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FM 17-20
WAR DEPARTMENT
ARMORED FORCE FIELD
MANUAL
EMPLOYMENT OF ARMORED
UNITS
RECONNAISSANCE PLATOON
AND COMPANY
May 30, 1942
FM 17-20
ARMORED FORCE FIELD
MANUAL
EMPLOYMENT OF ARMORED UNITS
RECONNAISSANCE PLATOON
AND COMPANY
UNITED STATES
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE
WASHINGTON : 1942
WAR DEPARTMENT,
Washington, May 30, 1942.
FM 17-20, Armored Force Field Manual, Employment of
Armored Units, Reconnaissance Platoon and Company, is
published for the information and guidance of all concerned.
[A. G. 062.11 (5-12-42).]
By order of the Secretary of War :
G. C. MARSHALL,
Chief of Staff.
Official :
J. A. ULIO,
Major General,
The Adjutant General.
Distribution:
D 2, 7 (5) ; D 17 (20) ; IR 2, 7 (5) ; Bn and H 17 (5) ;
IBn 2, 5-10 (3) ; C 17 (20) ; IC 2, 5-11 (5).
(For explanation of symbols see FM 21-6.)
ii
TABLE OP CONTENTS
Chapter 1. General. Paragraphs Page
Section I. General 1-11 1
II. Training 12-18 16
III. Control, liaison, reports and forms__ 19-22 24
Chapter 2. Reconnaissance platoon.
Section I. Marches 23-28 34
II. Security 29-33 44
III. Assembly 34-35 65
IV. Offensive 36-J6 78
V. Defensive 47-51 104
VI. Special operations 52-54 114
Chapter 3. Reconnaissance company.
Section I. General 55 122
II. Marches 56-58 122
III. Security 59 128
IV. Assembly 60-61 128
V. Offensive 62-63 129
VI. Defensive 64-65 129
VII. Special operations 66 129
VIII. Maintenance 67-69 132
Index 135
m
17-20
ARMORED FORCE FIELD MANUAL
EMPLOYMENT OP ARMORED UNITS
RECONNAISSANCE PLATOON AND COMPANY
CHAPTER 1
GENERAL
Paragraphs
Section I. General 1-11
II. Training 12-18
III. Control, liaison, reports and forms 1&-22
Section I
GENERAL
■ 1. Scope. — a. This manual covers the tactical employment
of the armored reconnaissance platoon and company of the
armored reconnaissance battalion and the armored regiment.
Many of the fundamentals set forth are applicable to the
reconnaissance and liaison sections and platoons of other
units in the armored division and the separate tank battalion
and group. All reconnaissance agencies should study this
manual for training and tactical methods applicable to their
unit.
b. This manual is not intended to replace FM 17-10. It is
to be used as a supplement thereto.
c. Key to illustrations:
ARMORED CAR
ASSAULT GUN
AMMUNITION CARRIER
1/4 TON TRUCK
TRUCK (OTHER THAN 1/4 TON)
o-o
MOTORCYCLE
f
t
COMPANY COMMANDER'S VEHICLE
PLATOON COMMANDER'S VEHICLE
o-
RIFLEMAN
ANTITANK GUN
MACHINE GUN
=3t
ROAD BLOCK
1
2-3
ARMORED FORCE FIELD MANUAL
■ 2. Purpose. — The purpose of this manual is to outline
training methods, observation and reconnaissance methods,
and the types of tactical action in which an armored recon-
naissance platoon and company may have to engage in order
to carry out its function of obtaining information.
■ 3. Missions. — a. The principal mission of all reconnais-
sance agencies is to obtain information required by higher
authority and get it to the interested party in time to be
useful. While it is highly desirable to obtain information
without being detected, time is the important factor. The
reconnaissance platoon and company must therefore be pre-
pared at all times to act both intelligently and aggressively.
&. The reconnaissance platoon and company may expect,
in addition to the mission of obtaining information, to be
given counterreconnaissance missions.
c. Reconnaissance platoon and company commanders must
at all times be given definite missions within the limitations
of the material available. If the mission is not clear to the
platoon or company commander, it is his duty to ask that
his mission be more clearly defined or to recommend a mission
in keeping with the capabilities of his unit.
d. The reconnaissance platoon functions as indicated
below:
(1) The platoon normally performs two general types of
reconnaissance, zone reconnaissance and area reconnaissance.
(2) Zone reconnaissance is performed in front of an ad-
vancing force and of necessity must be aggressive in order
not to delay this force. Unless adequate time is allowed
reconnaissance agencies, information cannot be gathered
in great detail. Area reconnaissance is designed to search an
area for Information of the enemy although units of the
division may not advance into or through that area.
(3) In advancing through a zone the platoon normally
operates on two roads on a frontage of between 5 and 71/2
miles. Initially, while opposed only by hostile reconnaissance,
tt follows well-defined roads and moves rapidly. Patrols
Within a zone are normally one section.
(4) Upon encountering hostile security elements, the pla-
toon moves via trails and across country. Patrols combine
at previously designated points or on radio orders for protec-
2
EMPLOYMENT OF ARMORED UNITS
3-6
tion and to concentrate fire power. Rate of advance is slowed
down.
(5) Upon approaching strong hostile concentrations dis-
mounted patrols must be used to obtain detailed information.
(6) The platoon leader with one armored reconnaissance
car section and the assault gun section will normally follow
the main route in his zone or the axis of communications
assigned by the company commander. The platoon advances
on a series of successive objectives. A general plan is an-
nounced for the entire advance but the platoon reorganizes
on each objective and makes detailed plans for its movement
to the next. These objectives may be phase lines announced
by higher commanders or they may be terrain features se-
lected by the platoon commander.
B 4. Types of Tactical Action. — Regardless of the mission
assigned, reconnaissance elements must be fully prepared
to undertake the following types of tactical action :
Marches.
Security.
Assembly.
Attack.
Pursuit.
Defense.
Delaying action.
Withdrawal.
Special operations.
■ 5. Tactical Grouping. — a. The armored reconnaissance
platoon is a small tactical team consisting of mounted scouts
capable of rapid and effective dismounted action, armored
reconnaissance cars combining fire power, mobility, and all-
around armor protection, supported by an assault gun section.
b. In accordance with the principle of tactical grouping to
meet a particular tactical situation the reconnaissance platoon
leader and company commander must be prepared to work
with engineers, infantry, tanks, artillery, and support
aviation, both observation and bombardment.
■ 6. Organization. — Table of Organization 17-37 prescribes
the organization of the armored reconnaissance company.
Figure 2 illustrates a manning table for the reconnaissance
3
6
ARMORED FORCE FIELD MANUAL
EMPLOYMENT OF ARMORED UNITS
6
RECONNAISSANCE COMPANY
COMPANY HEADQUARTERS
HEADQUARTERS SECTION
CAPTAIN
DRIVER
GUNNER
GUNNER
R
R
SGT-COMDR
DRIVER
GUNNER
GUNNER
LIEUTENANT
SERGEANT
DRIVER
BUGLER.
MACH GUNNER
MACH GUNNER
R
« o
W 3 BASICS-IMAY
BE ATCHD TO
PLAT MAI NT
CREW)
W~9
AGENT MSGR
W~9 AGENT MSGR W™# AGENT MSGR AGENT MSGR
TOTAL PERSONNEL 2"29
MAINTENANCE SECTION
*WW m W
TOTAL PERSONNEL
LIEUTENANT
TECH SGT
DRIVER
GUNNER
MACH GUNNER
SERGEANT
CORPORAL
DRIVER.
MECHANIC
MECHANIC
— ^ BASIC
W BASIC
MESS SEC
SUPPLY SEC
STF SGT
I COOK
(COOK
COOK'S HELPER
CHAUFFEUR
COOK
I COOK
(COOK'S HELPER
COOK'S HELPER
TOTAL PERSONNEL D'20
ADMINISTRATION
SECTION
1ST SGT
CPL-CL£RK
DRIVER
GRAND TOTAL 3"67
Figure 2. — Manning table, reconnaissance company.
5
ARMORED FORCE FIELD MANUAL
RECONNAISSANCE PLATOON
1st section, a. c.
TOTAL PERSONNEL
LIEUTENANT
DRIVER
GUNNER
MACH 6UNNER
R
R
SGT
DRIVER
GUNNER
MACH GUNNER
MACH GUNNER
R T
1-23
SCOUT SECTION
LIEUTENANT
CHAUFFEUR
R T
CPL- GUNNER
CHAUFFEUR
GUNNER-MORTAR
TOTAL PERSONNEL l-ll
ASSAULT GUN SECTION
SGT-COMOR
S^^EWE GUNNER
^■^^r m GUNNER
TOTAL PERSONNEL 0"8
2nd SECTION. A. C
STAFF SGT
DRIVER
GUNNER
MACH GUNNER
MACH GUNNER
R T
SGT
DRIVER
GUNNER
MACH GUNNER
MACH GUNNER
R T
SGT
CHAUFFEUR
R T
CPL-GUNNER
CHAUFFEUR
GUNNER-MORTAR
CPL-SQO LDR
DRIVER
AMM CARRIER
AMM CARRIER
MAINTENANCE CREW
(ATTACHED FROM CO MAINT SECTION)
MECHANIC
* ^ CHAUFFEUR
PERSONNEL 0"2
GRAND TOTAL
2-44
Figure 3. — Manning table, reconnaissance platoon.
6
EMPLOYMENT OF ARMORED UNITS
6-9
company. Figure 3 illustrates a manning table for the
reconnaissance platoon. These manning tables are intended
to serve as a guide. Company commanders are authorized
to modify these tables to meet particular conditions.
■ 7. Equipment. — a. Figure 4 illustrates the scout section.
Figure 5 illustrates two types of armored reconnaissance cars.
Figure 6 illustrates the assault gun section. FM 17-25, Em-
ployment of Armored Units, the Assault Gun Platoon and
Section (when published), details the tactical employment of
that weapon.
b. The type of armored reconnaissance car to be issued has
not yet been determined. One of the types shown in figure 5,
with only minor modifications, will probably be adopted.
■ 8. Radio Nets. — The radio net shown in figure 7 is that
which will normally be employed by the reconnaissance pla-
toon and company. These nets may be varied, within the
limitations imposed by division signal operations instructions
and available crystals to meet particular situations. Normal
radio ranges are shown in figure 8.
■ 9. Codes and Ciphers. — a. The use of codes and ciphers is
prescribed by the division SOI in conformity with policies
announced by higher authority. In general these instruc-
tions state that division field codes and cipher devices will
not be taken into combat. The reconnaissance platoon and
company habitually operate in the presence of hostile forces
and are constantly exposed to the likelihood of combat, am-
bush, and capture.
b. In view of the foregoing, standard division field codes
and cipher devices will not be carried forward of the recon-
naissance battalion headquarters. The reconnaissance com-
pany of the reconnaissance battalion and of the armored
regiment will rely on simple brevity codes, map coordinate
codes, and such other codes as the situation may warrant.
c. It is a command decision when to use a previously ar-
ranged code and when to send a message in the clear. As
a general guide the following principle should govern the
decision of the commander concerned. Always go on the
assumption that enemy intelligence agents are listening and
can understand your clear text. With that in mind estimate
7
ARMORED FORCE FIELD MANUAL
9
10
EMPLOYMENT OF ARMORED UNITS
9
PLAT LOR
506- 528
Figure 7. — Radio net, reconnaissance company.
11
9
ARMORED FORCE FIELD MANUAL
-^■^w TO CO COMDR
DIRECTION
OF MISSION
Figure 8. — Usable radio ranges.
12
Figuke 9. — Operators' identification code. Any number of squares
can be prepared. Each square is given a code name, as "dog,"
"cat," etc. Before sending a message the operators identify each
other by designating the square to be used, unless it has been
previously announced. The operator sending the message would
say "dog, OS" using any two letters on the diagonal upper left
to lower right. The receiving operator answers "RN" giving the
letters of the opposite diagonal.
13
9-11
ARMORED FORCE FIELD MANUAL
whether or not the information will enable him to take
action against your own forces. Example: A message by
radio saying "The bridge at Annins will carry medium tanks"
should not be sent in the clear, for while the enemy probably
knows the load limit of that bridge, the message coupled with
others might indicate that our forces planned to advance
over that route. However, if by prearrangement the message
said "Bridge safe," signed Patrol No. 1, the enemy would gain
no useful information unless by directional intercept the
patrol at the bridge was located and identified. Such a
condition is unlikely in mobile warfare.
d. The possibility that enemy stations will come into a
net and send false or misleading messages is always a con-
tingency. It is necessary therefore that persons using the
radio use the operators' identification code (fig. 9.)
e. Wherever possible communication should be by voice
between the commanders concerned, not enlisted radio opera-
tors. Officers who have trained together will recognize one
another's voices. This eliminates to some extent the possi-
bility of hostile stations entering the net.
/. Reconnaissance personnel must be especially careful not
to carry into action any codes, papers, letters, maps, orders,
etc., except those absolutely necessary. They must be pre-
pared at all times to take prompt and effective measures to
destroy such papers or documents as they may have.
■ 10. Analysis of Reconnaissance Frontages and Distances. —
Time, distance, and means of communication impose definite
limits on the frontages and distances over which reconnais-
sance units can operate successfully. Assignment of missions
must conform to these limitations. A reconnaissance platoon
should habitually operate by sections or groups of at least
two vehicles. A single vehicle is too vulnerable to ambush to
operate alone successfully. This means that a platoon can
cover only two roads, if the area between these roads must
be thoroughly reconnoitered for hostile troops.
■ 11. Use of Illustrations. — The illustrations in this manual
are designed to simplify and speed training. They may be
used as the basis for sand table lay-outs. Pictures, to achieve
their full value, must the studied. See Training Films 7-265
and 7-266.
14
EMPLOYMENT OF ARMORED UNITS
11
12-14
ARMORED FORCE FIELD MANUAL
Section II
TRAINING
■ 12. General. — a. To be classed as a competent reconnais-
sance man, each individual must undergo a long period of
intense training. The subjects in which each individual in
a reconnaissance platoon and company must be trained are
more varied than in any other unit of the Armored Force.
Beyond the initial training phase individuals and units must
constantly practice all of their varied duties to maintain the
required degree of proficiency.
b. The goal to be sought in training is to make all members
of a platoon sufficiently proficient in the duties of all other
members so that they are interchangeable in any emergency.
The success of a mission may depend upon an armored recon-
naissance car driver operating the radio in the Vi-ton scout
truck.
■ 13. Subjects. — In addition to the basic duties of a sol-
dier, proficiency in operating and firing all weapons of the
platoon, proficiency in driving all vehicles of the platoon,
and proficiency in voice operation of the radio equipment of
the platoon, all men must be taught the following subjects:
a. Map and aerial photo reading. (FM 21-25.)
b. Scouting and patrolling dismounted. (FM 21-45,
21-100, and 17-10.)
c. Elementary navigation.
d. Signs, tracks, and tracking.
e. Armored, vehicle identification. (FM 30-40 and 30-42.)
/. Action with prisoners. (FM 30-15.)
g. How to observe and how to describe what has been
observed. (FM 30-10.)
■ 14. Elementary Navigation. — a. The vehicle commander,
the section leader, the platoon leader, and the company com-
mander are responsible for knowing accurately at all times
where they are. There is no excuse for becoming lost. A per-
son who is. lost is one who failed to observe where he was
going. In short, he failed to navigate. The basic elements
of navigation are:
(1) Use of odometer to register distance from known point.
16
EMPLOYMENT OF ARMORED UNITS
14-16
(2) Use of compass, watch, sun, and stars to maintain
direction.
b. While navigation is the responsibility of the commander,
one man in each car should be required to navigate and keep
a simple strip map (see sec. HI).
■ 15. How to Observe. — a. It is essential that all men be
given training in observation. While time may not be avail-
able to conduct special instruction as outlined below, the
elements of how to observe can be explained and practice
obtained concurrently with other training.
b. (1) Training in observation is intended to develop men-
tal alertness and acuteness in sight and hearing and the
ability to remember and describe accurately what has been
seen and heard.
(2) Visible objects should be studied for color, form, num-
ber, and dimensions.
(3) The characteristic sounds of marching men, animals,
carts, automobiles and trucks, tanks, airplanes, and the dis-
charges of various types and caliber of weapons should be
learned.
(4) The next step in observation training is where to look
for things. No vehicle should proceed from one observation
point to the next without first, by observing the terrain,
estimating where enemy antitank guns and other weapons
might be located and siting weapons to cover these spots.
■ 16. Signs, Tracks and Tracking. — a. Tracking animals or
human beings is one of the world's oldest pursuits. Its use
in modern warfare, as applied to tracking men or vehicles,
must not be overlooked. The basis for successful tracking
is trained ability to observe and logically deduce from a few
signs and tracks what has taken place at a particular spot.
A reconnaissance patrol may not see a hostile patrol pass
a particular point but careful observation of the ground
may reveal to the trained observer that an enemy vehicle
or vehicles passed, the direction of travel, and an estimate
of the length of time since they went by.
b. When studying identification of hostile armored vehicles
particular attention should be given to the type and width
of tracks or tires and the characteristics of the tread.
C. Training in tracking, in addition to its value in recon-
17
16-17
ARMORED FORCE FIELD MANUAL
naissance work, is also an aid in training men in the necessity
of obliterating their own tracks when concealment is essential
and is an insurance against getting lost.
■ 17. Methods of Tactical Training. — a. Efficient tactical
employment is the framework on which all the special sub-
jects listed above are hung. Ability to observe, navigate, or
track an enemy or read a map is of no value unless sound
tactical procedures are employed to reach the objective indi-
cated by the mission. Tactical procedures and formations
can be standardized and reduced to a few simple rules pro-
vided it is clearly understood that these procedures are not
rigid and inflexible, that they are guides which can be varied
by the leader to meet varied situations.
b. Tactical training must proceed logically from the ele-
mentary actions of the section (scout, reconnaissance car,
and assault gun) to the more complex in which all elements
of the platoon act as a smooth and efficient team. It is
divided into indoor training and outdoor training. The for-
mer consists of prepared tactical problems on the map or
sand table, the latter of field exercises on training courses
similar to those prepared for the tank platoon and by actual
reconnaissance missions.
c. Tactical problems played out on maps or on sand tables
are particularly useful in training vehicle and section leaders
to make rapid estimates and quick, accurate decisions. Open
discussions should be held before and after the exercise. Dur-
ing the conduct of the exercise the play should be fast and
decisive. To maintain such an action requires careful and
thorough preparation on the part of the officer conducting
this exercise.
Special Note. — Under no circumstances should the conduct of
these exercises be left to noncommissioned officers. Officers must be
required to conduct these exercises.
d. Wherever practical the field exercises should be played
one or more times on the sand table or map before going
into the field. Field exercises, like map exercises, require
thorough preparation. It is not sufficient for a company
commander to direct one of his platoons to conduct a recon-
naissance problem along highway X between towns Y and Z.
The platoon must be given a specific mission. Included in the
18
EMPLOYMENT OF ARMORED UNITS
17-18
instructions should be a list of the points to be taught in
the exercise.
e. Ten commandments -for the reconnaissance leader:
(1) Keep your mission constantly in mind.
(2) Calculate the "time-space" factor of your mission;
know how much time you have left to accomplish that mission.
(3) Remember that a mission is accomplished only when
the required information has reached the proper headquarters
in time to be of value.
(4) Study all available maps and aerial photos of the area
in which you are to operate.
(5) Keep your mission constantly in mind.
(6) Memorize salient terrain features shown on your maps
or aerial photos.
(7) Maintain your schedule.
(8) Know when to take a chance by quickly evaluating the
consequences.
(9) See without being seen.
(10) Keep your mission constantly in mind.
f. Before beginning mission know —
(1) Where am I going?
(2) What route will I designate?
(3) What formation will I use initially?
(4) What friendly troops should I contact prior to or
during my departure?
(5) What shall I do upon arrival at the principal objective?
g. While on mission ask yourself —
(1) Am I sticking to my mission?
(2) Am I reporting the "what-where-when" of any hostile
troops observed?
(3) Am I reporting negative information and my location
when appropriate?
(4) Am I contacting adjacent friendly troops and exchang-
ing information?
(5) Am I sticking to my mission?
■ 18. Training Dismounted Scouts. — a. Excellent training
can be provided dismounted scouts by laying out a simple
course as illustrated in figures 11 to 14. No elaborate or
expensive equipment is needed. The length of the course is
not fixed and can be readily fitted to available terrain.
19
20
EMPLOYMENT OF ARMORED UNITS
18
21
18
ARMORED FORCE FIELD MANUAL
23
18-19
ARMORED FORCE FIELD MANUAL
b. (1) First phase. — The purpose of this phase is to teach
scouts how to advance taking advantage of cover. Several
scouts can move at one time; the remainder take position at
A and try to detect their advance.
(2) Second phase. — The purpose of this phase is to teach
scouts how and what to observe. After the scout has reached
point A the terrain between A and B comes into his view.
He should be permitted to observe for a limited time (5
minutes) and then called upon to state in detail what he
saw in order of its importance. The terrain under observa-
tion may be a section of the camp or a well-traveled high-
way. Replicas of enemy vehicles and weapons may be placed
in partially concealed positions.
(3) Third phase. — The purpose of this phase is to teach
scouts the selection of weapons and the principles of taking
prisoners. A situation should be presented briefly and the
scout required to choose instantly the weapon he would use.
He should have the choice of pistol, carbine, submachine gun,
or grenade. Dummies can be placed and the scout required to
(1) take them alive, (2) kill them.
(4) Fourth phase. — The purpose of this phase is to develop
stamina and agility. It consists essentially of an obstacle
course including hedges, walls, ditches, barbed wire fences, in
and out trenches, etc. The scout should be required to run
this course at a rapid, steady gait, carrying full combat
equipment.
c. All phases of this course should be run both in daylight
and at night and particularly in inclement weather.
d. If terrain permits, a similar course can be laid out for
training vehicular crews, including motorcycle messengers, in
mounted scouting.
Section III
CONTROL, LIAISON, REPORTS AND FORMS
■ 19. Control. — a. Radio provides the principal means of
controlling and directing reconnaissance elements. Leaders
must not, however, place sole reliance in radio or in any
single means of control. Flag signals and arm-and-hand
signals must be learned and employed where applicable.
Motorcyclists and Vi-ton trucks may be used for messenger
service. Where a message or overlay of importance must be
24
EMPLOYMENT OF ARMORED UNITS
19-21
sent it should be sent in duplicate and if possible by different
routes.
b. It must be borne in mind that the supply of messengers
is not inexhaustible and that if the journey is a long one,
time must be allotted to rest the personnel and refuel the
vehicle.
■ 20. Liaison. — The qualifications and duties of liaison offi-
cers are fully laid down in FM 101-5, "The Staff and Combat
Orders." Officers selecting liaison officers and officers de-
tailed to this duty should be familiar with the provisions of
this manual.
■ 21. Reports and Forms. — a. General. — While it is highly
desirable from the G-2 point of view to receive information
from reconnaissance elements on standard printed forms,
such forms can seldom be maintained in combat. However,
during the training phase standard forms for rendering re-
ports are an excellent aid to training in how and what to
observe. They provide a check list so that no important
elements will be overlooked.
(1) Figures 15 and 16 illustrate a standard form for record-
ing routine information. The principal advantage of this
form is that the bulk of the information can be transmitted
by radio in an abbreviated code.
(2) Figure 17 illustrates a special form for determining
bridge information. While this form will generally be used
by the engineer reconnaissance elements, armored recon-
naissance elements should be familiar with it.
(3) Figure 18 illustrates a simplified route reconnaissance
graph.
(4) Figure 19 illustrates the simplest method. It requires
only a sheet of paper, a pencil, and the training and
intelligence to know what to put down.
b. Bridge formulas. — The following information and data
are taken from FM 5-10. All reconnaissance personnel should
be practiced in their use. The following is a brief outline
of the steps followed in inspecting a bridge:
(1) Where the bridge is in territory that has been evacuated
by the enemy, the abutments and piers should be carefully
examined for evidence of mines. This should be done first.
25
21-22
ARMORED FORCE FIELD MANUAL
(2) Examine planking to determine its general condition.
It should be smooth, for the reason that a rough surface
greatly increases the stresses in all parts of the bridge. For
modern heavy loads a simple rule-of -thumb is that the thick-
ness of the planking in inches should never be less than one
and one-half times the clear distance between the stringers
in feet. Thus, if the stringers are 2 feet apart the floor planks
should be at least 3 inches thick. This rule should not be
carried to absurd limits in either direction, and should be
modified by the statement that whenever the flooring is less
than 2y 2 inches thick it should usually be reinforced by way
planks or by a diagonal layer of flooring, regardless of the
spacing of the stringers. Splitting and rotting should be
noted as evidences of weakness.
(3) Examine stringers at supports for rot or crushing, and
throughout their length for warping, twisting, splitting, or
breakage. The amount of sound stringers remaining must
be decided and figures based on this decision.
(4) Examine pile and trestle bents for rot, splitting, loose
joints, and alinement.
(5) Examine wooden abutments and footings for rotting,
settlement, and erosion, or sloughing away of the bank
beneath them.
(6) Examine masonry abutments and piers for cracks,
bulging, or sliding. The change of condition between
inspections is of great importance in this connection.
(7) If the floor consists of a paved surface on sound, prop-
erly placed buckle plates, it is safe to assume that it will
carry the heaviest military loads. If the flooring is a concrete
slab, the determination of its capacity will be difficult in
the field, but it may be roughly estimated from the capacity
of the stringers.
■ 22. Determination of Allowable Load. — The inspection
having been made, the next step is the determination of the
allowable load. As time for a detailed computation is gen-
erally not available, a rule-of-thumb for capacity is desirable.
If the flooring has been found satisfactory according to the
rule-of-thumb given in paragraph 21, or can be made satis-
factory by the addition of way planks or doubled planking,
the arrangement and strength of stringers is next investi-
26
EMPLOYMENT OF ARMORED UNITS
22
gated. Taking into consideration the kind of flooring apt
to be found, it is reasonably safe to assume that the load
will not be equally divided among the stringers. It is a fair
assumption that one-third of the total load upon the span
might have to be carried by any one stringer and that two-
thirds of the load, that is, two-ninths of the entire load on the
span centered in the middle of the stringer, will give an
approximately equivalent bending stress. Based upon this
hypothesis, approximately simple formulas for judging the
strength of stringers are:
W=the maximum permissible load on a single stringer in
hundreds of pounds
b=the breath of the stringer in inches
d=the depth of a rectangular stringer in inches, or the
diameter of a round timber in inches
L=the span in feet.
These formulas are based on a working stress of 1,800 pounds
per square inch. The factor of safety is about 3. If judg-
ment indicates that this working stress is excessive for the
stringers being investigated, the permissible load should be
taken as proportionately less. An approximate formula for
judging the strength of a steel I-beam is:
W=the maximum permissible load on a single I-beam in
tons
d=the over-all depth of the I-beam in inches
L=the span in feet.
Example: An existing bridge is found to have six rectangu-
lar wooden stringers 8 by 10 inches in cross section, evenly
spaced at 2 feet from center to center; span 14 feet; floor
planks 2 inches thick. What maximum load should the
bridge pass?
W= (for rectangular timber)
Ju
W= -Tfr T (for round timber)
where
where
27
22
ARMORED FORCE FIELD MANUAL
Solution: The load which any one stringer can pass is by
fix 10 X 10
the formula given above, W= ^ —57 hundred pounds.
The floor planks being thin, it is assumed that this stringer
may have to carry two-ninths of the total load on the span.
Therefore the total permissible load on the bridge is
9
-X 5,700=25,650 pounds. Extra flooring is required.
2
28
EMPLOYMENT OF ARMORED UNITS
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EMPLOYMENT OF ARMORED UNITS
22
BRIDGE RECONNAISSANCE REPORT
(Overlay designation).
(Unit)
Report No. .
Map Reference
Date
Reconnaissance Agency
1. Bridge is miles from along.
(Direction) (Nearest Town)
Highway No. at crossing of
(Name of R. R., River)
2. Bridge: , , ,
(Type) (# Spans) (Over-all length) (Road width)
Show on back Profile sketch of Bridge, showing critical members..
3. Flooring: , ,
(Type) (Thickness) (Condition)
4. Stringers: , , , ,.
(No.) (Type) (Length) (Dimensions)
(Spacing) (Condition)
5. Bents or Piers: , 1, ,
(Type) (Size) (# Posts) (Condition)
6. Abutment: , ,
(Type) (Dimensions) (Condition)
7. Height of floor: ,
(Max. over valley bed) (Max. over deep water)
8. For Truss bridges — Critical member: , ,.
(Dimensions) (Position)
(Condition)
9. Capacity: By whom determined .
10. Suitability to by-pass:
(Method) (Least Mobile (Work for
vehicle) all vehicles)
11. Stream: , , ,
(Width) (Velocity) (Depth) (Bed Material)
12. Banks: , ,
(Height) (Material) (Condition)
13. Ferry: , ,
(Type) (Capacity/Trip) (Capacity-Trips/hr.)
In event that suitable by-pass exists demolition data are useless.
If ferry or ford so designate in large letters.
Figure 17. — Bridge reconnaissance form.
31
22
ARMORED FORCE FIELD MANUAL
Route reconnaissance graph
Organization:
Route:
Sched-
ule
time
Actual
time
Road
surface
Num-
ber
lanes
Bridges
Mark-
ing
re-
quired
Remarks
Route symbols: (Column 3)
Impassable route N P
Unsafe bridge
Safe bridge
Road surface code: (Col-
umn 5)
A, Cement
B. Asphalt
C. Gravel
D. Sand
E, Good shoulders
F, Poor shoulders
Codes and Symbols
Route Terrain
1. .Rolling farm coun-
try.
2. Heavily wooded,
impassable
3. Cut
4. Fill
5. Flat, marshy
6. Flat, dry
7. Rough, impassable
Code: (Column 3)
8. Wooded, passable
9. Sandy
10. River, paralleling
(unfordable)
11. River, paralleling
(ford able)
12. Hilly
13. Defile
!
Col-
umn 1
Col-
umn 2
Col-
umn 3
Col-
umn 4
Col- Col-
umn 5 umn 6
!
Col-
umn 7
Col-
umn 8
Column 9
Figure 18. — Simplified route reconnaissance form.
32
EMPLOYMENT OF ARMORED UNITS
22
2S-25
ARMORED FORCE FIELD MANUAL
CHAPTER 2
RECONNAISSANCE PLATOON
Section I Paragraphs
Section I. Marches 23-28
II. Security 29-33
III. Assembly 34-35
IV. Offensive ^ 36-46
V. Defensive 47-51
VI. Special operations 52-54
MARCHES
■ 23. General. — a. The reconnaissance platoon will march
either administratively or tactically. The methods and tech-
nique of administrative marches are fully covered in FM
25-10, and FM 17-50 (when published) .
b. Tactical marches by a reconnaissance platoon differ
materially from those of most other units. The following
figures illustrate proper and improper methods of march
technique applicable to the reconnaissance platoon in a
tactical situation either assumed or actual.
■ 24. March Formations. — Figure 20 illustrates four forma-
tions which may be used by the armored reconnaissance
platoon. The decision as to which formation to use is based
on the mission, the type of opposition expected, and the ter-
rain. These are not the only formations but they should be
learned and practiced until they become standard. A well-
trained platoon should be able to adopt any one of these
formations immediately upon receipt of the order "Formation
B" (or C, etc.).
■ 25. Action When in Observation. — a. Information is usu-
ally gathered at a halt, movement being used only to go from
one observation point to another, or to avoid detection or
capture.
b. Before crossing terrain to a new observation point it
should be thoroughly searched from a covered position.
c. During the early stages of reconnaissance before serious
enemy opposition has been met, observation may be made
from the vehicle in chassis defilade or in cover of woods or
brush.
34
EMPLOYMENT OF ARMORED UNITS
25
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SCOUT
SECTION
.SCOUT
SECTION
ARMD C
SECTION
ARMD C
"SECTION
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0J
61
.SCOUT
SECTION
.SCOUT
SECTION
ARMD C
SECTION
.ASLT GUN
SECTION
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SECTION
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SECTION
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FORMATION- A FORMATION- B
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SCOUT
SECTION
ffl
FORMATION—
.ARMD C
SECTION
.ARMD C
SECTION
ASLT GUN
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MAINT
Figure 20. — March, formations, armored reconnaissance platoon.
35
25
ARMORED FORCE FIELD MANUAL
36
37
25
ARMORED FORCE FIELD MANUAL
38
EMPLOYMENT OF ARMORED UNITS
25
39
40
41
42
43
26-30
ARMORED FORCE FIELD MANUAL
■ 26. Advance by Bounds. — a. Approach crests cautiously, off
road, and observe terrain beyond from vehicle in cover or in
chassis defilade or dismounted. When the leading car has
completed its bound it covers the advance of the rear car.
The section leader normally rides in the rear car and directs
the leading car in each successive bound when the section
is operating alone. This places the section leader where he
can report the action in case the leading car is ambushed.
When covering the advance of the larger patrol, however, the
section leader normally leads (fig. 23) .
b. If a vehicle is fired upon by weapons close enough to
be dangerous to it, that vehicle will move to cover as rapidly
as possible. Supporting vehicle will engage these weapons
to cover movement of the attacked vehicle.
■ 27. Reconnaissance by Fire. — If previous contact has dis-
closed your presence, reconnaissance by fire may trick the
enemy into exposing a hidden weapon.
■ 28. Marching Through Defile. — Reconnoiter critical ob-
stacles or defile before committing vehicle. This is best done
by dismounted patrols.
Section' II
SECURITY
■ 29. General. — a. The reconnaissance platoon or any ele-
ment of it acting alone is responsible at all times for providing
its own local security. It must guard against hostile dis-
mounted action, mechanized action and an attack.
&. In addition to local security the reconnaissance platoon
may be called upon to act as a security detachment for other
elements. These missions include advance guard, flank or
rear guard, and march outpost.
■ 30. Local Security. — The reconnaissance platoon provides
local security at the halt and on the march by means of
mounted and dismounted (during halts only) scouts or ob-
servers placed at such distance from the vehicles as to give
warning of approaching hostile ground elements. Air sen-
tinels will be kept posted at all times on the basis of one per
vehicle. Security detachments must be provided with signal-
ing equipment if posted out of visual range (fig. 29) .
44
EMPLOYMENT OF ARMORED UNITS
ARMORED FORCE FIELD MANUAL
EMPLOYMENT OF ARMORED UNITS
30
47
48
EMPLOYMENT OF ARMORED UNITS
30
49
50
51
ARMORED FORCE FIELD MANUAL
53
30
ARMORED FORCE FIELD MANUAL
55
30
ARMORED FORCE FIELD MANUAL
56
57
58
59
60
461068° — 42-
61
62
63
64
EMPLOYMENT OF ARMORED UNITS
31-35
■ 31. Security on March. — The reconnaissance platoon
marching in the presence of the enemy (real or expected) will
observe the following points where applicable (figs. 29 to 33).
■ 32. Action on Phase Line. — When a reconnaissance pla-
toon reaches a phase line on which it is to halt, it must
immediately take up a march outpost providing all-around
local security (fig. 34).
■.33. Passing Outpost Line. — When a platoon leaves bivouac
on a reconnaissance or patrol mission, the platoon leader
must check to see that all personnel are .completely equipped
and that vehicles are prepared for combat. When the
platoon or patrol passes the outpost position the platoon
leader must identify himself, secure information of the enemy
and our own troops which the outpost may know, inform the
outpost of his probable time of return, and arrange a definite
means of identification.
Section III
ASSEMBLY
■ 34. General. — a. The assembly area for large armored
units is a position affording concealment from air observa-
tion and is usually out of hostile light artillery range. Since
reconnaissance elements will frequently be on active mis-
sions while the division is preparing for attack, this definition
is not entirely applicable.
f>. As applied to reconnaissance units the assembly area is
any position affording concealment and defilade where the
reconnaissance platoon can be resupplied with fuel and am-
munition, the vehicles serviced, and the personnel fed and
rested.
c. The assembly area for a reconnaissance platoon will
usually be beyond the range of friendly supporting weapons
and will frequently be within range of hostile artillery. It
is therefore necessary that the reconnaissance platoon leader
select the best positions available.
■ 35. Platoon in Assembly Area. — The platoon leader should
observe the following principles in disposing his vehicles in
an assembly area. In addition to those shown below the
platoon leader should take the security measures contained
in section II.
65
35
ARMORED FORCE FIELD MANUAL
® Do not shoot at hostile aircraft obviously out of range. It discloses
your position.
Figure 37.
66
EMPLOYMENT OF ARMORED UNITS
EMPLOYMENT OF ARMORED: UNITS
35
69
35
ARMORED FORCE FIELD MANUAL
EMPLOYMENT OF ARMORED UNITS
35
ARMORED FORCE FIELD MANUAL
73
35
ARMORED FORCE FIELD MANUAL
EMPLOYMENT OF ARMORED UNITS
35
35
ARMORED FORCE FIELD MANUAL
EMPLOYMENT OF ARMORED UNITS
35
© Dispose individual vehicles so that they may move out promptly
to any exit in the formation ordered.
Figure 42 — Continued.
461068' — 42 4
77
36-37
ARMORED FORCE FIELD MANUAL
Section IV
OFFENSIVE
■ 36. General. — a. The purpose of this section is to illustrate
methods of attack which may be used when necessary to
accomplish the reconnaissance or security mission assigned.
b. While information should be gathered without fighting,
it is repeated that this is seldom possible and that the recon-
naissance platoon must be prepared to attack vigorously to
accomplish its mission.
e. However, the platoon should not become involved in a
lengthy engagement with the mistaken idea that it must clear
the way for troops that follow. Inform them of the situa-
tion and continue your reconnaissance as soon as it is possible
to bypass the enemy. The troops following are organized
and equipped to deal with a strong enemy force.
d. In side-slipping hostile resistance make your detour be-
yond reach of his weapons, requiring the enemy to displace
if he is to oppose you again.
■ 37. Weapons. — a. The carbine, the pistol, and the hand
grenade are the dismounted man's personal weapons. He
should carry them whenever dismounted from his vehicle.
b. The submachine gun is a vehicular close-in defense
weapon intended to cover dead spaces that cannot be covered
by other vehicular weapons. It may remain with the vehicle
or be used in dismounted action. It is particularly effective
for close-in fighting.
c. The caliber .30 machine gun on the vehicle or in dis-
mounted action is a personnel weapon which has no effect
against armored vehicles or gun shields except at very close
range. This weapon should be used against antitank weapons
and artillery only when it can be maneuvered to fire on gun
crew from angles where they are not protected by armor.
d. The caliber .50 machine gun has limited armor-piercing
qualities at ranges under 500 yards and should not be used
beyond that range at heavily armored vehicles or equipment.
e. The 37-mm guns, turret-mounted in the armored car and
on S. P. mounts for train defense, are antitank guns effective
against armor up to 1,000 yards. This gun should be used
against armored vehicles, antitank guns, artillery, and
bunkers.
78
EMPLOYMENT OF ARMORED UNITS
37-39
/. The 60-mm mortar in the scout section is an auxiliary
weapon for use against crews of weapons holding up the
advance of the platoon. It is also a valuable defensive
weapon. Its effective range lies between 100 and 1,600 yards.
The shell has a 15-yard bursting radius.
g. The assault gun is a direct support weapon which can
be rapidly brought into action against antitank guns or artil-
lery. It is used as a base of fire covering the advance of
other elements of the platoon. Its high trajectory and com-
paratively low muzzle velocity make it less effective against
armored vehicles than a gun of similar caliber.
h. The vehicular weapons are normally fired from the
vehicle in a stationary hull-defilade position. Cars advancing
from cover to cover must be prepared to use moving fire in
an emergency.
i. The proper selection of weapons, particularly by the lead
vehicle, gives those following an indication of the type of
resistance encountered. For example, if the lead car used
its machine guns it is an indication to those in rear that
unarmored resistance has been encountered. If the 37-mm
is used, it is an indication that armored resistance has been
encountered. Such firing is not a positive identification, how-
ever, as 37-mm canister might be fired at a group of massed
enemy personnel surprised at close range.
■ 38. Ammunition. — a. The amount of ammunition carried in
each vehicle is limited and requires careful use. The 37-mm
gun should not be used against targets which can be
effectively engaged by machine guns.
b. Vehicles which are put out of action should be stripped
of their ammunition whenever this is practical.
c. The vehicle commander must know at all times the status
of the ammunition remaining and be prepared to render a
prompt report on the amount and type needed to replenish
his vehicular load.
d. The platoon leader must make frequent checks of the
status of ammunition and make redistribution where
necessary.
■ 39. Attack to Secure Information. — To secure positive
information of strength, condition, and identification, it may
79
39-42
ARMORED FORCE FIELD MANUAL
be necessary to send dismounted scouts into an enemy
bivouac. To cover their approach and action, launch a feint
attack with armored cars supported by the assault gun
(fig. 43).
■ 40. Attack of Defended Road Block. — a. Enemy road
blocks will generally be located in defiles and at stream
crossings which cannot readily be side-slipped by the recon-
naissance platoon. To continue on its assigned mission, the
platoon will have to knock out hostile forces assigned to
defend the road block. Figures 44 to 51 illustrate the
procedure to be observed. The leader must carefully estimate
the situation and formulate a plan of action and then strike
vigorously with all the fire power at his command. Do not
rush in blindly.
b. If the hostile road block can be side-slipped, the platoon
leader should report its exact location. It is preferable if
practical to leave a scout section (2 vehicles) in observation
to watch for changes in the enemy disposition and to notify
friendly troops of the existence of the road block, and whether
or not it is defended.
■ 41. Action With Enemy Patrol. — The action to be taken
when encountering a hostile mechanized patrol depends upon
the mission assigned. Figures 52 and 53 illustrate the prin-
ciples to be observed.
B 42. Passage of Lines. — When the reconnaissance platoon is
stopped by a strong enemy position and the division or com-
bat command commander orders an attack the platoon leader
will act as follows:
a. Send his scout or liaison sergeant back to meet the as-
sault echelon commander. He should be prepared to give full
information of located enemy installations, disposition of his
own vehicles, character of the terrain, and best routes of
advance.
b. Place his armored cars so that they will cause the mini-
mum of interference to the attacking unit.
c. Place his assault gun where it can assist, by fire, the
advance of the assault echelon.
d. Reconnoiter routes to the flank so that he can withdraw
quickly when ordered.
80
EMPLOYMENT OF ARMORED UNITS
42
81
82
83
ARMORED FORCE FIELD MANUAL
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
42
ARMORED FORCE FIELD MANUAL
EMPLOYMENT OF ARMORED UNITS
42
© Dispose armored cars to cover all directions. Send scout sections
well out to observe for hostile forces. Select several positions for
assault gun.
Figure 51 — Continued.
93
94
95
96
EMPLOYMENT OF ARMORED UNITS
42
ARMORED FORCE FIELD MANUAL
Figure 54— Ambushing dismounted men for identification.
98
EMPLOYMENT OF ARMORED UNITS 42
Figure 55. — Ambush to cut off enemy vehicle.
99
100
101
102
EMPLOYMENT OF ARMORED UNITS
43-46
■ 43. Ambush and Harassing Action. — o. Ambush and har-
assing action will be used by the reconnaissance platoon on
many, occasions.
(1) The principal purpose of an ambush is to destroy a
hostile patrol or to capture personnel or vehicles for identi-
fication purposes. Figures 54 to 58 illustrate some of the
methods of ambush.
(2) Harassing tactics may be employed when such a mis-
sion is specifically assigned or when the platoon is cut off
behind the enemy lines with no chance of escape.
(3) There are three things to be observed when setting an
ambush:
(a) There must be adequate cover.
(b) Select one or more routes of withdrawal.
(c) Designate a rallying point.
b. When identifications or prisoners are desired, small
hostile patrols or detachments should be ambushed. This
may be done by erecting a hasty barricade in a defile and
capturing personnel that dismounts to remove it.
■ 44. Seizing Key Point. — a. The reconnaissance platoon
may frequently be directed to advance rapidly, seize some
key point (bridge, rail junction, defile, etc.) and hold it pend-
ing the arrival of other forces. In such a situation time is
the vital element, for it is usually a race with the enemy as
to who gets there first.
b. The platoon leader must take the calculated risk of
moving at maximum speed, disregarding observation and
covering fires. He must depend on his speed and on increased
distances between vehicles to prevent excessive losses.
■ 45. Action with Enemy Patrol. — The action to be taken
when encountering a hostile mechanized patrol depends upon
the mission assigned. Figures 59 and 60 illustrate the princi-
ples to be observed.
■ 46. Pursuit . — Except for short pursuits to isolate and de-
stroy small hostile patrols the armored reconnaissance platoon
Will engage in pursuit only on orders from higher authority.
Once a pursuit is ordered the platoon must drive forwar/i
vigorously. This does not mean, however, that caution 'is
thrown to the winds or that the principles of security axe
103
46-50
ARMORED FORCE FIELD MANUAL
abandoned. On the contrary, while greater calculated risks
are taken all personnel must be doubly alert for hidden mines
and ambush by antitank guns.
Section V
DEFENSIVE
■ 47. General. — The armored reconnaissance platoon will
engage in defensive operations for the following purposes:
a. Counterreconnaissance. — To prevent hostile ground re-
connaissance from locating, identifying, and reporting friendly
movements.
t>. Defense. — To hold an area or position until relieved by
higher authority.
c. Delaying action. — To delay and force hostile advancing
elements to deploy, thus slowing down their rate of advance.
■ 48. Counterreconnaissance. — a. An effective counterrecon-
naissance screen must stop and either destroy or turn back
hostile ground reconnaissance forces. Stopping and turning
back is accomplished primarily by fire power delivered from
carefully selected positions. Destruction is accomplished by
fire and maneuver.
t>. A platoon engaged on a counterreconnaissance mission
is justified in launching a pursuit against a hostile patrol only
if it is backed up by other elements capable of maintaining
the effectiveness of the screen. Normally the platoon will
launch a pursuit only when ordered by higher authority.
■ 49. Defense. — The defense may be either mobile or static.
a. Mobile defense is carried out by moving from position to
position, applying the maximum available fire power to dis-
rupt and stop the hostile advance.
b. Static defense is the defense of an area or position by
means of road blocks, mine fields, and natural obstacles de-
fended by fire from the vehicles sited in level defilade positions
(figs. 59 and 60) .
■ 50. Road Blocks. — a. There is a wide variety of road blocks
'Vhich can be constructed. The type used will depend upon:
(1) Material available.
(2) Time available for construction.
104 ,
EMPLOYMENT OF ARMORED UNITS
50
105
106
107
108
EMPLOYMENT OF ARMORED UNITS
50
E OPEN FIELD
OPEN FIELD
® Do not place road blocks as illustrated.
® Place road blocks in defiles or around blind curves and site guns
to defend them.
Figure 61.
461068° — 42 5
109
110
EMPLOYMENT OF ARMORED UNITS
50
Ul
50
ARMORED FORCE FIELD MANUAL
112
EMPLOYMENT OF ARMORED UNITS
50
113
50-53
ARMORED FORCE FIELD MANUAL
b. A few of the materials that may be used for road blocks
are listed below (see PM 5-20) :
(1) Trees felled across the road.
(2) Trucks, wagons, automobiles, etc., placed sideways
across road.
(3) Concertina wire.
(4) Mines.
(5) Cables.
c. The location of road blocks is dictated by the type of
terrain and the position to be defended. Road blocks should
be located in denies and around blind curves to insure
maximum surprise. They should always be defended (fig. 61) .
■ 51. Breaking Off Action. — o. The reconnaissance platoon
commander will break off action to side-slip resistance or to
withdraw preparatory to further operations. The action
taken varies with the type of hostile force (mechanized or
dismounted) and the time of day (daylight or night) . Figures
62 and 63 illustrate the principles to be observed in breaking
off action,
b. In breaking off action at night leave scout section to
create a diversion, particularly noise, to cpver sounds of other
vehicles moving. Withdraw to a previously reconnoitered
rallying point and move platoon as a unit. Otherwise it may
be ambushed and destroyed piecemeal.
Section VI
SPECIAL OPERATIONS
■ 52. General. — Special operations are those which are ex-
ceptional or which require special equipment. Mounted
reconnaissance at night and river crossings are covered in
this section.
■ 53. Reconnaissance at Night. — a. Night reconnaissance is
a combination of mounted and dismounted action. The pa-
trol should consist of armored cars and scout cars. If the
patrol expects to return before daylight the assault gun sec-
tion should be omitted. Prior to leaving, the platoon leader
must check all vehicles to see that items of equipment are
secure and muffled against unnecessary noise. Radio dial
lights must be masked. Men who will execute the dismounted
114
EMPLOYMENT OF ARMORED UNITS
53-54
action should be provided with some means of identification,
(white arm bands are one solution) . Definite signals should
be arranged and thoroughly understood by all.
b. The patrol will proceed to its objective by bounds, mov-
ing from terrain feature to terrain feature. If the engines
are in such condition that they start quietly, they should be
stopped at each halt. If they start noisily, they should be
left running at idling speed. Dismounted scouts should move
far enough from the vehicle so that the engine noise does
not prevent listening.
c. In night reconnaissance the ears are the principal means
of learning what is going on. A scout should listen for sev-
eral minutes for unusual sounds such as coughing, snoring,
the clang of metal objects, and other sounds that disclose
the presence of men or vehicles.
■ 54. River Crossing. — a. If it is known in advance that the
mission of a reconnaissance platoon will require it to cross
an unfordable stream, an engineer squad or section equipped
with either 15-man assault boats or 6-man rubber boats
should be attached. Since the necessity for crossing un-
fordable streams cannot always be foreseen or the assault
boat equipment is not available the reconnaissance platoon
must be prepared to use other methods.
(1) When only a short distance is to be covered scouts can
swim the stream. Before resorting to swimming a search
should be made for any small boats that might be hidden
along the banks. The platoon leader should know in advance
what men can swim and how well. For short distances
men can swim with their clothes and equipment. For longer
distances or swift streams, improvised floats of shelter-halves,
boxes, or logs must be made. These can be pushed across by
the best swimmers or pulled over by a light line carried
across by the leading man.
(2) Whatever method is employed elements of the platoon
should be put in position to cover by fire the men executing
the crossing (fig. 64) .
Z>. There are several expedients which may be used to ferry
the '/4-ton trucks of the scout section across a river. They
are shown in figures 65 to 69. See also FM 5-10 and Training
Circular No. 26, War Department, 1942.
115
116
EMPLOYMENT OF ARMORED UNITS
54
54
ARMORED FORCE FIELD MANUAL
Figure 66. — Truck suspended from cable. Note use of snatch block
and tow chains. After blocks are placed over cable, the winclj
takes up the slack only sufficiently to lift vehicles off the ground.
The more slack left, the better. It avoids excess strain on the
cable .
118
119
54
ARMORED FORCE FIELD MANUAL
121
55-57
ARMORED FORCE FIELD MANUAL
CHAPTER 3
RECONNAISSANCE COMPANY
Paragraphs
Section I. General
55
56-58
59
60-61
62-63
64-65
66
67-69
JI. Marches..
III. Security _
IV. Assembly
V. Offensive
VI. Defensive
VII. Special operations
VIII. Maintenance
Section I
GENERAL
■ 55. Scope. — a. This chapter covers the tactical action of the
armored reconnaissance company. It is intended to show
how the company is employed after higher authority has
determined when and where.
t>. The armored reconnaissance company consists of a com-
pany headquarters platoon and three reconnaissance pla-
toons. The employment of the reconnaissance platoon is cov-
ered in chapter 2.
c. The company headquarters platoon consists of a com-
mand section, a communications section, a maintenance sec-
tion, an administrative and supply seetion, and a mess section.
■ 56. General. — o. The methods and technique of administra-
tive marches is covered in EM 25-10.
b. The reconnaissance company as a unit will seldom con-
duct a tactical march (real or assumed combat conditions) ,
since the platoons will normally march on a broad front.
Figure 70 illustrates the basic conditions of a reconnaissance
company on the march.
■ 57. March Formations. — Figure 72 illustrates the basic
march formations used by the reconnaissance company.
These are not the only formations which can be used.
Section II
MARCHES
122
EMPLOYMENT OF ARMORED UNITS
57
57
ARMORED FORCE FIELD MANUAL
COMBAT
COMMA NO
COMBAT
COMMAND
Figure 71. — Reconnaissance company in zone reconnaissance. One
platoon and the company command, communications, and main-
tenance sections should remain on the main axis of advance. The
mess section should march with the company maintenance section.
The administrative and supply section marches with the division
trains. The platoon maintenance crews march with the platoon.
The motorcycle messengers are distributed as follows: one to CP
combat command (or battalion in case of a company which is
part of the armored reconnaissance battalion) , one to each platoon,
one at company headquarters. In some situations one or two
can be sent to CP combat command and three kept at company
CP, none sent to platoons.
124
EMPLOYMENT OF ARMORED UNITS
57
ICDIrcn
|( C1RCN (COMD OR
15= — 'I COM SEC)
|( )| rcn
|CD[ rcn (-1 SEC)
0<7ess,
Qrcn Q r , c s n ec Qrcn
| CD| rcn (comd a com sec)
|CD| rcn (MAINT a MESS)
ICDI rcn (if ordered)
formation - b
Qrcn Omseo O
ICDI rcn (if ordered)
I CDI rcn (comd a com sec)
WITH DIV TRAINS
[CDJrCN (ADM 8 SUPPLY) | ' |
FORMATION- A
(OR ENGR, OR INF)
ICDI rcn (maint a mess)
ICDI rcn (if ordered)
formation - c
(WITH OTHER UNITS ATTACHED)
Figure 72.— Reconnaissance company march formations. In both
zone and area reconnaissance the company headquarters section
£SL.«° Ve y bounds whll e the platoons are working their
respective zones or areas.
125
57
ARMORED FORCE FIELD MANUAL
Figure 73. — Reconnaissance company relay station. Locate relay
station well off road. Leave scout or armored car section for local
security. Place double guard near road to stop motor messengers
and guide them to relay station,
126
EMPLOYMENT OF ARMORED UNITS
57
Figure 74. — Locate elements of company headquarters platoon
according to their function. Radial lines indicate sectors of
security responsibility. Mess section should be located near
areess road to permit ration and water trucks to reach them
readily at night.
127
57-61
ARMORED FORCE FIELD MANUAL
Changes may be made to meet varying conditions. Training
in the use of the basic formations must be carried to the
point that they become standard and can be taken up on the
order "Formation A."
■ 58. Radio or Messenger Relay. — Due to the distance be-
tween reconnaissance company CP and the battalion combat
command or division CP it may be necessary for the company
to establish a relay point. Figure 73 illustrates the principles
to be observed in establishing a relay station.
Section III
SECURITY
■ 59. General. — a. The reconnaissance company is respon-
sible for its own local security. The principles to be observed
are illustrated in section II, chapter 2. Figure 74 illustrates
a schematic lay-out for the reconnaissance company
headquarters platoon when the platoons are on missions.
b. In an assembly area bear in mind the fact that one or
more platoons may leave on patrol on short notice. Arrange
local security so that any element can leave without disrupting
security arrangements and necessitating extensive changes.
Section IV
ASSEMBLY
■ 60. General. — The principles to be observed in an assembly
area are illustrated in section III, chapter 2.
■ 61. Company Assembly Area. — When selecting an assembly
area for the reconnaissance company, observe the following
principles:
a. Select area with concealment and defilade.
b. Be sure there is firm footing.
c. Choose area with more than one exit.
d. Be sure area is big enough for all vehicles to have at
least 50 yards in all directions.
e. If possible, leave space for attached units.
/. Select area with natural means of defense.
128
EMPLOYMENT OF ARMORED UNITS
62-66
Section V
OFFENSIVE
■ 62. General. — The reconnaissance company will seldom
engage in offensive action as a unit. Normally the platoons
will carry out offensives to accomplish assigned missions.
The company will coordinate the action between platoons
(unless detached) and direct the action of attached units
(tank, infantry, artillery, engineers, air).
■ 63. Pursuit. — Pursuit of hostile fm'ces will generally be
ordered by higher authority. The reconnaissance platoons
execute the action. The company coordinates the action of
the platoons and attached units.
Section VI
DEFENSIVE
■ 64. General. — a. The reconnaissance company may engage
in defensive operations as a unit on orders from higher au- .
thority. These may include:
(1) Counterreconnaissance.
(2) Defense of a river line.
(3) Defense of defile.
(4) Delaying action to cover movement of other elements
of the division.
(5) Flank protection.
b. Figures 75 and 76 illustrate the principles to be observed
in defensive operations.
■ 65. Frontages and Distances. — When acting in a defensive
operation, the frontage which can be covered by a recon-
naissance company is much less than when engaged on purely
reconnaissance missions. Normally this will be" a frontage
of two platoons. One platoon should be held out as a reserve.
Section VII
SPECIAL OPERATIONS
■ 66. General. — The reconnaissance company will act in
special operations as outlined in section VI, chapter 2.
129
66
ARMORED FORCE FIELD MANUAL
Pigube 75. — Reconnaissance company on counterreconnaissance.
This formation will apply to a delaying action. The maximum
distance which a platoon can cover is limited by facilities for
observation. The platoon must be able to observe the entire
front, otherwise hostile patrols will slip through.
130
131
67-68
ARMORED FORCE FIELD MANUAL
Section VIII
MAINTENANCE
■ 67. General. — a. The maintenance of vehicles, weapons, and
radios is a function of command. While the physical duties
pertaining to maintenance are performed by the vehicular
crew and the maintenance section the responsibility for
proper maintenance cannot be delegated.
b. As a general guide maintenance will be performed by the
lowest echelon within the limitations of time, tools, spare
parts, and trained personnel. There can be no rigid lines of
maintenance in the theater of operations.
■ 68. Duties of Personnel. — a. Company commander. — The
company commander maintains general supervision over
company maintenance activities. He assigns the company
maintenance officer.
b. Company maintenance officer. — The company mainte-
nance officer supervises and directs the activities of the main-
tenance section. He supervises the periodic vehicular checks.
As directed by the company commander, he performs sched-
uled technical inspections assisted by the company foreman-
mechanic. He will also make frequent nonroutine inspec-
tions of crew maintenance, reporting the results of such to the
company commander. He assigns platoon crews to the
reconnaissance platoons.
c. Platoon leader. — He is responsible that the vehicular
crews of his platoon perform first echelon maintenance. He
is responsible that his vehicles, weapons, and radios are serv-
iced and ready for combat at all times. He is responsible
that vehicles, weapons, or radios needing repair are promptly
and properly reported.
d. Company maintenance crew. — The company mainte-
nance crew makes technical inspections, carries out pre-
ventive maintenance inspections, and checks and repairs
failures within the limits stated in paragraph 67b.
e. Platoon maintenance crew. — The platoon maintenance
crew goes with its platoon at all times. It makes such field
repairs as available facilities permit. It reports to the main-
tenance officer any vehicle beyond its ability to bring in,
giving location and estimate of repairs or material needed.
132
EMPLOYMENT OF ARMORED UNITS
68-69
When not engaged in maintenance work on its platoon
vehicles, the platoon crew will assist other crews.
/. Vehicular crew. — The vehicle commander is responsible
for the first echelon of maintenance. He assigns duties to
the members of the crew and sees that they are carried out.
They include:
(1) . Drivers' inspections.
(2) Servicing (gas, oil, water, antifreeze, air).
(3) Lubrication, except that requiring special equipment
or training.
(4) Cleaning.
(5) Securing equipment.
(6) Weapons (including turret operation) cleaning and
inspection.
(7) Radio operators' (tender) inspections.
H 69. Other Maintenance Elements. — a. The armored re-
connaissance battalion will normally have assigned to it a
maintenance section (or platoon) from the division mainte-
nance battalion. The reconnaissance company of the bat-
talion will go to this section for assistance beyond its own
facilities.
b. The reconnaissance company of the armored regiment
will normally be assigned one 10-ton wrecker from the re-
serve crew, maintenance platoon, armored maintenance com-
pany (regimental). This wrecker will be under the direction
of the company maintenance officer. For assistance beyond
its own facilities the reconnaissance company will deal with
the armored maintenance company.
133
INDEX
Paragraph Page
Advance by bounds 26 44
Ambush 43 103
Ammunition 38 79
Assembly area:
Company 60, 61 128
Definition 34 65
Platpon 35 65
Attack —
Of defended road block 40 80
To secure information 39 79
Bounds, advance by 26 44
Breaking off action 51 114
Bridges :
Allowable load 22 26
Inspection 21 25
Car, armored reconnaissance 8 7
Ciphers 9 7
Codes 9 7
Control 19 24
Counterreconnaissance 48 104
Defensive :
Breaking off action 51 114
Company 64-65 129
Counterreconnaissance 48 104
Defense 49 104
Purposes 47 104
Road blocks 50 104
Dismounted scouts 18 19
Distances, reconnaissance 10 14
Enemy patrol, action with 41,45 80,103
Equipment 7 7
Formations, march 24, 57 34, 122
Forms 21 25
Frontages, reconnaissance 10 14
Grouping, tactical 5 3
Harassing action 43 103
Illustrations 11 14
Key point, seizing 44 103
Liaison 20 25
Load, bridge 22 26
135
INDEX
Paragraph Page
Maintenance 67-69 132
Marches :
Action when in observation 25 34
Advance by bounds 26 44
Company 56-58 122
Formations 24, 56 34, 122
Radio or messenger relay 58 128
Reconnaissance by fire 27 44
Security 31 65
Through defile 28 44
Messenger relay 58 128
Messengers 19 24
Missions 3 2
Navigation, elementary 14 16
Night reconnaissance 53 114
Observation :
Action when in 25 34
Training 15 17
Offensive:
Action with enemy patrol 40, 45 80, 103
Ambush and harassing action 43 103
Ammunition 38 79
Attack —
Of defended road block 40 80
To secure information 39 79
Company 62, 63 129
Passage of lines 42 80
Pursuit 46 103
Seizing key point 44 103
Weapons 37 78
When necessary 36 78
Organization 6 3
Outpost line, passing 33 65
Passage of lines 42 80
Phase line, action on 32 65
Pursuit 46 103
Radio —
As means of control 19 24
Nets 8 7
Relay 58 128
Relay station 58 128
Reports 21 25
River crossing 54 115
Road blocks 50 104
Security:
Company 1 59 128
Local 30 44
March 31 65
Outpost line 33 65
Phase line 32 65
136
INDEX
Special operations: Paragraph Page
Company 66 129
Definition 52 114
Night reconnaissance 53 114
River crossing 54 115
Subjects, training 13 16
Tactical —
Action, types 4 3
Grouping 5 3
Training, methods 17 18
Tracking, training 16 17
Training:
Dismounted scouts 18 19
Navigation, elementary 14 16
Observation 15 17
Purpose 12 16
Subjects 13 16
Tactical, methods 17 18
Tracking 16 17
Weapons, offensive 37 78
o
137