Document text
FM 2-15
MHI
Copy 3
WAR DEPARTMENT
CAVALRY FIELD MANUAL
EMPLOYMENT OF CAVALRY
Aprils, 1941
FM 2-15
C 2
CAVALRY FIELD MANUAL
EMPLOYMENT OP CAVALRY
ChangesI WAR DEPARTMENT,
No. 2 j Washington, August 18, 1942.
FM 2-15, April 8, 1941, is changed as follows :
■ 187. Preparation.
■ * * * * * * *
6. March scliedule.
*******
(5) Horse elements of cavalry march at the walk or lead at
the rate of 4 miles an hour, or 0.06% (or 0.07 of a mile for
practical purposes) in 1 minute. At the 8-mile trot, horse ele-
ments make 0.13 mile in a minute. (The exact distance is
0.13% mile).
(6) Based on 55 minutes of marching time and 5 minutes'
halt in each hour, subsequent to the first hour, the number of
minutes of trot required in each period to maintain certain rates
of march are as follows :
Rate of Minutes
march in of
mph trot
4. 5 12. 5
5. 20.
5. 5 27. 5
6. 35.
6. 5 42. 5
7. 50.
(7) Rescinded.
*******
[A. G. 062.11 ^-9-42).] (C 2, Aug. 18, 1942.)
■ 189. Conduct.
*******
d. Gaits. — (1) The normal marching gaits for horse elements
of cavalry are the lead and walk at 4 miles per hour and the
trot at 8 miles per hour. The gallop Is used only under excep-
tional circumstances or when required by the tactical situation.
480927" — 42
fm 2-15
CAVALRY FIELD MANUAL C 2
(2) The physical condition of the men and animals and the
footing determine whether or not the regulation rate of march
for the various gaits can be maintained.
*******
(13) (c) The following examples are included to illustrate
the methods employed by the timekeeper in recording the con-
duct of a march and computing the distance traveled :
FIRST HOUR'S RECORD
Walk
Trot
Halt
1 minute walk equals 0.07 mile; 1 minute trot
equals 0.13 mile
•
• • • • •
4.82 miles, first hour.
28
0. 07
22
0.13
1. 96
2.86
A SUCCEEDING HOUR'S RECORD
Walk
Trot
Halt
1 minute walk equals 0.07 mile; 1 minute trot
equals 0.13 mile
•
•
•
• • • * •
5. 95 miles, second hour.
20
0.07
35
0.13
1.4
4.55
2
FM 3-15
EMPLOYMENT OF CAVALRY C 2
LAST HOUR'S RECORD
Walk
Trot
Halt
1 minute walk equals 0.07 mile; 1 minute trot
equals 0.13 mile
• * • • •
5. 39 miles, march completed.
25
0.07
28
0.13
1.75
3.64
* * • * * * *
f. March discipline.
*******
(2) (h) Men falling out of column do so in pairs. When
ready to resume the march before the arrival of the tail of the
column, they do so at the normal gaits. Trots are not ex-
tended beyond the 8-mile rate, and the gallop is not resorted to.
The men gain distance by walking for shorter periods and by
continuing to march during halt periods. While the column is
trotting they join the nearest element
* * * * * * •
[A. G. 062.11 (8-9-42).] (C 2, Aug. 18, 1942.)
By oedee of the Seckbtaet of War :
G. O. MARSHALL,
Chief of Staff.
Official :
J. A. ULIO,
Major General,
The Adjutant General.
3
S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE ; I94J
FM 2-15
CAVALRY FIELD MANUAL
EMPLOYMENT OF CAVALRY
Prepared under direction of the
Chief of Cavalry
UNITED STATES
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE
WASHINGTON : 1941
For sale by the Superintendent of Documents. Washington. D. C. - Price 30 cents
WAR DEPARTMENT,
Washington, April 8, 1941.
FM 2-15, Cavalry Field Manual, Employment of Cavalry,
is published for the information and guidance of all
concerned.
[A.G. 062.11 (2-12-41).]
By ORDER OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR!
G. C. MARSHALL,
Chief of Staff.
Official :
E. S. ADAMS,
Major General,
The Adjutant General.
Distribution:
B and H (5) ; R 2 (10) ; IR 6, 7 (5) ; Bn 2 (10) ; IBn 5-8,
10 (5) ; C 2 (10) ; IC 5, 6, 7, 9, 11 (2) .
n
TABLE OP CONTENTS
Paragraphs Page
Chapter 1. General 1-5 1
Chapter 2. Offensive combat.
Section I. Attack 6-19 7
II. Mounted attack 20-27 16
HI. Dismounted attack 28-38 22
IV. Pursuit 39-43 38
V. Exploitation of break-through 44-47 42
VI. Attack against river line 48-57 44
VII. Night attacks 58-72 49
Chapter 3. Defensive combat.
Section I. The defensive 73-77 56
II. Defense of locality 78-82 68
in. Defense! of defile 83-84 70
IV. Defense of river line 85-90 70
V. Withdrawals from, action and
retirements 91-96 73
VI. Delaying action 97-103 79
Chapter 4. Reconnaissance 104-110 87
Chapter 5. Security.
Section I. General 111-114 99
II. Advance guards 115-127 102
III. Covering detachments 128-132 112
IV. Plank guards 133-142 116
V. Rear guards 143-150 119
VI. Outposts 151-159 124
VII. Counterreconnaissance 160-168 133
Vm. Combat patrols, connecting files,
and connecting groups 169-172 138
IX. Antiaircraft defense 173-178 140
X. Antimechanized defense 179-184 144
Chapter 6. Movements and shelter.
Section I. Marches 185-191 152
II. Movements by motor transport.. 192-197 178
HI. Movements by rail 198 188
IV. Water transport 199 189
V. Shelter 200-204 190
Chapter 7. Supply.
Section I. General 205-211 194
II. Class I supply 212-215 197
III. Class II supply 216 199
TV. Class III supply 217-219 200
V. Class IV supply 220 201
VI. Class V supply 221-225 201
VII. Trains and cargo transportation.. 226-232 204
Chapter 8. Evacuation 233-237 210
Appendix I. Glossary 214
II. References 221
Index 225
in
FM 2-15
CAVALRY FIELD MANUAL
EMPLOYMENT OP CAVALRY
(This manual supersedes Cavalry Field Manual, volume III, Janu-
ary 3, 1938.)
CHAPTER I
GENERAL
H 1. Definition of Cavalry. — Cavalry is that combatant arm
of the ground forces organized primarily to perform missions
requiring great mobility and fire power. It comprises horse,
porte, and mechanized elements. In combination, these
elements are employed so that one supplements the other;
however, elements of each type are entirely capable of inde-
pendent operation within the sphere of action determined
by its powers and limitations. Cavalry can operate either in
close cooperation with other arms or separately. (See FM
100-5.)
■ 2. Characteristics. — a. The principal characteristics of
Cavalry are mobility and fire power.
b. The mobility of Cavalry permits it to shift quickly from
one point to another and to operate over a wide area and at
great distances from supporting forces on the battlefield.
The battlefield mobility of Cavalry enables it to concentrate
rapidly for a decisive attack or to withdraw quickly in order
to renew the action elsewhere.
c. The mobility of Cavalry depends upon the condition ol
its horses and vehicles. To maintain horses and motor
vehicles in good condition during campaign requires continu-
ous care, supervision, foresight, and planning. Given food,
water, and rest, animals can renew their strength wherever
they happen to be. Motor vehicles are dependent upon sup-
plies, such as fuel, oil, and spare parts, for their operation.
The effectiveness of Cavalry over extended periods depends
largely upon the efficiency of the supply and maintenance
system. Normally it is supplied by motor transportation. It
can be supplied by air transport or pack train and, in emer-
1
2-3
CAVALRY FIELD MANUAL
gency, can subsist its men and animals off the country for
considerable periods of time.
d. Large horse units, with well-conditioned men and ani-
mals, can march 35 miles a day for considerable periods and,
in emergency, 125 miles in 48 hours. Smaller units can ex-
ceed these rates. Horse units can be moved by boat, rail, or
motor at the same rate as other troops. The mobility of
horse elements is characterized by their ability to operate on
almost any type of terrain and under practically all types
of weather conditions.
e. Cavalry mechanized elements, with well -trained per-
sonnel and vehicles properly maintained, can march 180
miles a day and, in emergency, 300 miles in 24 hours or 450
miles in 48 hours. Open rolling country with numerous
patches of woods for cover and concealment is favorable to
the employment of mechanized vehicles. Mud, deep snow,
poor visibility, and adverse weather conditions impose limita-
tions on the capabilities of wheeled motor vehicles.
/. The fire power of Cavalry includes most of the small
arms, semiautomatic and automatic, which are allotted to
Infantry. It possesses weapons of both flat and curved tra-
jectory. Special antitank weapons are liberally allotted to
cavalry units. All cavalry weapons are utilized when neces-
sary for antiaircraft fire. Large cavalry units include or-
ganically light artillery and may have attached medium
artillery, additional antitank units, and antiaircraft units as
required. Small arms are transported on the person, by
pack horses, or in vehicles, which makes them extremely
flexible and maneuverable on the battlefield. Organic artil-
lery with cavalry divisions comprises both horse drawn and
motorized units. This extensive allocation of weapons gives
large cavalry units a fire power which man for man is com-
mensurate with that of other major ground combat units.
B 3. Organization. — a. Corps. — The cavalry corps has a flex-
ible organization. It is composed of two or more cavalry
divisions and may have other supporting or reinforcing
units. The cavalry corps is assigned organically a corps
headquarters and headquarters troop and a signal troop. It
may have attached aviation, motorized Infantry, elements of
the armored force, additional artillery and engineers, spe-
cial antiaircraft and antimechanized units, and administra-
2
EMPLOYMENT OF CAVALRY
3
tive units necessary for corps troops. When a cavalry corps
is operating separately, or when a superior commander has
delegated administrative and supply functions to it, the cav-
alry corps commander is responsible for the administration
and supply of all assigned and attached units. The cavalry
corps normally performs missions for GHQ or for an army.
b. Division. — The cavalry division is a tactical and admin-
istrative unit consisting of two brigades, a division head-
quarters and headquarters troop, a mechanized reconnais-
sance squadron, an antitank troop, and artillery, engineers,
communication, and service elements. It may have attached,
for a particular operation, elements of the armored force
or GHQ tanks, motorized Infantry and aviation, as well as
additional artillery, engineers, and service units. It may be
assigned an independent mission which requires operations
far from other troops. It may be assigned to a cavalry corps;
it may be assigned or attached to an army corps (Infantry) ,
a field army, or a group of armies; it may be attached to an
armored corps, or it may be held in GHQ reserve.
C. Brigade. — The cavalry brigade is a tactical unit which
normally forms part of a cavalry division. It is composed
of a brigade headquarters and headquarters troop, a weapons
troop, and two cavalry regiments (horse). When a cavalry
brigade is detached for a particular operation it may be
reinforced with aviation, artillery, and necessary elements
of other arms and services.
d. Regiment. — (1) Horse. — The cavalry regiment (horse)
is a complete tactical and administrative unit. It consists
of a headquarters, a headquarters and service troop, a machine
gun troop, a special weapons troop, and two rifle squadrons,
each squadron containing a headquarters and three rifle
troops. The cavalry regiment (horse) normally operates as
an organic part of the cavalry brigade and division. The
regiment is the smallest unit which possesses organically all
the elements of a balanced cavalry combat unit: recon-
naissance, Are support, and striking power. Often it should
be reinforced by the attachment of artillery and antitank
units. The command and control facilities are adequate for
effective and rapid employment in all types of cavalry action
even when separated from its mechanized elements.
(2) Horse and mechanized.— The cavalry regiment (horse
and mechanized) is a complete tactical and administrative
3
3
CAVALRY FIELD MANUAL
unit. It consists of regimental headquarters, a headquarters
troop, a service troop, a mechanized reconnaissance squadron,
and a horse squadron porte. This unit is organized and
equipped especially to perforin reconnaissance and security
missions for the army corps. Being a combination of
mechanized reconnaissance vehicles, motorized weapons, and
porte horse units, the regiment possesses within itself great
mobility. It is capable of operating on wide fronts and at
considerable distances from other troops. The horse and
mechanized elements of the regiment may be used in various
combinations as combat teams which allows great flexibility
in their employment. The regiment carries out its missions
during the concentration and movement of the corps, when
contact with the enemy is gained, during battle, pursuit, and
in retirement. It may be employed as corps reserve. In
addition to reconnaissance and security missions, and to
carry out these missions, the regiment engages in offensive
and defensive operations. When performing reconnaissance
and security missions, the regiment normally operates in close
cooperation with the corps aviation. It may at times be rein-
forced or supported by motorized Infantry and Engineers and
by truck-drawn artillery. All or part of the regiment may
be attached to the infantry division for missions similar to
those normally performed for the corps.
e. Reconnaissance squadron, mechanised, cavalry division. —
The reconnaissance squadron, mechanized, consists of squad-
ron headquarters, two reconnaissance troops, one motorcycle
troop, and one armored troop. It is organized and equipped
especially to perform reconnaissance missions for the cavalry
division of which it is an organic part. It possesses great road
mobility and, under favorable conditions, considerable cross-
country mobility. The armored troop provides a means of
breaking through hostile resistance that may have held up
the scout car and motorcycle elements. The squadron may be
reinforced by porte' horse units from the regiments of the
division. When required, the squadron or its elements may be
assigned security or delaying missions.
/. Reconnaissance troop, mechanised {with infantry
division) . — The reconnaissance troop, mechanized, consists of
a troop headquarters and three reconnaissance platoons. It
is organized and equipped especially to perform reconnaissance
and security missions for the infantry division of which it
4
EMPLOYMENT OF CAVALRY
3-5
is an organic part. It possesses great road mobility and
restricted cross-country mobility. It has limited offensive
fighting power and must be reinforced when required to
fight to obtain information or when assigned an offensive
combat mission. It cannot traverse difficult country in
reconnaissance of roads. For complete reconnaissance of
such terrain it should be reinforced by foot or horse elements.
■ 4. Missions. — The missions of Cavalry include —
a. Offensive combat, including attack, pursuit, and exploita-
tion of a break-through.
b. Defensive combat, including defense, delaying action, and
holding important terrain until the arrival of other forces.
c. Reconnaissance.
d. Security for other arms, including counterreconnaissance
and covering actions.
e. Special operations, such as filling gaps, constituting a
mobile reserve for other forces, and providing liaison between
large forces.
B 5. Basic Doctrine. — a. The primary mission of Cavalry is
combat. Its mobility permits it to extend the scope of opera-
tion of less mobile ground troops and secure freedom of action
for them. In a war of movement Cavalry is employed initially
for surprise thrusts into enemy territory, for reconnaissance,
and for screening and covering other forces. Thereafter, its
most effective employment is in large groups for swift and
decisive action. Its main strength must not be dissipated
through indiscriminate detachments, nor sacrificed through
prolonged performance of missions which belong more properly
to other arms.
b. Cavalry seeks successful results through rapidity of
action in attack or delaying action rather than through a
prolonged offensive or defensive action. Cavalry habitually
deploys with little depth. Especially in offensive operations
and delaying actions, it accomplishes its missions by using the
maneuverability of its fire power to deliver repeated surprise
attacks upon the flanks and rear of the enemy. Cavalry is
organized, trained, and equipped to fight mounted, dis-
mounted, or in combined mounted and dismounted action. It
usually holds out strong reserves when opposed by troops of
equal or greater mobility and comparatively weak reserves
when operating against less mobile troops.
5
5
CAVALRY FIELD MANUAL
c. Surprise is an important feature in all successful cavalry
operations. Cavalry can best achieve surprise by using its
mobility in properly timed and directed operations. Surprise
attacks delivered simultaneously against the hostile flanks
and rear from two or more different directions increase greatly
the chances of success.
6
CHAPTER 2
OFFENSIVE COMBAT
Paragraphs
Section I. Attack
II. Mounted attack
in. Dismounted attack
IV. Pursuit
V. Exploitation of break-through
VI. Attack against river line
VII. Night attack
6-19
20-27
28-38
39-43
44--17
48-57
58-72
Section I
ATTACK
S3 6. General. — a. Method. — (1) Cavalry seeks decisive re-
sults through rapidity of maneuver and powerful surprise
attacks upon the weak points of the hostile dispositions.
It must be imbued with the spirit of the offensive.
(2) Cavalry attacks mounted, dismounted, or by a combi-
nation of these methods.
b. Horse elements. — (1) The horse elements of Cavalry
constitute the principal strength of cavalry units in the
attack.
(2) Small, isolated horse units, such as patrols the size
of squads and platoons, generally fight mounted or avoid
combat. Exceptionally, dismounted ambush methods are
employed.
(3) Large bodies of horse cavalry usually maneuver
mounted and fight dismounted. Cavalry uses the mobility
of its horses to gain the advantage of surprise against the
hostile flanks and rear, from which dismounted Are attacks
can be employed effectively and decisively.
(4) Terrain may be the controlling factor. Where cover
exists for a dismounted advance, losses are minimized. Con-
versely, where there is no cover, a quick mounted dash from
a covered line of departure often results in fewer losses.
(5) Long mounted advances against troops in position, and
mounted attacks against prepared positions or against troops
in position and able to employ their combat power effectively,
should not be made.
c. Mechanized elements. — (1) In the attack, mechanized
cavalry units or any elements thereof may be employed on
7
6-8
CAVALRY FIELD MANUAL
separate missions under the control of the commander of the
whole force; they may be attached to either or both the
secondary attack and the main attack; or they may be
given missions requiring cooperation with both elements of
the attack.
(2) The mission of the scout car or motorcycle elements
is primarily reconnaissance and security. They maneuver
on the hostile flanks and rear to discover and give timely
information of changes in hostile dispositions, primarily of
movement of reserves.
(3) Prior to and during the attack, some vehicles may be
retained for liaison to assist in the coordination of the main
attack and the secondary attack.
(4) When the attack closes with the enemy, the vehicles
may maneuver to assist the attack by fire from favorable
terrain features, preferably on the hostile flank and rear.
They may continue reconnaissance to give timely informa-
tion of possible hostile counterattacks and to disorganize
counterattacks by fire on the flank and rear.
(5) Light tanks of the armored troop usually are employed
to assist the scout car and motorcycle elements in recon-
naissance. They may be employed to assist the advance of
rifle elements by making limited objective attacks to overrun
or destroy hostile machine guns and other weapons.
(6) Scout cars and motorized units maneuver mounted and
attack by fire power from the ground or from the vehicles.
Armored troop units maneuver mounted and attack mounted
or by fire from the vehicles, which may be either moving or
stationary fire as situation demands.
■ 7. Surprise. — Surprise is one of the most important fea-
tures of cavalry offensive action and should always be sought.
Surprise may result from —
a. Direction from which attack is made.
b. Time of attack.
c. Choice of mounted or dismounted action.
ffl 8. Reconnaissance. — Before a commander can engage in-
telligently his cavalry command in combat, he must have
information upon which to base his actions. In order to
gain this information he employs aviation, mechanized recon-
naissance elements (scout cars and motorcycles) , intelli-
gence personnel, and reconnaissance detachments and patrols.
8
EMPLOYMENT OF CAVALRY
8-11
Before he decides on his scheme of maneuver for an attack,
he should, whenever practicable, make a personal reconnais-
sance, with particular attention to the terrain. If possible,
he should be accompanied by his immediate subordinate
commanders. Reconnaissance is continued during combat
and includes gaining information of the location and actions
of the enemy and of the ground over which the forces may
operate.
IB 9. Security. — In the approach to the attack, Cavalry pro-
tects its front by the use of a covering detachment. During
the approach and the attack, its flanks and rear are particu-
larly sensitive, especially when opposed by a mobile enemy.
All-around protection must be provided by proper utilization
of the terrain, obstacles, combat patrols, antimechanized
weapons, and the reserve. All subordinate units are respon-
sible for the local protection of their own flanks. Any ele-
ment of the command operating at such distance that the
security provided by the higher commander is not sufficient
must provide its own security groups.
H 10. Direction of Attack. — Cavalry attacks either in one
direction or in two or more converging directions.
a. The attack in one direction is the usual form of attack
for subordinate units when operating as a part of a larger
cavalry unit; it is the exception for units the size of a squad-
ron or larger when operating alone. However, an opportunity
may occur when these larger units by rapid action can attack
in one direction to effect a penetration of any enemy line
which is overextended and thinly held. Larger units may
seize an opportunity for a surprise attack, mounted, against
marching troops or formations not disposed in position.
b. The attack in two or more converging directions is the
form usually employed in cavalry action. When this form
of attack is used, the attacking force is generally disposed
in three parts: a secondary attack, base of fire, or pivot of
maneuver, about which the bulk of the command operates or
maneuvers; a main attack or maneuvering force; and a
reserve.
H 11. Orders. — Cavalry attack orders usually are issued
orally. They are issued to the assembled subordinate com-
manders, when practicable, at a point from which they can
see the objective. When the attack is made in two or more
9
11-14
CAVALRY FIELD MANUAL
converging directions, orders usually are issued prior to the
separation of the various elements of the attack. An order
giving a mission to each unit of the command should always
be issued. The orders are often given in fragmentary form
for the purpose of saving time. Orders are issued sufficiently
far in advance of the time of attack to permit subordinates
as much time as possible for reconnaissance and for the
preparation and issuance of their own orders. (See PM
101-5.)
B 12. Zones of Action. — Zones of action may be prescribed
when it is necessary to restrict subordinate units to certain
lines or areas in order to prevent intermingling or confusion.
B 13. Objectives. — Each attacking unit should be assigned
an objective or objectives. These may be indicated by desig-
nating —
a. A decisive terrain feature.
b. Enemy reserves or other troops.
c. The enemy's flank or rear or both flank and rear. Gen-
erally this method is used when the enemy's main line of
resistance is fairly well -determined but the location and
strength of his reserves are not definitely known.
H 14. Time of Attack. — a. When the command attacks in one
direction, this may be indicated by prescribing a definite
hour or by prescribing that the unit attack upon order of
the commander.
b. When the command attacks in converging directions,
this may be indicated by —
(1) Prescribing a definite hour for one or both elements.
This method insures the best coordination of the attack and
should be used whenever existing conditions render it
feasible.
(2) A signal, visual or otherwise. This method may be
necessary when conditions of terrain and the enemy sit-
uation are so vague or uncertain as to render the prescribing
of a definite hour impracticable. When employed, care
should be taken to insure that the signal prescribed can be
understood.
(3) Making the time of attack of one element dependent
upon the time or progress of attack of the other. This pre-
supposes that the terrain over which attacks take place is
clearly visible to one or both elements or that close liaison
10
EMPLOYMENT OF CAVALRY
14-16
exists. Such a method of time coordination may prescribe
that one element attacks in conjunction with the other.
This means that when it is clear that the attack of one
element has been launched, the attack of the other is
launched at the same time, or at such time thereafter as to
bring the full weight of both attacks on the enemy at the
same time.
(4) One or both elements being directed to attack as soon
as in position. This partakes largely of the nature of a
piecemeal attack, but frequently may be the only feasible
method, due to difficulties of terrain or rapidly changing con-
ditions in the enemy situation.
!B 15. Approach March. — a. The approach march, prior to the
launching of either a mounted or dismounted attack, should
habitually be made mounted.
b. The formation adopted for the approach should be
suitable to the type of action expected, permit rapid deploy-
ment to meet an unexpected encounter with the enemy, take
advantage of covered approaches and terrain unsuited to
mechanized attack where such threat exists, and minimize
the danger from hostile Are. Formations must be widely
dispersed so as to minimize losses from hostile aviation and
from ground Are, both frontal and flanking. The com-
mander designates the formation of the command. Sub-
ordinate commanders adapt their formations and immediate
routes to existing conditions.
c. During the approach march, the commander, accom-
panied by such members of his staff and subordinate leaders
as he may desire, rides well forward between the covering
detachment and the head of the command, preparatory to
making his reconnaissance for combat.
d. For methods of developing for an attack, location of,
and procedure in assembly areas, and methods of coordinat-
ing and launching an attack, see FM 100-5 and paragraph
16 herein.
B 16. Attack. — a. Secondary or holding attack. — (1) This
force engages the enemy either by fire or by fire and move-
ment for the purpose of providing fire support for the ma-
neuvering force, of holding the enemy to the ground, of
making him deploy prematurely or in a wrong direction, or
of preventing him from reinforcing his front against the
11
16
CAVALRY FIELD MANUAL
main attack. The strength of the secondary attack varies,
depending upon the plan of action, the nature and action
of the enemy, and the terrain. It is given only sufficient
strength to enable it to carry out the mission assigned. It
should be strong in fire power, and is supported by, or has
attached to it, all fire power which is not needed with the
main attack.
(2) When, in the opinion of the commander, the terrain
over which the secondary attack is to operate affords good
cover for an advance, the secondary attack is given an
objective and attacks as in any dismounted action. Terrain
and the action of the enemy permitting, it works forward by
fire and movement to an assault position from which to de-
liver a heavy fire on the enemy position to support the main
attack. If the maneuvering force attacks mounted, the sec-
ondary attack makes its assault as soon as its fire is masked,
and closes with the enemy to seize and consolidate the posi-
tion and cover the reorganization of the maneuvering force
or permit it to initiate pursuit. If the maneuvering force
attacks dismounted, the secondary attack coordinates its
assault with that of the maneuvering force.
(3) Exceptionally, when the secondary attack is confronted
by terrain or obstacles which, in the opinion of the com-
mander, make an advance from its attack position impossible
without undue sacrifice, its advance may be delayed until the
assault has been made by the maneuvering force. When the
Are of the secondary attack has been masked by the maneu-
vering force, the secondary attack endeavors to move forward,
dismounted or mounted, to mop up the enemy position and
assist the maneuvering force in making complete the capture
of the position. However, should conditions at any earlier
time offer an unexpected opportunity for the secondary attack
to advance, it pushes forward with aggressiveness and deter-
mination.
(4) The initial position selected should provide observa-
tion and a good field of fire of adequate size for the force
involved from which to support the attack of the maneuvering
force. In a meeting engagement, the advance guard, rein-
forced with such additional rifle or fire support elements as
can be profitably employed, may make the secondary attack.
In the event a more suitable position than the one held by
the advance guard is available on the flank, troops assigned
12
EMPLOYMENT OF CAVALRY
16
to make the secondary attack move to that position and
launch the attack. The advance guard may then be with-
drawn to form a part of the secondary attack, constitute the
reserve, or continue to attack from its original position. The
movements of the main attack and the actions of the troops
forming the secondary attack are coordinated as to the time
of attack and the direction most favorable to success.
b. Main attack. — (1) The main attack is the decisive attack
and contains the bulk of the command. It is supported by
a preponderance of the available fire power of artillery,
machine guns, and other weapons.
(2) When conditions are such that this supporting fire
can be used effectively from a central position, it is retained
under the control of the commander of the whole force.
When its use may prove more effective under the control of
the main attack commander, some or all of it should be
attached thereto.
(3) The main attack provides its own security and moves
rapidly by covered routes to the assembly area from which
to launch the attack.
(4) It usually attacks dismounted but may attack mounted
if the situation warrants, or by a combination of the two
methods. Usually this is decided by the commander of the
main attack after his personal reconnaissance upon arrival
at his attack locality and a consideration of such elements
as the mission, enemy dispositions, time, distance, and ter-
rain. In exceptional cases, the commander of the whole
force may prescribe the type of action, mounted or dis-
mounted, to be employed by the main attack. If the enemy
is surprised or presents an exposed flank or rear, if there are
no obstacles to prevent mounted movement, or if the ground
to be crossed is open, affording neither cover for the advance
of dismounted troops nor for further maneuver, the decision
may be to attack mounted. If the enemy is occupying a
position in strength facing the direction of attack, or if the
terrain furnishes good cover for advancing dismounted and
is unsuited for rapid advance, the decision normally is to
attack dismounted or to subdivide the command into a sec-
ondary attack, dismounted, and another maneuvering force,
which in turn may attack mounted or dismounted after
reaching the hostile flank or rear.
297351°— 41 2
13
16
CAVALRY FIELD MANUAL
(5) When the main attack is made mounted, care is taken
to insure that its attack is not launched prematurely. The
launching of the main attack should be so timed as to
receive full benefit from the efforts of the secondary attack
exerted either by a heavy concentration of Are or by Are and
movement to an assault position.
c. Reserve. — (1) A part of a command, the reserve, is held
out of the fight initially for employment by the commander
of the whole force in furtherance of his plan of attack or
for use according to the development of the action. Its
strength will depend upon the nature of the enemy and may
vary from one-third to a small fraction of the command.
Large reserves are held out against an enemy composed en-
tirely of Cavalry or other highly mobile troops; small re-
serves against an enemy either lacking or weak in Cavalry or
other mobile troops. Unless mobile troops are absent from
the field of battle, the reserve should remain mobile in either
mounted or dismounted attack. In the usual action of Cav-
alry against Cavalry, the reserve must be ready to act
mounted without delay. In this case, fleeting opportunities
for mounted attack may occur or tha reserve may be needed
promplty to repel rapidly developed or surprise attacks.
When the enemy is without mobile troops there is less danger
of surprise, but there may be opportunities in which the
quick launching of the reserve in attack will produce decisive
results. Its employment varies in accordance with existing
conditions. As soon as the reserve is committed, a new re-
serve is organized without delay.
(2) The commander of the reserve keeps in close com-
munication with the commander of the whole force while
maintaining immediate control of the reserve.
(3) In emergencies, the commander of the reserve must
not hesitate to act without waiting for orders. He main-
tains personal reconnaissance and keeps close contact with
the attacking troops. He anticipates possible uses of the
reserve and prepares tentative plans therefor.
(4) Before moving his reserve from any position, the
commander of the reserve selects a new location, unless one
has been designated by the commander, initiates reconnais-
sance of routes leading to the area, and decides on the
method of reaching it.
14
EMPLOYMENT OP CAVALRY
16-18
(5) The reserve is usually echeloned to one or both flanks
in a position from which it can best support the main attack
or protect the flanks.
(6) When the assaulting troops reach the enemy or attain
their objectives, the reserve is ready to take advantage of the
situation to give an added impetus to the attack at a critical
moment, to clinch the victory by pursuit, or to resist counter-
attack. It may pursue a retreating enemy or occupy the
ground captured. In case of the withdrawal of the assault
troops, the reserve covers their withdrawal and reorganization.
d. Coordination of attack. — In order to obtain the maximum
benefit from the concerted action of the secondary attack and
the main attack, every available means must be utilized to
insure coordination. This may include the designation of
line of departure, zones of action, axis of signal communica-
tion, location of command posts, position of reserves, and other
matters. Liaison is established and maintained between
them. This may be done by the use of liaison agents, squads,
or groups operating between the two, by mounted messengers,
by radio, by pyrotechnics or other visual signals, by mecha-
nized reconnaissance vehicles, or by motorcycles. As many
means as necessary are used simultaneously to insure that liai-
son is continuous. When pyrotechnic or other visual signals
are sent from the main attack, care is taken to withhold them
until the attack is launched in order to avoid premature
warning to the enemy of the impending attack. The object
of such signal, especially in a mounted attack, is to notify
the secondary attack to increase its fire temporarily and then
to raise, shift, or cease its fire to avoid firing into the main
attack. In the case of a combined attack, it may be necessary
for the main attack to wait for a message or signal from the
secondary attack to avoid the launching of the main attack
before the secondary attack has advanced to the point where
its full effect is being felt by the enemy.
H 17. Reorganization. — After an attack, whether successful
or not, the commander reorganizes his command promptly
preparatory to further operations.
■ 18. PuRstni. — The attack order issued by the commander
should prescribe limits of pursuit and an assembly point or
points. The designation of a limit of pursuit is a measure of
coordination prescribed by the force commander to fix the
15
18-20
CAVALRY FIELD MANUAL
limits for the action of subordinates and for keeping his com-
mand in hand for subsequent operations. Assembly points
should be located within the limit of pursuit and where, as
far as can be foreseen, the unit will be in the best position
for future action.
■ 19. Control. — Control of the action and of his subordinate
units by a commander during the attack is difficult. He must
rely to a great extent on the intelligent initiative of his sub-
ordinate commanders in carrying out his general plan. He
exercises control through definite clear plans announced to
subordinates, by utilizing all practicable means of communi-
cation, by making full use of his staff, by the direction of the
Are of supporting weapons, by designation of assembly points
and limits of pursuit, and by the use of his reserve at the
proper time. When the command is divided into a secondary
attack and a main attack, the commander usually goes to a
position from which he can observe the action of both. He
should at all times be in close communication with his com-
mand post and his reserve.
Section II
MOUNTED ATTACK
■ 20. General. — The horse elements of Cavalry constitute the
principal force in the mounted attack. Mechanized elements
assist the horse elements in the mounted attack by conduct-
ing reconnaissance of the objectives and routes of approach
thereto. As the attack closes with the enemy, scout cars
maneuver to assist the attack by Are from favorable posi-
tions or they may continue reconnaissance of the flanks and
rear of the enemy to gain information of the movements of
hostile reserves and to harass them. In the later stages of
the attack, motorcycle elements may assist the efforts of the
scout cars, continue reconnaissance of the hostile flanks and
rear, or provide security for the flanks and rear of the attack-
ing force. The armored troop may assist the scout car and
motorcycle elements in reconnaissance or assist in the attack.
When they are employed to assist the advance of assaulting
elements, they usually cross the line of departure a few
minutes ahead of the other assault elements. Their mission
is to destroy hostile weapons within the zone of advance and
facilitate an uninterrupted advance.
16
EMPLOYMENT OF CAVALRY
21
■ 21. Elements of Success and When Employed. — For a
mounted attack to be successful, most or all of the following
conditions should exist: complete surprise, supporting Are,
superiority in numbers, favorable terrain including covered
routes to line of departure, limited objectives, thorough re-
connaissance, and adequate security measures. These ele-
ments must be present to such a degree that the attack may
be made without undue cost and with decisive results.
a. Surprise in mounted attack may be achieved by rapidity
of attack, direction of attack, time of attack, use of terrain,
or smoke, fog, partial darkness, and other conditions of low
visibility. Results are most decisive when, in addition, the
enemy is struck while in a formation or position ill-suited for
resisting the attack.
b. Supporting Are must be sufficient to hold the attention
of the enemy and prevent any effective employment of his
available fire power.
c. The weight of the attack must provide superior numbers
at the point of the assault. Speed, cohesion, and the effective
use of individual weapons are essential.
d. Terrain must provide covered approaches for the maneu-
ver and must present no important obstacles, such as wire
entanglements, mines, entrenchments, numerous wire fences,
impassable ditches, and sunken roads.
e. The objective should be definite and limited.
/. Thorough reconnaissance is essential.
g. Appropriate security measures must be observed during,
before, and after the attack.
h. Special conditions under which mounted attack may be
employed as a last resort are: desperate situations, such as,
the necessary relief of hard-pressed troops when the sacrifice
of mounted troops is justified, or when the mounted force is
surrounded by a greatly superior enemy and the best chance
of a break-through is by mounted action; situations in which
other means have failed; and situations in which terrain is
utterly devoid of cover for the dismounted advance.
i. Following the defeat and rout of hostile forces, speed
and bold methods become essential. Mounted attacks are
employed frequently. Enemy demoralization may justify dis-
regard of the usual element of surprise, superiority in fire and
numbers, terrain, and other factors normally considered es-
17
21-24
CAVALRY FIELD MANUAL
sential for the success of such an action. In pursuit the over-
cautious leader is doomed to failure or meager success.
IS 22. Formations. — a. Formations for attack should be se-
lected so as to meet each special situation. Influencing
factors are : the degree of surprise attained, the nature of the
objective, whether stationary or moving, and whether it con-
sists of a mounted or dismounted force; the enemy formations,
whether close or extended order; the nature and effectiveness
of hostile fire and of friendly supporting fires; terrain; and
visibility. The attack normally is disposed in depth. The
number of lines depends on the terrain and the size of the
force involved.
b. In the mounted attack by a squadron or larger force,
while the formation for the command as a whole is prescribed
in the attack order, the formations to be selected by sub-
ordinate units are usually left to the judgment of the respective
subordinate commanders. If, however, the enemy situation
is clear and units are not unduly separated, or if it is ap-
parent that a high degree of coordination is necessary, the
attack order may also prescribe the formations to be employed
by subordinate units.
B 23. Terrain. — Obstacles such as wire fences, deep ditches or
gullies, streams, boulders, thick underbrush, marshy ground,
or other hindrances which will hold up or disorganize the
attack before the objective is reached must be avoided or
passed by the use of proper formations. In the approach,
available cover must be utilized to the maximum to increase
the chance of surprise and lessen the effect of hostile fire. A
change in formation may enable a command to take full ad-
vantage of cover when it might otherwise be greatly exposed.
H 24. Hastily Prepared Mounted Attacks. — a. These actions
are sudden and unforeseen. There is no time for prolonged
preliminary reconnaissance. The latter must always be made
by the leader, but it may be that a quick glance and a hasty
survey of the situation must suffice. There is no time for
deliberate deployments. The attack must be launched ab-
ruptly from any formation. A brief command or signal must
suffice to launch the attack. Each subordinate unit is led
by its commander. The personal example of leaders is
most important in this type of hasty action.
18
EMPLOYMENT OF CAVALRY
24-25
b. The general rule Is that any unit acting alone executes
these attacks by launching its next smaller units successively.
Normally when thus launched by a higher echelon the regi-
ment attacks in line of squadrons or squadrons in echelon;
the squadron attacks in line of troop column of platoons;
the troop attacks in column of platoons. All attacking lines
are deployed as foragers with approximately 100 yards be-
tween lines. Machine-gun units conform to the foregoing,
the lines of foragers being composed of the men without pack
animals, the packs following such lines at about 30 yards.
Each unit when launched should be given an objective.
S 25. Deliberately Prepared Mounted Attacks. — Due to the
unusual conditions essential for the success of the mounted
attack (par. 21), deliberately prepared mounted attacks
will rarely be made. In this type of mounted attack there
is preliminary reconnaissance by the leader. There is suf-
ficient time for the leader to issue detailed orders. Units are
deliberately deployed; the designated weapons are drawn
by command; the gaits are ordered; the pace is increased
gradually; and the movement terminates with a charge at
full speed over a short distance or sometimes by dismounting
Upon arriving close to the enemy and engaging him in his
position. The attack is always supported by the fire of
machine guns and any other available weapons.
a. Dismounted enemy. — (1) If the enemy is dismounted,
his action is practically limited to the use of fire power.
In attacking such an enemy, the object is to close with him
in hand-to-hand combat with as few losses and as quickly as
possible. The attack should be directed at the hostile flank
and rear. The squadron or larger unit should attack in sev-
eral successive lines of foragers with distances of approxi-
mately 100 yards between lines. The first echelon of two or
more successive lines operates as "ride-through" lines to
locate and engage hostile supports and reserves while the
second operates as "mop-up" lines. Usually the leading
echelon is given a frontage and direction of attack. Each
echelon should be given its mission. The strength of each
echelon is prescribed by the commander of the whole force.
The formation of each echelon or the units within each may
be prescribed by the higher commander or by the respective
subordinate or unit commanders. In the case of smaller units
which can attack in only two lines, both lines operate as ride-
19
25-26
CAVALRY FIELD MANUAL
through or mop-up lines in accordance with the strength
and dispositions of the enemy. The reserve follows the at-
tacking lines at such distance as to permit it to maneuver suf-
ficiently to be able to assist either the ride-through lines or
the mop-up lines, or to be otherwise employed by the com-
mander in accordance with the developments of the situation.
(2) Units quickly reorganized, utilizing available cover, and
promptly occupy the captured ground to repel an immediate
counterattack. The rally and assembly should take advan-
tage of available cover and defilade, and be accomplished in
dispersed formation so as to avoid losses by fire from enemy
units which may still be intact.
(b) Mounted enemy. — If the enemy is mounted and has
effective supporting fire, an open formation should be used.
The attack is launched in several successive lines, each either
echeloned or maneuvered to the flanks so as to avoid being
checked by or intermingled with the preceding lines in the
melee. The hostile supports and reserves must be promptly
located and attacked. The reserve follows in appropriate
formation and at such distance as to permit freedom of ma-
neuver and prompt support of the assault elements. It is
essential that the successive lines rally promptly in order to
charge again, either against the original enemy or new
forces.
D 26. Machine Guns and Mortars. — a. Heavy machine
guns. — (1) The heavy machine gun provides the principal
supporting Are in the mounted attack. Every available gun
should be in action, none held in reserve. More effective
support will be rendered normally by heavy machine guns re-
tained under central control. They are attached to subordi-
nate units only when centralized control is impracticable.
They do not take part in the assault. Their mission is to
demoralize or break up enemy formations, to pin the enemy
to the ground with fire, to support the mounted elements with
fire, to protect their flanks, to cover the reorganization, to
pursue by fire, to break up counterattacks, or to cover a
withdrawal. To accomplish these missions they fire from
one or both flanks or, exceptionally, use overhead fire. Some
riflemen should be used to provide close-in protection.
(2) A mounted attack against a dismounted enemy may
include a short Are preparation followed by a sudden launch-
ing of the attack, or a sudden opening of fire concurrent
20
EMPLOYMENT OF CAVALRY
26
with the launching of the attack, or both. Fire should be
directed first on the whole enemy line and then concentrated
on that part of his line to be assaulted. The fire should be
as nearly as possible at right angles to the direction of
attack. Overhead fire may be used if a suitable position
800 to 1,500 yards from the enemy and observation of strike
can be obtained. The fire may be indirect if the range is
accurately known, friendly troops can be seen, and strike
is visible. When the mounted attack approaches the enemy,
fire must be stopped or shifted to prevent losses. When the
assault goes home, a portion of the heavy guns must move
forward promptly to assist in the consolidation and to cover
the reorganization.
(3) The mounted attack against mounted troops usually
is hastily prepared. Any fire preparation will be concurrent
with the mounted advance. Fire is opened as soon as pos-
sible and reaches its maximum intensity simultaneously
with the launching of the attack. Some guns are directed
at the enemy mounted elements while the remainder take
under fire any hostile machine guns in action. Direct fire
not overhead is normal. Concealment of guns is of second-
ary importance to rapid selection and occupation of position
and delivery of fire.
b. Light machine guns. — Units which have no heavy ma-
chine-gun Are support in the mounted attack utilize their
light machine guns to provide supporting fire according to
the procedure outlined for the heavy machine guns. Avail-
able heavy machine guns may be supplemented by a portion
of the light guns used in the same manner as the heavy guns,
while the balance of the light guns follow the rifle units into
the enemy position, prepare to pursue by fire, protect the
reorganization of mounted units, and meet emergencies.
c. Caliber .50 machine guns. — Caliber .50 machine guns
should be located to protect the flanks and rear of the com-
mand from attack by hostile armored vehicles. Some cali-
ber .50 machine guns may accompany the troops making the
mounted attack for use against such armored vehicles as
may be encountered by these troops in the area in rear of
the attack objective. In the absence of any hostile mech-
anized threat, caliber .50 machine guns are used as anti-
machine-gun weapons.
21
26-28
CAVALRY FIELD MANUAL
d. Mortars. — In a deliberately prepared mounted attack, -
mortars are used to silence hostile heavy weapons during the
preparatory fire and to fire on enemy supports and led
horses. The fires of the mortars are coordinated for maxi-
mum effectiveness. Smoke delivered by mortars may be
employed to blind hostile observation and heavy weapons in
position during the early stages of the attack. In a hastily
prepared mounted attack there is usually little time to locate
and silence suitable mortar targets but every effort is made
to do so.
H 27. 37-mm Antitank Guns. — Antitank guns are used in the
mounted attack to provide protection from hostile mecha-
nized attack, particularly from the flanks and rear. Their
missions are coordinated with those of the caliber .50 ma-
chine guns. In the absence of any hostile mechanized threat
the 37-mm guns are employed to destroy hostile machine
guns.
Section III
DISMOUNTED ATTACK
H 28. General. — a. Within the limits of its means, Cavalry
fights dismounted in the same manner as Infantry. The
underlying doctrine is the same, but the technique differs
somewhat because of differences in organization, equipment,
and armament.
&. As in the mounted attack, the horse elements of Cavalry,
dismounted, furnish the main striking force while the mecha-
nized elements assist them, generally in the same manner, as
in the mounted attack (par. 20).
c. Dismounted Cavalry usually attacks for limited objec-
tives; long dismounted advances are exceptional. It is not
equipped, armed, or organized for long sustained action. Its
attack is therefore characterized by comparatively limited
preparation, rapidity of action, and fire power consisting
of a relatively high proportion of machine-gun fire. The
advance culminates in the assault in which rifles and pistols
are used to overcome the last enemy resistance.
d. If necessary to move forward to successive positions,
every advantage is taken of possible opportunities to resume
the advance mounted. Accordingly led horses are kept as
close to the assault echelon line as the situation permits. .
22
EMPLOYMENT OF CAVALRY
28-31
e. A rifle platoon acting alone rarely attacks dismounted,
except when operating on a security mission which requires
it to attack. A rifle troop or a squadron may attack dis-
mounted alone or as part of a larger force.
19 29. Deployment. — When a unit is operating alone or mak-
ing the main attack of a larger unit, it should be disposed
in some depth. When making a secondary attack it may
have little or no depth.
a. Squadron. — The squadron generally deploys for the at-
tack with an assault echelon (firing line and supports) and
a reserve.
b. Regiment. — The regiment generally deploys in three
echelons: the assault echelon, the squadron reserves, and the
regimental reserve. The squadron is the attack unit. In
situations requiring a relatively deep advance without a
passage of lines or when strong resistance is expected, the
deployment may be with squadrons abreast, each squadron
being assigned a narrow frontage. When the enemy situa-
tion is not clear or when a passage of lines is anticipated,
the deployment should be in column of squadrons.
B 30. Stages op Attack. — The five successive stages of the
dismounted attack are —
Approach.
Fire fight.
Assault.
Reorganization.
Pursuit.
■ 31. Approach. — a. Conduct. — (1) The approach is the ad-
vance, in open or dispersed formation, from the point where
light and medium artillery fire is encountered to the point
where effective small-arms Are is met. Unless threatened
by enemy air attacks, the advance in route column is con-
tinued until necessary to deploy into a mounted approach
formation in order to avoid losses from long-range fires.
When threatened by or subjected to hostile air attack, a
deployed approach formation is assumed at once. The
mounted approach is continued as far forward as tactical
safety and terrain permit; its termination is regulated by
the availability of cover for led horses and the necessity for
initiating the dismounted approach. The dismounted ap-
23
31
CAVALRY FIELD MANUAL
proach is continued until it becomes necessary to return the
enemy's fire in order to advance.
(2) The approach formation should be one which puts
units in position favorable for deployment for the attack
and which reduces the vulnerability of the command to
hostile air attack and artillery fire during the approach.
Line of squad columns or half-squad columns with increased
intervals reduce the vulnerability of the command to hostile
air attack and artillery fire and also facilitate the passage
of obstacles and the use of cover. The approach march
should make use of the best covered routes available and
should terminate on terrain that provides observation for
supporting fires and cover for the final deployment. The
termination of the approach march should be as far forward
as hostile small-arms fire permits.
(3) The commander of the force may divide his com-
mand into units or combat teams and assign objectives and
routes of approach to each. The development may be for
a frontal or combined frontal and enveloping attack. Units
pass from mounted to dismounted approach on orders of the
next higher commander present.
&. Orders. — Commanders explain the situation to their
next subordinate commanders during the mounted approach
and announce —
(1) The initial formation, including designation of the
base unit.
(2) The direction, route, or zone. (When a unit is di-
vided into several attacking elements, a direction of march
is assigned to each element.)
(3) Special security measures, including those to protect
against hostile air and mechanized attack.
(4) Instructions to supporting weapons.
(5) Disposition of led horses.
c. Security. — (1) A mounted covering detachment pre-
cedes the unit during its mounted approach. This covering
detachment continues to furnish forward security during the
dismounted approach, advancing dismounted by bounds as
directed and preceding the unit by 200 yards or more in ac-
cordance with the terrain and the size of the unit. It develops
the enemy and protects the deployment for the fire fight.
In a dismounted approach, not preceded by a mounted ap-
proach, a dismounted covering detachment is detailed. Pla-
24
EMPLOYMENT OF CAVALRY
31
toon scouts of the leading platoons maintain contact with the
covering detachment during the dismounted approach. If
the covering detachment becomes engaged, a new one is
detailed, especially if the direction of advance is changed.
(2) Plank security is a responsibility of all commanders.
Distant flank reconnaissance is provided by scout car patrols
and by mounted patrols from the main body and reserve. If
necessary, dismounted detachments may also be detailed
from the reserve for flank protection. Necessary close-in
flank protection for the assault is provided by small patrols
from support units. Type of terrain determines the dis-
tances at which these local patrols operate; preferably they
operate within 200 yards of their units.
(3) During the approach, measures are taken to protect
the command from hostile mechanized or air attack. Such
measures include: a carefully coordinated observation and
warning system comprising reconnaissance elements, both
ground and air; patrols and antitank units disposed on the
flanks and rear; utilization of terrain unfavorable for attack
by hostile mechanized elements and for observation by hostile
aviation; and active defensive measures, such as the appro-
priate disposition and employment of antitank weapons
against hostile mechanization and organic weapons against
hostile aircraft.
d. Led horses. — Led horses are generally held mobile under
cover. In the case of a large unit executing a dismounted
attack to restore the front, they may be held immobile. At
all times they must be in dispersed formations and under
cover concealed against discovery from the air, even when
on reverse slopes which are easily searched by enemy high-
angle weapons.
e. Formations. — (1) In advancing to offensive combat, the
command is deployed in open approach formations (deploy-
ment in width and depth with the units separated into small
columns) when exposed to or liable to receive hostile aerial
or ground fires. Approach formations must afford sufficient
• dispersion to minimize casualties, must be sufficiently flexible
to insure control, and must take maximum advantage of the
terrain. They should conform to and facilitate the expected
scheme of maneuver for the attack.
(2) Organization in depth is provided by dividing attacking
units into assault, support, and reserve echelons. A troop in
25
31
CAVALRY FIELD MANUAL
the attack invariably retains a support, usually one rifle pla-
toon or less. The support follows the assault platoons as
directed, usually at 75 to 150 yards. A unit the size of a
squadron or larger habitually retains a reserve. A troop
acting as part of a larger force does not retain a reserve.
Acting alone it may retain a reserve, varying in strength from
one rifle platoon to one rifle squad, depending on the obscurity
of the situation and the mobility of the enemy. The reserve
moves as directed by the commander of the force to which it
pertains.
(3) Premature lateral deployments reduce flexibility and
impair control. Thus rear units may delay their lateral de-
ployments longer than leading units. Platoons are main-
tained in column of twos or line of squad columns as long as
possible. Squads are only deployed into line of half-squad
columns when necessary to do so. Distances and intervals
depend on the size of the unit, hostile fire, visibility, and the
terrain. Intervals are sufficient to permit deployment with-
out losing contact or control. Distances fluctuate because of
the movement by bounds; they are such that rear elements
can render prompt support to forward elements without being
unduly exposed to fires received by them. Excessive distances
are more readily corrected than those which are too short.
Subordinate leaders may vary their formations or deviate
temporarily from the prescribed route in order to utilize cover,
negotiate obstacles, and avoid fires, but must conform gen-
erally to the prescribed scheme of advance.
(4) Covered routes are used when available, with forma-
tions appropriate thereto. The cover of woods or broken
terrain permits the use of less extended formations than
when in the open; the difficulty of control in woods or broken
terrain necessitates compactness and flexibility in the
approach.
/. Control. — (1) Maintenance of direction is facilitated by
designating a base unit. The direction is given to the cov-
ering detachment by personal instructions from the com-
mander. All leaders must be well forward where they can
best lead and direct their units, maintain the direction, and
be available to receive the final attack orders. Communica-
tion is maintained by visual signals and messengers.
26
EMPLOYMENT OF CAVALRY
81-32
(2) When the covering detachments are stopped by enemy
fire, they seize the most suitable terrain feature for a line of
departure for the fire fight. When time permits, leaders of
advancing units are assembled by the commander on or near
the line of departure to receive the final attack order. The
order outlines the procedure to be followed and designates
objectives, routes, or zones to the units.
S 32. Fire Fight. — a. General. — The command is deployed
for the fire fight when necessary to use the close supporting
and accompanying fires of auxiliary automatic weapons to
continue the advance. The line of departure for the fire
fight should be made on ground favorable for continuing the
advance by fire and movement (close supporting fires of
automatic weapons and the rapid maneuvering of rifle and
at times light machine-gun units) . The fight may vary from
a deliberate to a hastily prepared attack. Deliberately pre-
pared attacks afford opportunity for reconnaissance, for the
application of supporting fires, and for coordination of the
attack. Hastily prepared attacks afford little opportunity for
reconnaissance or coordination of the attack.
b. Security. — (1) After protecting the deployment for the
fire fight, the covering detachment is usually passed through
by the assault units. It is then re-formed as a tactical unit
and used as directed.
(2) Platoon scouts furnish forward security for the assault
platoons in the actual fire fight.
(3) Plank security is a responsibility of all commanders.
It is provided by observation, reconnaissance, and fire. Sup-
port platoons on the outside flanks maintain small flanking
patrols when necessary. The distance at which these patrols
operate depends on the terrain; preferably they are restricted
to distances which will permit voice or visual communication
with their unit. Reserve units further extend this flank
reconnaissance by mounted or dismounted patrols. Support-
ing weapons may augment flank protection by defensive flies.
(4) Security from hostile mechanized and air attack is
provided as described in chapter 5, sections IX and X.
c. Scheme of maneuver. — The plan must be simple. This
entails fixing the enemy by fire, maneuvering to seize con-
trolling terrain features, and closing with the enemy to
27
32
CAVALRY FIELD MANUAL
destroy him. Size of the unit, mission, terrain, and enemy
dispositions dictate the selection of the plan of attack.
d. Conduct of fire fight. — (1) It is necessary to depend
largely on supporting weapons for fire support and to utilize
the best cover available for advancing the maneuver units.
This involves the intense application of supporting automatic
fires and the rapid maneuvering of rifle units. Terrain de-
termines how the combination is best employed. A long-range
indecisive fire fight is avoided. Every effort is made to with-
hold rifle fire of the assault units until within practicable
combat range of the objective (preferably less than 350 yards) .
(2) After the fire fight has started, conduct of the advance
is in the hands of the leaders of the assault platoons. Higher
commanders influence the action by the application of sup-
porting fires and by committing support and reserve elements.
Platoon leaders maintain tactical control by coordinating the
advance of their squads and by reorganizing their platoons
when possible to do so.
e. Attack formations. — (1) Holding and enveloping. — In the
attack, the assault echelon is usually divided into two elements,
wherein one element executes a holding attack and the other
an enveloping attack.
(a) The squadron acting alone is normally disposed with
one troop executing the holding attack, one troop executing
the enveloping attack, and the third troop in reserve. The
troop executing the holding attack may be disposed with
three rifle platoons (less part of one platoon in support) in the
assault, or with two rifle platoons in the assault and one in
support. The troop executing the enveloping attack is usually
disposed with one or two rifle platoons in the assault and the
remainder in support.
(b) The troop acting alone is normally disposed with one
platoon executing a holding attack, one platooon executing
an enveloping attack, and the third platoon in reserve. The
platoon executing the holding attack is usually deployed with
all three squads in the assault; the platoon executing the
enveloping attack may be deployed with two squads in the
assault and one in support.
(2) Deployment. — Frontal attacks may be employed against
an Inferior enemy or to seize a limited objective, but are
resorted to only when time or the terrain necessitates this
type of attack. Wide deployments with little depth may be
28
EMPLOYMENT OF CAVALRY
32
used. A squadron may deploy with three troops (less part of
one troop in reserve) in the assault. A troop may deploy
with three rifle platoons (less part of one platoon in support)
in the assault. Assault platoons may deploy with three
squads in the assault, or with two squads in the assault and
one in support.
(3) Units attacking as part of larger force. — The unit at-
tacks in accordance with its assigned mission. Each com-
mander prescribes the formation of his own unit in accordance
with the situation that confronts him and within the limits
prescribed by higher authority.
/. Frontages. — Frontages in the attack are regulated by the
mission, terrain, and enemy dispositions. A platoon operat-
ing in small groups and covering the intervals by fire may
usually be held responsible for a frontage in the attack of
75 to 150 yards. The frontage of a troop or squadron depends
on the number of platoons deployed in the assault echelon.
g. Troop leading. — (1) Squadron acting alone. — When the
covering detachment gains contact, the squadron is halted
under the best available cover. The squadron commander,
accompanied by his separate unit commanders, goes to the
nearest observation point, receives available information
from the covering detachment, makes a hasty reconnaissance,
decides on his general plan of attack, and directs the devel-
opment of the squadron for the attack. He directs the
establishment of supporting fires (if available). He then
indicates the situation on the ground and issues the attack
order. The squadron commander is located well forward
where he can observe closely the progress of the assaulting
troops and the effect of supporting fires. After committing
the troops, the squadron commander influences the action by:
assuring maximum use of supporting fires; insuring mutual
cooperation between assaulting troops; providing security
measures (especially flank and rear protection and defense
against hostile mechanization) ; and committing his reserve
when needed.
(2) Assault squadron as part of regiment. — When contact
is gained, the squadron is halted under the best available
cover as directed by the regimental commander. The squad-
ron commander usually directs the development of the squad-
ron before he receives the attack order, in accordance with
advance information from the regimental commander. He
297351°— 41 3 29
32
CAVALRY FIELD MANUAL
directs his separate unit commanders to meet him at a for-
ward observation point, to which he goes after receiving the
regimental attack order. Thereafter, the attack of the squad-
ron is conducted as explained for the squadron acting alone,
with the exceptions that opportunity for maneuver is more
restricted; supporting fires may be requested from the regi-
ment; mutual cooperation with adjacent squadrons is insured;
and the regimental commander is kept informed of the
progress of the attack.
(3) Rifle troop acting alone. — The attack is conducted in
a manner similar to that of the squadron acting alone, ex-
cept that reconnaissance is briefer and the troop Is developed
more rapidly. Orders are issued orally to the assembled
platoon commanders at a point where the situation can be
indicated on the ground. The position of the troop com-
mander is well forward where he can observe closely the
assault platoons. After committing his troop to the attack,
the troop commander influences the action by insuring,
close supporting fires of the light machine gun platoon, if
the guns are not used as accompanying weapons in the
firing line; using his light machine gun fire to assist the
advance of less advanced adjacent troops; assuring mutual
cooperation between assaulting platoons; providing needed
security measures (stressing flank protection) ; maintaining
the direction of the attack; and committing his reserve when
needed. When there is no time for reconnaissance or for
coordination of the attack, the platoons are usually com-
mitted to the attack by commands and combat signals.
(4) Assault troop as part of squadron. — This unit is com-
mitted to the attack in a manner similar to that explained
for the squadron as part of the regiment, except that the
troop is developed more rapidly. The conduct of the attack
for the troop acting as part of the squadron differs from
that of the troop acting alone in the following particulars:
(a) The opportunity for maneuver is more restricted.
(b) Supporting fires of heavy machine guns and mortars
may be requested.
(c) Mutual cooperation with adjacent troops must be
insured.
(d) The squadron commander is kept informed of the
progress of the attack.
30
EMPLOYMENT OF CAVALRY
32
(5) Assault platoon as part of troop. — When contact is
gained, the platoon is halted under the best available cover
as directed by the troop commander. Before going forward
for the troop attack order, the platoon commander ' directs
the platoon sergeant to develop the platoon as directed 1 by
the troop commander and to have the squad leaders meet
him at an indicated point for the platoon attack order.
After receiving the troop order, the platoon commander indi-
cates the situation on the ground to the squad leaders and
issues the platoon order.
h. Support platoon. — The support platoon is the element
with which the troop commander influences the fire fight by
maneuver. It is used as a unit, not in driblets. It follows
the assault platoons by bounds under best available cover in
appropriate formations, generally at about 100 to 200 yards —
close enough to afford quick support without being involved
prematurely in the combat of the assault platoons or exposed
to fires received by them. When two platoons are held in
support, the rear platoon follows as a third wave, following
the second platoon at 100 to 150 yards. The support platoon
commander maintains close contact with the troop com-
mander. The following missions of the support platoon are
included :
(1) To reinforce assault platoons. — When ordered, the
platoon moves to a position in the line. It is better to extend
the line than to merge the support platoon with units already
engaged.
(2) To occupy gaps in line. — Initiated as in a normal ap-
proach. The platoon leader maneuvers to approach the gap
directly from the rear.
(3) To protect flanks. — Small patrols are sent to the ex-
posed flank, and the platoon is prepared to extend the attack
or to occupy a position on that flank.
(4) To assist adjacent units. — The support platoon may be
used to attack in flank or rear the enemy resistance which
is holding up the advance of adjacent units.
i. Reserve units. — (1) The reserve is a force held out by
the commander to meet developments of the action. A squad-
ron invariably retains a reserve, usually one rifle troop. The
troop acting alone usually retains a reserve of one platoon.
The reserve is moved by bounds from one covered position
to another by the commander of the force to which it per-
31
32-33
CAVALRY FIELD MANUAL
tains. The distance at which the reserve is held in rear of
the assault echelon depends on the cover available and the
size of the unit. It should be held as close to the assault
echelon as is consistent with safety, control, and probable
employment. The reserve commander must be constantly
familiar with the situation and in close contact with the
commander. The reserve is committed at critical stages.
Its missions include the following:
(a) To continue the attack or to envelop resistance devel-
oped by the assault units.
(fr) To assist adjacent units.
(c) To protect the flanks and rear and repel counter-
attacks.
(d) To furnish special patrols as needed.
(e) To furnish ammunition carrying parties and other
details for the assault units.
(2) After original reserves have been committed, new ones
are formed, usually from depleted assault units whose func-
tions have been taken over by former support and reserve
units.
j. Assisting adjacent unit. — (1) Assistance is best rendered
by pushing forward rather than by switching fires. The
advancing unit pushes forward to expose the flanks of the
enemy resistance. Support or reserve elements of the pene-
trating force then attack the flank or rear of the enemy
resistance. Advancing units switch their fire only when nec-
essary for their own flank protection or to support their own
attack against this resistance.
(2) With the approval of the next higher commander, units
whose advance has been held up may sometimes side-slip
and temporarily follow an adjacent unit whose progress is
not held up.
k. Continuation of attack when advance is held up. — The
normal procedure for continuing the attack includes —
(1) Reorganization of assault units.
(2) Concentration of all available supporting fires.
(3) Resumption of maneuver to seize controlling terrain
features.
(4) Committing the necessary support and reserve units.
■ 33. Duties of Leaders in Fire Fight. — a. The squadron
commander —
32
EMPLOYMENT OF CAVALRY
33
(1) Assigns combat missions to each troop and separate
unit of the squadron.
(2) Controls the actions of his supporting weapons.
(3) Calls for additional fire support when needed.
(4) Maneuvers his reserve.
(5) Cooperates with and maintains liaison with adjacent
squadrons.
(6) Provides flank and rear protection.
(7) Maintains direction and impulsion of the attack.
(8) Keeps the regimental commander informed.
b. The troop commander —
(1) Assigns combat missions to each platoon.
(2) Controls the actions of his light machine-gun platoon.
(3) Calls for additional fire support when needed.
(4) Maneuvers the support platoon.
(5) Cooperates with and maintains liaison with adjacent
troops.
(6) Provides flank protection if necessary.
(7) Maintains the direction and impulsion of the attack.
(8) Forwards ammunition to assault platoons and light
machine gun platoons when required.
(9) Keeps the squadron commander informed.
c. The platoon commander —
(1) Assigns combat missions to each squad.
(2) Controls the action of the light machine-gun squad
(when attached) .
(3) Cooperates with and maintains liaison with adjacent
platoons.
(4) Observes the enemy and effect of fire.
(5) Provides flank protection if necessary.
(6) Maintains direction and impulsion of the attack.
d. The squad leader —
(1) Assures that each man knows his functions in the
squad.
(2) Prescribes squad methods of advance.
(3) Selects firing positions.
(4) Assigns targets.
(5) Issues fire orders.
(6) Controls the actions of the light machine gun (if
attached) .
(7) Observes the enemy and effect of fire.
(8) Redistributes ammunition when necessary.
33
34
CAVALRY FIELD MANUAL
a 34. Machine Guns and Mortars. — Prompt application of
supporting fires is essential. Machine guns are placed in
action early unless surprise fire is desired.
a. Heavy machine guns. — (1) To facilitate control and
supply, the heavy machine-gun troop is preferably used as
a unit, although its separate platoons may be widely dis-
posed. When conditions do not favor such use, platoons
may be attached to squadrons attacking as part of the regi-
ment. Platoons are generally attached to detached squad-
rons.
(2) Firing missions and the general location of initial
firing positions are assigned by the commander to whose unit
the guns are attached or assigned. Heavy machine guns are
preferably sited on commanding ground from where the
main effort can receive the earliest and most continuous
support. A flank position best fulfills these conditions, as a
line of Are at a wide angle to the direction of attack permits
the delivery of enfilading Are not quickly masked by the
advancing rifle units. Commanding ground permitting effec-
tive overhead Are may permit siting the guns without such
wide displacement to the flank. Units attacking as part
of a larger force are often restricted in the selection of ma-
chine-gun positions. It may then be necessary to arrange
to locate machine guns in the zone of an adjacent unit.
(3) Heavy machine guns are normally used in general
support, primarily to support the assault echelon; secondary
missions include fire on enemy assembly areas and fires to
cover flanks and gaps in the line. Targets are engaged based
upon orders from the commander of the whole force, obser-
vation of the machine gun commander, and requests from
assault troop commanders. Direct Are is used in preference
to indirect Are. Overhead Are is practicable, safety factors
permitting. The guns are displaced forward as the attack
progresses. Squads, sections, and platoons are echeloned for-
ward by bounds to insure constant support. Movement of
400 yards or more is made in pack when practicable.
(4) Protection for the heavy machine guns is a vital re-
sponsibility of the commander to whose unit the guns are
attached or assigned.
b. Light machine guns. — (1) The light machine-gun pla-
toon may be used as a Are unit for close support of the
troop; light machine-gun squads may be attached to riAe pla-
34
EMPLOYMENT OF CAVALRY
34^35
toons; or light machine guns may be attached to rifle squads
for use as accompanying guns in the firing line. This use
may be obligatory due to the lack of favorable ground for
close supporting fire. The light machine-gun platoons of a
squadron may sometimes be grouped as a fire unit where the
terrain affords suitable commanding positions.
(2) The effective range of the light machine guns (1,200
yards) assures a flexible volume of fire for engaging targets
in the immediate sphere of action of the troop and capable of
supplementing other supporting fires. When the light ma-
chine-gun platoon is used as a unit, initial firing positions
and missions are normally assigned by the troop commander.
Thereafter, in the absence of further instructions, the light
machine-gun platoon commander directs the forward dis-
placement of the guns by echelon to insure continuity of fire
support and quick reinforcement of the captured position.
c. Caliber .50 machine guns. — Generally caliber .50 ma-
chine guns are disposed in detachments. Platoons or sec-
tions may be attached to separated squadrons, and sections or
squads to isolated troops. They are disposed in width and
depth to protect the front, flanks, and rear against enemy
mechanized vehicles; they may be used for antimachine-gun
fires when no enemy mechanized threat is present.
d. Mortars. — Mortars are held under regimental control
or attached to squadrons. They are employed for anti-
machine-gun fire and for fire on enemy supports or led
horses.
■3 35. Assault. — a. General. — The assault is that phase of
the attack wherein assault units close with the enemy. It
is delivered at the earliest moment that promises success.
Platoon leaders are on the alert to sense this critical moment
and promptly launch the assault, or the assault may be ini-
tiated spontaneously as a result of the enthusiasm of the
attacking troops. While troop commanders seek to impel
its delivery, the actual launching of the assault is not specifi-
cally directed by the higher .commander. The influence
exerted by the latter at this stage of the attack is largely
confined to that obtained by his action in committing the
reserve.
b. Conduct. — (1) Against a stubborn enemy, it is necessary
to secure fire superiority or to seize controlling terrain fea-
35
35-37
CAVALRY FIELD MANUAL
tures (preferably both) before delivering the assault. The
assault is launched when within assaulting distance and
conditions warrant it. The term "assaulting distance" is an
elastic one. It may be any distance within 300 yards, as
determined by terrain, visibility, and enemy resistance. The
support elements are usually committed at this time, if not
already committed. The reserve is used if necessary. Men
in the assault platoons advance rapidly, firing at targets
directly opposing their advance. Marching Are may be used
to advantage. Pistols, clubbed rifles, and grenades are used
in close combat.
(2) If the assault units are held up, all available support-
ing fires are brought to bear, units are reorganized to resume
the assault, and some units are detailed to maneuver for the
seizure of controlling terrain features or points in the hostile
rear.
■ 36. Reorganization. — Reorganization is undertaken more
frequently in smaller than in larger units. Squads reorganize
during lulls in the action when cover permits; platoons and
troops reorganize on intermediate and final objectives; squad-
rons usually do so only after reaching the final objective.
Contact with the enemy must not be lost during the reorgani-
zation.
■ 37. Duties of leaders in reorganization. — a. The squadron
commander —
(1) Insures reorganization of each troop and separate unit
of the squadron.
(2) Disposes the squadron in accordance with the plan for
future action.
(3) Initiates and maintains reconnaissance to the front and
flanks and establishes contact with adjacent units.
(4) Directs the placing of supporting weapons (if attached) .
(5) Initiates replenishment of ammunition.
(6) Informs the regimental commander of the disposition
and status of the squadron.
b. The troop commander — '■
(1) Insures reorganization of troop headquarters and each
platoon.
(2) Regroups and disposes platoons in accordance with the
plan for future action.
36
EMPLOYMENT OF CAVALRY
37-38
(3) Establishes reconnaissance -to front and flanks and
establishes contact with adjacent troops.
(4) Directs the placing of light machine guns.
(5) Provides for ammunition replenishment.
(6) Informs squadron commander of disposition and status
of the troop.
c. The platoon commander —
(1) Replaces key men where necessary.
(2) Regroups and disposes squads in accordance with the
plan for future action.
(3) Maintains observation and reconnaissance to the front
and flanks.
(4) Directs the placing of light machine guns (if attached) .
(5) Collects and distributes ammunition.
(6) Informs the troop commander of disposition and status
of the platoon.
d. The squad leader —
(1) Replaces scouts and squad second-in-command where
necessary.
(2) Redistributes ammunition.
(3) Reports squad disposition to platoon commander.
(4) Directs the placing of the light machine gun (if at-
tached) .
■ 38. Pursuit. — a. General. — The energetic pursuit of a de-
feated enemy insures decisive results. Attacking units pursue
by fire as long as the retreating enemy is within effective
range. Assaulting troops and squadrons send patrols forward
to cover their reorganization and to maintain contact with
the retreating enemy. Pursuit must be initiated promptly be-
fore the enemy can reorganize or redispose his forces.
b. Coordinated pursuit. — This is a carefully planned opera-
tion which takes the form of direct pressure combined with
an encircling maneuver and is therefore confined to larger
forces. Direct pressure is maintained by units already in
contact. An encircling force, made up of reserve or support
units least engaged, is promptly organized to operate by
envelopment directed against the head of the retreating
column or against a vital locality in the enemy's rear. The
encircling forces invariably operate mounted and may com-
prise horse, porte, and mechanized cavalry elements. (See
sec. TV.)
37
39-40
CAVALRY FIELD MANUAL
Section IV
PURSUIT
fa 39. General. — a. An energetic pursuit of a beaten enemy
is the only means of obtaining complete victory and decisive
results. Pursuit is initiated as soon as possible after it
becomes apparent that the enemy is retreating. Pursuing
troops exert direct pressure on the enemy to prevent his
making a stand and conduct an encircling maneuver to cut
him off and destroy him. (See FM 100-5.)
b. Cavalry pursues defeated enemy motorized and mech-
anized troops as well as foot and horse troops.
c. In the pursuit of enemy foot and horse troops, Cavalry
is used both in direct pressure and in the encircling maneuver.
The direct pressure is exerted by horse elements and the
encircling maneuver by both mechanized and horse ele-
ments, including porte.
d. Cavalry pursues defeated motorized and mechanized
troops by —
(1) Using its own mechanized elements to gain the heads
of retreating columns at defiles and delay them until the
arrival of horse elements.
(2) Using porte horse elements, in addition to mechanized
elements, to keep pace with and encircle the enemy.
(3) Taking advantage of shorter routes than those avail-
able to the enemy to intercept him at defiles.
(4) Making better actual speed across rough terrain than
is possible for enemy motorized troops forced to use the same
terrain.
(5) Outdistancing enemy motorized and mechanized units
which have been slowed down due to weather conditions,
congestion on roads, or destruction of roads or bridges, and
as a result of the action of harassing detachments especially
detailed for this purpose.
HJ 40. Forms of Action. — a. The form of action employed by
Cavalry in pursuit may involve any form, or combination
thereof, from the occupation and defense of a position in
the direct path of hostile retreating columns to the mounted
attack.
b. It may result in only one form of action, several differ-
ent forms of action in succession, or different forms of action
by various elements of the pursuing command.
38
EMPLOYMENT OF CAVALRY
40-42
c. Hie form of action employed should be suited to the
local terrain and the enemy situation at the time.
H 41. Plans and Orders. — a. Pursuit must be carefully planned
and executed in order to be successful.
b. The cavalry commander formulates and keeps up-to-
date plans and orders for the cavalry pursuit. These plans
must conform to the pursuit plans of the higher commander,
if known; otherwise they conform to the situation as known
to the cavalry commander.
c. The commander of a cavalry force anticipating pursuit
must be fully informed as to the terrain and the important
tactical and strategical points on the enemy's probable lines
of retreat and routes leading thereto.
d. In pursuit, the cavalry commander may properly extend
the latitude of action of his subordinate commanders. Under
such circumstances, he keeps his subordinates constantly
informed of the situation and general plan of operations in
order that they may act intelligently in carrying out the
general plan.
S 42. Conduct. — a. General. — (1) When the enemy is retiring
in an orderly manner, repeated harassing attacks by fire
are usual. After, demoralization of the hostile forces has
set in, mounted attacks become more and more frequent and,
through them, maximum captures of men and material are
obtained.
(2) It is the duty of the Cavalry to devote every man it
possesses to the pursuit and to press it to the limit of endur-
ance of men, animals, and vehicles.
b. Direct pressure. — (1) Cavalry is used in direct pressure
when it is acting alone and when, the enemy being motorized,
conditions do not permit the Cavalry to reach the heads of
retreating enemy columns.
(2) Some mechanized cavalry elements may be a part
of the force exerting the direct pressure. In this case they
maintain contact with the rear guards of the retreating
forces and conduct reconnaissance of the hostile flanks to
gain information of the progress of the hostile retreat. They
may harass the flanks to delay hostile reorganization and
withdrawal. Armored vehicles may be employed to attack
hostile covering forces that interfere with the advance of
the force exerting the direct pressure.
39
42
CAVALRY FIELD MANUAL
(3) Corps and division cavalry is sent forward to maintain
contact and to exert a constant pressure in order to prevent
the enemy from forming his columns and starting an orderly
retreat. The tactical mobility of Cavalry makes it especially
valuable for outflanking enemy covering detachments, or go-
ing through the gaps between them to attack the main body
in flank and rear. The Cavalry of a flank infantry division
or corps often may have considerable freedom of maneuver
for turning movements against the enemy's covering forces
or rear guards.
c. Encircling maneuver. — (1) Cavalry is used in the encir-
cling maneuver when the enemy consists primarily of foot
and horse troops. Against motorized or mechanized troops,
Cavalry is used in the encircling maneuver when conditions
permit it to outmarch them.
(2) While the direct pressure is taking place and at the
earliest practicable moment after it has been decided defi-
nitely to pursue, Cavalry is dispatched in the encircling
maneuver.
(3) The mission of the encircling cavalry is to check the
retreating columns until they can be overtaken and destroyed
by the troops which are following directly. Accordingly, the
objective of the encircling force should be a vital point in
the enemy rear, seizure of which will definitely halt the
enemy retreat. Where this is not practicable, the nearer to
the heads of the retreating columns the encircling maneuver
strikes, the more effective is the delay and the better the
chance of destroying the whole hostile force.
(4) The march of the Cavalry engaged in the encircling
maneuver is so conducted as to reduce to the minimum the
possibility of interruption by hostile flank detachments and
is directed at some point or area suitable to the launching
of operations against the retreating forces. For example, a
river line or strong defensive position across the enemy's
line of retreat, or defiles through which the enemy must pass,
may vitally influence the operations. Hostile cavalry, when
encountered, is attacked and dispersed or driven back; or,
if this is impracticable, the hostile cavalry is contained by a
detachment while the main body of the pursuing cavalry
continues on its mission. Nothing is allowed to interfere
with the rapid advance of the main body of the encircling
40
EMPLOYMENT OF CAVALRY
42-43
cavalry and its eventual success in cutting off the retreating
enemy.
(5) The encircling maneuver may be initiated by launching
the pursuing cavalry from a location well off on a flank of the
field of battle, or by launching it through a wide gap in the
enemy's lines. . In either case, the pursuing cavalry moves
rapidly and directly on the objective. It may reconnoiter to
report the location, strength, disposition, and movement of
any hostile forces that can interfere with the march of the
encircling force. It may be directed to the hostile flank and
rear to harass and delay hostile reorganization and with-
drawal, or it may be sent to critical terrain features, such as
bridges and defiles, on the routes of the hostile retreat to block
hostile withdrawal. Mechanized cavalry elements holding
such key positions should be reinforced promptly by more
suitable ground-holding troops.
(6) During the advance of the encircling force, mechanized
cavalry elements provide reconnaissance and security to the
front and to the flanks. Mechanized elements may precede
the remainder of the encircling force for the purpose of seizing
critical points on the enemy routes or on the route of the
encircling force. Upon arrival of an encircling force of all
arms at its destination, these elements continue reconnais-
sance and delay the retreating columns by harassing attacks
and by performing demolitions.
(7) The principal mission of the cavalry component of an
encircling force of all arms is to secure the uninterrupted
advance of the other elements of the force. When such a
force is motorized, the horse elements of the Cavalry should
be transported by motor. Porte horse cavalry may remain
with the main force during its advance or may precede it
under cover of advance mechanized elements. Upon nearing
the area from which the encircling force will take position to
block retreating hostile columns, the horse cavalry detrucks,
performs reconnaissance, security, and delaying and harass-
ing missions or participates in the decisive attack.
■ 43. Machine Guns and Mortars. — Both light and heavy ma-
chine guns in the direct pressure are used as in. attack. The
guns with the encircling force are used as in defense or attack,
depending on the type of action used by the encircling force.
In both cases they must be used boldly and by direct Are.
41
43-45
CAVALRY FIELD MANUAL
Caliber .50 machine guns and mortars are used in accordance
with their characteristics; the former against enemy mecha-
nized elements, and the latter primarily against machine guns
or any defiladed targets. However, since the object of the
pursuit is to disorganize the enemy, both types of weapons
should be used against any remunerative target which is
presented.
Section V
EXPLOITATION OP BREAK-THROUGH
■ 44. General. — a. A break-through is a penetration of the
entire depth of a defensive system into unorganized areas in
rear. The operation is only a means to an end. The end is
the exploitation of the penetration. This may include oper-
ations against the flanks and rear of the defensive system,
against the hostile reserves in the open, or against the
enemy's lines of communication and rear installations. It
may include the seizure of key terrain to block hostile re-
inforcements or to cut off or check hostile withdrawal.
b. A cavalry force consisting of both horse and mechanized
elements is well-suited for the exploitation phase of a break-
through. It may be used either alone or in conjunction with
other forces.
B 45. Methods. — a. The successful exploitation of a break-
through consists in passing the exploiting force rapidly
through the gap and maintaining it thereafter so that it
can carry out the missions assigned. This requires careful
planning, a force strong enough to maintain itself in the
face of strong counterattacks by the enemy's reserves, and
vigorous action against the flanks of the gaps. The ex-
ploitation, although difficult to organize and execute, when
well conceived and carried out produces far-reaching and
decisive results.
b. In assigning missions to an exploiting force of all arms,
full use should be made of the tactical mobility of Cavalry.
The Cavalry should be directed toward those Important ob-
jectives which must be secured promptly and which cannot
be reached rapidly by motorized or armored forces. If the
exploiting force consists primarily of horse and foot troops,
security is provided by the rapid advance of the Cavalry,
behind which the Infantry of the exploiting force moves
42
EMPLOYMENT OF CAVALRY
45-47
forward at its maximum rate. If the exploiting force is
headed by armored and motorized units, Cavalry followed
by Infantry widens the breach to both flanks as the advance
continues.
c. The cavalry commander must have complete informa-
tion of the enemy, including the latter's possible reaction and
the hostile forces that probably will be encountered. He
should be informed of the part the assigned mission plays in
the higher commander's plans. This is essential in order
that he may take advantage of changes in the situation and,
when necessary, change his plan to further the success of the
whole.
d. The cavalry commander receives orders as to when he
will advance, or he is allowed to move upon his own initiative
when certain conditions are fulfilled.
H 46. Plan. — The plan must be simple. It contains a general
scheme and the necessary details for the accomplishment of
the assigned mission. It should assign a definite mission to
all the elements of the command and provide for —
a. Keeping the assembly of the Cavalry secret from the
enemy.
b. Mutual support.
c. Passing rapidly through the gap, including the use of
necessary guides.
d. Rapidly overcoming hostile resistance.
e. Thorough reconnaissance of the roads or paths, through
the gap, of the terrain over which the Cavalry will operate and
of the enemy. This usually makes necessary the use of
reconnaissance detachments.
/. Security of the Cavalry at all times against both ground
and air attack.
g. Marching rapidly upon the assigned objectives.
h. Keeping detachments to the minimum and retaining
the major portion of the Cavalry under the immediate con-
trol of the cavalry commander.
i. Close liaison between all units of the Cavalry.
j. Utilizing resources of the country and capturing supplies
to the utmost.
47. Machine Guns. — In the exploitation of a break-
through, both light and heavy machine guns march well
forward in the column, help drive off small enemy delaying
43
47-48
CAVALRY FIELD MANUAL
forces, and are employed as outlined for their use in attack
when main enemy forces are encountered. Opportunity for
direct fire at suitable ranges is sought. Caliber .50 machine
guns and mortars are used in their specialties and also
against other targets if needed.
Section VI
ATTACK AGAINST RIVER LINE
B 48. General. — a. The term "river line," when so used, sig-
nifies the water's edge on the defender's side of the river.
b. Cavalry cannot be expected to force a river crossing
against strong opposition without the assistance of addi-
tional supporting and auxiliary troops.
c. Cavalry uses its mobility to move to points along the
river front which are undefended or weakly guarded, and
to cross there to strike the defender in flank or rear. When
opposition cannot be avoided, it effects a crossing by at-
tacking with fire combined with dismounted maneuver, in
accordance with doctrines outlined in FM 100-5.
d. Cavalry units cross the river by fording, swimming, or
ferrying, under protective fire, and establish a bridgehead.
e. Feints are made at several points. The main effort is
made where a bridge, ford, or ferry exists or can be impro-
vised or installed.
/. Horse elements of Cavalry take advantage of their cross-
country and swimming ability to effect river crossings.
sr. Mechanized elements of Cavalry are restricted in river
crossings by their inability to cross streams of a depth greater
than 2y 2 feet for scout cars and 3V 2 feet for light tanks.
The condition of the river bottom and banks also has a direct
bearing on their ability to cross.
h. After the cavalry commander has decided upon the
places to cross, mechanized reconnaissance elements may
be sent to continue or resume reconnaissance of the hostile
forces. They cross the river by utilizing such bridges, not
protected by the enemy, as may exist on the flanks of the
opposing forces. They conduct reconnaissance to locate the
hostile reserves and artillery.
i. When the crossing is opposed, the attack against a river
line requires superiority on the . part of the assailant and
thoroughness in planning and preparation, since the river
44
EMPLOYMENT OF CAVALRY
48-50
tends to disorganize and disperse the strength of the attack-
ing force.
j. Depending on the situation, the attack may turn, en-
velop, or penetrate the hostile position. In order to disperse
the defender's strength and deceive him as to the point of
the main attack, Cavalry usually makes a feint or secondary
attack at one or more points, while the bulk of its force
crosses at some other selected point or points. Such a scheme
of maneuver is merely an adaptation of the typical maneuver
attack of Cavalry. If the maneuvering force meets with
appreciable opposition, it endeavors to continue its maneuver
until it has so dispersed the defending force that the crossing
can be made with a minimum of combat.
■ 49. Terrain. — When the crossing must be made against
hostile resistance, terrain- has a decisive influence on the
points selected for crossing. It should provide covered ap-
proaches to the river and commanding terrain for artillery
observation, machine-gun support on the attacker's side, and
a minimum of cover for the defender. The river banks should
facilitate the operations of entering the river and landing
on the opposite side. Narrow points in the river and shallow
water near the banks are desirable. River bends which form
salients toward the attacking force favor concentration of
frontal and flanking Are on the defender. However, such
salients restrict the maneuver of troops after crossing and
may necessitate a frontal attack against any enemy posi-
tion encountered at the base of the salient. The terrain on
the defender's side should afford a suitable bridgehead posi-
tion, the capture of which would deny artillery observation
to the enemy, afford protection for the crossing of the re-
mainder of the command, and provide adequate maneuver
space for the development of the whole command for the
attack following the crossing.
H 50. Major Operations. — a. Engineer troops, organically
part of any large cavalry unit, are available for river crossing
operations of the latter. The attachment of engineers to
smaller units depends entirely upon their availability and
the obstacle that the stream presents. Every effort should
be made to attach ponton engineers with equipage to Cavalry
negotiating the crossing of an unfordable stream. Thorough
coordination with organic or attached engineers should be
297451°— 41 4 45
50-54
CAVALRY FIELD MANUAL
obtained by the judicious consideration of the recommenda-
tions of the engineer commander.
b. The most difficult part of a river crossing operation lies
In harmonizing the tactical and technical requirements.
c. The actual crossing of the attacking troops depends
largely on the technical training of the troops.
H 51. Minor Operations. — When engineers do not form a
part of the command, the combat troops must devise and
operate the means of crossing. This may involve the con-
struction of improvised rafts, assembly of available boats, or
the swimming of part or all of the command.
S 52. Phases. — An attack against a river line that cannot be
crossed unopposed may be divided into three phases:
a. Reconnaissance and preparation for crossing.
b. The operation of actually crossing the river and gaining
a foothold on the defender's side of the river.
c. The operation of continuing the attack and of obtaining
possession of the controlling terrain on the defender's side
of the river.
H 53. Reconnaissance. — a. Reconnaissance begins at an early
stage of the offensive operations. By the use of all available
reconnaissance agencies, including aviation, the commander
seeks information upon which to base his plan of attack.
Such reconnaissance is both tactical and technical.
b. The tactical and technical reconnaissance should be
conducted jointly. This promotes coordination from the
start. Technical information includes the locations of fords
or other points of crossing both for the main attacks and for
feints, and more detailed information of the nature of the
terrain on both sides of the stream. Tactical information
includes the manner in which the enemy is holding the line,
such as the strength and location of the enemy's troops at
the river's edge and the disposition of his supports and re-
serves. Much of this must be done by the crossing or
attempted crossing of numerous small patrols.
81 54. Preparation for Crossing. — During the reconnaissance
the command should be held well back from the river. After
the points for crossing have been selected, the commander
should so conduct his march that he can bivouac in front of
the crossing selected for the feint or march toward it. While
46
EMPLOYMENT OF CAVALRY
54-55
the troops for the feint continue to their objective, the re-
mainder of the command should change direction, either
after dark or by utilizing all available ground cover, and move
toward the vicinity selected for the main crossing. If this
move is made under cover of darkness it should be so timed
that the crossing may begin at daylight or earlier. The
combat troops should arrive about 1 hour prior to the time
set for the crossing. The technical troops, with a covering
detachment, should precede the command and make the
necessary preparations to cross the combat troops. The
combat troops should move forward in the order of their
scheduled crossing. Supporting weapons should be at or
near the heads of the leading elements in order to facilitate
their early emplacement to support the first troops to cross.
H 55. Crossing. — a. Feint. — (1) This is made usually as the
secondary attack of the operation. Its purpose is to attract
the hostile supports and reserves and induce the enemy
commander to commit his forces in a wrong direction or
cause him to delay their commitment, due to uncertainty,
long enough for the main attack to gain a strong foothold
on the defender's side. To do this it should start its opera-
tions sufficiently early, prior to the main attack, to entice
the hostile reserves to its front, yet not so early that its
efforts are spent before the main crossing begins. It should
be made as realistic as possible and a crossing actually
made should the lack of hostile resistance permit. In such
case, it may develop into the main attack and be followed
by troops originally assigned to the main effort; or it may,
after crossing, move to the assistance of the main attack
by threatening or operating against the enemy's flank and
rear. It should be strong enough to accomplish its purpose
and to protect itself should it succeed in effecting a crossing.
(2) If the secondary attack has not effected a crossing, it
should be ordered to desist as soon as the success of the main
crossing is assured. It then moves as rapidly as possible
to the point where the crossing has been made and rejoins
the command without delay.
(3) The feint may be made as a gesture merely by march-
ing toward a possible crossing point and then changing
direction under cover and marching the whole command to
the point selected for the actual attempt at crossing. The
feint may also be made by the use of a smoke screen at some
47
55-56
CAVALRY FIELD MANUAL
suitable point to indicate that combat troops may be crossing
with its assistance.
b. Main attack.— (1) The crossing is made by fording,
swimming, or ferrying by means of pontons or other boats
or rafts. It should be made on a broad front with several
troops or larger units abreast, each assigned a zone or point
for crossing. The operation of crossing may take place
wholly or in part under cover of darkness. Due to the con-
fusion and disorganization incident to operating in the dark,
it may be impracticable for a large force to cross before
daylight. The most favorable time is such that the leading
elements — that is, the covering detachments and the bridge-
head troops — can arrive at the far bank just prior to daylight.
(2) The covering detachments cross first, dismounted.
They avoid points which they believe to be covered by hostile
machine guns, even if they have to select less favorable
points. Once safely on the opposite shore they may work
along the bank and outflank or eliminate hostile machine
guns or other resistance at or near the river's edge which
may be covering the more favorable crossings. The combat
to secure these more favorable points should take place on
the land, not from the water.
(3) Since the defender usually holds the river's edge lightly
and depends upon centrally located reserves for resistance,
the crossing, when once started, should continue as rapidly
as possible. The bridgehead troops, usually dismounted,
should cross after the covering detachments, generally in
several ways. They push forward after landing and seize
and occupy a bridgehead line. This line initially should be
such as to prevent hostile machine guns from firing on the
crossings and to deny hostile artillery observation. Subse-
quently, the position should be extended rapidly so as to
eliminate all hostile artillery fire on any bridge site required
for the bulk of the command. Under the protection of the
bridgehead, the remainder of the command crosses, bringing
with them the led horses or vehicles of the covering detach-
ments and bridgehead troops.
IB 56. Machine Guns and Mortars. — All machine guns
and mortars crossing with the brideghead troops are placed
where they can support the operation by Are, particularly
during the initial phases of the attack. Usually fire is
withheld until the crossing of troops is discovered by the
48
EMPLOYMENT OF CAVALRY
56-58
enemy. Machine guns and mortars are crossed by echelon
as soon as the bridgehead troops have gained their objec-
tives. A smoke screen placed on the defender's side of the
river affords cover for the troops that are crossing and
greatly reduces the effect of hostile machine-gun Are.
■ 57. Continuation of Attack. — After the crossing of the
river has been accomplished, and if still opposed by the
enemy, an attack must be launched promptly. This is the
best means of preventing or neutralizing hostile counter-
attacks. Although speed must characterize the continua-
tion of the advance, it must be a coordinated and not a
piecemeal attack.
Section VII
NIGHT ATTACKS
B 58. General. — a. Night attacks may be made to avoid air
observation and observed defensive ground fires. As a rule
night attacks are practicable only on terrain which is well
mapped and which possesses such features as stream lines,
fences, and roads leading to the objective. Open terrain is
preferable since it will facilitate control and movement.
Unless preceded by thorough reconnaissance, night attacks
should not be attempted.
b. Where time permits, troops should rehearse the attack
on terrain similar to that over which the attack will be
made. In the absence of such terrain, exercises based on
relief maps of the projected attack area should be conducted.
c. Owing to difficulties of control, night attacks are prefer-
ably restricted to units the size of a regiment or smaller.
Well-trained troops, preferably those of high morale and not
unduly fatigued, should be used. Good leadership and care-
ful preparation are needed.
d. Special equipment, such as hand grenades, identification
means, flares, and the like should be provided for night
attacks.
e. Night attacks are habitually made dismounted,
therefore —
(1) Horse elements of Cavalry constitute the principal
troops for the attack.
(2) Mechanized elements, due to their vulnerability at
night and to the fact that they are forced to operate with-
49
58-63
CAVALRY FIELD MANUAL
out lights, which restricts their operation to the use of roads,
are not usually employed as such in night attacks.
BS 59. Missions. — Night attacks may be directed by the
higher command in order —
a. To surprise an unprepared enemy.
ft. To continue a daylight attack in order to prevent
strengthening of enemy dispositions or his withdrawal under
cover of darkness.
c. To minimize losses in seizing a limited objective.
d. To seize a vitally needed terrain feature, against which
daylight attacks have been repulsed.
e. To straighten out a battle line preparatory to a general
attack in daylight.
/. To complete or exploit a success.
B 60. Objective. — The objective must be a limited one, well
defined, not so deep as to necessitate a reorganization during
the attack, and sufficiently accessible to permit a visual
reconnaissance of its approaches in daylight. The inter-
vening terrain should not afford serious obstacles. A
strongly fortified position, protected by enemy wire, cannot
be successfully assaulted at night unless the attack is pre-
ceded by an intensive artillery concentration sufficient to
breach or destroy the enemy obstacles.
H 61. Hour of Night Attack. — The hour of attack may be
prescribed by the higher command or by the commander of
the attacking force. An early attack is used to prevent the
enemy's withdrawal or the strengthening of his position
during darkness. A later attack is prescribed when pre-
paring to continue the attack at daybreak.
H 62. Weather. — A bright night favors control but detracts
from concealment for the attacker. A wind from the enemy
direction assists in counteracting the noise of night move-
ments. The use of careful preparation and well-trained
troops lessens the need of ideal weather conditions.
S3 63. Preparations. — Necessary preparations include —
a. Reconnaissance.
&. Selection of routes and assembly position.
c. Formulation of the plan of attack.
d. Provisions for coordination, control, identification, and
secrecy.
e. Rehearsal where practicable.
50
EMPLOYMENT OF CAVALRY
64-65
■ 64. Reconnaissance. — a. Daylight reconnaissance is as
complete as secrecy, time, the enemy, and the terrain per-
mit. Its forward extent is limited in order to avoid alarming
the enemy. A brief night reconnaissance follows to verify
aspects of the terrain after dark. Reconnaissance at dusk
enables one to visualize day and night aspects of the terrain.
t>. The commander of the attacking unit, accompanied by
his next subordinate commanders, reconnoiters in daylight
and determines and outlines his plans for the attack.
c. Reconnaissance by subordinate commanders extends
down to include platoon commanders, if time permits, and is
as thorough as practicable. Leaders are thus enabled to
determine assembly areas, routes thereto, initial attack po-
sitions, appearance of the objective, location of landmarks
en route thereto, and intervening obstacles.
a 65. Formulation of Plan of Attack. — Thorough planning
by all leaders is essential to the success of a night attack in
order to minimize the confusion that results from poor
visibility.
a. Routes to the assembly position are selected that are well
defined and avoid crossing columns en route. Guides or
luminous markers are posted at critical points along the route
and other guides accompany each troop.
b. Assembly positions are selected well forward. Sufficient
time is provided for deployment and final issuance of orders.
The line of departure should be close to the forward edge
of the assembly position, well defined and preferably perpen-
dicular to the direction of attack.
c. The axis of advance to the attack must be direct and
unmistakable. Terrain without serious obstacles in the route
of attack is essential. Maneuver of elements away from the
axis of attack is avoided.
d. If available, unmistakable routes of approach, such as
trails, railroads, the edge of a wood, ridge, or valley, are as-
signed to subordinate units. Each unit is assigned a compass
direction.
e. Each assault troop is preceded by a small patrol as a
covering detachment. It proceeds boldly but stealthily at
distances no greater than 100 to 150 yards depending upon
the terrain and the darkness of the night. It is absorbed by
the assault units as contact is gained.
51
65-68
CAVALRY FIELD MANUAL
/. Distinguishing marks are provided for all engaged. A
white arm band on each arm or a white handkerchief pinned
to the individual's back is a feasible means of identification.
Passwords and countersigns also are used.
g. Secrecy is essential to surprise. All lights, smoking, loud
talking, unnecessary noise, and whistle signals are prohibited
until the attack has been discovered.
E 66. Orders. — Orders for night attacks must be explicit and
in greatest detail. Every man should have a thorough under-
standing of what he is to do in the attack. Orders cover not
only the preliminary movements and actions prior to reach-
ing the objective, but also include action to be taken after
reaching the objective and in case of enemy counterattack.
■ 67. Security. — Attacking forces depend to a large extent on
darkness and secrecy for security. Forward security is pro-
vided by the small patrol preceding each troop and the scouts
of the assault platoons. Plank security is provided by small
patrols from the reserve.
■ 68. Formations. — a. Initial formations must be compact
and flexible to assure direction and control. Distances and
intervals depend on visibility and the difficulties of the terrain.
All units are assigned definite directions of advance.
b. The troops are usually disposed for the attack with about
two-thirds of the strength in the assault and about one-third
in reserve.
c. Assault squadrons are normally disposed with two troops
in the assault and one in reserve. The assault troops may be
abreast, echeloned, or in column. The interval between as-
sault troops, sufficient for deployment at decreased intervals,
may vary initially from about 75 to 125 yards. A connecting
group, usually a half-squad, operates in this interval. The
reserve troop is disposed as directed by the squadron com-
mander. The squadron commander marches where he can
best maintain control and direction.
d. Assault troops start in column of twos, each preceded by
a patrol. Both scouts of the leading squad maintain contact
with the forward patrol. When the forward patrol reports
or indicates approaching contact, the troop deploys with
the two leading rifle platoons abreast in line of platoon
columns at 40 to 60 yards' interval, the rear rifle platoon
following in support at 25 to 50 yards. The light machine-
52
EMPLOYMENT OF CAVALRY
68-69
gun platoon is conducted as directed by the troop com-
mander. The troop commander marches where he can best
maintain control and direction.
e. Assault platoons remain in column of twos until contact
becomes imminent in their immediate front. Each platoon
is assigned a definite direction. The leading squad is pre-
ceded by both of its scouts at the limit of visibility. The
platoon commander leads the platoon and directs the scouts
of the leading squad.
/. At the first intimation of close contact, the platoon takes
up a wedge-shaped formation. The leading squad continues
straight ahead, assuming a squad column formation. The
second squad moves to the left and the third squad to the
right, each assuming a squad column formation, until an
interval is established between squads of 15 to 40 yards,
depending on the limit of visibility. Each flank squad is
echeloned behind the center squad and is preceded by its
principal scout. Squad leaders lead their squads, with the
second-in-command following the squad. Deployment as
skirmishers does not permit control.
g. The support platoon follows its assault platoons in
column of twos, usually at 25 to 50 yards. Both scouts of the
leading squad follow the assault platoons at the limit of
visibility, and the support platoon follows its scouts within
the same limits. The platoon commander leads the platoon
and directs the scouts of the leading squad.
■ 69. Reserve. — a. The reserve is held in readiness to rein-
force the occupation of the position or to protect the with-
drawal, if necessary. It cannot be used as a maneuver
element. It must not be committed prematurely nor inter-
mingled with the assault units.
b. The regimental reserve is held in readiness in a position
near the line of departure, off the line of attack, from where
it can best cover the withdrawal or reinforce the consolidation
of the objective.
c. The squadron reserve usually consists of one rifle troop.
After the assault troops have started, it occupies a previously
determined position between the line of departure and the
objective and off the line of attack. It is located so as to
be able to counterattack in flank in case the enemy repels
the attack and pursues, or to reinforce the occupation of the
objective.
53
69-71
CAVALRY FIELD MANUAL
d. The troop reserve, usually one rifle platoon with a light
machine gun squad attached, is used when a troop attacks
alone. It functions similarly to the squadron reserve.
S 70. Operation. — a. Surprise in the time and direction of
the attack is essential. The attack has three phases:
Advance to assault.
Assault.
Reorganization and consolidation.
b. Each attacking unit drives straight to its objective with-
out regard to the progress of adjacent units. Firing is with-
held by the assaulting troops. When hostile illuminating
flares are thrown, platoon and squad leaders require their
men to remain motionless until the flare has burned out.
The advance is made cautiously and quietly until the alarm
is given.
c. After the alarm is given, speed is important. If enemy
individuals are encountered, the scouts rush them. If larger
groups are encountered, the scouts indicate their proximity
by predetermined signals. The platoon leader then directs
the leading squad to close with the enemy group. Hank
squads are committed as needed.
d. The assault platoons reach the objective at varying times
and intervals. Squads and platoons close with enemy groups
to their immediate front without halting to return the fire.
Rifle butts, pistols, and hand grenades, if available, are used
in close combat. The support platoon does not merge with
the assault platoons until committed by the troop commander.
e. The reorganization is covered by previous instructions.
The position is consolidated and combat groups are organized.
Security measures are taken and contact is established with
adjacent units. The light machine-gun platoons are brought
forward and the guns are sited for close defense of combat
groups. Heavy machine guns are brought forward to rein-
force the consolidation of the position. Instructions are
issued to the reserve. Each unit commander informs the
next higher commander of the situation. Pursuit is not
initiated.
■ 71. Machine Guns and Mortars. — a. Firing is kept at a
minimum during the hours preceding a night attack in order
to maintain surprise.
b. Light machine guns are used to reinforce the consolida-
tion of the captured position or to protect the withdrawal if
54
EMPLOYMENT OF CAVALRY
71-72
the attack is repulsed. The light machine-gun platoon moves
by bounds, following and maintaining contact with the
support platoon. When the assault echelon gains contact,
the light machine-gun platoon remains closely available
under cover from where it can be brought forward quickly if
necessary. A liaison agent from the light machine-gun
platoon accompanies the troop commander.
c. Heavy machine guns are prepared to place fires on the
enemy line beyond the flanks of the attacking troops and on
suspected enemy assembly positions. Firing data are com-
puted in the daytime. These fires are controlled by pre-
arranged time schedules or signals and are withheld until
the attack is discovered. One platoon is prepared to join
each assault squadron promptly after capture of the objective
to reinforce the consolidation of the position. Its missions
then conform to those in normal position defense, with par-
ticular stress on protective fires on the flanks of the captured
position.
d. Mortars remain under central control. They may sup-
port the attack, after it has been discovered, by placing Are
beyond the front and flanks of the objective of the attack,
especially on suspected locations of enemy reserves. Firing
data are computed during daytime. It is not advisable to
attempt to adjust mortar fires in close support of a night
attack because of danger to assaulting units.
e. Caliber .50 machine guns and other antitank weapons
are not generally used in night attacks owing to the improb-
ability of enemy mechanized units being active. One section
or platoon per squadron may be sent forward before daylight,
if necessary, to resist enemy counterattacks by mechanized
elements after daylight.
■ 72. Plan of Action in Case Attack Is Repulsed. — This in-
formation is distributed only to officers. Rallying points and
routes thereto are prescribed for squadrons and troops for
their assembly if the attack is repulsed. These rallying points
are located off the line of attack and preferably under cover.
(See FM 100-5.)
55
CHAPTER 3
DEFENSIVE COMBAT
Paragraphs
Section I. The defensive
n. Defense of locality
III. Defense of defile
IV. Defense of river line
V. Withdrawal from action and retirements.
VI. Delaying action
. 73-77
. 78-82
. 83-84
85-90
91-96
97-103
Section I
THE DEFENSIVE
S3 73. General. — a. Within the scope of its powers and limita-
tions, Cavalry operates in defensive combat the same as
Infantry.
b. The general doctrine for the defensive is covered in FM
100-5, FM 5-15, and FM 5-20.
c. Due to organization and characteristics, cavalry units
usually occupy comparatively broader fronts with less depth
than do corresponding infantry units.
d. In defensive combat the position or area to be defended
is prepared for defense and occupied by a small proportion of
the available cavalry force consisting principally of horse ele-
ments, while the bulk of the command, including the mecha-
nized elements, by maneuver and threat or actual attack
endeavors to block or divert the enemy at a distance. Even
when it is necessary for Cavalry to defend a particular area
or position, its best chance of success lies in initial dispositions
in advance of the final defense area. In this manner inherent
mobility will be used to best advantage.
e. Cavalry, being forced to occupy the defensive position on
a wide front with restricted depth, is unable to sustain a pro-
longed defensive action. It therefore, if practicable, inter-
rupts the advance of the enemy by delaying action in succes-
sive positions rather than by holding a single position. (See
sec VI.)
H 74. Mechanized Elements. — a. Scout cars and motor-
cycles. — (1) Scout cars and motorcycles are used to conduct
reconnaissance. Before contact is gained, scout car and
motorcycle elements are sent to locate and maintain contact
56
EMPLOYMENT OF CAVALRY
74-75
with the advancing hostile forces. They may be attached to
the covering force. Part of them may delay the hostile ad-
vance by harassing action against the front and flanks of the
enemy.
(2) As contact between the defending and attacking
forces is gained, scout car and motorcycle elements withdraw
to the flanks and continue reconnaissance of the hostile
flanks and rear to gain early information of the location and
movement of hostile reserves as well as direction of hostile
main attack.
(3) They may delay hostile envelopments by harassing
actions.
(4) Though missions of delay are sometimes given scout
car and motorcycle elements, it should be remembered that
reconnaissance is their primary function.
b. Light tanks. — Available light tanks are employed to as-
sist the operations of the scout car and motorcycle elements.
When the attacking force has gained contact with the de-
fending forces in position, light tanks may be used to assist
the attack or be withdrawn and held in reserve prepared to
assist counterattacks. They may also be used to assist the
antiaircraft and antimechanized defense of the position.
H 75. Cavalry Organization of Position. — o. General. — The
commander of the defending unit assigns sectors to sub-
ordinate units. Within the sectors assigned, the units are
deployed in width and depth so as to take advantage of the
terrain features possessing the best defensive qualities.
b. Frontage and depth. — (1) Frontages of the larger units
depend on the number of squadrons disposed on the main
line of resistance. Squadron frontages depend upon the
number of platoons disposed on the main line of resistance.
A platoon on average terrain in position defense can be dis-
posed to cover by Are a front of 300 yards (fig. 1). A
squadron with two troops deployed on the main line of re-
sistance (each troop disposed with two platoons on the front
line and one in support) , terrain permitting, can thus cover
by Are a front of 1,200 yards in position defense. Narrow
frontages are assigned on the weaker portions of the front
and broad frontages on the stronger portions.
(2) The depth of the battle position varies from 800 to
1,800 yards. Depth is obtained by disposing supports and
reserves at varying distances behind the front line. Each
57
75
CAVALRY FIELD MANUAL
IT
Light machine gun
Main direction of fire for one
gun m — t — -
Other limit of sector for one
gun
Note. — Light machine guns
Heavy machine gun
Final protective line for one
gun o
Other limit of sector for one
gun « -
Note. — Heavy machine guns
are only far enough forward to
establish final protective lines.
supplement missions of heavy
machine guns by filling gaps in
their final protective lines.
MLR — Main line of resistance,
ffi — Limiting point.
Figure 1. — Squadron in defense (schematic).
unit the size of a troop or larger should hold out a support
or a reserve. The distance between successive defensive
areas or localities varies between 150 and 700 yards (fig.
1). Each unit behind the front line supports the more ad-
vanced units by covering the intervals and flanks with fire,
by reinforcing front-line units, by counterattacking to drive
58
EMPLOYMENT OP CAVALRY
75-76
out hostile penetrations or envelopments, and by supporting
counterattacks with fire. They should not be so close to the
front line as to come under artillery fire directed at more
advanced elements, or become involved in case hostile troops
overrun forward positions. They should be sufficiently close
to support forward elements with small-arms fire or to
launch a coordinated counterattack anywhere within the
sector.
c. Assignment of units to sectors. — (1) The regiment is
given a sector for defense in which it organizes squadron
defense areas.
(2) Depending upon tactical considerations, a regiment
may deploy with one or both of its squadrons, less a reserve,
in the forward area. Normally the reserve remains mobile.
The reserve is employed either to outpost the front of the po-
sition, to protect the flanks and rear, to attack the enemy while
still at a distance or while he is attacking the dismounted
elements, or to counterattack enemy forces which may have
penetrated the battle position.
(3) The squadron is the unit upon which the commander
bases his plans for the organization of the position. As part
of a larger force, the squadron generally organizes a squadron
defense area (fig. 2) in which are troop areas capable or
mutual support. Normally the squadron is disposed with
two troops in the front line and one in reserve. The squad-
ron reserve furnishes the necessary local security including
the outpost, if responsibility for the latter is decentralized to
squadrons. The reserve and troop supports initially assist
the forward groups in the construction of obstacles and clear-
ing of fields of fire.
(4) The troop is assigned an area which may vary be-
tween 300 and 600 yards in width in position defense. The
troop normally deploys with two platoons on the front line
and one in support. The depth of a troop defense area
varies from 150 to 400 yards.
H 76. Machine Guns, Antitank Guns, and Mortars. — a.
Heavy machine guns. — (1) Heavy machine guns form the
framework of the defense. All or most of them are used to
support the defense of the main line of resistance. The bulk
of the guns in the main position are so located as to place
fires on likely avenues of enemy approach and to place bands
of fire in front of the main line of resistance (final protec-
59
76
CAVALRY FIELD MANUAL
c£]t-{!
Plat combat group areas dIH>
Primary sector fires of heavy machine guns . ti
Primary sector fires of light machine guns D L ,
Caliber .50 machine gun »-5o—
Secondary sector fires -»
Final protective fires of heavy machine guns
Rifle squad groups „_
Rifle y 2 -squad groups ^
60-mm mortar
In left sector heavy machine guns are sited for final protective
and sector fires. In right sector heavy machine guns are sited
for sector fires only. Primary fires only of forward light machine
guns are shown. Both primary and secondary fires of rear light
machine guns are shown. Note fires to protect the right flank and
corridor of approach. The combat group areas of the squadron
reserve are reconnoitered and lightly held.
Figure 2. — Front-line squadron in defense.
60
EMPLOYMENT OF CAVALRY
76
tive lines). Other guns may be placed farther to the rear
primarily to prevent complete penetration of the position
and to support counterattacks. Alternate positions are se-
lected from which they can accomplish these missions.
(2) Normally all guns are placed in firing positions, none
being held in reserve.
(3) Normally the heavy machine guns of a regiment are
retained initially under regimental control and placed by
the machine-gun troop commander in accordance with the
orders of the regimental commander. While they may be
sited in squadron areas, they are not usually attached to
squadrons nor to smaller rifle units initially. Adjustment
between the positions of rifle units, light machine guns, and
heavy machine guns is necessary. After the necessary ad-
justments have been made by the regiment, these weapons
may be attached to the units in whose sectors they are lo-
cated.
(4) A hill is defended by placing heavy machine guns on
its shoulders or flanks rather than on its summit; a ravine,
by placing guns at its head and on one or both sides so as
to sweep its sides with Are; a ridge, by oblique Are across its
face or along its crest. In general, the direction of fire
parallels the contours. A wood or village may be defended
by placing flanking fire across its front, sides, and rear.
Guns also may be placed inside such a terrain feature for the
purpose of establishing an interlacing network of bands of
fire on possible crossing places and on likely approaches to
the farther bank. In all cases the guns should be placed so
as to obtain the best concealment consistent with their fire
missions. (See fig. 3.)
(5) When the enemy attacks, forward guns open fire on
remunerative distant targets in their sectors. When the at-
tack closes on the position, their fire is laid on final protec-
tive lines where it remains.
(6) Guns in rear areas fire long-range concentrations,
perform sector fires, and reinforce the final protective fires
of guns farther to the front. They may be employed for
counterpreparation fires or to fire in front of the position
and on units penetrating or outflanking it. If the hostile
attack breaks down, guns pursue by fire. If it succeeds, guns
either remain in position until captured or withdraw upon
orders from higher authority.
297351°— 41 5 61
MACHINE GUNS IN DCPCNSC Op RAVINES.
If sO/'rrction of AHtrA
MACHINE GUNS IN DEFENSE OF MD<SE
Figure 3. — Machine guns in defense of terrain features.
62
EMPLOYMENT OF CAVALRY
76
&. Light machine guns. — (1) On the battle position when
heavy machine guns are present, the light machine guns are
used to complete or augment the fires of the heavy machine
guns. When heavy machine guns are not present, the light
machine guns take over the missions usually assigned the
heavy machine guns.
(2) Coordination of their fire with that of the heavy ma-
chine guns is obtained by consultation and agreement
between the machine-gun troop commander, who is the
regimental machine-gun officer, and. the squadron machine-
gun officer.
(3) It is normal for light machine guns to be retained
under the direct control of the rifle troop commander. Co-
ordination between the fires of adjacent machine-gun ele-
ments is secured as directed by the squadron machine-gun
officer. The rifle troop commander may attach light machine-
gun elements to rifle platoons, in which case the platoon,
commander places the light machine guns to the best advan-
tage in his combat group to conform to the squadron or
troop light machine-gun plan. Light guns may be used
singly or in pairs with outposts or combat patrols, but the
bulk of them are used in the battle position.
(4) Front-line guns should have sector missions in which
they fire on targets of opportunity within their sectors and
also on the final protective line. Light machine guns are
sited for direct fire. They may be sited singly or in pairs.
They are useful for night firing and should be so used. They
should have alternate positions. All guns are given fire
missions, even those with support and reserve units.
c. Caliber .50 machine guns. — Caliber .50 machine guns
are sited in defense principally for antimechanized missions.
If there is a particularly favorable avenue of approach for
mechanized approach from the front, some guns may be
placed in or near the front line to cover it. Some guns should
be placed well out toward either flank if unprotected by ter-
rain, and some in rear of the firing line, with particular
attention being given to the protection of led horses or ve-
hicles. The guns should be sited for direct fire and placed
in mutual support and in depth. Some guns may be held
in position so as to be quickly available at the point of attack.
When there is no attack or threat by enemy mechanized
elements, caliber .50 machine guns may be employed as anti-
machine-gun weapons.
63
76-77
CAVALRY FIELD MANUAL
d. Antitank guns, 37-mm. — Antitank guns, 37-mm, when
available, are held initially under cover near previously
reconnoitered positions and alternate positions on likely ave-
nues of approach by hostile mechanized elements. The loca-
tions of the guns are such that they may occupy their posi-
tions in time to meet the hostile tank attack before it reaches
the main line of resistance. It is essential that antitank
weapons be sited so as to bring enemy tanks under fire at
the maximum effective range. In general, the same criss-
cross fire that is common for machine-gun defense is also
desirable for antitank defense. Antitank weapons should be
distributed in depth, preferably with a minimum of guns in
position initially to cover obstacles and as a first echelon of
antimechanized defense and with a maximum of guns as
mobile reserves. Gun positions should be located especially
on terrain that is not suitable for tank advance so that enemy
tanks may be brought under fire from the flank. Close-in
protection for antitank guns must be provided by other
troops.
e. Mortars. — Mortars are employed against personnel and
automatic weapons. Ability to reach defiladed positions by
high-angle fire makes it possible to break up formed re-
serves, to fire on enemy led horses, and to place defensive
fires on ravines and avenues of approach which cannot be
covered effectively by machine-gun fires. Mortars should be
located in rear of the main line of resistance and forward
of the support area. A rear position gives better protection
but has the disadvantage of loss of observation and of short-
ening the range to which the mortar can reach forward of
the main line of resistance. The position should be defiladed,
away from other troops and supporting weapons, and in such
locality that fire can be placed upon the avenues of approach
to the position which can be blocked more advantageously
by high-angle fire. The mortar is assigned areas of fire
which are part of, and coordinated with, the defensive fires
of the position. The mortar may be used to deliver smoke
in coordination with counterattacks or withdrawals from
action. Their missions are to neutralize enemy observation
posts at critical periods of the defensive action. Smoke
should be used with caution in defensive situations.
B 77. Troop Leading in Defense. — a. Information. — In any
situation involving the occupation of a defensive position,
64
EMPLOYMENT OF CAVALRY
77
advance information for unit commanders assures prompt
disposition of troops. Such information should include —
(1) Pertinent information of the enemy.
(2) Mission and general plan of defense of the unit and
next higher unit.
(3) Sector limits.
(4) Enemy approaches needing particular attention.
(5) Attached supporting weapons in the unit sector, and
their approximate locations and missions.
(6) Disposal of led horses (location, mobile or immobile
status) .
(7) Security measures to be provided.
(8) Location of unit command post and that of next
higher unit.
(9) Data as to eventual coordination of fires with support-
ing weapons and adjacent units, and administrative details
relative to supply (ammunition, antitank mines, rations, wa-
ter, entrenching tools, barbed wire, and other materials for
construction of defensive works) , evacuation, and communi-
cation.
b. Plans. — Every sector commander briefly formulates his
plan before deploying his unit. Prompt analysis of the ter-
rain and of the information received is a prerequisite to for-
mulation of this plan. Careful consideration must be given
the mission of the defense; the strength and character of
the enemy; the composition and strength of defending troops
and supporting weapons; the terrain; the size of the sector
to be defended; and the time and tools available for the
organization of the ground. Based on these considerations,
the plan for defense must provide for the —
(1) Distribution of groups, supporting weapons, and avail-
able antitank mines to block likely avenues of approach.
(2) Distribution of tools and the organization and prepa-
ration of the ground, with emphasis on machine-gun posi-
tions, fox holes, and obstacles, time being the limiting factor,
(3) Flexibility, by arranging supplementary fires and pro-
viding for movement of supports and reserves.
(4) Economy of force by defending strong places lightly
and weak places strongly.
(5) Administrative details to include provisions for dis-
posal of led horses, for supplies (especially ammunition, ra-
65
77
CAVALRY FIELD MANUAL
tions, and water), evacuation, location of command post,
and communication.
c. Action and orders. — (1) The commander must so con-
duct his reconnaissance, prepare his plans, and issue his
orders that troops can move into and occupy a position with
a minimum of delay. Fragmentary orders are usual. The
reconnaissance by leaders goes on simultaneously with the
development of units. Fires are coordinated progressively.
(2) The following table indicates the actions and orders
required of a troop commander and his subordinates for the
occupation of a position as part of a larger unit under cir-
cumstances in which the squadron is in a rear area and the
command is not in immediate contact with the enemy. The
troop commander is in receipt of orders at a forward obser-
vation post. The same procedures apply to larger units.
Platoon commander
Platoon sergeant
Troop commander
Sends message to attach light
machine gun squads to rifle
platoons as desired, to have
troop brought to forward as-
sembly area, and to have
platoon commanders report
at forward observation post.
Goes on quick reconnaissance
of troop sector.
Explains enemy situation and
general plan of defense for the
troop to platoon comman-
ders on their arrival.
Indicates main line of resis-
tance, troop support line,
troop sector, platoon sectors,
approximate locations and
missions of supporting wea-
pons, and enemy approaches
vital to the defense.
Directs disposal of led horses
and extra ammunition and
equipment to be brought
forward.
Rides forward with pla-
toon sergeant and pla-
toon messengers to join
troop commander at for-
ward observation post.
Accompanies platoon
commander.
66
EMPLOYMENT OF CAVALRY 77
Troop commander
Platoon commander
Platoon sergeant
Indicates location of engineer
tools, if available, and the
extent of excavation to be
performed in the organiza-
tion of the ground.
Indicates squadron and troop
command posts.
Directs lieutenant, light ma-
chine-gun platoon, and first
sergeant to accompany him
on continued reconnaissance
of troop sector.
Receives definite information
as to locations and missions
of supporting weapons, and
locations of artillery concen-
trations (if available).
Informs platoon commanders
definitely as to locations
and missions of supporting
weapons, required missions
of light machine guns and
security measures to be
taken, and locations of ar-
tillery concentrations (if ar-
tillery is available).
Inspects troop sector to assure
coordination of the defense.
Issues orders to cover admin-
istrative needs of the troop
in the defensive position
(water, rations, ammuni-
tion, final disposal of led
horses, evacuation, and
communication) .
Sends message to sergeant
file closer to bring pla-
toon forward mounted
to platoon area.
Goes on quick reconnais-
sance of platoon sector.
Directs platoon sergeant
to meet the platoon, to
direct each squad to its
approximate area, to
have squad leaders meet
him at indicated point,
to have sergeant file
closer, dispose of led
horses and send ammu-
nition forward as di-
rected.
Directs siting of light ma-
chine guns, disposal of
rifle squads, initial ex-
cavation of ground, prep-
aration of obstacles, and
■ execution of security
measures.
Inspects platoon defensive
dispositions and work.
Accompanies troop com-
mander through platoon
area.
Readjusts light machine
guns and rifle squads to
assure coordination of
fires.
Directs platoon sergeant
to execute instructions
for administrative needs.
Accompanies platoon
commander.
Rides to meet platoon
to transmit orders of
platoon commander
and direct platoon to
its area.
Assists in disposing
squads and direction
of working parties.
Accompanies platoon
commander.
Assists platoon com-
mander.
Executes administra-
tive instructions for
the platoon.
67
78-80
CAVALRY FIELD MANUAL
Section II
DEFENSE OF LOCALITY
B 78. General. — Occasionally small independent commands
are called upon to garrison or guard isolated localities, such
as villages, ranches, or bridges, and at the same time be
prepared to defend the locality against attack, frequently by
superior numbers of irregular troops. The absence of daily
contact with the enemy and the lack of definite information
of him increase the danger of surprise. Nonmilitary or rou-
tine duties that are required of the command may cause it
to be scattered or place it at a disadvantage in uniting to
meet a sudden attack unless precautions peculiar to such
situations are taken. The military aspect of defense is com-
plicated further by the presence of noncombatants and the
extent of property to be guarded. In such a situation an
intelligence officer is detailed and furnished with the neces-
sary personnel and means for carrying out his work. This
officer must cooperate with the civil authorities of the locality
and utilize every opportunity for obtaining information. He
must make the acquaintance of and keep in close touch with
such responsible civilians as by nature of their pursuits or
acquaintances are most apt to furnish reliable information.
Close touch is kept with the enemy situation through infor-
mation furnished by local intelligence agencies as well as
those of higher echelons. Reports or rumors that cannot be
verified are assumed to be true and the command kept on
the alert while investigation is made.
■ 79. Plan of Defense. — A plan of defense is prepared and
the command trained in carrying it out. This plan includes
the security measures t<5 be maintained, the kind of defenses
to be prepared with their location, designation of troops to
occupy each prepared position, routes to be taken to such
positions if not occupied at all times, designation of the re-
serve, designation of assembly points, communications to be
installed and employed, disposal of horses, disposal of non-
combatants, clearing of streets, and such other considera-
tions as the situation requires.
■ 80. Dispositions. — a. The general scheme of deployment
conforms to the procedures of a mobile defense. It is char-
68
EMPLOYMENT OF CAVALRY
80-82
acterized by little depth, extension of front, volume of fire,
and an aggressive attitude. A carefully organized observa-
tion and communication system must be provided, and the
personnel maintained especially alert at night or during other
periods of poor visibility.
b. Intrenchments suited to the size of the command and
the nature of the locality to be guarded are prepared, and
provisions are made for antiaircraft defense. In the case
of a village, simple field works are usually sufficient if occu-
pied by groups of appropriate size. They should be located
in salients to afford mutual support. Upon the completion
of these works they should be occupied temporarily by the
troops assigned to them, and frequently thereafter for train-
ing purposes. Firing data should be prepared so that night
firing can be employed without danger of firing into friendly
troops. Small units in observation occupy these works.
■ 81. Reconnaissance. — Ground and air patrolling at a dis-
tance at irregular times during the day and night and by
varying routes is employed against surprise attacks. Distant
patrols are provided with means of signalling an enemy ad-
vance. Telephones are used where practicable, but sole
reliance is not placed on them. If airplanes and mechanized
elements are present they cooperate in conducting the distant
reconnaissance. They are sent over all possible routes of
hostile approach to gain and maintain contact with the
enemy. They may be used to harass and delay the hostile
forces.
■ 82. Communication . — Sometimes considerable dispersion of
a command is required by the mission. Communication be-
tween the dispersed elements is of prime importance. All
available means of communication are employed. Additional
telephone wire and instruments are promptly established.
Arrangements are made with the local telephone company
for use of civilian telephones. Plans for the use of civilian
owned automobiles and motorcycles are formulated, and
plans and instructions made for their use. Pull use is made
of pyrotechnics and visual signal devices. If sufficient mech-
anized vehicles are available they can be used for communi-
cation purposes between widely dispersed elements.
69
83-85
CAVALRY FIELD MANUAL
Section III
DEFENSE OP DEFILE
H 83. General. — In case of a long defile, defense may be
conducted in three ways, depending primarily upon the
purpose of the defense:
In front of the defile.
Within the defile.
In rear of the defile.
a 84. Conduct. — a. In front of the defile. — The defender's;
fires are divergent and his maneuver space is limited. The*
position is weak and should be employed only to cover a de-
bouchment or withdrawal. If such position is occupied, it
should be far enough to the front to protect the entrance:
from hostile Are, especially that of artillery. If the flanks;
are accessible, detached posts must be located to prevent
outflanking. Delaying action is usually indicated in such a
situation.
b. Within the defile. — The restrictions imposed by a defile
upon the defender's mobility and front make defense wholly
within the defile a difficult operation. A small force may,
however, hold off a greatly superior force for considerable
time. Maximum utilization of obstacles and demolitions
combined with ambush and delaying tactics will be most
effective.
c. In rear of the defile. — This is the most suitable posi-
tion from which to defend a defile, because the attacker's
front is limited, his maneuver is restricted, and he is sub-
jected to converging fires. The distance of the first line of
defense from the exit should be such as to enable converg-
ing fires to be brought upon the hostile columns before they
can debouch. The defense is greatly augmented by sending
forward a detachment to delay within the defile, aided by
obstacles and demolitions.
Section IV
DEFENSE OF RIVER LINE
B 85. General. — Due to the obstacle created by the river it-
self, a river line is of special significance when,' choosing a
particular piece of terrain along which to defend. Although
the stream itself with its surrounding territory may not cre-
ate extremely difficult obstacles, nevertheless the negotiator
70
EMPLOYMENT OF CAVALRY
85-88
is usually at a disadvantage while in the act of crossing
because the defenders may have the opportunity to secure
superior terrain on high ground that may face the river
bottom. There are three general methods of defense of
river lines: on the enemy's side, at the river's edge, and well
back from the river.
■ 86. Defense on Enemy's Side. — This method assumes that
the defense holds the existing points of crossing. The de-
fending force occupies one or more defensive positions, the
holding of which secures the crossings. If practicable, con-
tact is made and delay is initiated while the enemy is still
distant from the river. This method of defense is re-
sorted to by Cavalry under conditions which require the
enemy to be held for a considerable time, or when the
crossings must be kept intact for other forces.
■ 87. Defense at River's Edge. — a. This defense is made with
a view of meeting the enemy at the water's edge while he
is in the act of crossing. Organization is similar to that of
position defense with the main line of resistance at the
river's edge. The entire length of the stream available for
the enemy's crossing is divided into defensive sectors, and
each sector is held by a defending force which can concen-
trate quickly at any point of attempted crossing. In this
method all parts of the threatened line must be held in
strength. Comparatively large forces are required for suc-
cessful defense. This method is a particularly valuable one
when the mission is to delay.
b. A successful defense at the river's edge normally re-
quires the following conditions: a narrow frontage in pro-
portion to the strength of the defender; flanks secure; no
possible points of crossing outside the defended area; river
wide enough to hold the enemy under fire for considerable
time while crossing. The nature of the banks on both sides
must be considered. Steep banks impede assaulting forces.
Cover on the enemy's side facilitates the surprise launching
of assault boats and the protection of personnel. Concealed
machine gun positions close to the water on the defended
bank have excellent fields for grazing fire and greatly
strengthen the defense.
B 88. Defense Well Back Prom River. — This method is of
general application and lends itself to decisive action. The
71
88-89
CAVALRY FIELD MANUAL
bank on the defended side is held by security and delaying
detachments strong in automatic weapons. The main body
is located at such distance from the river and with such dis-
positions as to permit it to move rapidly to any threatened
part of the defended front. Its action is usually offensive
in nature in that its purpose is to clear the defended side of
the river of enemy forces. The normal features of this form
of defense are —
a. Vigorous air reconnaissance into the enemy's territory.
b. Constant patrolling across the river into the hostile
lines to obtain information and Identifications.
c. Constant ground observation of the enemy's territory.
A. The employment of relatively weak detachments on the
near bank of the river. These detachments furnish security,
operate, and are organized in accordance with the procedures
governing outposts. It is their mission to discover hostile
crossings, to meet the leading elements with fire at the river's
edge, and to prevent hostile troops from establishing them-
selves in bridgehead positions before the arrival of the main
body. Enemy forces must be prevented from completing any
form of bridge, or from launching rafts which will permit
crossing of artillery or mechanized vehicles.
e. The location of sufficiently strong forces at probable
points of crossing to prevent other than large forces from
crossing the river. This delays the crossing and deployment
of large forces until the general reserve can come up and
counterattack.
/. The location of artillery so that it can fire upon the
hostile concentrations for the attack and their lines of
approach.
g. The taking up of a position by the main body at a point
most central to the probable points of hostile crossing and
with good roads leading thereto.
h. Concealment of movements and dispositions.
i. Provision for liaison and signal communication.
B 89. Reconnaissance. — Reconnaissance of the enemy's side
of the river is of the utmost importance. Scout cars, motor-
cycles, and mounted and dismounted patrols are used to con-
duct reconnaissance and to locate and maintain contact with
the enemy. They may be used to delay the advance of the
enemy and, when he approaches to attack the river line, the
72
EMPLOYMENT OF CAVALRY
89-92
more mobile patrols withdraw to the flanks to conduct recon-
naissance of the hostile flanks and rear to discover where the
hostile reserves are to be employed. Combat cars assist the
delay by harassing attacks against the flanks of the hostile
columns. If unable to remain on the enemy's side of the
river, scout cars may observe crossings from the defended
side and to the flanks to give warning of any attempt of the
enemy to threaten the flanks of the defending force. When
forced back across the river, light tanks may be used to
counterattack hostile units that have been able to secure a
foothold on the defended side.
■ 90. Demolition of Bridges. — All bridges 1 in the area should
be prepared for demolition and definite instructions issued
by the commander as to what agency or individual is responsi-
ble for their destruction and under what situations the
bridges will be destroyed.
Section V
WITHDRAWALS PROM ACTION AND RETIREMENTS
■ 91. General. — a. Cavalry executes withdrawals from action
and retirements in accordance with the doctrines laid down
in FM 100-5.
b. Withdrawals from action and retirements being retro-
grade movements require covering forces for protection against
enemy direct pressure and protection against enemy flank-
ing and encircling maneuvers.
c. Cavalry, due to its tactical mobility and method of
transporting fire power, is particularly well-suited to execute
or cover withdrawals and retirements.
d. These characteristics permit Cavalry to remain in action
or in contact as a covering force longer than less mobile troops,
and make it particularly valuable for use as protection against
enemy flanking attacks and encircling maneuvers.
■ 92. Withdrawals From Action. — a. A withdrawal from
action is a retrograde movement by which all or a part of a
cavalry force breaks away from an engagement or from im-
mediate contact with the enemy. The withdrawal from
action or breaking of contact with the enemy is not a com-
plete action in Itself; it is always the initial phase of some
other action. Thus, Cavalry withdraws from action and
73
92-93
CAVALRY FIELD MANUAL
retires, withdraws from action and takes up a defensive posi-
tion, or withdraws from action with a view to attacking in a
different locality.
b. Taking advantage of interior lines and its cross-country
mobility, Cavalry can operate effectively in withdrawing from
action against any type of opposing force.
c. When opposed by enemy foot and horse troops, Cavalry
is used both in the covering force and for flank protection.
The covering force is composed of horse elements and the
flank protection force of mechanized elements or of both
mechanized and horse elements.
d. Cavalry withdraws from action when opposed by motor-
ized and mechanized troops by —
(1) Using its own mechanized elements to delay the heads
of advancing columns at defiles and critical terrain features
while the horse elements are withdrawing.
(2) Using porte horse elements to assist mechanized ele-
ments, especially in intercepting enemy advance elements at
defiles which are some distance from the main body.
(3) Having horse elements withdraw cross-country over
terrain that is unsuitable for use of mechanized vehicles.
(4) Making better actual speed across rough terrain than
is possible for enemy motorized troops forced to use the same
terrain.
(5) Taking advantage of shorter interior routes than those
available to the enemy for interception of the movement.
(6) Outdistancing enemy motorized and mechanized units
which have been slowed down due to weather conditions, con-
gestion on roads, or destruction of bridges.
(7) Utilizing hasty demolitions, obstacles, and antitank
mines.
■ 93. Control. — a. During cavalry withdrawal from action,
decentralization of control is necessary to enable commanders
of subordinate units to extricate their commands in accord-
ance with the situation in their immediate locality. However,
centralized control is regained by the use of assembly areas or
by forming the command directly into march column or
columns at initial points.
b. Local commanders designate assembly positions for
their own units. Each subordinate unit is then conducted
from its assembly position to that of the next higher unit or
to its place in the march column. When a defensive position
74
EMPLOYMENT OF CAVALRY
93-94
is to be taken up, they may proceed to the sector assigned on
the new position.
B 94. Conduct. — o. General. — The order in which units with-
draw is important. When no part of the unit is seriously
engaged, or when opposed to less mobile forces, the entire
line may be withdrawn simultaneously. When in close con-
tact with the enemy, on the other hand, terrain should be a
governing consideration. Troops in occupation of critical
terrain features should be withdrawn last. Troops on the
front line in support or in local reserve are often in occupa-
tion of terrain which if held would favorably influence the
withdrawal of the entire command. The sequence of with-
drawal of subordinate units should then be determined by
the ability of any unit to cover the withdrawal of other units.
In critical situations, it may be necessary to sacrifice a part
of the command in order to cover the withdrawal of the force
as a whole.
b. Daylight wthdraToals. — (1) The cavalry commander
designates a general covering force to cover the withdrawal
from action of the whole command and regulates the time
this covering force is required to hold. The time required to
Withdraw and assemble the main force is the controlling
factor.
(2) The covering force may then constitute the rear guard
or the outpost depending on the situation.
(3) Local covering forces are designated and placed in the
best available positions by local commanders. The covering
positions are selected to the rear and flank of the axis of
withdrawal of the unit concerned. The position on the flank
insures that its fire will not be masked by the withdrawing
troops.
(4) The distance to the led horses or vehicles and the char-
acter of the terrain are considerations in determining how
close the enemy may approach before withdrawal must begin.
In a delaying action, the withdrawal should never be delayed
until the enemy's forces are within assaulting distance of the
troops occupying the delaying position. A dismounted enemy
may be permitted to approach within 200 yards of the posi-
tion, provided covered routes of withdrawal are available and
mounts are immediately at hand. Withdrawals from posi-
tions which have been defended for some time, as in position
defense, when the enemy is assaulting and in close contact
75
94
CAVALRY FIELD MANUAL
can best be effected during periods of poor visibility, such as
during the hours of darkness. A successful counterattack
often creates a situation which favors the withdrawal.
(5) Upon receipt of the order to withdraw, trains and such
rear elements as can be spared are withdrawn at once, pro-
vided secrecy considerations permit. The local covering
forces and the general covering force are moved into their
positions promptly. The deployed units move straight to the
rear until the smaller units can be assembled. As each subor-
dinate unit is assembled, it is conducted to the assembly
position of the next higher unit.
(6) (a) Covering forces protect the withdrawal. These
forces detailed from reserves, or least engaged units, are only
sufficiently strong to accomplish their mission. The com-
mander designates a general covering force to protect the
withdrawal of the entire command. Subordinate com-
manders designate covering forces to protect their own
withdrawal.
(b) In cavalry units, covering forces are usually strong
in light machine guns, efforts being made to extricate heav-
ier supporting weapons earlier in the action. Thus the size
and composition of a cavalry covering force may consist of
a rifle squad with one or one-half light machine-gun squad
attached, to cover the withdrawal of a troop; or a rifle
platoon, with one or more light machine-gun squads at-
tached, to cover the withdrawal of a squadron or a regiment.
It may be necessary to use a reinforced troop to cover the
withdrawal of a regiment.
(c) A covering position is preferably located on command-
ing ground to the rear and near the threatened flank. It
should be so located as to cover the routes of withdrawal
and the assembly areas of the main body. The time of with-
drawal of the covering force may be prescribed by the com-
mander who details it; it may be left to the discretion of
its own commander who details it; or it may be left to the
discretion of its own commander in conformity with his
mission.
(7) A small command, such as a squadron or lesser force,
may withdraw from action suddenly, as a whole, when some
natural or artificial cover offers protection from hostile fire.
The enemy is kept in ignorance of a contemplated withdrawal
as long as possible. The existence of cover and conceal-
76
EMPLOYMENT OF CAVALRY
94
ment and the distance to the led horses or vehicles deter-
mine the time when small cavalry units must abandon the
firing line. The led animals or vehicles are held as close
to the firing line as is consistent with their safety. During
the daylight withdrawals of dismounted units in close con-
tact with the enemy, their rearward movement is similar
to movement in the face of small-arms fire in the attack,
except that the direction of movement is reversed. Small
groups cover each other mutually by fire as they work suc-
cessively to the rear on their bellies to terrain in which
they will find cover for less restricted movement.
c. Night withdrawals. — The basis of success in a night
withdrawal is the secrecy with which it can be accomplished.
(1) Security. — (a) During a night withdrawal, the out-
post or designated fractions of the firing line are left in
contact with the enemy. This force is supported by formed
elements posted on or near the most dangerous avenue of
approach. The elements left in contact with the enemy
screen the withdrawal by stimulating great activity. By
heavy firing from different positions, reconnaissance patrols
or strong combat patrols, by sending up numerous rockets
and flares, and by any other available means, they endeavor
to create the impression of heavily held lines.
(b) In order to insure the uninterrupted retirement of
the main body, a covering force is designated as for a with-
drawal by day. The rearward movement of the covering
force is deferred until the higher commander is assured
that the columns have cleared the initial points or assembly
areas, and that the screening force left in contact with the
enemy has withdrawn.
(2) Time of withdrawal. — (a) When a withdrawal from
action is made under cover of darkness, the trains and
rear elements are started to the rear immediately after
nightfall. The hour at which the front lines are with-
drawn depends upon the mission and the situation.
(b) The priority of the withdrawal of combat units de-
pends upon the situation and the subsequent plan of the
commander. In the normal case, the units of the front
lines are withdrawn nearly simultaneously.
(c) The small security elements left in contact with the
the enemy during the hours of darkness must be withdrawn
297351°— 41 6 77
94-96
CAVALRY FIELD MANUAL
sufficiently before daylight to permit them a period of poor'
visibility for safe withdrawal, reorganization, and retirement.
When the situation permits, the security elements should
preferably withdraw long enough before daylight to permit
considerable distance to be placed between them and the
enemy.
M 95. Machine Guns and Mortars. — The covering force
should be strong in machine guns. Close liaison must be
maintained with commanders of supporting units. Machine-
gun unit commanders must be given timely information of
the proposed withdrawal so that they may complete their
preparations for a change of position and redistribute the
Are missions of their units. In withdrawing from one posi-
tion to another, light machine guns should remain in the
forward position long enough to derive the greatest value
from their fire. Unless it is intended to sacrifice the guns,
there should always be at least a few riflemen to cover their
withdrawal. The guns withdraw on order of the troop com-
mander, if they are kept together as a platoon, or on order
of the commander of any smaller unit to which they are
attached. Heavy machine guns assist in covering the with-
drawal of rifle units but should always have at least a few
riflemen to cover their withdrawal. The presence of light
machine guns permits the heavy machine guns to withdraw
early. Mortars assist in covering withdrawals by operating
from defiladed areas and denying favorable avenues of ap-
proach to the enemy. All machine guns and mortars can
be withdrawn simultaneously or by echelon depending on
the situation.
B 96. Retirements. — a. A retirement is a retrograde move-
ment by which a force seeks to regain freedom of action
by moving to the rear and interposing a covering force or
rear guard between itself and the enemy. Its purpose is to
refuse decisive combat under the situation existing at the
time. It is executed in accordance with the will of the com-
mander and with a definite plan. The retirement of a force
in contact with the enemy is initiated by a withdrawal from
action. Although the delay of the enemy is not the primary
purpose of a retirement as it is in a delaying action, the
covering force of a retiring command may be compelled to
78
EMPLOYMENT OP CAVALRY
96-97
employ delaying action in order to gain time and space for
the retirement of the main body.
b. Troop units on their arrival in the assembly areas,
designated in connection with the withdrawal from action,
are formed into march columns for their rearward move-
ment. The retirement is initiated on a broad front using
all available roads. Horse elements may utilize cross-coun-
try routes. As the distance from the enemy increases, the
small columns of the main body are consolidated into larger
march columns with a view to the organization of strong
combat teams. On retirements over considerable distance,
night and forced marches are necessary to gain the ma-
neuver room desired by the commander. During the march
great care must be exercised to establish the necessary meas-
ures to insure the security of the command. Rear, flank,
and advance guards are necessary. Great attention must
be paid to those measures necessary to neutralize the attacks
of enemy combat aviation and mechanized, armored, or
motorized units.
c. Cavalry often provides the rear guard, covering force,
or other security element of larger forces of all arms. Al-
though delay of the enemy is not the primary purpose of
a retirement, Cavalry may find itself compelled to employ
delaying tactics in executing those missions of security by
which the commander of the whole force gains time and
space for the freedom of maneuver of his command. (See
FM 100-5.)
Section VI
DELAYING ACTION
■ 97. General. — o. In executing missions of delay, Cavalry
employs defensive tactics, offensive tactics, or a combination
of the two.
b. It avoids decisive combat.
c. Every effort is made to surprise the enemy by the choice
of delaying positions and by the forms of action used.
d. The maximum amount of time is gained by forcing the
enemy to reconnoiter, maneuver, and deploy.
e. The delaying force checks the enemy by bold and .aggres-
sive action, mounted and dismounted.
/. It usually withdraws before suffering serious loss unless
its missions require more determined resistance.
79
97-99
CAVALRY FIELD MANUAL
g. Surprise attacks delivered over previously reconnoitered!
ground on the heads of hostile columns as they emerge from,
defiles, woods, or villages, have excellent chance of success,
h. Against foot and horse troops, horse and mechanized,
cavalry exploits the advantage of its superior tactical mo-
bility. Usually it is subdivided into two or more groups. While
one part composed principally of horse elements directly op-
poses the heads of the enemy's columns, other parts composed
of mechanized, porte, and horse elements operate against the
enemy's flank and rear. Against a purely cavalry force, a
large reserve should be held out initially.
i. Against motorized and mechanized troops, the delaying
force is kept well in hand and a strong reserve is retained.
Horse elements are used principally against the heads of
enemy columns. They use their tactical mobility to infiltrate
between these columns and to attack and harass their flanks,
principally by Are action. Mechanized elements carry out
wide, continuous reconnaissance, and attack and harass the
enemy's flanks and rear.
H 98. Mechanized Elements. — a. Scout cars and motorcycles
conduct reconnaissance to locate and maintain contact with
the hostile forces. They may be directed to delay the ad-
vance of the enemy at a distance ahead of the horse elements.
When the enemy gains contact with the main delaying force,
scout car and motorcycle elements withdraw to the flanks and
toward the hostile rear to discover and counter hostile en-
velopments. When the horse elements withdraw, mechanized
elements may be used to delay the hostile advance until the
withdrawal is effected, to cover the withdrawal, and to effect
delay between successive positions. They then continue
reconnaissance as before. Available reconnaissance vehicles
armed with antitank weapons can be used in emergency as a
mobile reserve to meet surprise attacks by enemy mechanized
elements, when such additional potential antitank weapons
are more vital to the successful acomplishment of the mission
than the possible reconnaissance use of the vehicles.
b. light tanks of the armored troop assist the operations of
the scout car and motorcycle elements. They are of par-
ticular value for attacking the flanks of the enemy.
"■ 99. Employment. — Cavalry may resort to delay while acting
as a covering force of other troops; while operating as ad-
80
EMPLOYMENT OF CAVALRY
99-101
Vance, flank, or rear guards, and security detachments; when
covering withdrawals and retirements; when required as a
temporary expedient pending a favorable opportunity for
offensive action; and when operating as detachments cover-
ing the flanks of battle or delaying the arrival of hostile rein-
forcements.
H 100. Classes of Delaying Action. — a. Delaying actions
in which Cavalry participates may be executed by either of
two methods:
(1) Delay in a single position, when the delaying force must
hold its position at all costs for the time indicated by its
mission.
(2) Delay in successive positions, when the enemy is delayed
as long as possible without imperiling the safe withdrawal
of the delaying force from each of a series of positions care-
fully selected in advance.
b. In either class of delaying action, effective delay may be
secured by a combination of offense and defense. It is some-
times advisable to allow the enemy to come to close range
before opening Are and then to surprise him. Such action
makes him more cautious and slower in future advances.
Si 101. Delay in Single Position. — a. A decision to delay in a
single position is indicated when —
(1) The terrain is not well-suited to delaying action in
successive positions.
(2) The requisite delay is so short that it can be secured
in a single position without seriously engaging the delaying
troops.
(3) The area of operation is limited, and a withdrawal to
a second position does not permit the accomplishment of the
mission.
(4) There is a choice between a single strong position with
secure flanks and a succession of weaker positions.
b. Delaying action in a single position amounts to a defense
of a position and is accomplished by the methods described
in section I. The degree of organization is dependent on the
time available to the delaying force. The defensive phase of
this operation is accompanied by vigorous harassing action in
front of the position, directed against the enemy flanks and
rear.
81
102
CAVALRY FIELD MANUAL
@ 102. Delay in Successive Positions. — a. General. — (1)
Delaying action in successive positions consists of a series of
temporary defensive operations each of which is followed by
a withdrawal from action and retirement to the next delaying
position in rear.
(2) Only the first position or the first two positions may
be occupied initially; in the latter case, the troops occupying
the first position may withdraw when forced to do so to a
third position. This is followed by a series of leap-frogging
movements to the rear. The leap-frogging maneuver is more
suited to relatively large commands than to small ones.
(3) Opportunity is continuously sought in this form of
delay to employ strong forces in offensive action against
enemy flanks and rear. Long-range fires of heavy machine
guns on enemy columns, from flank positions suddenly seized
by mobile cavalry elements, often accomplish the results
desired.
(4) In the defensive phase of this method of delay, Cavalry
continuously opposes the hostile advance. This opposition is
accomplished by the decentralized operation of small forces
in front of the first delaying position and between successive
positions. The intensity of delay reaches its peak on each
delaying position. Here centralized control of the entire com-
mand is regained, and plans are made and orders issued for
the next phase of the delaying operation of the whole force.
b. Positions. — (1) Should the mission so indicate, the com-
mander selects an axis or zone of delay which will be the guid-
ing direction of his future actions. He may be forced, either
by the enemy or by the terrain, to leave this axis or zone tem-
porarily, but he constantly endeavors to return to it.
(2) Successive positions on ridges are selected along the;
general axis, upon each of which the defending force is dis-
posed successively with the object of causing the enemy to de-
ploy his entire command for coordinated attacks on each
position. When hostile forces comprise artillery elements,
the distance between successive delaying positions should be
such as to require displacement of the enemy light artillery
for his attack of each position. Positions are organized as
completely as the time available permits.
(3) Observation coupled with a good field of fire at long
and mid ranges, 2,500 to 600 yards, is desirable. Fire at such
82
EMPLOYMENT OF CAVALRY
102
ranges causes early and wide deployments by the enemy. The
positions' should be such that the enemy must attack them,
consume a. long time in turning them, or abandon his mis-
sion. The flanks must be strong to avoid being easily turned.
Full use is made of natural and artificial obstacles. Cover for
led animals or vehicles, close to the firing line, should be avail-
able. Each position should favor rapid withdrawal under
cover. Parallel ridges or unfordable streams which cross the
axis of delay greatly favor delaying operations. In open and
regular terrain with little available cover, the occupation of
positions on or near the topographical crests of ridges and
hills facilitates withdrawals.
c. Control. — The initial designation of at least two delaying
positions and the axis or zone of action facilitates coordina-
tion and control. Reconnaissance of rear positions and routes
thereto is made early. The commander controls the action
by personal observation and contact with subordinates, and
by the employment of all possible communication agencies,
including liaison agents. Withdrawals must be anticipated
and carefully planned. Although control is decentralized to
subordinate commanders during the actual movement from
one position to another, it is regained on each delaying posi-
tion by the commander of the whole force.
d. Dispositions. — (1) Contact is maintained with the enemy
by all ground and air reconnaissance means available, horse
patrols, scout cars, and motorcycles. Wide reconnaissance to
the flanks is necessary to locate hostile enveloping and turn-
ing movements and to seek opportunities for flank attack.
(2) The delaying force is disposed on the position on a
relatively wide front with little depth. It covers by fire all
avenues of hostile approach. An adequate part of the delay-
ing force must be retained along the axis of delay between the
enemy and the troops or positions being covered. Small delay-
ing forces deploy the major part of the force on one position
holding out sufficient reserves to meet enemy developments.
The bulk of the supporting weapons is on the firing line
across the axis of delay to secure maximum effect in the initial
stages of the Are fight, except that, when confronted by enemy
mechanized elements, available antitank weapons must be
held mobile ready to meet such an attack.
(3) Platoons are disposed as combat groups at extended
intervals to block the most likely approaches and to cover
83
102-103
CAVALRY FIELD MANUAL
the intervals by fire. A platoon may occupy a frontage of only
150 to 200 yards, but a troop by extending the intervals be-
tween its platoons may occupy 1,200 to 1,500 yards, and a,
squadron, reinforced, 2,500 to 4,000 yards.
(4) When the command is to be withdrawn before the
enemy drives home his attack, only small local reserves need
be held out. The most probable use of these reserves is to
cover the withdrawal. They should, therefore, be posted well
to the rear and somewhat to a flank.
(5) Generally led horses and vehicles are kept mobile and
under cover. The nearer the means of transportation an;
kept to the firing line, the longer the fire can be continued and
the moment of withdrawal delayed. When operating against
Cavalry or other mobile forces, it is necessary to provide a
special guard for led horses or vehicles.
(6) Cavalry in delaying action disposes its trains so as to
serve the troops without interfering with their withdrawal.
This usually requires part of the ammunition and evacuation
elements to be near the troops while the remainder, together
with the kitchen and baggage elements, are held well to thij
rear in a concealed, easily protected locality.
HI 103. Machine Guns, Antitank Guns, and Mortars. — a,
Light machine guns. — The light machine gun is of great value
in causing the enemy to deploy beyond the range of effective
rifle fire. As the delaying force may, and usually does, with-
draw before the enemy gets within close range, the light ma-
chine gun in small commands may be the only weapon to fire
in some positions. It normally operates under troop control
or is attached to platoons in combat groups. It should, there-
fore, be given the choice of position by the rifle unit under
the control of which it may be operating. No matter what
the disposition, all such guns should be in position at the
beginning of the action. None should be kept in reserve:.
They should fire at the most remunerative targets, leaving
fire on enemy individuals, who may infiltrate forward, to the
riflemen.
&. Heavy machine guns. — (1) The heavy machine gun is
the most important weapon within the regiment for delay-
ing purposes. Lacking artillery, a command in a delaying
position opens fire first with its heavy machine guns. These
guns may be kept together by a regimental commander
but, since each delaying position is usually thinly held and
84
EMPLOYMENT OF CAVALRY
103
therefore wide, it is more normal for the regimental com-
mander to attach one or more platoons of machine guns to
each rifle squadron, especially should the squadrons occupy
a position abreast. In this form, of action, the squadron itself
may operate on a wide front with units widely separated.
In such a case, to insure control, the squadron may attach
machine-gun sections or even squads to subordinate units.
The guns may be concentrated to cover successive with-
drawals, but usually can better cover their initial missions
of fire at long ranges on enemy groups by decentralization
of control. The guns should be posted on commanding
ground with good observation and good fields of fire to the
front up to the limit of their usable range. Fields of fire
at close range are! not so important. All guns should be
placed in action. Flanking positions are not in this case
necessarily the best, since most of the fire will be on the
heads of columns before they deploy, with an effort made
to catch them in defiles, such as bridges, saddles in the
ground, and draws. Guns should be placed in defiladed posi-
tions when possible. Positions permitting overhead fire are
advisable. Covered routes of withdrawal are desirable.
(2) Gun positions for both light and heavy machine guns
in the second position should be reconnoitered before occu-
pation. This is usually done by the second-in-command
of the unit concerned. In large commands, heavy machine
guns may sometimes be ordered to occupy, temporarily, in-
termediate delaying positions between the main delaying
positions to cover the withdrawal of forward elements. Guns
in the intermediate positions should be ready to fire before
those in the advance position withdraw.
c. Antitank guns. — (1) Due to the nature of delay, which
is usually on wide fronts, care must be exercised that the
effect of antitank weapons is not lost through dispersion.
All commanders in control of such weapons should hold a
part of their guns in mobile reserve available to move rapidly
to previously reconnoitered positions from which to meet sur-
prise mechanized attacks. The 37-mm antitank gun is par-
ticularly valuable as a reserve weapon due to its high rate of
road mobility. For the same reason vehicular mounted
caliber .50 guns which are available are effective as reserve
weapons.
85
103
CAVALRY FIELD MANUAL
(2) When in position, antitank weapons should be placed
well out toward the probable avenues of approach of armored
vehicles, and in, order to avoid disclosing prematurely their
location, should withhold fire on enemy vehicles until they are:
within effective antitank fire range, generally under 1,000
yards. They should be placed, when possible, in such a.
manner that guns are mutually supporting. Several guns:
should be able to concentrate their fire on likely avenues oi:
approach by hostile mechanized vehicles. In selecting po-
sitions, attention must be given to protection of led horses
of pack weapons. Vehicles on roads or in defiles present;
the best targets. In emergencies, the guns may also be:
used to fire on machine guns. Regimental guns may be
held under regimental control or attached to squadrons..
They should have a suitable escort of riflemen to provide:
close-in protection.
d. Mortars. — (1) Mortars should be so located that their
fires can be brought to bear on areas which flat trajectory
weapons are unable to reach. They should be able to fire
on covered approaches and assembly areas available to the;
enemy. They are located in defiladed positions close to the:
firing line. Depending on the extent of front to be occupied,
they may be held under regimental control or attached tc
squadrons.
(2) In delaying action, screening smoke fills an important
requirement in covering withdrawals or concealing move-
ments or dispositions. When employed, it should normally
be placed on the hostile force, or used directly on located
enemy observation points. When properly placed on enemy
installations, it allows positions to be occupied longer and
permits withdrawal with fewer casualties. The use of smoke
must be with a proper evaluation of existing atmospheric
conditions to assure that the effect will not be detrimental
to our own troops.
86
CHAPTER 4
RECONNAISSANCE
B 104. General. — a. Reconnaissance is the operation of ob-
taining information in the field by troops sent out for that
purpose. Its function is to provide information upon which
commanders may base their decisions and plans.
b. Cavalry executes reconnaisance in accordance with
the doctrines laid down in PM 100-5.
c. In order to plan and conduct operations, as well as to
guard against surprise, a commander should know as much
as possible of the theater of operations and particularly of
the enemy's capabilities. Information desired may be of the
enemy, the terrain, and the resources of the theater of oper-
ations. Information concerning the enemy may include his
location, disposition, strength, organization, capabilities,
movements, attitude, equipment, and morale. Information
concerning the terrain may include battle positions, character
of roads, streams, cover and concealment, and bivouac areas.
Information of the resources of the theater of operations may
include attitude of inhabitants, supplies of food, forage, con-
struction materials, housing facilities, utilities, and avail-
ability of transportation.
d. The essential elements of information constitute that
information of the enemy or the terrain, or of meteorological
conditions in territory held by the enemy, which a com-
mander desires in order to make a decision, conduct a ma-
neuver, avoid surprise, or enable his staff to formulate the
details of a plan. These essential elements are designated
for the purpose of focusing the attention and activities of
all collecting agencies on that information which, from the
viewpoint of the commander, is necessary at a particular
time. Until rescinded they constitute the general directive
for all information collecting agencies. They may be ex-
pressed either in the form of questions or of items of infor-
mation desired.
e. Cavalry, due to the mobility of its mechanized elements
on roads and of its horse elements on practically any type
of terrain, is particularly well-suited to perform reconnais-
87
104
CAVALRY FIELD MANUAL
sance missions using horse elements, mechanized recon-
naissance elements, or a combination of the two.
/. Cavalry horse elements are the surest means of securing
information under all conditions of weather, terrain, and
hostile activity. However, the distance it can travel in a
given time and the number of hours it can continue on the
move are directly controlled by the powers and limitations
of the horse.
(1) If preceded by a mechanized reconnaissance detach-
ment or patrol, the horse reconnaissance detachment gen-
erally moves at a uniform rate along the prescribed axis of
reconnaissance, sending out only the patrols necessary for
its own security and for reconnoitering such areas as mech-
anized reconnaissance elements cannot penetrate. When
the preceding mechanized elements have gained contact with
the enemy, have been held up, or have side-slipped hostile
resistance, horse patrols are sent out to cover thoroughly
the zone of reconnaissance or, if no zone has been designated,
the route or the locality in which the enemy was reported
to be.
(2) If not preceded by a mechanized reconnaissance de-
tachment or patrols, the cavalry reconnaissance detachment
must employ horse patrols from the start to cover the prin-
cipal routes and terrain features within its zone of reconnais-
sance. The strength of patrols sent out initially is deter-
mined by the probability of hostile contact. When patrols
from the detachment are operating on a wide front, the rate
of advance of the detachment is slower. Patrols move by
bounds. As the probability of contact with the enemy in-
creases, additional patrols are detailed and the distance
between bounds decreases.
g. Cavalry mechanized elements can cover longer dis-
tances on roads and suitable cross-country terrain and can
continue on the move for longer periods than can horse ele-
ments. For this reason, they are used for more distant recon-
naissance, both to the front and flanks, and to spare horse
elements from unnecessary marching and fatigue.
h. Mechanized reconnaissance elements not engaged on
other missions, and units which have been forced to the flanks
by the approach and development of opposing forces, execute
battle reconnaissance. They strive especially to determine
the enemy flanks and pay particular attention to the loca-
88
EMPLOYMENT OF CAVALRY
104-106
tion and movement of hostile mobile reserves and reinforce-
ments composed of horse or mechanized cavalry elements.
H 105. Missions. — Cavalry performs distant, close, and bat-
tle reconnaissance generally in acc
…[truncated]