised he would inquire along than who would like to aee Ir. 'I:LlILi.e during
the com-ee of his tour.cc - Ir. Ladd y Ir. Tracy
Ir. Clegg
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mp.-==920i¢»IV J W. .3 1' JQiti - UNITED sings Govsnnifr
1/ MM - - %
bi? /_P:._-_--'-Vi:-J-..'.me today. He state t at t ere are approximately two hundred people,
- oi law clerks, secretaries and the perseml etait of the Justices, ernpleyed byMarshal of the u reme Court called4
L{Z1712"IO 1 Mr Tolson , DATE: January 21, 195 -:
I mm:I ~*~::=
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3the Court. These individuals are char Eople, 1e and guards
and are under the Marshal of the Court. The Chief Justice instructed him to
confer with the Bureau to work out arrangements whereby as they hired additional
new employees, they can refer their name to the Bureau and we can make a
name check on the names. It was not intended that we make an
unless some special reason arose, which hejcould not conceive of. C-_
1 inuuired as to how many peonle t5
Mr. Rosen5| _ __l _ __ _ r _ 111 __ .L and he stated it would not include more than twenty people a year. '
l stated that this was the way the Chief Justice wanted it done.
92 letter setting forthj the results of the check.U
cc: Mr. Ladd _ _ !-'Ai"92 ,--''5 Wou_ld. include! year,
I told hirn that in view of the Chief Justice: desire, we would
pibe very glad to make the name checks on an inforrnal confidential basis. He
_they send the fingerprints of any new employees to the Identication Division,
They have a short form of an application furnishing biographical data, and in
3 the future, he will have these forms prepared in duplicate and send one copy
i to us and we can either communicate with him on the telephone or send him at..'J'
H He further advised that they now have an arrangement whereby
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Eiiz Ema 1§3tE¥;&ent"1@i:5£ 6v4£}"-I Hr. A. Ros
rem;
Iva = NAME 11301: REQUESTS rson _- - _
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/ handling of name checks conce 3 applica s for positionsR/! /,,= with the Supreme Court pointed out that the courtJ I - '3 1.. .l - '92 I
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U. s. SUPREME count Z
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a 21 1 Marshal 92 On J nuary . 95H, e{Supreme court called upon Hr. N c o s o range for the
J
enpleys approximately cuu people exclusive of lat eieris,
secretaries, and personal staff of the Justices. He stated
that the name check requests would not exceed twenty a year.
Lippitt advised that he had been instructed to confer with _
the Bureau regarding this matter by Chief Justice Warren.
Mr. Nichols told that we would handle thename checks in view of the Chie usticels desire on an i
informal confidential basis and that we would furnish the
____._-|.n.l J J_92__ _92_.._1-_ 92__ .|._-|,.__1____.. -._ 1...|_.|.-_.I'BBLl.J.bB DJ. D115 GIIECLU Us |uUJ.UpIlUI1U U1 .LUD92.rUI'o
By letter dated February z, 195L|_,Q5ubm1tted 92
two name check requests. Both names were sear e for
criminal and subversive references which were reviewed and
no record was located. Two name check forms and a blind
memorandum reflecting the results of our check are attached.
RECOMMENDATION:
1. That the attached name check forms and blind
memorandum reflecting the results of our check be returned
t is liaison.-1 1!.; '1-;.e....7_._J__7_ 'Z//0/J7 e./7" "" 6!
6!
2. That he be advised to submit future name checks
to the attention of the Heme Check Section, and that the
proper mailing address be obtained for the return of the
results of our check. '
£001.44 i. _ l
3.
the Supreme
the results
memorandum.If you approve, future name checz requests from
Court will be handled in the Name Check Section an
Q3 fufniahad ULLnd _
assesses-104 ,4;Qr.?Z55;>-
Q
ii k!:%;i'him would be brought to Hr.
1::
¬
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' ' 4.,_ ,,92. T_. s""""""' rd _ v !Ojce Memorandum - UNITED STATES GOVERNM '1'92~h__/
to 3 1l_r. Tolson nxrm March 3, 1954
GIavil-..-
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wr =/§soosrrr 42' roe some 0 2' ~ '- = 1 -
REQUEST or usnsou r
, Ihile I was tied up at another matter at 10:45 A. ntoda Iick in ny qfigktalked on the telephone with -
Marshal at th uprene Court. Code 199, Brancnon. ' llr. - Nichols
-- _ ' ale.
- Hollalal _
line c.-q
eaid he is ,,fran.Isly worried, doeen 't knowwhere to turn-5%: must at once plan security measures at the
Supreme Court. The shooting on the Hill has him frankly worried.
e asked whether it would be possible for the Bureau to send
omeone over to discuss the matter with him and perhaps advise
in concerning what action he should take. .
Fluid the Court will not be in until Monday,
arch 8, , and he believes any action taken should be
effected before that date,
Wick told him his request_for an Agent to confer with
Hoover's attention and we would call
, him.
1
F : , ezcouuenwerron _ _ _
F ' While we cannot; of course; furnish permanent guard If./ duty for the Court, it might be advisable, in gist; of our I-'
relatio ' 'th the Chief Justice, to have someone drop byI to see tomorrow with a view to explaining our position
; and at e same time informally discussing the matter with him
92 I believe we should not mahe a survey nor become
92 involved in the matter. After we learn o roblen,92 however, we might be in a position to make a ew su gestions
~ to him pertaining to the Court's security. n
JSA9§e5f"?hv: H-»»-<~== REWRDED 11 ¢i7_rs;"»;'fSee f~ r;I"___ A zunzxeo-11:4 n wan 5:954 _CC: Mr. Boardman 9 E5:: §:::*:"* ,¢A-e--~J-<=~ <'»=- 92 Hr. Nichols r_u_b_,__,._,,_,._4... d"0 /"X s1; mg J K -giuiqrivgg _ N pl .RV ; "5' $5: ;::I:-4-6'5, 4"--'92 §-Q;
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- / WASNINOTON, D. C./< 4 O492 A MEETING OF THE IAR OP TH OP THI UNITEDE SUPREME COURT
STATES IN THE SUPREME COURT IUILDINO ON MONDAY, OCTORER ISTHI
I954, AT ID OCLOCK IN THE MORNING, IS CALLED TO TAKE APPRO-
PRIATE ACTION IN MEMORY OF THE LATE MR. CHIEF JUSTICE VINSON.
AT NOON, THI RESOLUTIONS ADOPTED AT THIS IAEETINO WILL II
PRESENTED TO TH
THE COURT.J
E COURT AND THE ATTORNEY GENERAL WILL ADDRESS
SIMON E. SOIELOFF,
Solicitor Oomrul of 'll|0 Ullilod Stain.
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Iebruar 15, 1955
.1/0* P rl i
IQEHORANDUM FOB HR. TOLSON *1 '5
HR. BOARDFAN -" an. : ; 'an. mcaoxs '
Deputy lorney General logerl culled to edviee
that he was going to talk to the Chief Justice about the matter or
tome FBI Agent: interviewing the Bu-anal in the Bupreme Court
Building and he wanted to know it we would have any objection to hi:ngowing - I told him this would be
e
Court I told llr. re that ordinarily our Agents did not
eonduct eurve anoee around the Capitol and the question of the
Supreme Court Building had nave: before come up but he could rest
assured at from now on no lurvoillenoea would be oonducted in
the"3upremeH§guif t___Bui1din_5.
Very truly yours, Q
9225~/ -M y 92=Classied ?-%£ '=3-r~s|asiiJ°"T~. »---.A4, ~ John Edger Hoover
Dire o 1: or
AI-.'.- IIFPORMAT ion CONN mmHEREIN zs UNCLASSIFIED - 92 y.;
EXCEYT WHERE 550% ~OI!-l.ER92P1$&,_,. ~/"J 1421* '13 /Fl}: 92 "' ' 3 -5'-
bm £970 17° EB 1* 92»
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GsIdy_._.-R. T. Ha rbo .
SUPREME COURT DECISIONS .
SIHGPSIS. an review of criminal cases, in which the H. S.
Su rene Court delivered opinions during the periodfrom the Octoger, I931, tern through all cases reported up toJune 6,, l955, shows that in this period the Court decided 14
cases,.;in which the admissibility of confessions obtained by
state, city and county law enforcement officers was a principal
issue involved. In one of the cases the issue was decided by
unanimous decision of the Court. In 8 cases the issue was
decided by <1 majority of 6 and in 5 cases the issue was decided
hy a major "f 5./,7I -I
RECOMMENDATION: None - informational only.
DETAILS: A review has been made of the criminal cases in
which the U. -S._,__Suyprye_o;e Court de_l_ iu_e_re:d opinions
-1:-l! during the period from the October, 194.2, term throughall cases reported :ip__tg_;June Q,t_l955, *2! shows that in 7'6
,
0 J
R. T. Harbo memo for Hr. To1son- 8/16/55
The following 8 cases were decided by a majority
of 6 members of the Court:
Stein v. New York
5troble v. California
Gallegos v. Nebraska
!at-ts oi Indiana
Lyons u. Oklahoma
Ashcroft v. Tennessee
Lisenba v. California
Hysler u. Florida T
The following 5 cases were decided by a majority
of 5 members of the Court:
Leyra v. Denna
Turner v. Pennsylvania
Harris v. South Carolina
Haley u. Ohio
llalinski v. New York
It should be noted that a majority of 5 does not
necessarily mean there was a minority of 4 nor does a majority
of 6 mean a minority of 3. In some cases one of the Justices
took no part in hearing or deciding the case. In each of the
cases in which there was a split decisiori however, there was
at least one dissent. For additional information see notes
in individual cases listed below: Q! ,;_J,_,,,,,,,1,,=,~1,.,e,,¢_¢-rreswvinir!
1. Leyra v. Benno, 34-? U. S. 556, 98 L. ed. 946,
decided June 1, 1954, by a majority of 5 to 3 Jackson did not
participate!. This was a New fork Police Case.
2. Stein U. New YOPII, 346 U. S. 1-55, 9'? Lo ed. 1522,
decided June 15, 1953, by a 6 to 3 majority. This was a New
York State Police Case.
3. Stroble u. California, 343 U. S. 181, 96 L. ed.
nfsn ..|.._.|.3-.'l .l_..,¢1 rs Inch l._. A 4.- 9 .1-.,.:_-I-_ M-|._ L...--..--,Uf, UCUIUCU JP! LL I, -LRFUJG Uy U DU O JUL IOEUIIQ -"U96, IIUWGUGI,
that the decision on the uoluntariness of the corpe'ssi.on
was by 6 to 2 majority. Justice Frankfurter did not pass on
this point but was one of a minority of 3 holding that the
case should be remanded to the Court below. This was a Los
Angeles Police Case. -
4. Gallegos v. Nebraska, 342 U. .5. 55, 96 L. ed. 86,
decided November 26, 1951, by a 6 to 2 majority Hinton did not____.|_.-_.|.__.|._92 m:.;_ __-_ ..._._ ~|__.__|-|__s 92.__ 4.1.- ..92.__.r.0JPU, DFGIPG-P:/Q .lfl}U GU58 wu U!lU.l.¢u Uy D"/U §!l 'f'IJ J;
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R. T. Harbo memo for Ir. Tolson 8/16/55
Q
5. Yhrner u. Pennsylvania, 336 U. 5. 62, 93 L. ed.
1810, decided June 2?; 1949, by a 5 to 4 majority. This was
a Philadelphia Police Case.
6. Iatts u. Indiana, 338 U. 8. 49, 93 L. ed. 1801
decided June 2?, 1949, by a 6 to 3 majority. This was an
Indiana State Police Case. 9I
4
7. Harris u. South Carolina, 338 U. S. 68, 93 L. ed.
1815, decided June 2?, 1949, by a 5 to 4 majority. This case
was handled by the sherif.
e. Haley v. Ohio, 332 U. s. 596, 92 L. ed. 224,
decided January 12; 1948, by a 5 to 4 majority. This was a
police case.
9. Lhlinski U. New fork, 324 U. S. 401, 89 L. ed.
1029, decided larch 26, 1945, by a 5 to 4 majority. This was
a police case.
10. Lyons v. Oklahoma, 322 U. S. 596, 88 L. ed. 1481
decided October 9, 1944, by a 6 to 3 decision. Ihis was a
police case.
11. Ashcroft v. Tennessee, 322 U. S. 143, 88 L. ed.
1192, decided Hay 1, 1944, by a 6 to 3 majority. This was a
police case.
12. Lieenba v. Ualgbrnia, 314 U. S. 219, 86 L. ed.
166, decided December 8, 1941, by a 6 to 2 majority. This case
was handled by the sheriff.
13. Iard v. Texas, 316 U. .5. 54';-, es L. ed. 1663,
decided June 1, 1942, by unanimous decision. This case was
handled by the sheriff.
14. Hysler v. Florida, 315 U. S. 411, 86 L. ed.
932, decided March 2, 1942, by a 6 to 3 majority. This case
was handled by the sheriff.
Following are the footnotes for the details:
*1! Excludes any "memorandc" cases in which the
Court delivered no opinion.
*2! Ewcludes any cases which have not been reported
in the "advance sheets" up to June 6, 1955, the latest date
available.
31
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¢.4_. " .
B. It Bbrbo aeno for Ht. fbleon 8/IQ/55
*3! Ercludes caeee involving oonfeseione obtained
by Federal authorities and one caeo where oonfeeeion waa_
obtained by private detective agency.
#4! Ercludea caeee in which the uoluntarineee and
adnieeibilitp of the confession was not in issue-
Q #5! Ftinte out the fact that in at least one
case the split on the issue of the confession wan elightly
different from that on the handling of the cane in its
enti re ty.
4
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4-
IIII ATTORNEY GIIIIIAL i 0 0 Iaaiary I-0, H551
. 0 'IQ fl 0 mum-oa,n: ' , : K .
|,. . I -¢ v - - .,_ - _ r _ _. I _ -* Te A Q-=2-7, ,0,»
hcenooruuewlauauureuooetueggnmanoarta PH. ' Q " laalaaa, lthouat yoawoullllnatohow @tQhLhmu& r al _',-/
the Commonwealth leprema Court baa hi-nlahol tho following lalormatlaa to
oar San Juan olllcwa _ '
On the ewealng at February I, I956. are will be a ooolttall party and
liinor at tho Carlbo Hilton liotal lo: tho vlaltlng llplhrlaa.
Oa February 4, the loaicatloa ceremony will take placo at tlla lapremo
Court Baildln] Iron 9:30 a.m. to ll:00 a.n,' At I400 9.1!. . Iabruary 4, than
will ba a judicial ceremony la the Supreme Court lalldiag. At M00 p.n. on that
am, the new Bar Aalociatlon bunch; tor tho Commonwealth will ho o-um-o.
On Sunday, February 5, there will probably be a ceremony at 10:00 a.ln.
at which an honorary degree will be awe:-ed to Cllial Jultlca Warren by tho
Unlveralty oi Puorto llco. Chief Iuotlco lnyéer, however, lal advlaoel tbara ll
aoma pooelblllty that tine ooremony will not occur aatll Monday, February 6.
at 0:30 pus. , Sunday, February I, there will be a lo:-anal reception at the A
rortaloaa the Governor-'a Palace!.
Tho actual planning lot tho indication can la tho roaponaiblli. ,of the [g BH litata. laoral arrloa. Y. ff» g//
92 In tho ovant addltioual information partainlng to tho achoduled caratnonlalU ~ la received. I will, of con:-lo, pan lt on to you.
/
G;, !~nEXlEn-§§ V?no92 fe - ?Ii>1l1£:::.n flq Q! ~ <mm__._ 0 .' '.1|l}-7 __ if __ .-1' 0:::;i:" - 51127; "" 4
E:l|l10nt__, i ""°~ I7 JA ""°"'f' !M|L:n 2 N 27 19%Pusona ___-
'41?--Li A" JAN 2 0 1956 '"-- --?¬§."|v?:=:.f' 92 B 0 c°MM'Fm
::;*::'ii9 JAN 31195vaI-H
-
- I
..-- " ""2'-""""""" " , . t "
Oi? Memordndum - UNITED STATES GOVERNhlEN'-I
TO t Mr, T013011 V I DATE: 3-14-56 _
Telses. . 74 FROM -J 1... n. ¢ " _ I .
IOI
rm-_.__L__- 5" 1'1=T= nrnossr ron DIRECTOR'S rnsrmmwr ?..'I '""
COMMUNIST PARTY 1:: '__ ,,-
U L cl Sass ___
Tel: __
PFIIEP 515
I By reference Irom the Director
Wick in ofce talked on the telephone with
Library of the Supreme Court Code
s e would like to have a copy of the testimony the Director had given before '8-F
some congressional c "tee wherein he recommended outlawing the CommunistParty. wick tol4 the Director had never so testified but certain
segments 0! the press to an extent so interpreted a statement the Director
made while testifying before the House Committee on Un-American Activitiesbi/" 5 3-26-47, l The Director in this statement made the point that with respect to' .7 d legislation outlawing the Communist Party, if any, the matter should be given very,I very careful consideration and that the desirability or undesirability of this type "D
legislation was a matter for the Attorney General to decide. 92c -
.,, PE. could send her any other statements or test mony e by Mr. Hoover before
1 congressional committees relating to Communism wherein he comments on the- menace of Communism to our way oi life. Wick told hegthat the Director had tosome years, oi course, appeared beiore Appropriatiohf ommittees of the House
and Senate and on these occasions has testified respecting the internal security of
p this country, the FBI: responsibilities in this eld and the menace of Communism._ 92 I Esked whether the Director had in this testimony commented on whether mmunist Party should be outlawed and Wick told her that he had not, that
92r-""
- s
- Ethis was a function for the Attorney General at the Director had stated in l947 "". _ '92 Pushed whether she could have copies of the testimony wherein the Direct
92 a commented on Communism and Wick told her we would be pleased to supply her
,?_-'-g'~'- with this material. _ 5-51'_r"___Enclosures REQQ"*-Q q 9'4 -*""
cc - Mr. Boardman _v_ rcc - Mr. Belmont Um--, _ zit 9;? " = -- " '3 -
cc Mr Holloman 92 D' ' 92 H r.-- -I-Pk' ' .m1 em
@ 731 ,-9 iv 7
. . 921 » 6 1.955 92'_ 5? _" I stated she would like a c of this testimony and Wick 3 . :,- told her we wo e t available to her. o asked whether we |
J _ __., .. __mm: - 7 __ V-77--e "AA him ._-__ _,_ ._.._ _________, ___ ___ ___A_ _ _ W__ _;~__'_ __ _ __ 'h__W r______ l
D Q92 0
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Nichols to Tolson Memorandum 3-14-56
OBSERVATION:
Iick did not, of course, inquire o the reason she desired
Tthie information, nor did he determine from her nor _ her the identity 2I oi the person requesting her to obtain the Director's testimony. It is quite possible,
however, that since the Supreme Court will rule on the Internal
1950 which requires the Communist Party to register, the request
have originated with one of the Justices or clerks of a Justice. The
Party has made an issue in their brief um 1: mi Act 1- upheld, the Party will
in eect be out oi business, will be an illegal organisation, must go underground
and, in effect, disband as the Communist Party. 'I'he question, therefore, of
mhether the Director has or has not made a statement concerning the desirability
of outlawing the Communist Party is germane to the issue. It would seem further
that testimony relating to the menace oi Communism woulid likewise be pertinent.
RECOMMENDATION:
That the attached material be forwarded by Special Messenger today. It consists of the Director-s statement, with the questio:
and answer portion of his appearance before the Committee on Un-American Activit
of the House 3-Z6-47, see Page 17! together with marked testimony of the Director
before Appropriation Subcommittees of the House and Senate plus reprints of
articles and speeches by the Director relating to the menace of Communism.
NOTE: In answer to the Director-s question, it is to be noted that/ is not directl associated with any particular Justice, so far as is known, and
F lhe i! at t-he Eunrem Gourt gibrarn
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M £7 /_ v-___ Mlr. Tolso1 _ __ _ ___ r. !
OFFICE OF DIRECTOR vqlzgurflaoaman IFEDERAL BUREAU OF INVESTIGATION """"i':' E Ealmom F
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE agsbn -~'
1 . Hohr__i.i_Ma;e___ M.[Ch 1%, _ __ 1956 Parsons__.___.
Hr. Ro5en________- ,; Sugreine Court, j _ ,,,_T,,,,,_______
Q __te_1e ,_ __ _ ' Mr. l|ease__._i___
Hr. HoHoman___i_
Miss Holmes ____i._. ;Q Hr. Iinterrowd.__.._.
_. _ _ ___ Tele. Room__i_....__.
1 - Code 199, Ext. 311- Phone No. e _- _ ___ _
T ' Miss candy ._i____.._
an-unxs ,
To speak with someone
a statement the Director made concerning/ the outlawing of the Communist Party. She_ consented to speak with Mr. Wick in Mr. Nichols
- . office. '
g-! stated that someone, not identified, askedher to get the Director's testimony against 92
i
isoutlawing the Communist Party. I ; .
Mr. Wick advised= that the Director
had never testified against outlawing the Communist Party, but had testified before the Un-American '~':} Activities Committee on March 26, 1947, to the
;' effect that any legislation effecting the outlawing of ;~1 the Communist Party should be given very careful I
' consideration. She asked if she could get a copy
N of this testimony.- 92Mr. Wick advised her that a copy would be sent to
her. He also referred her to the printed testimony.
=1<- - -mos.- /- Me:=e-~
P?! __ QI- REQUHDED-24 M '7 .. _5 7lT1l92.R 2 3 1956 mntxso - 24 92Q»; ___ u g6'".I
' Hr. Jone5___..._._.._ I
92
1
e.
i92
_,________ .._._._., 4-... ..._-.. ..._ .._. .4< ....1 . ..._.
n-512 -29-55! -
IrnneIn|Iuue|n.ll JOft Memamndum - UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT
é 7° I The Director nrrm :'§ir§
l *"- _¢__ LIE?/C Eff non = J.P.l-lob: e. /,2 N __ _
IUBJBF-'l= The Congressional Record
regee 418-56- Cong:-eeenea Lenin, D! Georgie, ertenzg hie rem!-te toA1868 include e dieeerteee by In he Carte, teen, of Dalton,I e§!£r_g$o, entitled '11: Iuprene Court, The lreiee fieeetitue
; iii fie 3ioiiiFei iiii if iighil. iv. i-anion eepreeeei
elere et the "tendency ef the United hotel Sup:-ene Court
te ueurp the Iegteleoe function ef the engreee-" Ie men
In e eep that he hoped e reading If ikie etcieeent Ii]!
| evokes the people ef the U. 8. to the danger that this tress!
peeee to our lnetituene one ray of life. 1 reference tothe Attorney Genera], centcieed In Ir. Httaewe etoteeent,
hoe been noted fer your etteaee.
1 __ '-75>-_-' L: 3
Nr/I
. 92h ?_I§E92..'2].__|'e:Q=é i--'-*-
92
In the onuinul of a memorandum captioned cmddated as above. @119 C°Ul'0II1°n"1
Raga;-d yo?-y5_; 07/ »,/_5--1; dune reviewed and pertinent item! III!marked for the Directorqzoention. This form has been Dl'92:l°d in t°1':9;;:°t
portions of o copy of the original memorandum may be clil-'9 1 m° " ' v
Al 91°35 in qppropziote Bureau case or subject mutter files.' /i11'L|'92.,l
i
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92
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a-512 -29-55! - pmnuuruuueua Q ' '
, .
Y£ . " tOice Memorandum - UNITED s'nn!:=.s eovmmmnur
ITo = The Director DATE: ¥ - / ,7"-e .5 4
33°11 ' J . P. Mohr
U313-'1'= The Congressional Record
3
'92.
~p
Pug" 5?1° °"?"" °' * '°' I! 111to ¢a¢"r¢aaay1a¢;¢ '3' Stat'° "9h*" E "4 'e 8' e eedtti I 'n°'and also the eohoal ¢¢gr¢Q2::§:':¢::Tc'Z§§§§,ff§§§ zai 92
1
---.. _, M I,
P°il¢¢d Gut 'Fhere to the eeurpatton of Staten rt ghte byEh U"L*'d»3*°*¢' 3HPPene Court going to end? It in only
9u" l f ti? bfre the Etotee will be deprived of e11awgz and eouereignty in the enactment of lave for the proec 0 I L " '8° r@,2tT4 §§i§rz1§}ZZ¬{°"' if 'd"c t° I l°b°" °" "mph " u we . re PIE:-ill Ir. Haeon for lie if
Cr; . pj f;J§f
ornnconozo
138 Nl»'r'9292 V ,
In the oriqinal of a memorandum captioned and dated ae above, the Conqreeeional
Record tor /, _ , _- woe reviewed and pertinent items were --- =-- _.__.rnorked tor the Director: attention. This form has been prepared in order that_.;:'>ortione of a copy of the original memorandum may be clipped, mounted, and I
4 placed in appropriate Bureau case or eubiect matter files.th¢J5upr.. c..r;'er teats epoke en the eubject eJ' 5
-- - - 1 92
- e
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, - .. .*., =. . ..- .. 4--. -1». --=-.-. - - .0 9-92 _a_ ,,_ -. u - r 92 ' ..:____ ,0; -_;"-_-_ _.-;J92_~,_ '7 I '. § w v I --»~='l Pr: -.I~~' - 4 - . - »"='-'-- - *1 I = 5 ~ -' -I ' ' _ -92.. ' é 'i92w92-',~-"»-I ...;. T Aw-i =1-- +'!-*- 3; -_ - ._ "'7-: _ . . -f-4_- _ ,92'§...,§?"'-=' E ""'-"'7 -' - "-P; L~'- -- , ' -;-_ -- w-_ _ _92e1__ .- - '>_--=-- V; -= _ 5 --i___-.' M - _-3e<.,.j.?k,»@___-"1 -~- 1- if - K~- -- - = - .7§ .. » r -¥> ~" *, t HI u.. . -. ,
92L' . , .e= »W@~re@i»o"?'s'"~.* ' ~»-,.s-.- , . :¥' ,' 1* K ~ :5" , ' *
r 4'_ _ _ _ V I - '-._ -_|#l - a 92.~:' 92. - - '~ -. .t 1- -¢ _ __ 5 . _ .,' ». ;__._ _ 4;-.92>'. _ I .-= ' ' - ' »-I= - ' - 1. ' -11.1. . ;- .- - -_ 92 - - H - » _ 1 ii _V ,_ --3 . . _ , __ . ., - . r . ~-A ; ~ o _ . .e»~» . 1 ~ - - - I -- __ 1' _ 92- ._ r :. _ *2-_ .Uer. Iereld eJ411es' " i _* 0 -7 -:j**:-'~ ,
Clerk qf the Uhtted States gq , _ _ "id - *. lugrele Court _;@'rj F % ,rm mi-=;1:o-e ~ » ~i i_ J
'92 . J .-
Dear er. Iilleys ,1--u 1 _- ,z",;;:y_§ A
. . _ r,-
're can be qf service to you, please do not !"/E "'
- MM -. _-B _Jll_ _ " '_,.1! light qf your Jbrthoenteg 31+retirement, I wanted to drop you this I *'H
personal note to eeprese my deepest eppre- 'etdtion for your many eerutees to the III " *
during your dtettagutshed career as Glerkof the United States Suprene Courts '
Your talents will certainly he
missed; however you richly deeerve a good ~rest, and I do hope the [earl dheud II11 Q» ' /,92;! '.- J!. , .I. . bring you every possible happiness. l11'¢' " "gf geur>J?£ends here in the IBI join Ilth t ~ . e
-ae ta theee sentiments, and if at any tile Z; - - *w.~- -
_ __ ._;_._> _
hesitate to let II Ines» ' * J-K'; 92J E » 1 7 ~ *
. . A -. _ is __ , . _ .
;. -'-' -w,- Jtsoersle |osrs,d - -d?;;- . -»
PR2519§= ' = ' ' J "°
MRILED 25-- ' ' 'n- ' L
, . . _ . "2 i ' "-,- - -
. ~
Tollon _i.._
Boudmnn _.__
Nnthols ___
Btllnnnt ____
Hlrbo __i_
Nohr ___._._
Pusan: _.u.._
Rosen __.i
Tamra hears: Ii11ey'became'Cle i? '¢n v :%' A" ". E Court in October, 1952 reiias ;Cl1":iC:§O¬f:t::l'sfl§'e%.'~ zpléEhe Bureau during the trial of the Roeenper caee, gag!e toured the Bureau on J 1 1? 19 3 farZji§__i§eq;§L;;51.L1 A A Ex? an; amen-5'4 * Z ?1~ ' AHPL:rw;?,L,_,/P REcn92 {!Y-_*ED ' 2'7 APR 26 1956 !/HT
'
-__ *<*e,<~»»r»*+~e2rn. 7 *' ' .144 §:iznrenmmuno sraa.vnumngmmvi;lo
no o ._ g- _ news:-I222.-54.»; o _ , .
-_-._.92 ______
UILLEY! 92 '
HAROLD Ba UILLEY CLERK OF THE U0
s§§l§§nJ§§1I°
nvunusu IHL n
IVEHSITY Ll SJOHN '1. FEY1 _ l_ _ _i- 'l.'lIEI UTQI
Clerk of SupremeCourt
"I'_ I'f...I D1 V l
no nnu DA.-I
Harold B. Willey. 55-rear-old}
United States Supreme Court
clerk, today announced he willl
retire in July after 32 years serv-
ice with the court.
Chief Justice Warren said Mr,
Willey will he succeeded by John
T. Fey, 39. dean or the George
Washington University Law
School. -
Hr. Fey, dean of the law
school since 1953. is a Iormer
Allegheny County Md! attor-
ney and former member or the
Maryland House of Delegates.
He served in the Marine
Gems during World War II end
is a Marine reserve maloril-Ie
holds a doctorate irom Yale
University and is a graduate oi
the Harvard Business School
and the University of Maryland.
Mr. Fey was one of the young-
est law school deans in the his-
tory of the university when he
was anbcilited. The Feys live att
l
92
lice oi the court as an assistantl
:c1erk in 1924'and later earned5 .
1
l
I
nanoua B. Wrens!
-~ ictiringiniiiii 1
F .
l
We will miss Mr. Willey um-Y
ly," said the chief justice. "The
court is indebted to him for his
long and distiriiuished service
marked by thoroughness and dig-
nity in keeping with . . .h1a oi-r
fice. We wish him every success
and happiness in his retirement."
Mr. Willey said he isn't wor-
ried about nding were to %'od92
his time after he retires. , 92
"Thoughts oi spending the
winter months in Florida golngand fishing Ire very appealing,"8. .he s d "
hlr. Willey, a native oi Port-_
land. Oreg.. came to Washington
in 1920. He went into the serv-
. . ..__._-__.___ ._._...?_-__..____..-eras. _ ........ ... ..._ M,
---__ I
D!-L9 1-22-55! U
Q...»
A.
c .
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sf.
- is:
"
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is
.-,~
o r
. 92 W°' 92 , ,..
F '%uh 92...n 'Y" G.$vin'e§' l
lesiiilalaireme Court rie>' PlatgoslE1116! . .
0421;};-4a.;-as . sic: L
'l92Ull.l.U.I.l1ULlI- am.
.j uft Clerk e
_Harold_:B. Willey, United
tates Supreme Court Clerks
'I§1II092n1ced:;l|e will retire in
bu-lyn I ._?.;. Willey. ' _I5.'_ lira: appointed,
k, the highest lnon/Judicial
'..t in the I!-ours, h'y late Chiet -J'us"tice- Fred '|
Vinson in 1952. #1 -1-7* "-s= =
' He began his career with the
Supreme Court in 1924 as an
assistant clerk. He became a
|deputy clerk in 1941. F
Chief Justice -Earl Warren;
[has appointed John T. Fey,
*~Dean of the eorge ashing-
ton University Law School, to
succeed Willey. » - ~
,__§_ native 0! Portland, 0re.,E
Willey came to Washington in|
e1920 and served in several Gov
. rnment posts before joiningfe Court 1!l"1l24~.He earned a
w degree from George Wash-.
ington while with the Co
He lives with his wile, Virgini
fCo'mer Willey, at.32l-1 N. Wak
eld st., Ar1ington,_Va. .. ,
' Chief Justice Warren 'sai
"we will miss him greatly. The
bum is indebted to him for
his long and d.istin'gui.shéd serv-
Willey said his future plans
are indefinite but "thoughts
pf spending the winter monthsi
in Florida golng and fishing
Ire very appealing.".- Willey in considered--an ex-,
pert -on Supreme Court jitte-
itice and procedure and has
written many articles tor legal
journals. - .,After World War 1'1 he
worked in Germany aatmneri-j
iiii Secretary to the Int=rr.:=
tlonal Military Tribunal at the
Hazi war criminal trials.
Elia auqcassor. aged 89, was
born" tn" Hopewell, Va., and;' lds s- Masher: degree fro
..a=m-it Business School and.
or of juridical science
ee from Yale University. H t
as a member of the Maryian -jialature for roar years. ' -Tolson ___
Nichols __
Boardman _ .
Belmont ___
Mason
Mohr
Parsons
Rosen
Tamm
Nease
Wincerrowd i____
Tele. Room .___
Holloman __.__.__.
Gandy iiiii._i._._
Wash. Post and L
Times Herald
Wash. News __i
» Wash. Star Hi
N. Y. Herald ____
Tribune
N. Y. Mirror i
N. Y. Daily News __.._
Dull? Worker _.__.i
The Worker __..._.i_ '
New Leader i_._
IDate g55
2
.-A.
. .4-V»- R ...=
_ - iiiOjé? Mmfdm - UNITED STATES GOVERNMENTIllllll
%'l0 I Mr. Tolson DATB= 4-23-55
non = L. B. N1ch?L./ 5?? ./
sUn.nu:'r- QuE$r_rYs @msM, g~~? 1-- UPREME comer LIBRARY *'--~ |i2.2?;. _._-
e "v " ""'""" "* 1.72;-__
-/ Iime a_._...- -1 oi the %5r§me Court Library, telephoned me" -Wick this afternoon at 4:30 p. m. s s e had been having §f,'§,'," -i
IN Iconsiderable diificulty running down, for "one oi the Justices, " the
answers to the following 2 questions: _5pn
' l. When was the last time the Communist Party, as such, has
appeared on the ballot in California? Either Federal or state ballot.! G
here as late as 1952 in the United States? "
as he has practically exhausted all her sources in getting the answers to these
estions. W
s
This matter may mie to me 1.-..-.peemg decision ei the eepremé
Court on the constitutionality oi the registration provisions oi the Internal
Security Act oi 1950. Inspector Sullivan of the Central Research esk hasadvised that he will attempt to answer question #2 above so mbmay
-. be advised the morning oi Friday, 4-2'7-56. _-A_- .
I
It is believed that the answer to question #1 can best be supplied
the San Francisco Office, which covers Sacramento, and it is recommended
H that we can ve the answer to this question beire noon, EST, 4-2'7-56.
I 1'5 _ I |u92&'I!Q||lQ é-'1'"l§2W.hPfQ§_Q Be ,,_,i_f_,_i m £352-£Z925"'5'_5.lid5
U. cc - Mr. Boardman
2 5§ZI,...w...;LLQ&..eé.it ....;..*;92'fZ.%b[,,b7 , -Mr. Belmont
m>rs:- ;
Anus! W0: Awrslb Ir
max A-r' /0:003 v-I-7-81She said she would appreciate any help we could give her inasmuch
t we telephone that oice to make a search oi its les or discreet ine,uiry .
1.4/_' 2. Was the Communist Party, as such, carried on any ballot J
'1/
' 92
}
/=0.n~s12 -29-55! _ _mmn ' ' 'Oi? Memorandum ~ UNITED srxrgs eovmmmnur
The Director DATE: 7/
Fl-9!! * J. P. Mob:
W5]? = The fionqressionai RecordgjWF§J /1 I
-
Pvvc 18183 Senator lhrfin ! Pg R 1 , nneylvaeta, extended Me renarn gI n#*~-@»»~- ~1-I -tn tag r.cent d'ci"°n' qr ti; gzrere editorial deelenbrctl 93:21 Jase against eabu§i¬ ie: ,;§1:::'992 ave v ng e it t 1u editorial pr-ates: ;;:ds:;£:z.c¬:'£".°' in I nu 92~an taoaeioa of State: rights. "hung"
amiable--In |4i;;~L;;,.;__morxrn - 51 1';§}MjjE??Pf9=;¬B
i
I _In the orlqlnal of a memorandum captioned and dated aeabave, the Conqrenlonal A .,Record forff. _ _¢ . L; -, wan reviewed and pertinent items were J '1
marked {or the Director: attention. This form has been prepared in order that
portions of a copy of the oriqtnal memorandum may be ciipped, mounted, andr~ 4/ *c vqgw-up te'Bt:f'eau case or subject matter lee. mm LT Lo.»
r 92
n-512 -29-ss! ,.=--~~- <2 J
Oice Memorandum - UNITED sures GOVERNMENT
J_ -._r ._.._. _.---_... _ .
.1 5 -./ To = The Director DATE: ==-' ~ 37- 5 -'3' 5
P101! = J. P. Mohr
WBJBCT = The Conareeaional Record
or
92
' -K
up .11¢ ' 9292
<92
92
92
92.
92>
. F
Payee 14102- 14103Senator Bridgee, 8! lee anpenire, ea-tended his nenarke
to include an editorial ron the Ghicage Daily frtbune If
_ lap 15, 1950, entitled Legislation me the leach." Ir.
lrtdgee renarrecl that it te earthy 'e'f't1ie cenetdera-Hon
1-=*=' ef all Ienbera of Congreee, an well ae cttieen; generally ._.92i.- __ ~41.-_in the country. ie editorial ieale iiti the 'e'Lap_r_eie
_Qgy_z;_t dectetbne, and legielatten that nae been introduced
V _ In Coagreee to counteract the gracing tendency of the Court to center all authortty in the decernnent, time tnvaltdattn
5!_ the State lane, etc.
92ND»J92- no-r ncconrzm0'1 _ 1aa_Jum 5 |.956
e F. - q
K n the oriq:_iBa1 of a memorandum captioned and dated an aboveglhe Cenqreee-1on6I' "
~" ecard for/r " . » .' '1 _> J ' / wan reviewed and pertinent Items were
marked for the Dire tar-e attention. Thin form has been prepared in order thatpirrtiantiei iecpylfpie Otlqindl memorandum may be clipped, mounted, and
placed in appropriate Bureau cane or subject matter files.92
,..-3 _ 13 1:_»_¢=.: ..;._1.e-.-~11 /A
-I
1"sir
_ _;_£_V.7; -
>
£1.-.
. 1: __.
I I1-512 -32-ass!
Oitfi Memorandum - UNITED s'm'rns eovnnnmanr
T0 : The Director DATE: _
Our],
, /W3JmT = The Conqrosaional Record
flflY92I9292I
P. Hohr
c> "/
, ,_f__Lk-L ..__::._ ____ I 92gee 2005- .2ato/ii "lféfford, 8! South Carolina, requested to hose.-a?-ted i=_tr.e Record ii artiale eititled, Qs iipreneCou tgurt It---darted, nlziol Ias published is I. 8. lens I7'71-'1 W il $518 ilsle sf lag 18, 1956, rritten by fornerSupreme 0 ct Justice Jones I. I rnes. Ir. Isf srd re 1-
Papee 805?-
80.58that in his article, Ir. lyrnss has declared that toe
Qoart did not interpret the doastitution, but cnsnded it,
Iith reference to the decision on log 17; 1964, declaring
seareaation in public schosle to ts Inoonstitntional.
Ir: Iofford expressed his wish that this article nere -
required reading for every student in the schools sf this
country. Reference: to the Isportneet of Justice, contained
in the article, have been narked for your attention. _ l
Senator Goldwater, R! Arizona, spoke on the subject sf the '
Suprene Court and the Constitution, pointing out that he
mas in accord with Attorney General Brownell who said that
our duty to the people is to support the Government, if ne_are to avoid anarchy. pmeuor, Ir. Ooldnater remarked that
"M: "'=*:*~:: *2: no e c 0 a or re a ag o a s gggggnoagsoed Zia some apprehensiola. Kr. Goldwater inserted '
tno articles oathis subject, written by David Laurence andpabl ished in the Iashiagton I-venting Star of Hay 23 and icy I4:4 _ f carted
92-
-92
r-512 -29-55! -. temnllvwlllv-ll U 3!
&a1<-if Oice Memorandum - UNITED snrns GOVERNMENT _
' .
' R3 = The Director 55" * / '_ S- °
non = J. P. Mohr C 4
' . I
. i IUBJlC'l= The Conqreeaional Record i
1
We
U
- 1 -
r
I
~
~
"u.-2, 92'egee 8372- Jenatar Goldwater, R! Arizona, epete concerning the rieteg9283'?ed_ ttae ef queettee our the recent decteieee of the U. 8.
-" 8l.ipI"OI__Q___§Q__ll__I:_f. le remarked that the people ee not want e
giiiinent eeiitralieed tn Iaehtngten, but they eeat it clue
to lane, were they can hatch it. Ir. Goldwater painted
eat that two Americana have devoted time ta preparing their
thenghte en the recent aotiuitiee of the Jupreee Eourt, and
Le reqeeeted ta neee tlteee ertielee prieted in tee Qeeeree
ue jtret lee by David Lawrence, entitled Trading the 48
Itatee," free the F. 8. Ieee l Ierld lepert ef June 1, 1956,
and the eecend article nae entitled "Supreme aert Jgaiee§ Dill ef liglte," written by hank redarev, appearing in 92
1 tne lay 86, 1956, ieeae of lumen leente.i 1 /PM
. - " '2 / .1",In the original of a memorandum captioned anddated an b°Veth. c°nUNIl10!W-1 6:0-4 " [Q l/
ecord for 5" 3 /' ff /» woe reviewed and pertinent item: were NOT RECORDED.~ £q}E5d=f?tb§:Director'e attention. This form has been prepared in order that 117 JUN 28 1955 Kpqfllbhél a opi"9§§e original memorgndum may b;<:l:pped, mounted, andplqqed 1;; qpprop at ureau cane or eu ject ma er - ___,_ _---
'5 "L
. .
=i£=:
"" 2;
- . .__.:-'1- .14;T
?*4-512 -29-55! _ 7mm».-......... in D _ l
Oié Memorandum - UNITED STATES aovnnnmzm
m 7*" Dim-'¢<1r nan. 6 - Q - S Q
ROM = J. P. Mohr / ,92 /
/ *' /
UIJIH 3 The Congressional Regard
K
.
"92
-<
1
Pa ge e 86 0?-
8608Cengr-eeew-I leddleetee, 9! Alabama, introduced a nu,I. l.A,.I6'00 ta limit and regulate the appellate juriedicttaI:92ef tn Supreme can ef the U. 8. In Iuddleetee epoke la
defene , mung our the legieiaea Iauld
r':eat..b1£e.& and rea,f,ftr-n the baeia aeaeteeal dectrtne
of the eeparattea of peeere between the ezecave, legislative
and judicial rlrranahee ef the Federal Government. Ie pateted éeat that thie legtelatten ie vitally needed to eerrect a J:
green ebuee ef pour under ear eeeetttetteeal euetee, andimmediately. Geptee of ail H11 I111 be ebtete-ed and
a aeneraadan prepared. -92 that he Ieald request that hearings be held en the N11
In the original of a memorandum captioned and dated aeabove, the Conareeeianal C '. 2 7- "' ,9Record for f .. 5*-5'? wae reviewed and pertinent items were 92 _'__-2... _.._._ "....__-emarked for the Director e attention. This form has been prepared in order that NOT R:'7 :'RDEDPI-'-TUB fa! p oétéeoriginal memorandum may be clipped, mounted, and 117 JUR 25 1955 _91009:; Iiafqlaaee or eubject matter les.
/I W ~ i
1.
- -I-.
' --kw-:1:<1 --,"-'3"K-1..
Si": .
'
"5
_ -71%-,r_-v
»andum - UNITED srarss GOVERNMENT
August 17, 1955 T0 = Mr. Nichol~{92/$
non = M. A.,1[o;:}s/;/ -Tollrm __i_
Nichols i._.Banting -...._..
Jnc~r[ADMISSIBI_I,._If1_Y OF _CONFESSIONS, ST;l_~_92_1j:_Q§__$E_$! ISUPREME COURT DECISIONS " hi: __.
. & 7 Nels: i.__
§YN. _<>P.SI._S= ::::i"';::.:
- liollomun -___.-._A review of criminal cases in which the U. S.0Supreme 6 "Court delivered opinions during the period from the October, 1941, tefii
through all cases reported up to July 2, 1956, shows that in this period the
Court decided 14 cases in which the admissibility oi confessions obtained by ér
state, city and county law enforcement officers was a principal issue involved.
In one of the cases the issue was decided by tmanimous decision of the Court.
In'8 cases the issue was decided by a majority of 6 and in 5 cases the issue was
decided by a majority of 5.
There is attached a memorandum from Mr. Harbo to Mr. Tolson
dated August 16, 1955, which sets forth the 14 cases reported up to June 6, 1955.
A review of the record from June 6, 1955, through cases reported up to July 2,
1956, reflects no additional opinions.
ltECOMMENDATIQN: I
None. For information only.
Enclosure - /'1 iI
cc - Mr. Nichols
Room 5250 _,_ - _/n'!x,o i-_._._o.§_92 >§§~'92'fi'/.:>?5 ~'0 I I f g ___-" i-I|$Il&-I
aw 9'3 Q "'.!_':r;
I_ _ '. . , 1 1'5 . I ._,~___92ND - ' =5 2' 9' 5*" %5
<15 £3 92Y.- QQ 92D ¢1, ,<;3- -
5* Y
= 1 9 1956
4-750 Rev. 4-I7-85!
i
E]
E]
[:1
B
_--i_.-
/e
.%,
XXXXXX .
XXXXXX
XXXXXX92
XXXXXXXXXXXX
XXXXXX
FEDERAL BUREAU DF INVESTIGATION
FDIPA DELEIEIJ PAEE ill!-'Ll!!.l!|..A'!'!|l|!t! SHEET
Page s! withheld entirely at this location in the le. One or more of the following statements, where
indicated, explain this deletion.
Deleted under exemptionlsl _ __ _ _ _ with no segregable
material available for release to you.
information pertained only to a third party with no reference to you or the subject of your request.
lnformtion pertained only to a third party. Your name is listed in the title only.
Documents originated with another Government agencyes!. These documents were referred to that
agency ies! for review and direct response to you.
Pages contain information furnished by another Government agency ies!. You will be advised by the FBI as
to the releasabili
…[truncated]