Document text
FIELD ARTILLERY
FIELD MANUAL
FM 6-5
ORGANIZATION AND DRILL
Prepared under direction of the
Chief of Field Artillery
UNITED STATES
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE
WASHINGTON: 1939
For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, Washing ton, D. C.
Price, 15 cents
WAR DEPARTMENT,
Washington, October 1, 1939.
PM 6-5, Field Artillery Field Manual, Organization and
Drill, is published for the information and guidance of all
concerned.
I A. G. 062.11 (5-16^39).]
By order of the Secretary of War:
G. C. MARSHALL,
Chief of Staff.
Official :
E. S. ADAMS,
Major General ,
The Adjutant General.
<ii)
TABLE OP CONTENTS
Part One. Organization, training, and mounted
ceremonies. _ „ . ^
Chapter 1 . Organization and training. Paragraphs Pages
Section I. General 1-3 1
II. Organization 4-14 2, 7
III. Training 15-2 6 7,11
Chapter 2. Mounted ceremonies 27-30 11,20
Chapter 3. Standards and guidons 31-32 21,22
Part Two. Traction and drill.
Chapter 1. Animal traction and the driver.
Section I. General 33-35 23
II. Harnessing and unharness-
ing 36—40 23-27
HI. Adjustment and care of har-
ness and horse equipment- 41-43 28-29
IV. Preliminary mounted In-
struction 44-54 30-32
V. Management of the pair 55-60 33-34
Chapter 2. Maneuvers limbered — the bat-
tery.
Section I. Formations 68-77 37-42
H. Commands and signals 78-80 42-43
m. Maneuvers 81-110 46-52
IV. Formation in battery and re-
sumption of marching for-
mation 111-116 52-54
V, Headquarters batteries and
combat trains 117-118 54-55
Chapter 3. Motor traction and the driver — 119-120 55-56
Chapter 4. Maneuvers coupled — the battery.
Section I. General 121 57
II. Formations 123-127 57-60
III. Commands and signals 128-129 61
IV. Maneuvers 130-141 62-64
V. Formation in battery and re-
sumption of marching for-
mation „ 142-145 65
VI. Headquarters batteries and
combat trains 146 65
Chapter 5. Mounted formations and maneu-
vers of the battalion, regi-
ment, and brigade 147-150 65-72
Chapter 6. Dismounted drill 151-152 72
Part Three. Marches and shelter.
Chapter 1. Marches 153-165 74-81
Chapter 2. Shelter 166-179 81-88
Index _ 89—93
(III)
FM 6-5
FIELD ARTILLERY FIELD MANUAL
ORGANIZATION AND DRILL
(The matter contained herein supersedes Field Artillery Field
Manual, volume I, October 20, 1931, and TR 430-145, July 16,
1934.)
PART ONE
ORGANIZATION, TRAINING, AND MOUNTED
CEREMONIES
CHAPTER 1
ORGANIZATION AND TRAINING
Paragraphs
Section I. General 1- 3
II. Organization 4-14
III. Training 15-26
Section I
GENERAL
■ 1. Purpose and Scope. — This manual contains in con-
densed form the approved principles and doctrines for the
training and employment of Field Artillery. Field Service
Regulations, Field Manuals, Technical Regulations, and
Training Manuals cover subjects referred to but not treated
in detail,
■ 2. Mission of the Field Artillery. — The mission of the
Field Artillery is to assist the other arms, especially the
Infantry and the Cavalry, in combat by fire power.
■ 3. Relation to Other Arms. — Success in battle depends
largely upon mutual support between the artillery and the
Infantry or other associated arm. Accordingly, there must
be a mutual understanding between the artillery and the
supported arm regarding each other's methods of action,
powers, and limitations, as well as sure and rapid means of
communication not only within the artillery itself but be-
tween the artillery and the supported arm.
1
4-6
ORGANIZATION AND DRILL
Section II
ORGANIZATION
■ 4. General. — For command and administrative purposes,
the Field Artillery is organized into batteries, battalions,
regiments, and brigades, and for ammunition supply pur-
poses into battalion combat trains and ammunition trains.
The details of organization are prescribed in Tables of Organi-
zation. Each table also shows for purposes of information
the principal items of equipment for the unit to which it
pertains. Detailed allowances of equipment are prescribed
by Tables of Basic Allowances.
■ 5. Classification. — Field Artillery is classified as follows:
a. Based on tactical employment. — (1) Division artillery,
corps artillery, army artillery, and GHQ Reserve artillery.
(2) The terms “army artillery” and “corps artillery” do
not include the organic artillery (artillery shown as part of
a unit by Tables of Organization) of subordinate units. To
refer to all the artillery in an army or in a corps, the expres-
sion “artillery with the Army,” or “artillery with
the Corps” is used.
b. Based on weight or caliber. — Light artillery, medium
artillery, and heavy artillery. Light artillery includes the
105-mm howitzer and all guns and howitzers of smaller cal-
iber; medium artillery, the 155-mm howitzer; heavy artillery,
the 155-mm gun and all guns and howitzers of larger caliber.
c. Based on means of transportation. — Horse-drawn artil-
lery, horse artillery, pack artillery, and motorized artillery.
Motorized artillery is subdivided into truck-drawn and trac-
tor-drawn artillery.
d. Based on type of armament. — Units may also be classi-
fied as gun and howitzer units, depending upon the type of
armament.
■ 6. Division Artillery. — The organic artillery of divisions
is given in Tables of Organization. From a tactical point of
view, all artillery placed under the command of a division
commander, including the organic artillery of the division, is
considered division artillery.
2
ORGANIZATION AND DRILL
7-10
■ 7. Corps Artillery. — The organic artillery of the corps is
given in Tables of Organization. Prom a tactical point of
view, all artillery placed under the command of a corps com-
mander and not reallotted by him to the several divisions is
considered corps artillery.
■ 8. Army Artillery. — The organic artillery of the army is
given in Tables of Organization. From a tactical point of
view, all artillery placed under command of an army com-
mander and not reallotted by him to the several corps is con-
sidered army artillery.
■ 9. GHQ Reserve Artillery. — The GHQ Reserve artillery
includes all artillery which comes under the commander of
the field forces and which is not an organic part of divisions,
corps, and armies. It is a pool consisting of a number of
brigade headquarters and separate regiments, each to be
allotted at the discretion of the commander in chief in
accordance with the requirements of the contemplated
operations.
■ 10. Batteries. — Batteries, the smallest administrative units
in the Field Artillery, are also tactical units. They are desig-
nated, depending on their special functions, as headquarters
batteries, gun or howitzer batteries, ammunition batteries,
and observation (sound-and-flash) batteries. Considered ad-
ministratively, battalion combat trains are analogous to
batteries.
a. Headquarters and headquarters batteries . — A headquar-
ters and headquarters battery is assigned organically to each
brigade, regiment, and battalion of Field Artillery. Differing
in detail as to organization, depending on the functions of
the unit to which assigned, a headquarters and headquarters
battery is organized for purposes of command, intelligence,
reconnaissance, observation, signal communication, liaison,
fire direction, survey, and supervision of supply,
b. Gun and howitzer batteries, — (1) Gun and howitzer
batteries are organized primarily for the delivery of fire.
(See chart below.) Each is equipped with pieces of like type
and caliber and has personnel and equipment necessary for
transport, signal communication, and the delivery of fire.
Gun and howitzer batteries normally operate as part of a
3
10
ORGANIZATION ANT) DRILL
battalion. The principal subdivisions of the battery are as
follows:
(a) Battery headquarters . — This consists primarily of the
battery detail. It also includes the first sergeant and the
battery clerk, who assist the battery commander in matters
relating to administration.
(b) Firing battery . — This element of a battery is charged
with executing the fire missions. It is organized into four
gun or howitzer sections and, in certain types of batteries, an
ammunition section. In general, a gun or howitzer section
consists of the piece; the personnel who serve it; and the
means of transportation for the piece, personnel, and a certain
amount of ammunition. The ammunition section consists of
caissons or trucks for ammunition transport and the necessary
operating personnel.
(c> Maintenance section . — This section is organized to
assist the battery commander in maintenance and supply.
In gun and howitzer batteries, it consists of the kitchen and
the supply and maintenance vehicles all manned and
equipped. Included in the personnel of this section are the
supply sergeant, stable or motor sergeant, mess sergeant,
mechanics, and cooks.
(2) In time of peace and when the exigencies of campaign
permit, a battery commander may prescribe a functional
organization for his battery for the better instruction of his
officers and the more efficient supervision of the administra-
tive elements of his command. In this case, duties are
assigned to his lieutenants so that each will be in charge of a
department as shown in the chart on page 6.
c. Ammunition batteries . — An ammunition battery is or-
ganically a part of an ammunition train organized for the
transport and service of ammunition. Ammunition bat-
teries are organized and assigned as indicated in Tables
of Organization.
d. Battalion combat trains . — Organically part of a bat-
talion, a battalion combat train is organized to furnish a
mobile reserve of ammunition for the batteries and a means
of transporting ammunition to the batteries. The principal
subdivisions of a battalion combat train are train headquar-
ters, ammunition sections, and a maintenance section.
4
ORGANIZATION OF A BATTERY FOR COMBAT
ORGANIZATION OF A BATTERY FOR ADMINISTRATION AND TRAINING
ORGANIZATION and drill
10-15
e. Observation (sound-and- flash) batteries. — Organized
into platoons and sections as indicated in Tables of Organi-
zation, an observation battery conducts sound -ranging, flash -
ranging, and high burst-ranging operations.
■ 11. Battalions. — a. Gun or howitzer battalions. — The bat-
talion is primarily a tactical unit. It consists of a head-
quarters and headquarters battery; a battalion combat train,
except in certain GHQ Reserve artillery units; and two or
more gun or howitzer batteries.
b. Obsermtion battalions. — See Tables of Organization.
■ 12. Regiments. — A regiment is both an administrative and
a tactical unit and consists of a regimental headquarters
and headquarters battery, a band, a certain number of gun
or howitzer battalions, and an attached chaplain and medical
personnel. The medical personnel is that necessary to pro-
vide for guarding the health of the command and, in mounted
units, for the treatment of sick and injured animals. The
organization of the medical detachment is such as to permit
the establishment of aid stations for each battalion and for
the regiment when necessary.
■ 13. Ammunition Trains. — Ammunition trains are organized
and assigned as indicated in Tables of Organization. The
principal subdivisions of an ammunition train are a train
headquarters and a number of ammunition batteries. Am-
munition trains are organized to provide a mobile reserve
of ammunition and the transportation and labor necessary
for the transport and handling of artillery ammunition.
■ 14. Brigades. — There are two types of organic field artil-
lery brigades — the division artillery brigade and the corps
artillery brigade. Detailed organization of these brigades is
given in Tables of Organization. The GHQ Reserve artillery
contains a number of separate brigade headquarters and
headquarters batteries, available, when necessary, for com-
mand purposes with reinforcing artillery.
Section HI
TRAINING
■ 15. Principles. — All training will be in accordance with the
doctrines and principles promulgated by the War Department.
7
16-19
ORGANIZATION AND DRILL
■ 16. Object. — The object of training in the Field Artillery
is to confirm its personnel in the performance of habitual
duties so that it may meet effectively the exacting demands of
battle.
■ 17. Basic Training. — Thorough training of the individual
soldier is the basis of efficiency. Precision and attention to
detail are essential in this instruction in order that the soldier
may acquire those habits of implicit obedience and accurate
performance of his individual duties which are indispensable
for unit efficiency.
■ 18. Sequence. — Training will be progressive. It will start
with the basic (recruit) training of the individual soldier and
will proceed through the successive units of command, begin-
ning with the squad or team and culminating in combined
maneuvers. This procedure does not preclude the concurrent
training of higher and lower units.
■ 19. Basic Elements. — The basic elements of field artillery
training are firing, mobility, and signal communication. They
are of equal importance and must be stressed equally in
training.
a. Firing. — The basis of efficiency in firing is fire discipline.
It is attained by thorough training of the individual soldier,
and maintained by short, frequent, brisk drills in which preci-
sion is stressed. Officers, after they have been perfected in
the theory of artillery firing, will be trained in its practical
application to the technique of conducting the fire of a bat-
tery; then will be given practice in applying the technical
and tactical considerations involved in directing the fire of
two or more batteries.
b. Mobility. — Efficiency in mobility implies that a field
artillery unit will be able to initiate and terminate a march
at the times designated with all elements constantly intact,
and upon the termination of a march will be in a condition
for combat or further movement. Efficiency in mobility is
dependent upon good march discipline, requires a thorough
knowledge of the means of transportation, and is developed
by frequent drills and marches over varied terrain.
c. Signal communication. — Efficiency in communication is
obtained by so training the personnel selected for communi-
8
ORGANIZATION AND DRILL
19-21
cation purposes that they will be able to install rapidly,
maintain continuously, and utilize effectively all the means
of signal communication furnished the particular field ar-
tillery unit concerned. Proficiency in communication is ob-
tained by thorough training, both theoretical and practical,
of the selected individuals, and by frequent exercises over
varied terrain, involving diversified tactical situations.
■ 20. Training Orders. — Training orders are usually grouped
into two classes as follows:
a. Programs . — A training program gives the general plan
for training the command over a considerable period of time.
Training programs of all units are based on those of the
next higher unit. Commanders of separate battalions and
higher units usually issue this program in the form of a
training order; battery or similar unit commanders may
prepare a master schedule if one is not furnished by the
battalion or regimental commander. When appropriate,
there is appended to the training program a master schedule
outlining in some detail the training for the period, to-
gether with other appendixes found desirable.
5. Schedules . — Training schedules provide for daily train-
ing in accordance with the training program emanating from
the next higher commander. Training schedules include
master schedules covering all or a certain phase of training
and weekly schedules containing specific instructions for
daily and hourly training. A weekly schedule is issued by
the commander of a battery or similar unit for all training
within the unit. Normally such schedules are issued by a
higher commander only for such training as will be con-
ducted under his personal direction.
■ 21. Training Periods and Objectives. — The length of
training phases or periods will be designated in training pro-
grams. For each phase in the sequence of training provided
in the program, a training objective (the attainment of a
standard of proficiency in a certain subject by a specified
date) will be designated. In time of peace, the training
periods are subdivisions of the training year. In the event
of mobilization for weir, their length will depend on the time
available for training purposes.
S’
9
22-24
ORGANIZATION AND DRILL
■ 22. Recruit Training. — a. This phase of training may be
effected in the battery to which the recruit is assigned or pref-
erably, in a special recruit organization. The method used
will be influenced by the number and character of recruits
and the state of training of the battery. The length of the
recruit training period will depend upon the considerations
determining the training method, as well as upon climatic
conditions, availability of trained instructors and, in time of
emergency, the time available for training purposes.
b. Basic discipliTiary training embraces instruction in the
Articles of War; Army Regulations; local orders; military
discipline and customs and courtesies of the service; uniform
regulations; personal hygiene and sanitation; physical train-
ing to include swimming; mounted and dismounted instruc-
tion without arms; care of personal equipment; pitching
shelter tents; and dismounted inspections and ceremonies.
Basic technical training embraces instruction in the pistol,
dismounted, including firing; interior guard duty; prepara-
tion of equipment for marches and inspections; marching and
camping; essential nomenclature and operation of materiel
with which the soldier must work; care of animals or motors
and the equipment pertaining thereto; harnessing, riding, and
driving animals; driving and driver maintenance of motor ve-
hicles; duties of cannoneers operating individually and as
members of a gun or howitzer squad; and basic specialist in-
struction. Sequence of subjects during this phase is such as
to develop an early all-around fitness in the individual for
higher training. During this period the recruit should not
be placed on rosters for daily duties such as guard, police, or
fatigue, except in an emergency.
■ 23. Battery Training. — During this phase individuals and
groups (drivers, cannoneers, and specialists) are grounded in
the technique of their duties. In addition, instruction is given
in marching, camping, administration, supply, maintenance,
reconnaissance and occupation of position, and service prac-
tice, to the end that the battery shall become an efficient
combat unit.
■ 24. Subsequent Training Phases, — During battalion, regi-
mental, brigade, and combined training phases, the develop-
\
10
ORGANIZATION AND DRILL
24-27
ment of a complete and well -coordinated unit under all condi-
tions of service will -be sought.
■ 25. Mobilization Training. — Mobilization training is more
centralized than peacetime training. Training programs are
drawn to secure a well-rounded training of individuals from
the beginning, and if the training period should be curtailed,
to have the unit at its maximum state of efficiency, considering
the time already spent in its training. The least important
subjects are eliminated; those most essential to enable the
recruit to take his place in the team are given first priority.
Training is intensified and the amount of training per day is
increased.
■ 26. Training for Higher Command. — Personnel should be
trained to think quickly and logically and to assume responsi-
bilities unhesitatingly. Officers and noncommissioned officers
will be trained in the duties of the next higher grade in order
that replacements may be made on the field of battle without
detriment to the command.
CHAPTER 2
MOUNTED CEREMONIES
■ 27. General. — The subject of ceremonies is covered in
detail in FM 22-5. Only so much of mounted ceremonies
as is particularly applicable to field artillery units is included
in this chapter. Unless excepted herein, the rules for dis-
mounted ceremonies apply when appropriate.
a. At formations for ceremonies in which field artillery
organizations of different types take part, the organizations
are formed in order from right to left in line or from head
to rear in column, as follows: horse artillery; horse-drawn
artillery; pack artillery; truck- drawn artillery; tractor -drawn
artillery; light, medium, heavy.
b. At ceremonies, the pieces of horse-drawn artillery are In
front unless the formation is in double section.
c. Enlisted men mounted on chests fold their arms while
at the halt and the walk; at the trot and the gallop they hold
to the side rails or the straps. Those in motor vehicles fold
their arms if seated, otherwise they hold on.
11
27-28
ORGANIZATION AND DRILL
d. Horse-drawn artillery passes in review at a walk and
at faster gaits when ordered. When passing at gaits other
than the walk, no salutes are made except by the commander
of the troops when he leaves the reviewing officer.
e. Officers in motor vehicles salute with the hand.
■ 28. Reviews. — Formation for review, procedure for the
reviewing party, presentation and honors, inspection, and
march in review are as prescribed in FM 22-5, with the fol-
lowing modifications and such obvious changes as are appli-
cable to field artillery units:
a. After the command pass in review, and the band is in
position, the battalion commander of the unit next to the
band commands: 1. by the right flank, 2. MARCH. At the
command march, if the units are formed in line at normal
intervals, all units move out together, the band playing. If
units are formed in line with reduced intervals, the movement
is executed successively from the right. Without command
from the battalion commander, the column changes direction
at the points indicated so as to pass in review in column of
batteries at full distances with guide to the right. If in a bat-
talion review, the battalion commander takes his post 30 yards
in front of the band immediately after the second change of
direction. If in a regimental or brigade review, each battalion
conforms to the movements of the leading battalion, its com-
mander taking post 30 yards in front of the leading battery
commander. When closed in mass, the above distances are
Suitably reduced.
b. In horse-drawn units when sufficient space is available,
the leading battery executes by the right flank after passing
at least 100 yards beyond the reviewing officer and then
proceeds by appropriate changes in direction to the ground
originally occupied, increasing the gait as necessary to prevent
blocking batteries in rear. The other batteries execute the
same movements successively on the same ground. When
space is restricted, each battalion commander gives the
necessary orders for the changes of direction after passing
the reviewing officer.
c. For motorized and pack artillery, the review terminates
when the rear element has passed the reviewing officer. In
12
ORGANIZATION AND DRILL
28-29
horse-drawn units, when the leading battalion arrives in col-
umn on the ground originally occupied, the battalion com-
mander, if so directed, gives commands for passing in review
at an increased gait; battalions following conform. The re-
view for the combat train of a horse-drawn battalion ter-
minates when it has passed the reviewing officer. It there-
upon conducts itself as previously ordered by the battalion
commander.
d. The above is the normal method of passing in review,
but each battalion may pass In column of batteries at closed
interval, in double section column or flank column, or in any
suitable formation the reviewing officer may direct. For
truck- drawn artillery, each battalion in line of section col-
umns is an appropriate formation for passing in review. To
effect this, the initial formation of each battalion is column
of batteries in line of vehicles.
e. Each regiment may be formed in line with normal or
closed intervals, in line of masses, or in such other formation
as may be prescribed. When not formed in line with normal
intervals (the usual review formation) the review is conducted
according to the principles prescribed for the normal forma-
tion, each unit being placed in march in time to follow the
preceding one at the proper distance.
/. In field artillery brigade and regimental reviews, the
brigade (regimental) commander and staff take post 30 yards
in front of the line of regimental (battalion) commanders
when in line and 30 yards in front of the leading regimental
(battalion) commander when in column. In passing in re-
view, the brigade (regimental) commander takes post 30
yards In front of the leading regimental (battalion) com-
mander when about 100 yards from the reviewing officer.
■ 29. Inspections. — The inspections herein prescribed par-
take, in part, of the nature of ceremonies. Such inspections
do not in any sense replace the detailed inspections which
organization and other commanders should make of materiel
and equipment. If the battery commander (in horse-drawn
units) dismounts to make the inspection, the chiefs of pla-
toon and section immediately dismount and turn over their
horses.
173672°— 39 3 13
/
29
ORGANIZATION and drill
a. Gun or howitzer battery, horse-drawn (fig. 1) .—(1) The
battery being in double section line, the battery commander
commands: 1. prepare for inspection, 2. ACTION FRONT.
(a) At the second command, the first and second pla-
toons are unlimbered and prepared for firing. The instru-
ments and equipment of thei detail are displayed for inspec-
tion. The chief of the fifth section moves his section to the
rear by a left about, and after gaining sufficient distance
executes a second left about and forms the section in double
section abreast of the limbers of the piece sections. The
horsed elements and led horses of the detail form on this
same line in rear of the instruments.
(b) The chiefs of the first and second platoons take post
opposite the center of their platoons 4 yards in front of the
line of muzzles. The chief of the detail (reconnaissance
officer if present) takes post on this line opposite the center
of the detail. The chief of the fifth section takes post oppo-
site the center of the section 4 yards in front of the line of
lead drivers. The first sergeant takes post midway between
the limbers of the second and third sections 4 yards in front
of the line of lead drivers.
(c) In the detail, the vehicle drivers, the signal corporal
with the reels, and the chief of section (instrument sergeant)
remain mounted. All others form in double rank behind
the displayed instruments and equipment except three order-
lies holding the led horses and two linemen remaining with
the reels.
(2) All the carriages being in position, the battery com-
mander commands: 1. right, 2. DRESS, verifies the aline-
ment of the officers and the two ranks of carriages, com-
mands: FRONT, and posts himself, when not acting as in-
spector, opposite the center of the battery and 8 yards in
front of the line of muzzles,
(3) The guidon Is 4 yards from the right flank of the line
of limbers, abreast of the lead drivers, the buglers on the right
of the guidon. The chiefs of section cause all limber, caisson,
and tool chests to be opened for inspection and tool kits to be
displayed. Gunners’ tool kits are opened and laid out on the
trails of the pieces.
(4) When acting as inspector, the battery commander in-
spects the reconnaissance officer and chiefs of platoon from
14
ORGANIZATION AND DRILL
29
K
h
4
^ ® □
3»-#n
Note. — The maintenance section, if present, is posted to the left
of the fifth section.
right to left and then the first sergeant; he then moves to
the right flank of the limbers, where he returns saber and
inspects the guidon and buglers. Followed by a bugler, he
then moves to the right flank of the battery where, in case
15
29
ORGANIZATION AND DRILL
he desires to inspect dismounted, he dismounts and turns over
his horse. He then inspects the detail and sections in order
from right to left. The detail is inspected in the order: chief
of section, instruments and equipment, horsed elements.
Each piece section is inspected in the order: chief of section,
piece and caisson, limbers. The fifth section and the mainte-
nance section (if present) are then inspected, commencing in
each case with the chief of section. The foregoing procedure
may be varied at the discretion of the inspecting officer.
When the battery commander commences the inspection of
the right platoon, the chiefs of the other platoons give their
platoons at ease, calling them to attention as the battery
commander approaches. Each chief of platoon accompanies
the battery commander during the inspection of his platoon.
As soon as a platoon is inspected, its commander causes it to
take the march order and then gives it at ease. The platoon
commander faces his platoon while it is at ease.
(5) The inspection having been completed, the battery
commander causes the battery to limber front and rear,
mounts the cannoneers, and commands: 1 . form double sec-
tion line, 2. MARCH. The first and second platoons form
double section line, and the chiefs of the other platoons move
their platoons in double section up on the line.
(6) Should the inspector be other than the battery com-
mander, the latter, having prepared his battery for inspection
and taken his post, salutes when the inspector arrives in front
of him. The inspector returns the salute and inspects the
battery commander. The latter having been inspected returns
saber and accompanies the inspector during the inspection of
the battery.
b. Gun or howitzer battery , motorized (fig. 2). — While the
inspections herein prescribed are intended to apply primarily
to light truck-drawn artillery, the principles apply, with modi-
fications necessitated by differences in materiel and organiza-
tion, to other types of motorized artillery.
(1) The battery being in line, the personnel mounted, the
command is: PREPARE FOR INSPECTION. All personnel
dismount. The pieces are uncoupled, run 2 yards to the rear,
and prepared for action. Chiefs of section cause all chests
to be opened, hoods of vehicles to be raised, and all tools and
ORGANIZATION AND DRILL
29
accessories to be uniformly displayed. Fire-control instru-
ments and other detail equipment are uniformly displayed 2
yards in the rear of the vehicle in which they are normally
carried. The cannoneers take their posts at the pieces un-
P P □□ □□ □□
Figure 2. — Battery inspection, 75-mm gun battery, truck-drawn.
coupled,, other personnel taking posts at the vehicles dis-
mounted. Each chief of subdivision takes post in line with
the line of radiators of his subdivision 2 yards to the right of
the right wheel of the right vehicle. When not acting as
inspector, the battery commander takes post as prescribed for
the battery in line.
17
29
ORGANIZATION AND DRILL
(2) When acting as inspector, the battery commander
inspects the subdivisions of the battery in the order: battery
headquarters, firing battery, ammunition section, mainte-
nance section. The vehicles of each subdivision are inspected
in order from right to left. When the battery commander
commences his inspection of the leading subdivision, the
chiefs of other subdivisions give their men at ease, calling
them to attention as the battery commander approaches.
During the inspection of each subdivision, its chief accom-
panies the battery commander. As soon as a subdivision
is inspected, its commander causes the hoods to be closed,
the tools secured, and in the case of the firing battery the
pieces to be placed in march order, then gives the subdivision
at ease. The subdivision commander faces his subdivision
while it is at ease.
(3) The inspection having been completed, the battery
commander causes the pieces to be coupled and the personnel
to mount.
(4) Should the inspector be other than the battery com-
mander, the battery commander, having prepared his bat-
tery for inspection and taken his post, salutes when the in-
spector arrives in front of him. The inspector returns the
salute and inspects the battery commander. The latter,
having been inspected, returns saber and accompanies the
inspector during the inspection of the battery.
(5) Batteries of heavy artillery are not uncoupled and
prepared for action at formal inspections.
c. Headquarters battery, combat train . — The inspection is
conducted in general as described above for a gun or howitzer
battery. Horse-drawn headquarters batteries are formed in
double section line, headquarters instruments and equipment
being displayed 13 yards to the right of the line. Motorized
units form in line. The command action front is omitted.
d. Battalion. — Cl) The battalion being in column of bat-
teries (in double section line for horse-drawn units), on the
approach of the inspector the battalion commander com-
mands: PREPARE FOR INSPECTION.
(2) The batteries are prepared for inspection as prescribed
in a, b, and c above.
(3) The buglers join their batteries. The drum major
conducts the band, if there is one, to the rear of the column,
18
ORGANIZATION AND DRILL
29
passing by the right flank, then places it, facing to the front,
36 yards in rear of the last battery, and opens ranks.
(4) The standard moves to the front and takes post 6 yards
in rear of the center of the line of the noncommissioned
staff.
(5) The inspector inspects the battalion commander and
accompanied by the latter inspects the staff. The battalion
commander and his staff, as soon as inspected, return saber
and accompany the inspector.
(6) The inspector, commencing at the head of the column,
inspects the standard, the batteries in their order in column,
and the band. The standard may be dismissed as soon as
inspected.
(7) The battery commander of each battery not undergo-
ing inspection dismounts all personnel and brings the men
to rest. As the inspector approaches the battery, the bat-
tery commander brings it to attention and in horse-drawn
units mounts the drivers. As soon as the battery commander
has been inspected, he returns saber and accompanies the
inspector. The inspector proceeds as in battery inspection.
At its completion the battery commander limbers or couples,
forms double section line to the front in horse-drawn ar-
tillery, dismounts the battery, and brings the personnel to
rest.
(8) Upon intimation from the inspector, the battalion
commander may direct that each battery in turn be dis-
missed as soon as inspected.
(9) The band plays during the inspection.
(10) The battalion may be inspected in line, the inspec-
tion being conducted according to the same principles as
when formed in column. The battalion commander and his
staff are inspected at their posts in front of the center of
the line; the band, which remains at its post on the right,
is next inspected; then the batteries and the standard in
order from right to left.
(11) If the battalion commander is the inspector, the in-
spection is conducted according to the same principles.
e. Regimental . — Regimental inspection is conducted in a
manner similar to that prescribed for a battalion. When the
regiment is formed in column, the regimental commander
and his staff take post 30 yards in front of the band. The
19
29-30
organization and drill
regiment may be inspected in line, the inspection being con-
ducted according to the same principles as when formed in
column.
/. Personal field equipment while in ranks. — See FM 22-5.
■ 30. Escorts. — a. Escort of the standard. — The ceremony is
executed mounted by the light and medium field artillery
only, and is conducted in a manner similar to that prescribed
for dismounted ceremonies with the following modifications:
(1) The escort marches in flank column, the standard
bearers (or bearer) at the center of the column.
(2) When halted facing the entrance to the regimental
commander's office or quarters, the escort is formed in line,
the standard bearers midway between the two center sec-
tions on a line with the muzzles. The senior lieutenant, the
standard bearers, and a sergeant designated by the com-
mander of the escort dismount, their horses being held by
a bugler, and obtain the standards. They then mount and
form facing the center of the escort, the bugler returning
to his post. The battery commander commands: 1 . present,
2. SABER. The officers of the escort present saber, the regi-
mental standard, if present, and the guidon salute, the
buglers sounding To the Standard.
(3) In a motorized battery, all officers and men are dis-
mounted after the battery has been formed facing the regi-
mental commander’s office or quarters. They are mounted
after the buglers have sounded To the Standard. After the
escort has been marched back to the regiment and has been
halted in line opposite the center of the regiment, they are
again dismounted.
(4) The leaxi drivers of the escort, when halted facing
the regiment, will be 90 yards in front of the line of batteries.
b. Escort of honor . — (1) The procedure corresponds to
that prescribed for dismounted ceremonies.
(2) The escort forms in line when practicable. It marches
in an appropriate formation.
c. Funeral escort . — The conduct of funerals and the size
of funeral escorts are as prescribed in FM 22-5, with the fol-
lowing modifications applicable to Field Artillery in funeral
escorts:
20
ORGANIZATION AND DRILL
30-31
(1) When the escort, if mounted, is formed opposite the
point at which the casket is received, cannoneers remain
mounted in horse-drawn units; they dismount in truck -
drawn units.
(2) The escort marches in flank or section column.
(3) Arriving at the grave, the escort will be formed in
battery with the muzzles pointing away from the grave,
and the gun squads formed in rear of their pieces facing
the grave. During the reading of the services, dismounted
members of the escort conform to the procedure prescribed
for funerals.
(4) When it is impracticable for the carriages to approach
the grave or temporary repository, they will be left outside
the inclosure. If volleys are to be fired by the artillery, the
order in battery will be formed outside the inclosure, suffi-
cient personnel being left therewith to execute the fire.
(5) If the escort consists of artillery only, the command
will be dismounted and, except the personnel left with the
pieces and limbers, will be formed dismounted and will execute
the remainder of the ceremony as prescribed for the funeral
escort, dismounted.
CHAPTER 3
STANDARDS AND GUIDONS
■ 31. Manual of the Standard. — a. Dismounted. — See FM
22-5.
b. Mounted. — (1) Position of the standard at stand to
horse. — At stand to horse, the ferrule of the lance rests on
the ground on line with and touching the toe of the left
shoe, lance vertical, left hand at the height of the neck,
elbow and forearm closed against the lance.
(2) Position of the standard at to mount and mounted . —
At the command prepare to mount, the lance is raised
slightly from the ground while stepping back. Upon halt-
ing, the ferrule is placed on the ground about 1 foot in
front of the left forefoot of the horse. The left hand continues
to grasp the lance as well as a lock or the mane. After mount-
ing, the lance is grasped with the right hand and is then raised
over the horse's neck and over the reins and is lowered on the
right of the saddle, the ferrule being inserted in ftie stirrup
socket.
173672°— 39 4 21
31-32
organization and drill
(3) Position of the standard at the carry ( mounted ) . — The
ferrule is inserted in the stirrup socket, the right hand grasp-
ing the lance, forearm nearly horizontal (the arm through
the sling), lance vertical. Carry standard is the habitual
position of the standard when troops are mounted.
(4) Position of standards for motorized organizations . — For
ceremonies, the standards of motorized organizations, except
when dismounted, are carried in a vertical position in im-
provised fixtures attached as directed by the regimental or
separate unit commander near the right and left doors of the
cab, in such positions as not to obscure the view of the driver.
On the march, except for ceremonies, motorized organizations
carry the standards as directed by unit commanders.
(5) Positio?i of the standard at the standard salute
( mounted ) .—Mounted, the ferrule is raised from the socket
of the stirrup and the standard is lowered to the front until
the lance is horizontal and passes under the right arm close
to the armpit.
(6) Position of the standard while dismount ing.— At the
command prepare to dismount, the lance is raised from the
stirrup socket, passed over the horse's neck and over the reins,
and lowered to the ground about 1 foot in front of the left
forefoot of the horse. The lance is then grasped in the left
hand.
■ 32. Guidon. — See FM 22-5.
PART TWO
TRACTION AND DRILL
CHAPTER 1
ANIMAL TRACTION AND THE DRIVER
Paragraphs
Section I. General 33-35
II. Harnessing and unharnessing 36-40
III. Adjustment and care of harness and horse
equipment 41-43
IV. Preliminary mounted instruction 44-54
V. ♦Management of the pair 55-60
VI. Draft — 61-67
22
ORGANIZATION AND DRILL
33-37
Section I
GENERAL
■ 33. References. — a. PM 25-5 contains detailed instruc-
tions in horsemanship, remount training, and animal man-
agement, to include feeding and watering; stable manage-
ment; field management; prevention and first aid treatment
of disease; shoeing; duties of stable personnel; and trans-
portation by rail, water, and motor.
b. Training Manuals provide the details of training and
duties of saddlers and horseshoers.
■ 34. Object of Instruction. — The objective of instruction
of the driver of animal -drawn units is proficiency in har-
nessing and unharnessing; in the proper fitting, cleaning,
and care of harness; and in managing and maneuvering a
single pair and ultimately an artillery team in draft. Indi-
vidual instruction mounted (PM 25-5) should precede
instruction as an artillery driver.
■ 35. Use of Terms. — The two horses assigned to a single
driver are called a “pair”; the horse on the left side is called
the “near” horse, and the horse on the right, the “off” horse.
The driver rides the near horse. The pairs assigned to draw
a carriage are termed collectively a “team.” A team usually
consists of three pairs, designated in the order from front
to rear as “lead,” “swing,” and “wheel” pair. When a team
consists of four pairs, they are designated from front to rear
as “lead,” “lead swing,” “wheel swing,” and “wheel.” The
middle pair of a team of five pairs is called the “middle
swing” pair. The driver stands to horse on the near side
of his near horse, and when necessary to control the off
horse also holds the coupling rein, detached from the saddle,
in his right hand.
Section II
HARNESSING AND UNHARNESSING
■ 36. Nomenclature of Harness. — The nomenclature of field
artillery harness is shown In figure 3.
■ 37. Disposition of Harness in Garrison. — The harness of a
pair is arranged on two pegs and two spikes fastened to the
23
37-38
organization and drill
heelpost. On the upper peg is placed the off saddle with its
attachments over the seat; the blanket across the saddle,
folded edge next to the pommel; the collar on the blanket,
bearing surface down, neck strap and pad away from the
heelpost. On the lower peg, the near saddle and harness are
arranged as prescribed for the off harness. The neck yoke,
with martingales attached, and both bridles are hung on a
spike driven into the side of the heelpost at the height of the
upper peg. The traces are hung on a spike placed above the
upper peg. The harness sack covers all the harness on pegs.
If the harness pegs are on the left heelpost (facing the
manger), the cantles of the saddles are placed against the
heelposts; otherwise the pommels are against the heelpost.
■ 38. Disposition of Harness and Horse Equipment in the
Field. — For harnessing and unharnessing, wheel pairs are
tied to the left wheels of limbers, swing pairs to the right
wheels of Umbers, and lead pairs to the right rear wheels of
carriages. Before unharnessing, the swing driver places the
pole prop under the pole to relieve the automatic pole sup-
port of the harness weight; after harnessing, he returns the
prop to its traveling position. In unharnessing, drivers place
their saddles astride the limber pole in the order of pairs in
teams, wheel pair saddles next to the footboard, the near
saddle of each pair to the rear. Pommels of wheel saddles
are to the front, others to the rear. Wheel traces are de-
tached from the collars only and are laid back, with the
neck yoke, on the footboard. Each saddle is placed with its
attachments over it, the blanket across the saddles, and the
bridle, collar, and traces (except wheel traces) over the
blanket. The horse equipment of the chief of section, and,
in horse artillery, of the gunner and cannoneers Nos. 1 and 2,
is placed on the footboard of the piece limber; that of the
caisson corporal and mounted cannoneers Nos. 3, 4, and 5
on the footboard of the caisson body; that of higher-num-
bered mounted cannoneers on the footboard of the caisson
limber. In an ammunition section, the horse equipment of
the chief of section and of mounted cannoneers with the
first caisson is placed on the footboard of the first caisson
limber; that of the ammunition corporal and other can-
noneers of the section on the footboard of the second caisson
24
Holdup Sira
38-39
ORGANIZATION AND DRILL
limber. The horse equipment of other mounted men is dis-
posed as directed by the battery commander. The harness
and horse equipment are covered with paulins securely tied
in place.
■ 39. To Harness.— a. By detail . — The drivers standing to
heel, the instructor gives in succession the commands indi-
cated below. As each command of execution is given, the
drivers perform the duties specified and then stand to heel
awaiting the next command. After his pair is harnessed,
each driver stands to horse. 1. by detail, 2. HARNESS. Re-
move the harness sack. 3. COLLAR. Beginning with the
off horse, remove its collar from the peg; unsnap the halter
tie rope; place the collar, body up, over the horse's head
and then turn the collar over so that the neck strap, collar
pad, and body of the collar will be in place; snap the halter
tie rope to the halter. In a similar manner place the near
collar on the near horse. 4. SADDLE. Put the blanket on
the off horse and then the saddle with its attachments; let
down the cinch and cinch strap and fasten the cinch; buckle
the pad strap to the saddle; turn back the back strap and,
in the case of the wheel harness, the breeching; fasten the
crupper. Saddle the near horse in like manner. 5. TRACES.
Lay the middle of the traces of the off horse over the horse’s
back behind the saddle, toggles on opposite sides; begin-
ning with the off trace, pass the toggles through the trace
loops from the rear and attach them to the D- rings on the
collar. Attach the traces of the near horse in a similar
manner. The rear ends of the traces are left hanging over
the backs of the horses, except that, when harnessing for
drill by pair, these ends may be brought forward and fas-
tened to the toggles of the opposite traces at the D -rings
of the collars. Traces may be left off when harnessing for
drill by pair. 6. BRIDLE. Bridle the off horse; secure the
roller, and then bridle the near horse. Unless otherwise in-
structed, halters are removed before bridling. 7. COUPLE.
Turn the pair about so as to face the stable driveway and
attach the coupling rein to the off ring on the pommel of
the near saddle. 8. YOKE. The wheel driver takes down
the neck yoke and places himself between his horses, facing
in the same direction in which they are facing; he fastens
26
ORGANIZATION AND DRILL
39-40
the neck-yoke strap of the off horse, then that of the near
horse; passes the martingale of the near horse between the
forelegs and through the standing loop on, the cinch; at-
taches the hooks at the ends of the side straps to the mar-
tingale D-ring; secures the martingale of the off horse simi-
larly; then passes out in rear of the near horse.
b. Without detail . — The command is: HARNESS. At this
command the drivers harness, following the successive steps
prescribed in a above.
c. In the field . — The order of harnessing is: collar, bridle,
saddle, traces, couple, yoke.
■ 40. To Unharness. — a. By detail . — The commands are as
indicated below; each driver at the command of execution
performs the duties indicated and then stands to heel awaiting
the next command. 1. by detail, 2, UNHARNESS, 3. UN-
YOKE. At the third command, the wheel driver passes be-
tween his horses from the rear and, beginning with the near
horse, unhooks the side straps and draws the martingales
through the standing loops on the cinches; unsnaps each
neck-yoke strap and hangs the neck yoke on its spike* 4* UN-
COUPLE. Each driver uncouples. If the horses are facing
the stable driveway, they are turned to face the manger.
5. UNBRIDLE. Unbridle the near horse; halter and tie to
the manger; hang the bridle on its spike. Release the lead
rein roller and unbridle the off horse. 6. TRACES OFF.
Disengage the near trace of the near horse and lay its middle
over the saddle, toggle on the near side; disengage the off
trace and lay it beside the near trace, toggle on the off side;
place the traces on their spike. Similarly, remove and hang
up the traces of the off horse. 7. UNSADDLE. Beginning
with the near horse, unfasten the crupper and place the
attachments in the saddle; unfasten the pad strap; complete
the unsaddling and place the saddle on the lower peg; remove
the blanket and place it over the saddle. Unsaddle the off
horse in like manner. 8. COLLAR OFF. Unsnap the tie
rope and remove the collar of the near horse, then secure the
tie rope. Similarly remove the collar from the off horse. Lay
each collar across the saddle above the blanket. Cover the
harness.
27
40-42
ORGANIZATION AND DRILL
b. Without detail . — The command is*. UNHARNESS. At
this command the drivers unharness, following the steps indi-
cated in a above.
c. In the field. — The order of unharnessing is: unyoke, un-
couple, traces off, unsaddle, unbridle, collar off.
Section III
ADJUSTMENT AND CARE OP HARNESS AND HORSE
EQUIPMENT
*41. Instruction of Drivers. — Drivers must be impressed
with the importance of constant and unremitting attention
to the adjustment and fit of harness. They must be made to
appreciate that every sore and every abrasion is due to a
cause which must be removed. Injuries, whatever the cause,
must be noted at once and reported to the proper superior.
Sore shoulders and sore necks are avoidable in the Field Ar-
tillery . .Drivers, chiefs of sections, and officers are deficient
in professional ability if their animals develop such injuries .
■ 42. Adjustments. — a. Collar. — The lower edge should be
just above the point of the shoulder. The choke strap, which
may be left off the harness when so directed by the battery
commander, is adjusted so as to prevent the collar from slip-
ping up and bearing on the windpipe. The forks of the neck
strap should keep the body of the collar horizontal when in
draft.
b. Back strap . — This strap should admit the breadth of the
hand between the strap and the horse’s back, and the ring
should be at the highest part of the croup.
c. Pad strap . — This strap should be loose; its sole function
is to prevent the collar pad from falling when the horse lowers
his head.
d. Hip straps and breeching body. — The straps should per-
mit the breeching body to slope forward and downward in
prolongation of the side straps, the upper part of the body
about 3 inches below the point of the buttocks.
e. Side straps. — These straps should be shore enough to
cause the breeching body to bear quickly should the horse
be required to check the carriage, but not so short as to
impede the animal’s movements when in draft.
28
ORGANIZATION AND DRILL
42—43
/. Martingale. SThe adjusting strap of the martingale
should be of a length to hold the D-ring safe on the martingale
well through the standing loop on the cinch.
g. Neck yoke . — The neck-yoke straps should not caiTy the
weight of the pole but should be sufficiently tight to prevent
undue lateral displacement of the pole.
h. Loin straps . — These straps should be adjusted so that
in draft the traces will be straight and without downward
pull on the trace loops, the bottoms of which should be
2 inches below the traces.
i. Traces . — The rule for lead and swing pairs is to allow
about 1 yard from head to point of buttocks when in draft.
The length of the wheel traces is fixed. Care must be exer-
cised that the traces for any one horse are adjusted to the
same length.
j. Coupling rein . — This rein should be loose enough not to
interfere with the off horse when he is turning to the right
in draft, but still tight enough to check him if he starts to
swing out from the near horse.
k. Hold-up straps.— With the breast harness as issued,
the effect of placing a team in draft is to cause excessive
pressure to be transmitted to the neck of each wheel horse.
In order to transfer this pressure from the neck to the larger
bearing surface of the back, the traces should be supported
by hold-up straps fastened to the stirrup staples of the
saddles of the wheel pair. The straps should be so adjusted
that the traces in front of the hold-up straps will be in a
horizontal plane when the team is in draft.
I Bridle and saddle. — See FM 25-5.
■ 43. Cleaning and Care op Harness and Horse Equip-
ment. — a. General. — Harness and horse equipment should be
kept clean, serviceable, and in good repair; leather parts soft
and pliable; and metal parts free from rust and dirt, with
appropriate parts painted. All cleaning should be carried on
under the immediate supervision of an officer. Harness and
horse equipment should habitually be cleaned immediately
after use; ordinarily about 30 minutes should be allowed for
unharnessing and care of equipment. Bits and all leather
parts of the harness should be wiped with a damp cloth, the
bits then being dried and rubbed with an oil -moistened cloth.
173672° — 39 5
29
43-45
ORGANIZATION AND DRILL
Broken or unserviceable parts of the equipment should be
repaired or replaced.
b. Saddle blankets . — Tnese should be kept soft, clean, and
free from wrinkles. Occasionally they should be hung out
in the sun and then brushed. When necessary, blankets
should be thoroughly cleaned by repeated immersions in
tepid water and then, without wringing or pressing, hung
up to dry.
c. Periodic cleaning. — At intervals of from 1 to 2 weeks,
depending upon climatic conditions and the nature of the
service, harness should be taken apart completely, thor-
oughly overhauled, cleaned, and dressed. Appropriate metal
parts, such as trace chains, should be painted; other metal
parts, including buckles, should be cleaned; and the leather
equipment cleaned and dressed, as prescribed in chapter 3,
Basic Field Manual, volume I.
d . Cleaning by detail — Cleaning may be by detail, an of-
ficer or noncommissioned officer inspecting each article
cleaned before permitting the driver to proceed to the next-
The order of cleaning by detail is as follows: blanket, bridle,
saddle with attachments, collar with attachments, traces.
Section IV
PRELIMINARY MOUNTED INSTRUCTION
■ 44. Intervals and Distances. — The length of the horse is
assumed to be 3 yards, and of a hitched carriage with a
three -pair team, 17 yards.
a. Intervals. — Between pairs in line, 3 yards; between
teams in line, 3 yards for each pair; between hitched car-
riages, one hitched carriage length.
b. Distances. — Between pairs in column, 1 yard; between
teams in column, 2 yards; between hitched carriages, 2 yards.
■ 45. To Lead Out. — Horses being harnessed, the instructor
Indicates the order for leading out and the place for and
character of the formation, and commands: LEAD OUT; or
1. FIRST (OR such) section, 2. LEAD OUT; or 1. to your car-
riages, 2. LEAD OUT; or 1. first (or such) section, 2. to
your carriages, 3. LEAD OUT, At the command of execu-
tion, animals are led out, the drivers, when necessary, de-
30
ORGANIZATION AND DRILL
45-49
taching the coupling rein from the near saddle and holding
it in the right hand.
* 46. To Mount and Dismount. — a. At a halt. — The com-
mand is: 1. DRIVERS PREPARE TO MOUNT (DISMOUNT), 2. MOUNT
(DISMOUNT); or 1. drivers, 2. MOUNT (DISMOUNT).
Having mounted, each driver takes his whip and hangs it by
the loop from his right wrist; he then takes the lash of the
off bridle reins in his left hand, the lash coming in under
the little finger and passing out over the forefinger.
b. Marching . — Being at a walk, the command is: 1.
drivers, 2. DISMOUNT. Without checking the pace, each
driver dismounts, places the bridle reins of his horse over the
pommel and walks beside his animal without touching the
reins, unless necessary to guide or steady the pair. Ordi-
narily drivers do not mount while marching.
■ 47. Alinements. — The base unit being established in posi-
tion, the command is: 1. right (left), 2. DRESS, 3. FRONT.
At the command dress, drivers, other than the base driver
or drivers, look to the flank designated and aline themselves.
At the command front, eyes are turned to the front. The
instructor may supervise the a linemen t from either flank.
■ 48. Guides. — a . As soon as the march in line has begun, the
instructor designates one of the flank elements as guide of
the movement, thus “Guide right (left)/' Other elements
aline themselves on the guide and maintain their intervals
from that flank. Guides are responsible that the direction
and rate of march are properly maintained.
b. When marching in column of pairs, teams, or carriages,
or marching obliquely, the leading element is without indica-
tion the guide.
c. The guide of a team or carriage is the lead driver. The
guide of a section in section column is the guide of its leading
carriage; in double section, the guide of its left carriage.
■ 49. Rests. — When dismounted, the driver remains close to
his pair, either standing to horse or holding the reins of his
horse. The duties of the driver on the march during a period
of rest are given in chapter 1, part three.
31
50-54
ORGANIZATION AND DRILL
■ 50. To Hook and Unhook Traces. — Teams being in proper
order in column of pairs, at the command hook traces, each
lead and swing driver goes to the rear of his off horse by the
off side and hooks traces, beginning with the outer trace of
the off horse and ending with the outer trace of the near horse.
At the command unhook traces, the drivers indicated above
unhook traces in the reverse order of hooking traces, first
going to the rear of the near horses by their near sides. As
each trace is unhooked it is laid over the horse’s back in the
rear of the saddle.
■ 51. To Post Teams With Carriages. — The command is:
TEAMS TO YOUR CARRIAGES. When the team reaches its
proper position, the wheel driver commands: 1. team, 2. HALT,
and places his pair for hitching. If the traces have not been
hooked prior to leading out, they will be hooked before
hitching.
■ 52. To Hitch. — The command is: 1. drivers, 2. HITCH.
Each wheel driver, passing behind the near horse, places him-
self on the right of the pole between his horses and engages
the end of the pole in the pole ring of the neck yoke; he then
attaches the traces of the off horse, beginning with the near
trace; moving at a double time around the carriage, he then
fastens the traces of the near horse, beginning with the off
trace.
■ 53. To Unhitch. — The command is: 1. drivers, 2. UN-
HITCH. Each wheel driver unhitches, performing the opera-
tion in the opposite order from that indicated for hitching.
As traces are unfastened, their ends are passed over the
horses’ backs behind the saddle or secured to the breeching
body as may be directed. Having unhitched, the drivers
mount if the command for dismounting has not been given;
otherwise they stand to horse.
■ 54. To Dismiss the Drivers. — Teams being unhitched and
traces unhooked, the command is: 1. by the right (left)
(right and left) , 2. FILE OFF, or FALL OUT. At the com-
mand file off, drivers execute the movement by pairs, teams,
or sections, depending on the formation. The leading driver
(drivers) on the designated flank (flanks) initiates the move-
32
ORGANIZATION AND DRILL
54-58
mcnt. If the command is fall out, drivers lead their teams
directly to the place designated for unharnessing.
Section V
MANAGEMENT OF THE PAIR
■ 55. General. — The driver rides the near horse, which is
managed by the legs, reins, and weight; the off horse is
managed by the bridle, reins, and whip. The voice used
quietly Is a valuable aid in managing the pair.
■ 56. The Whip. — While driving, the whip is carried hang-
ing from the right wrist; at ceremonies it is carried pointing
obliquely to the left over the driver's left forearm. Before
dismounting, the whip is inserted in the near pommel ring
of the near saddle. The whip, applied by gentle taps on
the left shoulder of the off horse, should cause him to move
his forehand to the right; applied on the right shoulder,
it should cause him to move his forehand to the left; applied
on the near side slightly in rear of the place for a rider’s
leg to act, it should cause him to move his haunches to the
right; applied similarly on the off side, it should cause him
to move his haunches to the left; applied behind the saddle
on the croup near the right hip, it should cause him to move
straight to the front, remaining close to his mate. Any
uses of the whip other than the foregoing will be detrimental
to draft.
■ 57. The Voice. — This aid must be reserved for occasions
when it is needed to produce a definite effect. A low chirrup
or cluck, used in connection with the other aids, serves to
attract the horse's attention and to increase the gait- It is
effective in keeping the horse in the collar during a heavy
or difficult pull. A low, quiet ‘‘Whoa”, used in connection
with the aids, assists in decreasing the gait or halting the
horse. A gentle, reassuring tone may be used to calm a
frightened animal.
■ 58. Reins of the Off Horse. — These reins are used to
gather, steady, and halt the off horse, check his gait, and
rein him back. When necessary to apply some force on these
reins, the driver draws them toward his right thigh, using the
33
58-62
ORGANIZATION AND DRILL
right hand, but still holding the lash in the left hand. To
assist in turning an untrained horse to the right, the driver
may reach over with his right hand and apply the right rein
direct. The coupling rein may be used to turn the off horse
to the left, but it must not be used to 6heck his gait. The
driver should never use the lash of the off rein as a whip.
■ 59. Maneuvering the Pair. — Drivers are instructed in
managing and maneuvering a single pair before their train-
ing with teams hitched and in draft is begun. The near horse
is gathered as explained in FM 25-5, the off horse by a slight
pressure or slight additional pressure on the bit. When
maneuvering the pair, both horses should be gathered before
moving from a halt, before halting, and before changing gait
or direction.
■ 60. Maneuvering the Team. — Following instruction in
maneuvering the pair, teams are formed with traces un-
hooked, and the drivers are instructed in the commands and
movements pertaining to the team hitched. This instruction
Is continued with the traces hooked, to the end that the
drivers will be prepared to take up the management of their
horses in draft.
Section VI
DRAFT
■ 61. General. — The mobility of a battery depends upon its
draft efficiency. Care should be exercised in the pairing and
teaming of horses; in general, the heaviest pair of a team
should be placed in the wheel position and the tallest pair in
the lead.
■ 62. Changing Gaits. — a. In starting a carriage, all horses
of a team simultaneously should apply power to their collars.
At the preparatory command, drivers gather their horses and
stretch their traces; at the command of execution, drivers
apply the proper aids to cause each horse to step slowly into
the collar and hold there, quietly straining at his task until
the slower horses in the team overtake his motion and add
sufficient power to move the carriage. The same general
principles apply in passing to a faster gait.
34
ORGANIZATION AND DRILL
62-65
b. In stopping the carriage, drivers hold their horses out
of draft and halt with the gradual stopping of the carriage.
The wheel driver may assist in stopping the carriage by hold-
ing his horses back in the breeching. The brake, applied
carefully and gradually, should be used habitually in stopping
and in slackening the speed of the carriage.
■ 63. Backing. — Backing should be avoided if possible. The
wheel driver is responsible for backing the carriage; the other
drivers must give him complete liberty of trace.
■ 64. Turns. — In making the normal turn at a walk, the lead
driver directs his pair so that the horse on the inside of the
turn moves over the arc of a circle of which the radius is
6 yards. The horse on the outside of the turn must quicken
his movements slightly, but should be held behind the in-
side horse until the turn is completed. When moving at in-
creased gaits, the radius is increased sufficiently to permit
the horses to execute the movement with ease, and the gait
is moderated when necessary to avoid overturning the
carriages.
■ 65. To Turn in Limbering. — a. The limber is brought
squarely across the trail so that the inside wheel will pass
within about 1 foot of the lunette. When the heads of the
wheel horses are opposite the lunette, the lead driver turns
his pair as sharply as practicable away from the lunette
through 180° and moves in the new direction until he is
approximately opposite the lunette, where he turns his pair
away from the lunette through 90°. The wheel driver con-
tinues straight across the trail with his pair until the axle
is opposite the lunette. When the axle is nearly in line
with the trail, the wheel driver halts his pair. He then
turns his pair on the center of the axle as a pivot. The
swing pair conforms to the movement of the lead pair.
b. The lead driver slowly straight ens his pair in direct
prolongation of the trail, and the swing and wheel drivers
follow his movements by slowly swinging their horses toward
the same line. When the horses are straight on this line,
the turn, if properly made, should have placed the pintle of
the limber in prolongation of the trail. .The wheel driver
then backs the limber sufficiently to permit limbering.
35
65-67
ORGANIZATION AND DRILL
Throughout the movement it is essential that the traces of
the lead and swing pairs remain loose. They are stretched
the moment the limbering is completed.
■ 66. Training in Draft. — a. A horse will not pull unless he
is confirmed in the belief that when he applies his strength
the load behind him will yield. To allow repeated trials and
failures in pulling ruins the draft efficiency of a team. Dur-
ing a difficult pull, a team may be permitted to stop and
rest. When the signal to move again is given, sufficient
cannoneers should assist at the carriage to insure starting
it. During a heavy pull, horses should be allowed full free-
dom of rein. At times it will be advantageous to mount
cannoneers on the off horses, as horses can exert a greater
power of traction when ridden. Teams should not be per-
mitted to rush a hill or other difficult pull. A steady, uni-
form walk is the best gait.
b . Cannoneers should be instructed and practiced in assist-
ing the horses by working on the wheels and on drag-ropes
attached to the carriage. For ordinary pulls, a rope may be
attached around the trail of the carriage. For short, hard
pulls, it may be attached around the felloe near the ground
and passed over the tire of the wheel. A stalled carriage may
often be started by turning the pole to one side as far as it
will go and then straightening and moving the team in that
direction.
c. To avoid whip of the pole, carriages should be driven
squarely across sunken roads, ruts, narrow ditches, etc.; when
necessary, the brake is applied so that the traces are kept
taut and the horses kept in draft continuously.
■ 67. Gaits. — The average rates of speed of the authorized
gaits are as follows: the walk, 4 miles per hour; the trot, 8
miles per hour; the gallop, 12 miles per hour. In marches on
metaled roads, the trot used should not be in excess of 6
miles per hour.
36
ORGANIZATION AND DRILL
68-71
CHAPTER 2
MANEUVERS LIMBERED— THE BATTERY
Paragraphs
Section I. Formations 68- 77
II. Commands and signals 78- 80
III. Maneuvers 81-110
IV. Formation in battery and resumption of
marching formation 111-116
V. Headquarters batteries and combat
trains 117-118
Section I
FORMATIONS
■ 68. General. — The leading: caisson of an ammunition sec-
tion in the normal order in park is called the first caisson,
the other the second caisson. Movements prescribed for the
piece and caisson of a gun section apply with obvious modifi-
cations to the first and second caissons, respectively, of an
ammunition section.
■ 69. Battery Detail. — The battery detail corresponds to a
platoon of two sections.
■ 70. Formations of the Section. — The section is said to be
in — •
a. Section column when one carriage is in rear of the other
with 2 yards' distance from the heads of the lead horses of
the second carriage to the rear of the first carriage.
b. Double section when the two carriages are abreast with
2 yards' interval between adjacent wheels.
c. Flank column when the two carriages are abreast with
17 yards’ interval between adjacent wheels.
■ 71. Formations of the Battery, Limbered: — a. Order in
line . — The battery is formed as indicated in figure 4. The
sections may be formed in the reverse order. Each section
is in section column, pieces being either in front or in rear of
their caissons.
b. Order in double section line, — Similar to the order in
line, except that each section is formed in double section.
The caissons are all on the same flank of their pieces.
173672
37
71-72
ORGANIZATION AND DRILL
c. Order in section column. — The sections, each in section
column, follow each other in the order, or reverse order, of
their positions in the order in line. Pieces are either in front
or in rear of their caissons.
d. Order in double section column. — Similar to the order
in section column, except that sections are in double section.
The caissons are all on the same flank of their pieces.
e. Order in flank column. — The sections, each in flank
column, follow each other in the order, or reverse order, of
their positions in the order in line. The caissons are all on
the same flank of their pieces.
Legend
6 BC cP Guidon «r Piece
6 Lieut E Bugler C Caisson
8 i&t Ind Individually R ery reel
KJ Sgt mounted men RC Reel and cart
0 Corp WM Mountain wagon Trk Truck
® Priver
Distances and intervals* are in yards.
Figure 4. — Order in line, 75-mm gun battery, horse-drawn.
Note. — The maintenance section, if present, is posted to the
left of the fifth section.
■ 72. Order in Battery. — The pieces and caissons of the gun
sections, placed for action, are in line in the order, or the
reverse order, of their permanent numbers from right to left;
the caissons of the fifth section, unlimbered, are placed one
on each flank of this line, or are otherwise disposed as directed
by the battery commander; the limbers are disposed as
explained in paragraph 112,
38
ORGANIZATION AND DRILL
73-76
■ 73. Intervals and Distances. — a. Intervals . — The interval
between adjacent wheels of hitched carriages in line is 17
yards; in double section line the interval between adjacent
wheels of adjoining sections is 13 yards.
b. Distances. — (1) The distance between hitched carriages
in column, from the rear of one carriage to the heads of the
lead horses of the carriage which follows, is 2 yards.
(2) In column or in line, the distance between a carriage
and a mounted gun squad is 2 yards. In double section or
in flank column, the distance between caissons is such as to
permit each caisson to march abreast of its piece. In line,
the distance between caissons of the ammunition section is
such that the caissons are abreast of the pieces and caissons
of the gun sections. In battery, when the limbers are posted
in rear of their carriages, the distance from the heads of the
lead horses to the rear of the caissons in the line of pieces
is 25 yards.
■ 74. Posts of Individuals. — a. The posts of individuals for
drill purposes are shown in the table below.
b. Cannoneers take posts as prescribed in the FM 6^series
for the Service of the Piece. In horse batteries, with the
carriages limbered, gun squads when not specifically directed
otherwise are in rear of their caissons, dressed toward the
side of the guide; in section column they dress to the right;
in flank column, double section column, and double section
line they form on the outer flank of the caisson, the front
rank alined on the axle of the limber. Led horses of the
cannoneers of horse batteries are posted 2 yards in rear of
the caisson limber.
c. Officers and noncommissioned officers leave their posts
when necessary for better performance of their duties.
■ 75. Disposition in Park. — Carriages are arranged in the
order in line, pieces in front, in normal order of sections from
right to left, at intervals as directed by the battery commander.
■ 76. To Form the Battery in Park. — a. (1) The battery
being formed dismounted, the first sergeant forms the chiefs
of section, drivers’ squads, and battery detail into a group.
This group is marched by the senior chief of section to the
horses. Upon arriving at the position of the horses, the chief
39
Posts of individuals, horse-drawn batteries
76
ORGANIZATION AND DRILL
a £ § 'A
3 i © w © •*£ © ,
gg S'SS’Ss:
> ’3^g'"§:
35 S-.-ali
2 2 . O * a*
5 1 II last!
ail £!££§]
O
e£
jc « J2 O
^ ©T3 o
E? W .S 0<
fe-j
-2°S S
5|a P -
o “C ,2 .2
©T3 ^
«
40
Guidon Abreast of tbe guide of the battery, and 2 yards to itis left Before leaving park, 4 yards from the right flank of
the battery alined on tho lead drivers.
Buglers Boot to boot with each other, 2 yards in Tear of the captain.
ORGANIZATION AND DRILL
76
of section in charge halts the detachment and commands:
HARNESS. The drivers fall out and harness, and individually
mounted men saddle; the horses of chiefs of section are
saddled by men detailed for that purpose.
(2) The drivers having been marched off, the gun squads
are formed into a group by the first sergeant and marched
to the gun park by the senior gunner. Upon arriving at the
park, the squads are posted with their carriages if the latter
are not in the gun shed, otherwise the detachment is halted
and the detachment commander commands: FORM PARK.
At this command, the cannoneers fall out and run the car-
riages out of the shed by hand.
(3) The park being in order, the senior gunner posts the
cannoneers at the carriages limbered, and commands; PUT
YOUR CARRIAGES IN ORDER. At this command, car-
riages are prepared for hitching, extra cannoneers being de-
tailed to perform the necessary police duty.
(4) As soon as the horses are harnessed, the first sergeant
commands: LEAD OUT. At this command, sections lead out
in turn and form in column. The first sergeant then mounts
the drivers, conducts the column to the park, posts the teams
with their carriages, and causes them to be hitched.
(5) In horse batteries, when the carriages have been pre-
pared for hitching, the senior gunner directs the gunners
to march their squads to the horses and to saddle.
b. In the field, the duties enumerated in a above are per-
formed at the first sergeant’s command: 1. drivers, 2. HAR-
NESS AND HITCH.
c. The lieutenants reach the park or the stables at such
time as is necessary for them to superintend the details
of their departments. They take their posts as chiefs of
platoon as soon as the teams are posted with the carriages
and in time to superintend the hitching. Each chief of sec-
tion inspects his section when hitched and reports the result
to his chief of platoon. Each chief of platoon, having received
the reports of his chiefs of section, makes a general inspection
of his platoon and commands : REST. Platoons are called to
attention upon the approach of the battery commander, and
as soon as he has taken his post platoon commanders report
in succession from right to left, “Detail in order, sir” (the de-
41
76-78
ORGANIZATION AND DRILL
tail being on the right), or “First (such) platoon in order, sir”,
or report deficiencies noted as a result of the inspections.
Following these reports, the first sergeant makes his report
as prescribed for dismounted formations.
■ 77. To Dismiss the Battery.— a. As soon as the battery is
parked, chiefs of section inspect their sections and report
injuries or losses to their respective chiefs of platoon; the
latter make appropriate reports to the battery commander as
in the formation of the battery. The battery commander
then gives such instructions as may be necessary and directs
the first sergeant, “Dismiss the battery/’ Officers fall out.
b. The first sergeant commands: 1. drivers, 2. DIS-
MOUNT, 3. UNHITCH, 4. UNHOOK TRACES. He con-
ducts the teams to the stables and then commands: FALL
OUT, whereupon each chief of section takes command of
his section. The assistant executive, assisted by the first
sergeant and stable sergeant, superintends the work of the
drivers. The executive, assisted by the chief mechanic, super-
intends the work of the cannoneers in caring for the
carriages.
c. In the field, the first sergeant, when directed to dismiss
the battery, commands: 1 . drivers, 2. DISMOUNT, 3. UN-
HITCH AND UNHARNESS. Chiefs of section then take
charge of their sections.
d. In horse batteries, while the drivers are unhitching,
gun squads are marched by the senior gunner to the stables
or picket line. At the command pall out, they unsaddle and
care for their equipment. Sufficient cannoneers are left to
care for the horses; the remainder return to the park to care
for the materiel.
e. In garrison, the battery should be formed dismounted,
marched to the barracks by the first sergeant, and there
dismissed.
Section II
COMMANDS AND SIGNALS
■ 78. General. — a. Commands may be given orally or by
means of the arm, bugle, or whistle. Oral commands may
be supplemented by signals.
42
organization and drill
78-80
b. Chiefs of platoon repeat the commands of the battery
commander or give appropriate commands to their platoons
in time to insure the proper execution of the maneuver.
The chiefs of platoon ordinarily give their commands orally,
supplemented, if necessary, by the appropriate arm signal.
They see that the commands of the battery commander are
understood and correctly executed by their platoons.
c. Chiefs of section repeat the commands of their chiefs
of platoon, or give appropriate commands to their sections
in time to insure the proper execution of the maneuver.
Chiefs of section ordinarily give their commands orally, sup-
plemented, if necessary, by arm signals, and see that the
command is understood and correctly executed.
<L Commands are of two kinds; first, preparatory com-
mands, which indicate the movement to be executed, such
as forward; and second, commands of execution, such as
MARCH. A well-defined pause should be made between the
two kinds of commands when used together; in mounted
movements both should be more or less prolonged. Oral
commands should be given facing the unit; arm signals
should be given facing in the same direction as the unit.
■ 79. Whistle Signals. — a. Attention. — One short blast.
b. Battery commander's party report. — One long, followed
by one short blast, the whole signal repeated once.
c. C ease firing. — One long blast.
d. Chiefs of section report. — Three long blasts.
e. Officers report. — Two long blasts.
■ 80« Arm Signals. — These signals may be made with either
arm or with the saber, but are generally made with the right
arm. The signal for the command of execution, MARCH,
consists in extending the arm vertically and then lowering
it sharply to the side. In movements involving a change in
the direction of march, it is desirable for the battery com-
mander to move in the new direction after making the
preparatory signal. Arm signals are as follows:
a. Action front (right) (left) (rear). — Extend the arm ver-
tically and lower it quickly, palm vertical, several times to
the front (right) (left) (rear).
43
80
ORGANIZATION AND DRILL
b. Attention. — Extend the arm vertically and move it
laterally several times through a small arc.
c. Back. — Carry the hand to the shoulder and move the
open hand, palm extended, several times in the desired di-
rection. This signal is given facing the desired direction of
movement.
d. By the right (left) flank . — Extend the arm vertically
and lower it to the right (left) until horizontal.
e. Caissons front. — Extend the arm horizontally to the
front, palm down, and move it several times through a small
horizontal arc.
/. Cease firing . — Raise both arms vertically and hold them
in that position until the signal is understood.
g . Change direction to the right (left). — Extend the arm
vertically, lower it to the left (right) until horizontal, and
describe a horizontal semicircle to the front and right (left).
h . Close intervals. — Point to the section on which intervals
are to be closed and then signal right (left) (right and left)
oblique, according as the intervals are to be closed on the
right, left, or an interior section.
i. Countermarch. — Extend the arm vertically and describe
quickly several small horizontal circles.
j. Decrease the gait . — Raise the right elbow to a position
above and to the right of the right shoulder and extend the
forearm upward and to the left, right hand above the head,
palm to the front. To indicate an increased or decreased gait
for a maneuver, the appropriate signal is made immediately
after the preparatory signal for the maneuver.
fc. Double section, right deft) oblique. — Extend the arm
horizontally to the right (left), palm vertical, and move it
several times through a small vertical arc.
l. Extend intervals. — Point to the section on which inter-
vals are to be extended and then give the appropriate signal
for obliquing.
m. Flank column, right deft) oblique.— Extend the arm
horizontally to the right (left) , palm down, and move it
several times through a small horizontal arc.
n. Forward. — Extend the arm vertically and lower it to
the front until horizontal.
44
ORGANIZATION AND DRILL
80
o. Guide. — After the signal of execution, point at the guid-
ing element.
p. Halt. — Raise the arm vertically to the full extent of the
arm. Signal of execution, lower the arm slowly to the side.
q. Increase the gait . — Carry the closed fist to the shoulder
and rapidly thrust it vertically upward several times to the
full extent of the arm. (See j above.)
r. Limber or pack . — Extend both arms laterally, palms
down.
s. On right (left) into line . — Signal a change of direction
to the right (left) and then signal left (right) front into
line.
t. Pieces front . — Extend the arm horizontally to the front,
palm vertical, and move it several times through a small
vertical arc.
u. Prepare to dismount. — Extend the arm diagonally up-
ward to the side, palm down, and Wave the arm downward
several times.
v. Prepare to mount . — Extend the arm horizontally to the
side, palm up, and wave the arm upward several times.
w. Right (left) about. — Extend the arm horizontally to the
left (right) and describe slowly a large horizontal circle-and-
one-half to the front and right (left) .
x. Right (left) by section. — Point at the right (left) section
and then signal forward.
y. Right section forward . — Carry the closed fist to the
shoulder and thrust it forward several times to the full
extent of the arm.
z. Right (left) front into line. — Extend the arm vertically
and describe several large vertical circles on the right (left)
side.
aa. Right (left) into line . — Signal a change of direction
to the right (left) , followed by describing several small verti-
cal circles with the arm extended.
ab. Right (left) oblique . — Extend the arm obliquely upward
to the right (left) front and lower it, describing a large
verticle circle on the right (left) side.
ac. Route order.* — Extend the arm vertically and move it
slowly back and forth from right to left through a wide arc.
173672° — 39 7
45
81-82
ORGANIZATION AND DRILL
Section III
MANEUVERS
H 81. General. — a. Movements that may be executed toward
either flank are explained as toward but one flank.
b. Any movement may be executed either from the halt
or when marching, unless otherwise prescribed.
c. All mounted movements not specially excepted may be
executed at the trot or gallop. To execute a movement at
an increased or decreased gait, the command trot (gallop)
(walk) precedes the command march. Gaits are increased or
decreased one degree at a time.
d. Movements explained for smaller units are applicable,
in general, to larger units with appropriate changes in
commands.
e. When, because of differences in length of elements,
proper intervals and distances do not obtain during maneu-
vers, the prescribed intervals or distances will be secured
gradually by appropriate modifications of pace.
/. If, in forming elements abreast of each other, the com-
mand 1. BATTERY (PLATOON) (SECTION), 2. HALT IS given
during the movement, only those elements halt which have
reached their new positions; the others continue the march
and halt on reaching their positions.
g. To correct errors while marching or to suspend the
movement, the command is: 1. in place, 2. HALT. All halt
and stand fast. To resume the movement, the command is:
1. RESUME, 2. MARCH.
h. To revoke a preparatory command, the command is:
AS YOU WERE.
■ 82. Guides. — a. Each chief of section supervises the gait
and direction of march of his section. The rules for guides
are similar to those set forth in paragraph 48. The guide
of a battery marching in flank column is the guide of the
leading carriage on the flank designated by the battery
commander.
b. The battery commander may place himself in front of a
carriage and command: GUIDE ON ME. The carriage in
rear of the battery commander follows his movements and
becomes the guiding carriage.
46
ORGANIZATION AND DRILL
83-85
■ 83. The Guidon. — On leaving park, the guidon posts him-
self with the guide of the battery. In all subsequent move-
ments, except during an oblique march, he changes posi-
tion when necessary so as to be with the guide of the
battery.
■ 84. Directing Carriages. — In changes of formation, car-
riages which establish the direction and rate of march of
the new formation are termed "directing carriages.”
■ 85. Essential Changes in Gaits. — In the maneuvers here-
inafter described, the two general rules following apply as
to essential changes in gait.
a . Rule 1 . — When a change of formation requires certain
carriages to gain ground so as to reach specified positions
abreast of the directing carriages, the battery commander
may or may not announce an increased gait. If an increased
gait is announced, the directing carriages maintain their
gait; the others move at the gait announced until they have
reached their new position, when they take the gait of the
directing carriages. If an increased gait is not announced,
the directing carriages reduce their gait one degree; the
others maintain their gait until they reach their new posi-
tion, when they take the gait of the directing carriages. If
the movement is executed from a halt, or while marching at
a walk, and an increased gait is not ordered, the directing
carriages advance three carriage lengths toward the front
of the new formation and halt.
b. Rule 2 . — When a change of formation requires the di-
recting carriages to gain ground in order to precede the
other carriages, the battery commander may or may not
announce an increased gait. If an increased gait is an-
nounced, the directing carriages take the increased gait at
once; the others take it in time to follow the movement in
their proper order. If an increased gait is not announced,
the directing carriages maintain their gait; the others re-
duce the gait one degree and take the gait of the directing
carriages in time to follow the movement in their proper
order. If the movement is executed from a halt or while
marching at a walk, and an increased gait is not ordered, the
directing carriages move at a walk; the others remain halted.
47
85-90 ORGANIZATION AND DRILL
or halt, and take the gait of the directing carriages as pre-
scribed above.
H 86. Alinements. — The battery is alined in a manner and
by commands similar to those given in paragraph 47. The
battery commander supervises the alinement from a posi-
tion on the flank toward which the alinement is made and
in line with the wheel driver of the base carriage, facing
down the line. The first sergeant similarly superintends the
alinement of the wheel drivers of the rear-rank carriages*
In horse batteries, gun squads aline themselves to the flank
ordered under the supervision of their gunners.
■ 87. To March to the Front and to Halt. — The commands
are, respectively: 1. forward, 2. MARCH; and 1. battery,
2. HALT.
■ 88. To March by the Flank. — The command is: 1. by the
right (left) flank, 2. MARCH. Except as noted below, all
carriages simultaneously turn to the right. If the battery is
in line with closed intervals, the movement is executed by
sections successively instead of simultaneously. If executed
while marching at closed intervals, all sections except the one
on the designated flank halt at the second command and then
follow by a successive movement. This movement is not
executed from section column unless it is intended to march
by the flank but a short distance and then resume section
column.
■ 89. To March to the Rear. — a. By an about. — The com-
mand Is: 1* right (left) about, 2* MARCH. All carriages
simultaneously execute the about. In horse batteries, because
of the presence of the gun squads, the leading carriages, on
making the about, modify their gait slightly to obtain the
prescribed distances.
b. By a countermarch. — Being in order in line or in section
column, the command is: 1. countermarch, 2. MARCH. The
leading carriage of each section executes left about, followed
in trace by its rear carriage.
■ 90. Being in Line at Closed Intervals, to March to the
Rear, — The command is: 1* right sections forward, 2.
MARCH, 3. RIGHT (LEFT) ABOUT, OT COUNTERMARCH, 4. MARCH,
48
ORGANIZATION AND DRILL
90-95
5. GUIDE RIGHT (LEFT) . At the second command, the right
section of each platoon moves forward so as to clear the
left section. If an increased gait is ordered, the right sections
take the gait indicated; otherwise the left sections reduce the
gait one degree, or, if halted, remain halted. As soon as
the right sections are clear of the left sections, the fourth
command is given and all sections take the gait of the right
sections. On completion of the about or countermarch, the
fifth command is given, and the rear sections increase the
gait to reach their positions in line.
■ 91. To March Obliquely. — The command is: 1. right
(left) oblique, 2. MARCH. At the second command, car-
riages oblique simultaneously and move on parallel lines,
alined from front to rear and right to left. The movement
should be such that on executing a second oblique in either
direction carriages will have the proper distances, intervals,
and alinements.
■ 92. To Change Direction When in Column. — The com-
mand is: 1. column right (left), 2. MARCH. If in section
column, the leading carriage makes a 90° turn followed in
trace by the other carriages. If in double section or flank
column, the outside carriages increase the gait one degree
during the turn. Column half right (left) may be executed.
■ 93. To Change Direction When in Line. — The command
is: 1. battery right (left) wheel, 2. MARCH. The pivot
section executes column right; the others move to their posi-
tions in line by twice executing column half right. (Rule 1.)
Battery right (left) half wheel may be executed.
* 94. Passage of Carriages. — Being in line or section column,
the command is: 1. pieces (caissons) front, 2. MARCH.
The carriages designated in the command are the rear car-
riages; each inclines to the left, passes the leading carriage,
and takes position in front of it. (Rule 2.)
■ 95. To Close or to Extend Intervals in Line. — The com-
mand is: 1. ON (SUCH) SECTION, 2. TO (SO MANY) YARDS, 3.
close (extend) intervals, 4. MARCH. The indicated sec-
tion moves straight to the front; the others incline toward or
49
95-100
ORGANIZATION AND DRILL
away from the indicated section and move to the front when
at the proper interval. (Rule 1.)
■ 96. To Form Section (Double Section) Column to the
Front From Line (Double Section Line) . — The command is:
L right (left) by section, 2. MARCH. The right section
moves straight to the front; the others successively (simul-
taneously) change direction to the right and then succes-
sively to the left so as to follow in column. (Rule 2.)
■ 97. To Form Line (Double Section Line) to the Front
From Section (Double Section) Column. — The command
is: 1. right (left) FRONT into line, 2. MARCH. The leading
section moves straight to the front; the others move into their
positions by two obliques. To form at closed intervals, the
command is: 1 . at (so many) yards, 2. right (left) front
INTO LINE, 3. MARCH. (Rule 1.)
■ 98. To Form Line to the Right (Left) From Section
Column. — The command is: 1 . right (left) into line, 2.
MARCH. The leading section executes column right and
moves forward; the others move forward, successively exe-
cute column right, and move into their positions in line to
the right of the leading section. The second section in column
inclines to the right to clear the leading section when the
latter is moving at a slower gait. Line may be formed at
closed intervals, the first command being preceded by the
command at (so many) yards. (Rule 1.)
■ 99. To Form Line on the Right (Left) From Section or
Double Section Column. — The command is: 1. on right
(left) into line, 2. MARCH. Executed as in right into
line, except that the second section in the column inclines
to the left in order to clear the leading section and that each
section passes beyond the preceding one before turning to the
right. Rule 1 applies, except that the leading section is
habitually halted on advancing three carriage lengths in the
new direction. Line may also be formed at closed intervals,
the first command being preceded by the command at (so
MANY) yards.
■ 100. TO Form Flank Column From Section Column. —
The command is: 1. flank column, 2. right (left> oblique.
50
ORGANIZATION AND DRILL 100-106
3. MARCH . Rear carriages of sections simultaneously
oblique to the right and then to the left when by so doing
they will have their prescribed intervals. Carriages in rear
of the leading section close at the gait of the obliquing
carriages. (Rule 1.)
■ 101. To Form Line to the Front From Flank Column. —
The command is: 1. right (left) front into line, 2. MARCH.
Carriages on the right execute right front into line; those
on the left move by the right flank, each forming in section
column behind the leading carriage of its section. (Rule 1.)
■ 102. To Form Line to the Flank at Closed Intervals
From Flank Column. — The command is: 1. at (so many)
YARDS, 2. RIGHT (LEFT) INTO LINE, 3. MARCH. RIGHT INTO LINE
is executed, each section moving successively by the right
flank. (Rule 1.)
■ 103. To Form Section Column From Flank Column. —
The command is: 1. pieces (caissons) front, 2. MARCH.
The designated carriage of the leading section moves straight
to the front; the other carriage of this section obliques in
time to follow in the track of the designated carriage. The
other sections execute the movement similarly. (Rule 2.)
■ 104. To Form Double Section Column From Flank
Column. — The command is: 1. double section, 2. right
(LEFT) oblique, 3. MARCH. Carriages on the left incline
sharply to the right and move abreast of their right car-
riages. (Rule 1.)
■ 105. To Form Double Section Line From Line. — The com-
mand is: 1. DOUBLE SECTION, 2. RIGHT (LEFT) OBLIQUE, 3.
MARCH. In each section, the rear carriage inclines to the
right and places itself abreast of the leading carriage.
(Rule 1.)
■ 106. To Form Double Section Column From Section
Column. — The command is: 1. double section, 2. right
(left) oblique, 3. MARCH. Each section forms double sec-
tion; -carriages in rear of the leading one close at the gait
of the carriages which incline to form double section.
(Rule 1.)
51
107-111
ORGANIZATION AND DRILL
■ 107. To Form Line From Double Section Line. — T he com-
mand is: 1. pieces (caissons) front, 2. MARCH. Each sec-
tion forms in section column. (Rule 2.)
■ 108. To Form Section Column From Double Section
Column. — The command is: 1. pieces (caissons) front, 2.
MARCH. Each section forms in section column successively.
(Rule 2.)
U 109. To Form Flank Column From Double Section
Column. — The command is: 1. flank column, 2. right
(left) oblique, 2. MARCH. Each carriage on the right in-
clines sharply to the right and takes position in flank column
at the prescribed interval. (Rule 1.)
■ 110. Maneuvering When in Double Section. — Being in
double section, the section is maneuvered as if it were a
single carriage. Similarly, the double section line or column
is maneuvered as explained for the order in line or in section
column with obvious exceptions due to the formation.
Section IV
FORMATION IN BATTERY AND RESUMPTION OF
MARCHING FORMATION
(FM 6-series for the Service of the Piece should be studied
in connection with this section.)
■ ill. Forming in Battery. — a. Frequently, especially when
occupying staggered positions and where concealment of the
evidences of occupation would be furthered thereby, batteries
are established in position by having each section conducted
to and established in position by its chief of section.
b. In forming in battery with regular intervals between
sections, the double section line or column may be formed
preliminary to taking the order in battery; the former for un-
limbering for action either to the front or to the rear, the
latter for unlimbering for action to the flank.
c. When going into position to Are or practice fire dis-
cipline, the battery commander, chiefs of platoon, and qhiefs
Of section dismount. One of the buglers takes the battery
commander’s horse, the other the horses of the executive and
52
ORGANIZATION AND DRILL
111—115
his assistant. The chiefs of section turn their horses over to
the swing drivers of the pieces.
d. In horse batteries, cannoneers are usually dismounted
before approaching the position.
e. The caissons of the fifth section are disposed as directed
by the battery commander.
■ 112. Disposition of Limbers. — a. At ceremonies and drills,
limbers moving at a trot are posted 25 yards in rear of their
carriages, in limbering, the gait is a walk unless otherwise
ordered.
b. In active service and in instruction simulating it, limbers
are conducted by the first sergeant to a place previously desig-
nated by the battery commander. They are disposed to take
the best advantage of cover. Both in limbering and unlim-
bering, the gait is a walk unless otherwise ordered.
■ 113. To Unlimber to Fire. — The command is: ACTION
FRONT (REAR) (RIGHT) (LEFT).
H 114. To Limber. — The command is: LIMBER FRONT AND
REAR (REAR) . If in rear of the pieces, the limbers move
out simultaneously and incline well to the left before moving
into positions for limbering. If posted other than in rear
of the pieces, the limbers move toward the nearest flank of
the position in section column, and on approaching the posi-
tion the piece and caisson limbers separate and form two
columns, each column moving toward the trails of the corre-
sponding carriages.
■ 115. Formations After Limbering Front and Rear. — a.
To mar oh in line. — The command is: 1. pieces (caissons)
front, 2. MARCH. The designated carriages move straight
to the front; the others execute a right about and increase
the gait as necessary.
b. To form double section line. — The command is: 1. form
double section line, 2. MARCH. Caissons stand fast, pieces
incline to the right, execute left about, and place themselves
on the right of their respective caissons.
c. To form flank column. — The command is: 1. flank col-
umn, 2. pieces by the right (LEFT) FLANK. 3. MARCH. All
carriages move by the flank toward the direction indicated,
caissons maneuvering as necessary to form flank column.
53
115-117
ORGANIZATION AND DRILL
d. To form double section column. — The command is: 1.
DOUBLE SECTION, 2. PIECES BY THE RIGHT (LEFT) FLANK, 3.
MARCH. All carriages move by the flank toward the direc-
tion indicated, caissons maneuvering as necessary to form
double section column.
■ 116. Formations After Limbering Rear.— a. To march in
line . — The command is: 1. pieces (caissons) front, 2.
MARCH. The designated carriages move as the leading
carriage in each section.
t>. To form double section line . — The command is: 1. form
double section line, 2. MARCH. Caissons stand fast, pieces
move up on the left of their caissons and halt.
c. To form flank column or double section column . — Exe-
cute by the same commands and in the same manner as
described in paragraph 115 c and d.
Section V
HEADQUARTERS BATTERIES AND COMBAT TRAINS
■ 117. Headquarters Battery, Battalion. — The formation
for ceremonies and maneuvers is given in figure 5. The
maneuvers of this unit are similar to those of a gun battery.
2a
T3
c
w
2 1
ES <
Figure 6. — Order in line, battalion headquarters battery, horse-
drawn regiment. (For legend, see fig. 4.)
Note. — At the discretion of the battalion commander, the trucks
may form with the combat train.
54
ORGANIZATION AND DRILL
118-119
■ 118. Motorized Units of Horse-Drawn Regiments. — Ma-
neuvers are limited to those necessary for ceremonies, to
form park, and for marching in column. The principles ap-
plicable are analogous to those prescribed in chapter 4, part
two, for motorized organizations.
a. Headquarters battery , regiment . — The formation for
ceremonies and maneuvers is given in figure 6.
Figure 6. — Order in line, regimental headquarters battery, horse-
drawn regiment. (For legend, see fig. 4.)
Note. — T hree vehicles for the regimental commander and his
commissioned and noncommissioned staff and the motorcycles with
side cars have been omitted from this figure.
b. Battalion combat train . — The formation for ceremonies
and maneuvers is given in figure 7.
CHAPTER 3
MOTOR TRACTION AND THE DRIVER
■ 119. References. — a. PM 25-10 contains detailed instruc-
tions on operation, maintenance, and inspection of motor
vehicles to include general principles of motor transport; the
military automotive driver; marches or motor movements;
pioneer work, field expedients, and difficult operations; mili-
tary automotive maintenance; loading for movement by rail
or water.
55
119-120
ORGANIZATION AND DRILL
b. Manufacturers’ handbooks accompanying vehicles should
be used to obtain detailed information concerning the con-
struction, operation, and maintenance requirements of com-
mercial vehicles. Appropriate Technical Regulations cover
the construction and maintenance of vehicles supplied by the
Ordnance Department.
Figure 7. — Order In line, battalion combat train, horse-drawn
regiment. (For legend, see fig. 4.)
Note. — Three motorcycles with side cars (not shown) , if present,
are posted as prescribed by the commanding officer.
■ 120. Objective of Training. — The service required of field
artillery motor transport involves its employment in both
strategic and tactical operations. The training of motorized
units, therefore, must enable them to operate with facility
both on roads over considerable distances and off roads over
varied terrain of the battlefield. In addition, it may be re-
quired to march in the zone of the interior under conditions
where minimum conflict with civilian traffic is of prime im-
portance and where resultant decentralization of control
imposes increased responsibility of the individual operators.
56
ORGANIZATION AND DRILL
121-122
CHAPTER 4
MANEUVERS COUPLED— THE BATTERY
Paragraphs
Section I. General 121
II. Formations 122-127
III. Commands and signals 128-129
IV. Maneuvers 130-141
V. Formation in battery and resumption of
marching formation 142-145
VI. Headquarters batteries and combat
trains 146
Section I
GENERAL
■ 121. Scope. — The provisions of this chapter apply, pri-
marily, to the light truck-drawn artillery, but with obvious
modifications are applicable to all calibers of motorized
artillery.
Section II
FORMATIONS
■ 122. Formations op the Battery. — a. Order in line . —
The battery is formed as indicated in figure 8. The order of
vehicles from right to left may be reversed in each line.
b. Order in section column. — ‘The vehicles of each subdi-
vision of the battery are in column, the subdivisions following
in the order: battery headquarters, firing battery, and the
fifth and maintenance sections.
c. Order in battery . — The pieces placed for action are in
line in the order or the reverse order, of their permanent
numbers from right to left. The motor vehicles are at such
places as the battery commander may direct.
d. Order in line of vehicles. — The formation is the same as
the order in line, except that the vehicles are arranged in a
single line, subdivisions in the order (or the reverse order)
from right to left as in b above.
e. Order in flank column . — This formation is one which
would result from a simultaneous movement to the flank by
all vehicles from the order in line.
57
123
ORGANIZATION AND DRILL
■ 123. Intervals and Distances. — a. Intervals . The interval
between adjacent wheels of vehicles in line is 17 yards or as
directed by the battery commander. In flank column, the
interval is that which results from the movement to the
flank from the order in line.
LSOBC
Ordi-jQQ^lr
Battery Headquarters
©
0
Wirt
Wire
Ex
G 1st S£t
Fifth end Maintenance Sections
Figure 8. — Order in line, light truck-drawn battery. {For legend,
see fig. 4.)
Note. — For maneuver purposes, the battery is divided into battery
headquarters, guns and their prime movers, and fifth and main-
tenance sections. The general formation applies to any piece bat-
tery. even though the number and assignment of vehicles present
with the unit differs from that illustrated.
58
ORGANIZATION AND DRILL
123-126
b. Distances . — (1) In line . — The distance between subdivi-
sions of the battery in line at a halt is 5 yards, measured from
the rear of the longest element of any subdivision to the
front of the following subdivision.
(2) In column . — The distance between vehicles in column
at a halt is 5 yards. When marching at very slow speeds, a
distance of 5 yards can be maintained. As the speed of the
battery is increased, the distance between vehicles must like-
wise be increased. Under no circumstances should the dis-
tance be less than one and one half times the minimum
distance in which the vehicle can be stopped from the par-
ticular speed and on the particular road surface in use.
■ 124. Posts op Individuals. — The posts of individuals for the
battery in line are shown in figure 8. Except for officers, who
are posted dismounted as shown, individuals, when dis-
mounted, are 2 feet outside the wheels and facing to the front.
Cannoneers take post as prescribed in the FM 6-series for the
Service of the Piece. In flank column, the battery com-
mander’s car is opposite and 15 yards from the head of the
battery and on whichever flank the maneuver places it. In
section column, his car is at the head of the battery. In all
formations, the posts of individuals other than the battery
commander are determined by the location of their respective
vehicles in the formation. Officers and noncommissioned
officers leave their posts when necessary for the better per-
formance of their duties.
■ 125. Disposition in Park. — Carriages are arranged in the
order in line, pieces uncoupled.
■ 126. Preparing to Leave Park. — a. The battery being in line
dismounted, in front of the park, the first sergeant commands:
POSTS. The enlisted personnel hasten to take their posts
dismounted as indicated in paragraph 124, the battery head-
quarters under the supervision of the reconnaissance officer,
the firing battery under the supervision of the executive, and
the fifth and maintenance sections under the supervision of
the assistant executive. Necessary adjustments in assignment
of personnel are made, the pieces are coupled, and the drivers
make the prescribed inspections of their vehicles (FM 25-10) .
Each driver, after inspecting his vehicle, reports the result to
59
126-127
ORGANIZATION AND DRILL
his chief of section who, in turn, reports to his chief
of subdivision. Each chief of subdivision, having received
the reports, makes a general inspection of his subdivision
and commands: REST. Subdivisions are called to atten-
tion when the battery commander takes his post in front
of the right flank of the battery, and the chiefs of subdivision
report in order from front to rear (when formed in the gun
shed, from right to left) , 1 ‘Battery headquarters in order, sir,”
or “Firing battery in order, sir,” or “Fifth and maintenance
sections in order, sir,” or report deficiencies noted as a result
of the inspections. Following these reports, the first sergeant
reports, “Sir, the battery is present or accounted for,” or
“Sir, (so many) noncommissioned officers and privates
absent.”
b. The battery commander then commands: MOUNT.
The personnel, except the battery commander and chiefs of
subdivision, mount the vehicles, and the battery commander
commands: START ENGINES. As each engine is started,
the driver raises his left hand as a signal that his vehicle
is ready to move. Each chief of subdivision, when his sub-
division is ready to move, executes the same signal. The
battery commander and chiefs of subdivision mount at the
command of execution for the first movement.
■ 127. To Dismiss the Battery. — a. As soon as the battery
is parked, the battery commander takes post dismounted in
front of the right flank of the battery and commands: STOP
ENGINES, DISMOUNT. Chiefs of section inspect their sec-
tions and report damage or losses to their respective chiefs
of subdivision, who in turn report to the battery commander
as in the formation of the battery. The battery commander
then gives such instructions as may be necessary and directs
the first sergeant, “Dismiss the battery.” Officers fall out.
b. The first sergeant then commands: FALL OUT, where-
upon each chief of section takes charge of the work of routine
maintenance. Each officer supervises the work of his
department.
c. In garrison, when the materiel is in order, the battery
is formed dismounted, marched to barracks by the first
sergeant, and there dismissed.
60
ORGANIZATION AND DRILL
128-129
Section III
COMMANDS AND SIGNALS
■ 128. General. — a. The commands and signals given in
chapter 2, part one, are applicable to the maneuvering of
motorized units where appropriate; those given in paragraph
129 are special for motorized units. Commands may be given
orally or by means of the arm, bugle, or whistle. Oral com-
mands may be supplemental by signal.
b. Chiefs of subdivision repeat the commands of the bat-
tery commander or give appropriate commands to their sub-
divisions in time to insure the proper execution of the maneu-
ver. The chiefs of subdivision ordinarily give their commands
orally or by arm signal, and see that the commands of the
battery commander are understood and correctly executed
by their subdivisions.
c. Chiefs of vehicle repeat the commands of their chiefs
of subdivision or give appropriate commands to their drivers
to insure the proper execution of the maneuver. The senior
man riding on a vehicle is the chief of vehicle.
■ 129. Signals. — Signals are as prescribed in PM 25-10 with
the following additions:
a. Change gear range. — These signals are given at the halt
only.
(1) High range. — Move the arm up and down several
times, fingers pointed upward.
(2) Lena range . — Move the arm several times from the ver-
tically extended position downward with the fingers pointed
downward.
b. Couple. — Extend both arms laterally, palms down.
c. Gear shifting. — To indicate the gear to be used in start-
ing the vehicles, or to which a shift is to be made at any
subsequent time, extend the arm vertically and show the
number of fingers corresponding to the gear desired, as
follows :
(1) First. — Index finger only.
(2) Second. — Index and second fingers.
(3) Third. — Index, second, and third fingers.
(4) Fourth. — Index, second, third, and fourth fingers.
61
129-133
ORGANIZATION AND DRILL
(5) Reverse . — The closed fist.
d. Right (left) by vehicle . — Point at the right (left) vehicle
and then signal forward.
Section IV
MANEUVERS
■ 130. General. — a. The number of maneuvers prescribed
herein are limited to those essential for combat and cere-
monies. Mobility in truck-drawn units is attained primarily
by road marching and field maneuvers in contradistinction
to drill -ground maneuvers.
b. Movements which may be executed toward either flank
are explained as toward but one flank.
e. Any movement may be executed either from a halt or
when marching, unless otherwise prescribed.
d. When, because of the differences in lengths of ele-
ments, proper intervals and distances do not obtain during
maneuvers, the prescribed intervals or distances will be
secured gradually by appropriate changes of speed.
e. If, in forming elements abreast of each other, the com-
mand halt is given during the movement, only those ele-
ments halt which have reached their new positions; the
others continue the march and halt on reaching their
positions.
■ 131. Guides. — Each chief of vehicle supervises the speed
and direction of march of his vehicle. As soon as the
march in line or flank column has begun, one of the flank
elements is designated as guide of the movement, thus,
“Guide right (left) Other elements aline themselves on the
guide and maintain their Intervals from that flank. Guides
are responsible that the proper direction and rate of march
are maintained.
■ 132. Directing Vehicles. — In changes of formation, ve-
hicles which establish the direction and rate of march of the
new formation are termed directing vehicles,
■ 133. Guidon, — The battery guidon is mounted in a suit-
able bracket on the battery commander's car.
62
ORGANIZATION AND DRILL
134-139
■ 134. Alinements. — The base vehicle being established in
position, the command is: 1. right (left), 2. DRESS, 3.
FRONT. At the command dress, drivers other than the base
driver look to the flank designated and aline their vehicles.
Vehicles cover from front to rear. Each chief of subdivision
supervises the alinement of his subdivision from a position on
the flank occupied by his vehicle and in line with the radiator
of the base vehicle, facing down the line.
■ 135. To March to the Front and to Halt. — The com-
mands are, respectively: 1. forward, 2. MARCH; and 1. bat-
tery, 2. HALT.
■ 136. To March by the Flank. — The command is: 1. by the
right (Left) flank, 2. MARCH. Except as noted below, all
vehicles simultaneously turn to the right. If the battery is in
line with closed intervals, the movement is executed by files of
vehicles successively instead of simultaneously. If executed
while marching at closed intervals, all vehicles except those
on the designated flank halt at the second command and then
follow by successive movement. Movements by the flank while
marching should not be attempted except at very slow speeds,
and then only according to a prearranged plan and on a pre-
arranged signal. This movement is not executed from col-
umn except when it is intended to march by the flank but a
short distance and then resume the formation in column.
■ 137. To March to the Rear by an About. — The command
is: 1. right (left) about, 2. MARCH. All vehicles simul-
taneously execute the about, turning on the shortest practica-
ble radius.
■ 138. To March Obliquely. — The command is: 1. right
(left) oblique, 2. MARCH. At the second command, ve-
hicles oblique simultaneously, moving in parallel lines, alined
from front to rear and from right to left. The movements
should be such that, on executing a second oblique in either
direction, carriages will have the proper distances, intervals,
and alinements.
■ 139. To Change Direction When in Column. — The com-
mand is: 1 . column right (left), 2. MARCH. If in section
column, the leading vehicle makes a 90° turn followed in trace
63
139-141
ORGANIZATION AND DRILL
by the other vehicles. If in flank column, the file of vehicles
on the designated flank executes the movement prescribed for
vehicles in section column. Vehicles on the outside of the
turn independently increase the speed and conform to the
movement of the corresponding vehicles on the inside flank.
column half right (left) may be executed.
■ 140. To Form Section Column to the Front From Line. —
The command is: 1. right (left) by vehicle, 2. MARCH. The
right vehicle of the leading subdivision moves straight to the
front; the other vehicles of the subdivision successively incline
to the right and then to the left so as to follow in column.
A similar movement is successively executed by the other sub-
divisions of the battery so as to follow in column. If executed
while marching and an increased speed is not announced by
the battery commander, all vehicles except the directing
vehicle reduce the speed sufficiently to execute the maneuver,
resuming the original speed at such time as will enable each
vehicle to take its proper place in column. If an increased
speed is announced, the directing vehicle takes up the in-
creased speed; other vehicles take up the new speed in time
to take their proper place in column. The battery commander
places his car in front of the directing vehicle, which there-
after conforms to the speed set by the battery commander’s
car.
■ 141. To Form Line to the Front From Section Col-
umn. — The command is: 1. right (left) front into line, 2.
MARCH. The leading vehicle of the leading subdivision
moves straight to the front six vehicle lengths and halts;
other vehicles of the leading subdivision move to their posi-
tions by two obliques. A similar movement is executed suc-
cessively by the subdivisions in rear. Line may be formed
at any desired interval by instructing the necessary per-
sonnel prior to the movement as to the interval desired, by
the use of stakes to mark tfie location of the vehicles, or by
the use of markers who individually place the leading ve-
hicles in the formation. A single line of vehicles may be
formed by the same command, the necessary personnel first
being informed as to the formation desired. This move-
ment is executed by the entire battery as described for the
leading subdivision.
64
ORGANIZATION AND DRILL
142—147
Section V
FORMATION IN BATTERY AND RESUMPTION OF
MARCHING FORMATION
■ 142. Forming in Battery. — Batteries of motorized artillery
are usually established in position from section column, each
section being independently conducted to and established in
position by its chief. The order in battery may be formed
by the command action front (rear) (right) (left). The
movement is executed as prescribed in the FM 6-series for
the Service of the Piece.
■ 143. Disposition of Motor Vehicles. — The piece trucks
are conducted by the first sergeant to a place designated by
the battery commander. In active service or instruction
simulating it, they are disposed to take advantage of con-
cealment and cover. The ammunition trucks halt at points
designated by the battery commander for unloading ammu-
nition and thereafter join the other vehicles under the direc-
tion of the first sergeant.
■ 144. To Couple. — The command is: COUPLE. The move-
ment is executed as prescribed in the FM 6-series for the
Service of the Piece.
■ 145. Formation After Coupling. — The battery is in line
and may be maneuvered accordingly.
Section VI
HEADQUARTERS BATTERIES AND COMBAT TRAINS
■ 146. Formations and Maneuvers. — These batteries are
formed as illustrated in figures 9, 10, and 11. They are
maneuvered in accordance with the principles prescribed for
the piece battery.
CHAPTER 5
MOUNTED FORMATIONS AND MANEUVERS OF THE
BATTALION. REGIMENT, AND BRIGADE
■ 147. The Battalion. — Formations and maneuvers for
horse-drawn units apply with obvious modifications to horse
artillery. Where, in the case of the horse-drawn battalion.
65
147
ORGANIZATION AND DRILL
the formation prescribed is impracticable for the combat
train, the combat train will take an appropriate formation.
a. Formations. — (1) Line . — The battalion is in line, each
battery in the order in line, the headquarters battery on
the right, the combat train on the left, or in the reverse
Figure 9. — Order in line, battalion headquarters battery, light
truck-drawn regiment. (For legend, see fig. 4.)
Note. — For maneuver purposes, the battery Is divided Into the
detail, liaison sections, and maintenance section. Until tractors
are issued, battery maintenance vehicles will form on the left of
liaison sections. In the figure, three vehicles for the battalion
commander and his commissioned and noncommissioned staff have
been omitted.
order. Normally, the interval between batteries is twice the
interval between sections of the battery in the case of horse-
drawn batteries and twice the interval between the vehicles
in the case of truck-drawn batteries.
(2) Column of batteries . — The battalion Is In column, each
battery in the order in line, headquarters battery leading.
66
ORGANIZATION AND DRILL
147
combat train last, or in the reverse order. The distance be-
tween batteries is one battery front unless closed in mass ,
when the distance becomes one carriage length for horse-
drawn units and as may be prescribed for truck-drawn
units.
(3) Column of batteries in double section line . — This for-
mation is applicable to horse-drawn units. Distances are as
given in (2) above.
Figure 10. — Order In line, battalion combat train, light truck-drawn
regiment. (For legend, see fig. 4.)
Note. — T wo motorcycles with side cars (not shown), If present,
are posted as prescribed by the commanding officer.
(4) Column of batteries in line of vehicles . — This forma-
tion is applicable to truck-drawn units, Each battery is
formed in line of vehicles. Distances are as the battalion
commander may prescribe.
(5) Line of section < double section ) (flank) columns . — Line
of double section columns is applicable to horse-drawn units.
The battalion is in line, each battery in the order in section
(double section) (flank) column. Normal interval in each
case is, respectively, such as would result if the batteries had
executed a simultaneous change of direction to the flank from
a formation of the battalion in the order in section, double
section, on flank column, Closed interval is one carriage
length or such as the battalion commander may prescribe.
67
147
ORGANIZATION AND DRILL
(6) Section, double section , or flank column , — Double sec-
tion column is applicable to horse-drawn units. The distance
between batteries is one carriage length for horse-drawn units
and as may be prescribed for truck' drawn units.
b. Posts of individuals . — (1) The battalion commander . —
(a) Order in line . — Opposite the center and 30 yards in front
of the line of battery commanders.
Detail
a a
Battgyy maintenance end
m
m
i“j
b
'
-7—
__
5
regimental supply sections
a a a
RegitnGiiVai rnaiwtenarice Section
□
□ 0
u
Pigtjre 11. — Order In line > regimental headquarters battery, light
truck -drawn regiment. (For legend, see fig. 4.)
Note. — T hree vehicles for the regimental commander and his
staff and the motorcycles and side cars have been omitted from
this figure.
(£0 Column of batteries . — Thirty yards in front of the bat-
tery commander of the leading battery.
(c) Order in section column , double section column, and
flank column . — Thirty yards in front of the leading carriages
or vehicles.
(2) Commissioned staff. — (a) Horse-drawn battalions . —
In line 3 yards in rear of the battalion commander, the second
officer from the right being immediately in rear of the bat-
68
ORGANIZATION AND DRILL
147
talion commander. Usually staff officers are arranged from
right to left in order of rank, the senior on the right. They
may be arranged as directed by the battalion commander,
(b) Motorized battalions. — When dismounted, the staff is
posted as in FM 22-5. The vehicles of the battalion com-
mander and his staff are posted to his left rear, the car of
those members of the commissioned staff not riding with the
battalion commander being 5 yards behind the latter’s car.
When mounted, the battalion commander and his staff take
post in the vehicles so placed.
(3) Noncommissioned staff and enlisted personnel. — (a)
Horse-draum battalions. — In line 2 yards in rear of the com-
missioned staff, agents on the left, buglers on their right.
(b) Motorized battalions. — When dismounted, they are in
line IV 2 paces in rear of the commissioned staff. Their ve-
hicles are on. the left of and in the same line as the vehicles
of the commissioned staff. When mounted, they take post in
the vehicles so placed. When moving out, these cars follow
the cars of the commissioned staff.
c. To form the battalion. — Officers draw and return saber
with the battalion commander. Sabers are habitually drawn
at ceremonies except when riding in motor vehicles. In the
order in line, when batteries are being alined, the battery
commander of the right battery superintends the alinement
from the flank nearer the point of rest; other battery com-
manders from the flank farther from the point of rest. Bat-
talions may be formed in any convenient formation. When
formed other than as prescribed below, the adjutant joins
the battalion commander when the formation is completed
and reports the battalion formed.
(1) Horse-drawn battalions . — Adjutant's Call having been
sounded, the adjutant and the sergeant major, respectively,
post themselves facing each other 6 yards outside the points
where the right and the left of the right battery of the bat-
talion are to rest. Batteries approach the line from the rear
and are posted in succession from right to left so that the
heads of the lead horses will be on the line established by the
adjutant and the sergeant major. When the right battery has
been established, the sergeant major takes his post. All bat-
teries are alined to the right. When the line has been formed,
69
147
ORGANIZATION AND DRILL
the adjutant moves at a trot or a gallop by the shortest line to
a point opposite the center of the battalion and midway be-
tween the battalion commander and the line of battery com-
manders, halts, faces the battalion commander, salutes with
the hand, and reports, "‘Sir, the battalion is formed.” The
battalion commander returns the salute with the hand, and
the adjutant then takes his post with the staff. As soon as
the adjutant has taken his post, the battalion commander
draws saber. When being formed for ceremonies as part of
a regiment, the battalion is established in position in a manner
similar to that prescribed above, except that the adjutant does
not report the battalion formed. When the battalion has been
formed, the adjutant moves directly to his post with the re-
mainder of the staff, which is in position facing the front.
When the adjutant reaches his post, the battalion commander
faces to the front and draws saber.
(2) Motorized battalions . — These battalions are formed in
a similar manner with the following exceptions: The adjutant
and the sergeant major ride in motor vehicles. To establish
the line, they place their motor vehicles in positions similar to
the positions of the adjutant and the sergeant major in horse-
drawn organizations. During the alinement of the batteries
of the battalion, they may dismount for the better perform-
ance of their duties. When the line has been formed, they
move to their posts at a previously prescribed speed. When
the adjutant's car reaches the point midway between the bat-
talion commander and the line of battery commanders, it
halts; the adjutant dismounts; the car proceeds immediately
to its position in rear of the battalion commander’s car. The
adjutant makes his report as previously described for horse-
drawn units and takes his post with the staff. The battalion
commander and his staff dismount before receiving the report
of the adjutant. Battery commanders and chiefs of subdivi-
sions dismount to aline their respective units. Having per-
formed this duty, they take their posts and remain dismounted
until a movement has been ordered or a command to mount
has been given. When a movement has been ordered, the staff
mounts; the battalion commander, battery commanders, and
chiefs of subdivisions mount, each as he gives the command
of execution for the movement.
70
ORGANIZATION AND DRILL
147-148
(3) To dismiss the battalion. — The battalion commander
commands: DISMISS YOUR BATTERIES, or sends appro-
priate instructions.
d, Maneuvers. — Commands of the battalion commander
are transmitted by agents or are given by arm, saber, bugle,
or word of mouth. Battery commanders repeat commands
or give such commands as may be necessary; bugles are not
used by batteries when maneuvering as part of a battalion.
The battalion is maneuvered in accordance with the prin-
ciples heretofore prescribed for a battery.
■ 148. The Regiment. — a . Formations. — Formations of the
regiment are similar to those prescribed for the battalion,
the intervals and distances between battalions normally be-
ing twice those between batteries. In horse-drawn units, a
formation in line with battalions closed in mass is termed
“a line of masses.’* The normal interval between battalions
in this formation is two carriage lengths. The headquarters
battery forms on the right of the battalions. At ceremonies
the band is 30 yards to the right of the right battalion. In
motorized regiments, or if the nature of the terrain or other
considerations require it, the band may be otherwise dis-
posed. In forming horse-drawn units for ceremonies, the
regimental headquarters battery and the combat trains are
normally formed into a provisional motorized battalion and
formed on the left of the regiment.
b. Posts of individuals . — At ceremonies, the post of the
regimental commander is opposite the center of the regiment
and 30 yards in front of the line of battalion commanders.
His staff takes post in general as prescribed for the battalion
staff (par. 147b). The post of the standards is between the
battalions of a two-battalion regiment rr between the bat-
teries of the center battalion of a thn;e-battalion regiment.
c. To form the regiment, — Battalion commanders are in-
formed as to the place and order of formation and form their
battalions accordingly. When forming in line, the adjutant
indicates to the battalion commander of the right battalion
the point of rest and the direction of the front. The adju-
tant then takes post facing the regiment, opposite its center
and midway between the regimental commander and the line
of battalion commanders. The regiment having been formed,
71
148-152
ORGANIZATION AND DRILL
the adjutant faces the regimental commander, salutes with
the hand, and reports, “Sir, the regiment is formed/’ The
regimental commander returns the salute with the hand, and
the adjutant takes his post with the staff. The regiment a?
commander and staff then draw sabers. When the regiment
is formed other than as above, the adjutant joins the regi-
mental commander when the last unit is in place and reports
the regiment formed.
d. Maneuvers . — The commands of the regimental com-
mander usually are transmitted by agents. Battalion com-
manders maneuver their battalions so as to place them in the
formation desired.
■ 149. The Ammunition Train. — The ammunition train is
formed and maneuvered according to the principles prescribed
for the battalion.
■ 150. The Brigade. — The brigade is formed as the brigade
commander may direct. Commands of the brigade com-
mander usually are transmitted by agents.
CHAPTER, 6
DISMOUNTED DRILL
■ 151. General.- — Dismounted drill is prescribed in PM 22-5.
All field artillery dismounted formations and movements
conform, in general, to PM 22-5, except as indicated in
paragraph 152.
■ 152. To Form the Battery. — a. 7 5 -mm truck-draum gun
battery . — The provisions of paragraph 149, PM 22-5, apply
with the following modifications;
(1) At the command fall in, the battery forms in three
subdivisions from right to left as follows: battery headquar-
ters, gun sections, and the fifth and maintenance sections.
Each of these subdivisions is considered a platoon. The bat-
tery headquarters falls in in four ranks, each rank arranged
in the order prescribed by the battery commander. The gun
sections fall in in numerical order from front to rear, each
rank consisting of a gun section arranged in the order from
right to left: chief of section, gunner, cannoneers in numeri-
72
ORGANIZATION AND DRILL
152
cal order, drivers, automatic rifleman, and bugler (1st sec-
tion). The fifth section and the maintenance section fall In
in two ranks, the fifth section In the front rank, the main-
tenance section in the rear rank, each section arranged In
the order prescribed by the battery commander.
(2) Reports are not made within platoons or by platoons.
At the command report, given by the first sergeant, the
senior noncommissioned officers of the various subdivisions
report in the following order: battery headquarters, first
section, second section, third section, fourth section, fifth
section, and maintenance section.
(3) For close-order drill and for ceremonies, the first ser-
geant equalizes the strengths of the subdivisions (platoons) .
Sufficient personnel should be shifted to the fifth and main-
tenance sections to form a third rank, or if it is desired to
form two platoons only, these sections should be broken up
and the personnel attached to the battery headquarters or
the gun sections.
(4) The first sergeant then designates a platoon guide for
each of the platoons. No platoon sergeant or second in
command is designated. As soon as the platoon guides
have taken their posts the first sergeant makes his report
to the battery commander.
(5) The battery headquarters is commanded by the recon-
naissance officer, the gun sections by the executive, and the
fifth and maintenance sections by the assistant executive.
The battery has no second in command.
b. 7 5 -mm horse-drawn gun battery . — The provisions of a
above apply with the following exceptions:
(1) Four platoons of four ranks each are formed as
follows: battery headquarters, first platoon, second platoon,
and third platoon.
(2) The first platoon consists of the first and second gun
sections; the second platoon, of the third and fourth gun
sections. Each section falls in in two ranks, the chief of
section and the gun squad in the front rank, the drivers,
automatic riflemen, and bugler (1st section) in the rear
rank. In the third platoon, the fifth section and the main-
tenance section each fall in in two ranks in the order pre-
scribed by the battery commander.
73
152-155
ORGANIZATION AND DRILL
(3) The battery headquarters is commanded by the recon-
naissance officer, the first platoon by the executive, the
second platoon by the assistant executive, and the fifth and
maintenance sections by a noncommissioned officer desig-
nated by the battery comander.
c. Other batteries . — All other batteries and detachments
form dismounted in accordance with the principles described
in a and b above.
PART THREE
MARCHES AND SHELTER
CHAPTER 1
MARCHES
■ 153, General. — A more detailed treatment of marches is
contained in FM 25-5 and FM 25-10. The logistics of
marches is covered in FM 6-20.
a. The character of marches in time of war depends in
general on the proximity of the enemy.
b. Considerations especially applicable to marches in time
of peace are given in paragraphs 160 and 161.
c. The battalion is the usual march unit in horse-drawn
and pack artillery; the battery, in motorized artillery.
■ 154. Preparation of the Command for a March. — When
a march is contemplated, the division or other appropriate
unit commander should issue a warning order and notify
subordinates of the route, length, and duration of the march,
camping areas, and such administrative and supply arrange-
ments as are pertinent. Based upon these instructions, sub-
ordinates issue the orders and instructions necessary to in-
sure that everything is in readiness for beginning the march
at the time ordered. These instructions cover the subjects
of animals or motors, materiel, administration and supply,
clothing, tentage, and equipment, including equipment to be
turned in to the supply services,
■ 155. Route Reconnaissance. — When practicable, the route
should be reconnoitered in advance of the march. Such a
reconnaissance just prior to movement of units in combat
areas, or oil cross-country movement, is imperative. Route
74
ORGANIZATION AND DRILL
155-158
reconnaissance has as one of its principal objectives the
determination of necessary pioneer work. The reconnais-
sance party should have sufficient men and pioneer equip-
ment for making minor repairs to roads, culverts, and bridges.
Bridges are inspected for strength. Fords are carefully in-
spected and the route and critical points thereof marked.
For animal-drawn units, suitable watering places are located.
■ 156. Formation of Columns. — a. The position of artillery
units in column with other troops is discussed in FM 6-20.
b, Groups of vehicles of like speeds are marched as a
unit wherever possible. The marching of artillery units,
especially truck -drawn units, in column with troops of lesser
mobility is avoided unless the tactical situation demands it.
In tractor- drawn artillery, the tractors and light vehicles,
whenever practicable, are formed into separate columns,
unless the tractors have a road speed comparable to that
of the truck column.
■ 157. Hour of Starting. — In general, when tactical or other
paramount considerations do not require a different hour,
the march should start about an hour after daylight. The
hour designated should permit proper performance of pre-
march duties. Starting a march in darkness is preferable
to ending it in darkness- When it is anticipated that a
march will start before daylight, all possible preparation for
the march should be made the night before.
■ 158. Rates and Lengths. — a . The rate of march of artillery,
when marching in a mixed column, is governed by that of
the troops with which it is marching.
b. Rates and lengths of marches vary, depending upon
the type of road, grades, traffic, climatic conditions, and
equipment, training, and condition of the unit.
c. When animals of a unit are not in condition, the first
2 or 3 days of an extended march should be comparatively
short, the first day's march not exceeding 7 to 8 miles, the
second 10 to 12 miles, and the third 14 to 16 miles. Marches
should normally be foreseen and animals conditioned to per-
form them. Avoidance of sore shoulders, sore necks, and
sore backs is difficult if unconditioned horses are called upon
for marches.
75
158-160
ORGANIZATION AND DRILL
1 On a march in hot weather, a clinical thermometer is
often of the greatest service since the horse's temperature
is the surest index of his fitness to continue work. The
temperature of a horse under normal conditions is from
97.5° to 101.3° F. It rises with exertion. If this rise is
small there is no danger, but if it reaches 103° to 104° pre-
cautions must be taken. If there be a further rise to 105°,
work must be given up entirely.
■ 159. Gaits and Speeds. — a. Horse-drawn artillery . — The
maintenance of a good average rate throughout the entire
march is desirable. To maintain any gait without a break
is fatiguing to both men and horses; hence, the walk should
be alternated with the trot under favorable road conditions.
Trot periods should not exceed 20 minutes. Once or twice
during each day's march, when the roads are good and the
unit is at a walk, the drivers and individually mounted men
should be required to dismount and walk.
b. Truck-drawn artillery . — Speeds and distances between
vehicles vary greatly with the type of materiel, traffic con-
gestion, condition of roads, and training of drivers. The
distance between vehicles also varies with the speed of the
column.
E 160. Conduct of the march. — a . Precautions must be taken
to insure that units follow the correct route. This may be
accomplished by the use of guides or route markers, the latter
being particularly appropriate for truck- drawn units. These
precautions are especially necessary in passing through cities
and towns.
b. Field artillery units habitually march in section column
and at route order. Elements of march units should be ro-
tated daily in the leading position. If, while marching, an
obstacle is encountered by any subdivision, its chief without
waiting for orders takes appropriate action for negotiating or
avoiding the obstacle.
c. When a carriage falls out of column for adjustment or
repair, it is drawn well oft the road to the right, and when
ready to resume the march takes the first convenient place
between march units. It regains its proper place during the
first or succeeding halts.
76
ORGANIZATION AND DRILL
160-161
d . In crossing a bridge, unless there is an ample margin of
safety in the load capacity of the bridge, the distances between
carriages are increased so that not more than one carriage
will be on any span at one time. To reduce the strain on a
bridge, all carriages should be kept moving, and in truck-
drawn and tractor-drawn units the prime movers may be un-
coupled and crossed separately, the trailed loads being drawn
across by towing or by the use of a winch. Similarly, in horse-
drawn units the teams may be unhitched and crossed sepa-
rately, the carriages being crossed by hand or long tow rope.
Should any bridge or culvert be weakened or destroyed by
the passage of an artillery unit, the necessary repair is a
function of that unit, unless other troops have been detailed
for that duty,
e. Dangerous railroad and highway crossings should be
guarded by markers. These may be posted by the route -
marking detail for the entire column, or by each battery or
march unit commander in turn as his unit approaches the
crossing. Whether crossings are marked or not, drivers must
be impressed with their individual responsibility for exercising
caution to insure safety,
/. When two columns meet at a crossing of their routes,
the one halts which is so directed in orders. If priority is not
covered in orders, it is determined by the senior commander
present.
g. In peacetime marches, especially for truck-drawn units,
the march policy should be such as to cause the minimum of
interruption and interference to the normal flow of civilian
traffic; such traffic should be accommodated in every possible
way,
■ 161 . Towns. — Cordial relations should be established with
the authorities of municipalities to be passed through. Ar-
rangements should be made as to use of streets, water, and
utilities; pertinent ordinances should be noted and scrupu-
lously observed. When feasible, columns use side streets,
avoid congested districts, and march well closed up. Police
escort should be requested, especially for motor columns
passing through large cities. All municipal traffic regula-
tions (including stop signs and lights) should be rigidly ad-
77
161-163
ORGANIZATION AND DRILL
hered to unless the column throughout its entire length is
under escort of municipal police.
■ 162. March Discipline. — a. Constant and thorough super-
vision by officers and noncommissioned officers is essential
to good march discipline. They ride where they can best
supervise the march of the units they command, being care-
ful, however, to avoid delaying traffic on the road when rid-
ing or driving on the left flank of the column.
b. When cannoneers are required to walk, they keep to
the right of the column or in the intervals between sections
and to the right of the left line of wheels. Under no cir-
cumstances should dismounted men march between the front
and rear wheels of a limbered carriage. Cannoneers should
be required to remain with their sections. A driver on foot
marches beside his near horse.
c. Straggling, falling out of column, lounging in the saddle,
and failure to keep to the right of the road are evidences of
poor march discipline.
d. Artillery always marches well to the right of the road.
On two-way roads the left side of the center line must be
kept clear. At halts, artillery pulls well off to the right of
the road, and during peacetime marches leaves sufficient dis-
tance between appropriate subdivisions so that two-way
traffic may pass.
e. When marching on paved roads, all wheels should
habitually be kept on the pavement in order to preserve even
and uniform draft.
■ 163. Halts. — a. General. — (1) When practicable, the time
and length of halts should be made known in advance in
order that full advantage of the time may be taken for ad-
justments, repairs, and care of animals and motors.
(2) For Field Artillery marching alone, normal halts are
as follows:
<a) For horse-drawn, horse, and pack artillery —
First hour 10 to 15 minutes.
Each successive hour 5 to 10 minutes.
(b) For tractor-drawn artillery —
First hour 10 to 15 minutes.
Every two or three hours there-
after (for reservicing) 10 to 15 minutes.
78
ORGANIZATION AND DRILL
163
(c) For truck- dr awn artillery —
First hour 10 to 15 minutes.
Every two hours thereafter 5 to 10 minutes.
(3) In very hot weather, on bad roads, or in hilly country,
halt periods should be longer and more frequent for animal-
drawn units.
(4) Judgment should be exercised in selecting the place for
a halt; it should not be made in a village or other place where
the objects of the halt would be defeated. In no event should
a halt be made in an exposed location when in the presence of
the enemy. During halts, repairs and adjustments to motors
should be made, harness and saddles adjusted, and men per-
mitted to attend to the calls of nature.
(5) In long marches, a midday halt of from 30 minutes
to 1 hour is made to permit the animals and personnel to
rest and eat, and to make a thorough inspection of all ani-
mals and vehicles. Unnecessarily long halts on the road
should be avoided since both men and animals rest better
in camp.
b. Horse-drawn units. — (1) All officers and men of horse-
drawn units must be made to realize that the hourly halts
are primarily for the purpose of caring for the animals.
(2) Any injuries caused by harness or saddlery must be
discovered and reported at once and adjustments made to
prevent further injury.
(3) During long, hard pulls, organizations should be halted
long enough to permit animals to blow.
(4) During the regular halts, drivers, assisted by such can-
noneers as may be necessary, perform the following duties:
(a) Lower limber props.
(b) Raise the collars and collar pads.
(c) Examine the necks and shoulders.
(d) Wipe the sweat from the bearing surfaces of the col-
lars and collar pads with a cloth and see that these bearing
surfaces are clean and smooth.
(e) Examin^ the adjustment of the harness and packs,
making any necessary changes.
(/) Look over the animals to determine their condition and
locate abrasions (par. 158d) ; examine their feet to locate
stones and loose shoes.
79
163-164
ORGANIZATION AND DRILL
(g) Wipe out the animals’ nostrils with a moist sponge.
(7i) Remove mud from the bearing surfaces of the harness,
particularly the martingales.
(1) When the draft has been such as to cause steady and
constant pressure against the shoulders, stimulate circulation
by hand rubbing, being careful, upon finishing, to leave the
hair smooth and flat.
(5) Drivers must remain constantly with their pairs. If
for any reason a driver must leave his pair, a cannoneer
should be substituted to remain with the pair during the
driver’s absence.
c. Motorised artillery . — During scheduled halts, the rou-
tine inspection and maintenance is performed by drivers and
maintenance personnel (FM 25-10) .
■ 164. Care of Animals. — a. Prevention of sore necfcs.— (1)
The use and proper adjustment of hold-up straps for wheel
horses are essential.
(2) When a horse develops a sore neck and must be kept
in draft, the neck strap and collar pad should be removed
and the collar body supported by double or forked straps,
the double ends of each strap buckled in the buckles by
which the neck strap is fastened to the collar, the single end
fastened by a snap to the pommel halter squares of the
saddle.
(3) Proper adjustment of the pole support spring will
result in obviating pressure on the wheelers’ necks due to the
weight and vertical whip of the pole. When necessary, the
neck-yoke strap may be replaced by a quarter strap con-
necting the loop on the collar body with the ring at the
end of the neck yoke. The adjustment of this strap should
be such as to take care of the horizontal swing of the pole.
b. Feeding . — On marches, both In time of peace and in
time of war when possible, feeding should be at regular
hours. Grain should be carried for the animals and fed
promptly at the noon hour, even though the destination be
relatively near. In war, feeding a little at every oppor-
tunity should be practiced.
c. Watering . — (I) It is of the utmost importance that
animals be properly watered on a march. After a hard
march, animals should not be allowed to drink immediately
80
ORGANIZATION AND DRILL
164-166
their fill of cold water. An officer must be detailed to over-
see the watering of the command, and each organization
will be brought to the watering place and the animals
watered under his supervision.
(2) In cold weather, many animals refuse to drink early
in the morning but will drink after being on the road a
few hours; if a good place exists about one or two hours
out, it is better for the animals to water there than before
starting. In hot, sultry weather, frequent watering is an
aid to completing the march in good condition, and when
practicable animals should be watered about once in every
2 hours of marching. The methods of watering on the
march are watering in a stream with the teams unhitched,
the driver riding the near horse and leading the off horse;
driving into a stream with teams hitched to carriages;
watering in canvas troughs; and watering by bucket.
■ 165. Night Marches. — In campaign, night marches will
be frequent; in peacetime, they may be made to avoid the
heat of the day or traffic congestion, or to train the com-
mand in night marching. Plans must be carefully pre-
pared and clearly communicated in advance to the troops.
Routes and camp sites are reconnoitered and unmistakably
marked in advance. March discipline is rigidly enforced.
Every precaution is taken to obviate uncertainty or loss of
way, to maintain contact, and to provide concealment, es-
pecially from air observation. In the combat zone, smoking
is prohibited, and lights are sparingly used and kept shaded
from the air. The rate of march is materially slower than
during daylight, especially when marching without lights.
The use of tail and stop lights with limited visibility is
essential for truck- drawn units. On the rear of vehicles not
provided with tail and stop lights, distinctive marking will
aid a driver in rear to see the vehicle ahead.
CHAPTER 2
1 SHELTER
■ 166. Controlling Factors. — Shelter in the field is governed
by tactical requirements when in the presence of the enemy;
otherwise, the location, type, and assignment of shelter are
81
166-168
ORGANIZATION AND DRILL
based upon the purpose to be fulfilled, the comfort of troops,
and the necessities of sanitation, administration, and supply.
■ 167. Classification. — The varieties of shelter in the field are
termed bivouacs, camps, cantonments, and billets. Bivouacs
are for short occupancy; Field Artillery uses shelter tents and
paulins, or improvised expedients, for personnel. Bivouacs
facilitate readiness for action. Camps are of longer duration.
Heavy canvas is issued for shelter of personnel, and open
sheds may be constructed for animals. Sanitary measures
and means are more elaborate; water may be piped. In can-
tonments, frame buildings, huts, and sheds are provided for
shelter. Billeting is the use, as shelter, of private and public
buildings and utilities by troops. In camps and cantonments,
extensive measures are taken by the troops themselves to in-
crease their comfort; and in bivouacs and billets, to the
extent warranted by tactical conditions.
■ 168. Selection of Shelter Areas. — a. Camp sites should
have abundant pure water, easily obtainable; satisfactory
drainage; porous soil with tough turf; firm footing for motor
vehicles; supplies readily obtainable; sufficient area to accom-
modate the command; and weather exposure conducive to
comfort and good health. They should be near a highway,
but distant enough therefrom to be free from dust and noise.
Concealment from air reconnaissance is an essential charac-
teristic of bivouacs in the combat zone. Dusty, polluted, or
damp soils, proximity to stagnant water, and dry stream beds
are to be avoided. In campaign, when contact with the enemy
is likely, tactical necessity frequently forces the use of inferior
sites.
b. Terminal points for each day's march should be selected
at least 24 hours in advance of the arrival of the command.
A suitable detail, called a quartering party and usually com-
manded by an officer, should be sent forward to select the
site of the camp or to locate billets. Quartering parties
are charged with the selection of sites and billets for each
unit of the command; the preparation of maps and sketches
to facilitate occupation of the camp site; guiding the units
upon their arrival; making appropriate arrangements with
respect to supply; and, in the case of billets, informing the
commander of troops with regard to local standing orders
82
ORGANIZATION AND DRILL
168-170
and instructions. Preparation of the camp site and the lead-
ing of units thereto by the advance detail should be such
that an organization can, without halt or delay, move all its
vehicles into their approximate lines and locations imme-
diately upon arrival at the site selected.
■ 169. Camp Formations. — a. When tactical considerations
and space permit, field artillery units usually bivouac, camp,
or are billeted by battalion.
b. Motorized artillery may bivouac along the roadside, us-
ing one or both sides of the road, with the vehicles off the
road and parallel, oblique, or perpendicular thereto, depend-
ing upon the space available. The road must be kept open
for general traffic, with sentinels and warning lights judi-
ciously located. Tents and facilities are placed off the road.
In truck-drawn artillery, the vehicles themselves afford con-
siderable shelter for the personnel.
' c. The arrangement of camps must be such as to reduce
to a minimum the danger from fire. Kitchens must be
placed as distant as practicable from stores of gasoline and
oil.
■ 170. Assignment or Areas.— a. In accordance with the
tactical situation, the commander of a unit assigns shelter
areas to the next smaller commands, and the commanders
of the latter locate their respective commands to the best
advantage in the areas assigned them. The integrity of units
should be maintained and the mixing or dispersion of units
avoided, except where dispersion is necessary to obtain con-
cealment and protection.
b. Motorized units should, when practicable, be assigned
locations near the road. The character of the footing should
be considered in connection with the type of vehicle to be
accommodated; tractors, for example, may often occupy
ground too soft for other vehicles, while trucks should not
be assigned locations on soft ground or on soil which will
become soft in case of rain or snow. Heavy vehicles, when
the footing is poor, should be placed nearest the road when
necessary to park them off the road. Vehicles and units
should be located with regard to convenience in servicing,
and vehicles which will be likely to leave and return fre-
quently should have easy access to the route which they will
follow.
83
171-172 ORGANIZATION AND DRILL
■ 171. Making Camp. — a. Horse-drawn units.— Each battery
forms park on the lines designated by the quartering party.
The battery commander directs the lieutenants to take
charge of their departments and proceed with the work inci-
dent thereto. The first sergeant arranges for the details of
men to perform the various duties connected with making
camp. Picket lines are stretched, and the animals un-
harnessed and tied on the line. Animals and harness are
given the necessary care, and tents are then pitched. Men
are fed unless the noon meal has been eaten on the road.
Following this, stables are held. Harness and materiel are
cleaned, inspected, and any necessary repairs made. A well-
planned and orderly routine is essential.
b. Motorized units . — Immediately after the vehicles have
been parked, the drivers and assistant drivers, under their
chiefs of section, perform the work of care taking under the
supervision of the motor officer and the motor sergeant.
Motor maintenance personnel check vehicles while engines
are still warm and initiate necessary repairs at once. Shelter
tents are ordinarily pitched upon the completion of the care-
taking period. The caretaking of motor vehicles should be
completed during daylight when possible. Caretaking is
interrupted for meals.
c. Special details , — The necessary picket line, park, and
other guards are posted at once. Security sentinels and
personnel for defense against air and mechanized attack are
Posted promptly.
■ 172. Picket Lines. — a. In horse-drawn units in bivouac or
temporary camp, the animals are tied on picket lines
stretched between the vehicles; in general, two lines are pro-
vided, One along the line of pieces and one along the line of
caissons. The lines are secured to the top of the felloe of
one wheel of each of the adjacent carriages. Animals are
grouped by teams and sections. When time is available, con-
tinued improvement of picket lines is carried out.
b. Animals should be tied on the picket line with halter
shanks of just sufficient length to allow them to lie down
immediately under the line. Kickers and biters should be
tied separately.
84
ORGANIZATION AND DRILL
172-174
c. To prevent exposure to contagion and to avoid dis-
persion of animals, it is advisable to use picket lines when
troops are billeted, except in extremely severe weather or
when the use of such lines would unduly expose the com-
mand to air observation.
■ 173. Tent Pitching. — Shelter tents are pitched in the
formation prescribed by the commander and in the manner
prescribed in chapter 3, Basic Field Manual, volume I.
■ 174. Breaking Camp. — a. In general, the procedure of a
horse-drawn battery in breaking camp is as follows: Imme-
diately after reveille and before breakfast, the men feed the
animals, perform their toilets, strike tents, and make up
their rolls. After breakfast, the battery is formed, and the
drivers and individually mounted men report to the picket
line for watering, grooming, and harnessing. The cannon-
eers are detailed to load wagons, police camp, close latrines,
strike the officers’ tents, and perform the other work that is
to be done. When watering facilities are limited, it may be
necessary to harness some sections while others are watering.
Animals are hitched immediately after they have been
harnessed and watered. Before the start of the march, the
camp is thoroughly policed and sanitary precautions taken
with respect to latrines, kitchen pits, picket lines, and the
like; prior to departure, camp should be inspected as re-
gards police, sanitary conditions, and property which may
have been inadvertently left behind,
b. In motorized units, the procedure except for drivers is
substantially the same. Immediately after breakfast, drivers
are sent to their vehicles. Motors are started and allowed to
warm up. In cold weather, special precautions must be
taken in order that there will be no delay due to the diffi-
culty of starting cold motors. Time may be saved on the
road for tractor- drawn units, unless the tractors have a
road speed comparable to that of the truck column, by
utilizing personnel in the light vehicles for policing camp;
the tractors start first and are overtaken on the road by
the light vehicles.
c. The battalion commander prescribes the hour of reveille.
When the battalion is a part of a larger command, the hour
85
174-177
ORGANIZATION AND DRILL
of departure will be designated for it; if the unit is alone,
the start is made as soon as the command is in order and
the site policed. The use of permanently assigned details
will decrease the time necessary to break camp.
■ 175. Water Supply. — a. Immediately upon making camp,
a guard should be placed over the water supply. If water
is obtained from a stream, places should be designated, be-
ginning upstream, for drinking and cooking, for watering
animals, for bathing, and for washing clothes, in the order
named.
b. The use of water from unauthorized sources should be
prohibited. Water that is not known to be pure should be
boiled for 20 minutes, allowed to cool, and then aerated by
being poured from one clean container into another; it may
be purified by chlorination.
c. Dipping water from receptacles and the use of a com-
mon drinking cup should be prohibited.
d. On the march and in camp, the daily requirements of
water may be estimated at 6 gallons per man, 5 gallons per
motor vehicle, and lo gallons per animal.
■ 176. Kitchens. — a. Pood should be protected from flies,
dust, rain, and sun. Facilities must be provided for cleaning
and scalding the mess equipment of the men. Kitchens and
the ground around them must be kept scrupulously clean.
b. When no other arrangements have been made for gar-
bage disposal, solid refuse should be burned promptly either
in the kitchen fire or in improvised incinerators. If the neces-
sary fuel for their operation can be procured, an incinerator
for each kitchen is the most satisfactory arrangement.
c. In temporary camps, liquid refuse from kitchens should
be strained through sacking or other screening into seepage
pits dug near the kitchen. Liquid which appears on the sur-
face of the ground should be carefully covered with earth
or sprinkled with lime.
d. In billets, a building is desirable for use as a combined
kitchen and mess.
■ 177. Watering and Feeding Animals (FM 25-5). — The
following procedure is applicable for daytime marches. For
night marches, the routine should be varied as appropriate.
86
ORGANIZATION AND DRILL
177-178
When remaining in camp, the usual garrison procedure
applies.
a. Watering . — Where practicable, unless they have been
watered on the road, animals are watered at stables or about
1 hour after camp is pitched, and again at afternoon stables
or about 4:30 or 5:00 p. m. In hot weather, it often is ad-
vantageous to water about 8:00 or 9:00 p. m. In the morn-
ing, animals are watered prior to harnessing or as soon there-
after as practicable. If an early start is made, watering may
be postponed until after about 2 hours on the road.
b. Feeding . — Arrangements for feeding on a march vary;
they depend on length of march, climate and weather, hours
of starting and finishing march, time of issue of forage, and
condition of animals. A convenient plan for feeding on a
march which is to terminate by noon or soon thereafter
follows:
(1) At reveille, one third of the grain allowance.
(2) At midday, one third of the grain allowance.
(3) At stables, before watering, about one fourth of the
hay allowance.
(4) After evening water call (about 4:00 or 5:00 p. m.),
one third of the grain allowance and the remainder of the
hay allowance.
* 178. Field Sanitation. — a. The purpose of field sanitation
is the prevention of sickness by extermination of disease-
bearing insects, by preventing their access to infectible ob-
jects, and by sterilizing accessible disease germ sources. Sani-
tary measures include rigid requirements for cleanliness of
camp areas and personnel; immediate covering of human
excreta; destruction of flies and mosquitoes and their breed-
ing places; protection of food and men from contact with in-
sects by screens and mosquito bars; disinfection of polluted
ground, especially in the vicinity of kitchens, latrines, picket
lines, and locations previously used for such installations;
sanitary disposal of kitchen refuse by incineration or by
burial; proper cleaning, washing, and scalding of mess kits;
obtaining and maintaining pure or potable water; inspection
for and segregation or removal of disease carriers.
b. Upon making camp, kitchen and latrine locations are
specified; sources of possible infection are determined, correc-
87
17&-179
ORGANIZATION AND DRILL
tive measures taken, and, if necessary, the sources placed
under guard; kitchen pits are dug. The scope of the initial
sanitary measures ordered will vary with the length of time
that the camp is to be occupied and the sanitary conditions
existing at the time of its occupation.
c. Daily routine in a camp occupied for more than one day
should include the following: thorough police of the entire
area and burning of refuse; airing of bedding and clothing,
weather permitting; burning out or other disinfection of
latrines; rigid inspection of kitchens and mess equipment, and
means of garbage disposal; sick call; and disinfection of pol-
luted soil around kitchens, latrines, and picket lines.
d. An inspection should be made by every organization
commander before leaving camp to see that sanitary measures
are complete.
e. Special care must be exercised with respect to sanitary
conditions when troops are in billets. All billets should be
inspected before occupation and after evacuation, and their
condition noted and reported upon. Daily inspection by offi-
cers should be made of the billets of men and animals.
■ 179. Security. — a . In campaign, the general security of the
camp is usually provided by outposts and outguards furnished
by the other arms. However, field artillery units must always
take the necessary precautions to prevent surprise, especially
against air attack, and provide for their own immediate se-
curity, even though the security of the camp is the responsi-
bility of another arm. Antiaircraft protection by the auto-
matic rifles of the unit must be available at all times.
b. The artillery furnishes its own interior guard by battalion
or regiment. The size of the guard must be sufficient to pro-
vide sentinels from each battery for its picket lines and parks,
to enforce orders with respect to water supply, prisoners, etc.,
and to guard property.
c. In motorized units, the guard has additional duties,
which include exercising special vigilance toward the discov-
ery and prevention of fires, and, in cold weather, operating
certain vehicles in order to facilitate the starting of motors.
88
INDEX
Paragraph Page
Adjustment of harness 42 28
Alinements 47, 86, 134 31,48,
63
Ammunition trains 13, 149 7, 72
Animals:
Care 164 80
Watering and feeding 177 86
Areas, assignment of, for shelter 170 83
Arm signals 80 43
Army artillery 8 3
Backing 63 35
Basic training 17 8
Elements 19 8
Battalions 11, 147 7, 65
Batteries 10 3
Battery:
Detail 69 37
Formations 122 57
Forming in 111, 142 52,65
Headquarters 117 54
Limbered, formations 71 37
Order in 72 38
To dismiss 77, 127 42, 60
To form in park 76 39
Training 23 10
Brigades 14, 150 7, 72
Camp;
Formations 169 83
Security 179 88
To break 174 85
To make 171 84
Care and cleaning of harness and horse equipment — 43 29
Care of animals 164 00
Carriages;
Passage 94 49
To direct 84 47
Ceremonies, mounted 27 ll
Classification of Field Artillery- 5 2
Classification of shelter 167 82
Columns, formation 156 76
Commands and signals 78, 128 42, 61
Conduct of march 160 70
Corps artillery 7 3
Discipline, march 162 78
Disposition in park 75, 125 39, 59
89
INDEX
Disposition — . _
Harness: Paragraph Page
In garrison 37 23
In the field 38 24
Horse equipment in the field 38 24
Limbers 112 53
Motor vehicles . 143 65
Distances 44, 73, 123 30,39,
58
Division artillery 6 2
Draft 61 34
Training in 66 36
Drill, dismounted 151 72
Drivers:
Instruction 41 28
To dismiss 54 32
Escorts 30 20
Feeding animals
Field sanitation
Formation —
After coupling. _
Of columns
Formations
After limbering-
Camp
Of battery
Limbered —
Of section
Forming in battery..
177 86
178 87
145 65
156 75
68, 146, 152 37,65,
72
___ 115, 116 53, 54
169 83
122 57
71 37
70 37
___ 111, 142 52,65
Gaits
Essential changes in
To change
GHQ Reserve artillery
Guides
Guidon
67, 159 36, 76
85 47
62 34
9 3
48, 82, 131 31,46,
62
32, 83, 133 22,47,
62
Halts 163 78
Harness :
Adjustment 42 28
Care and cleaning 43 29
Disposition 37, 38 23, 24
Nomenclature 36 23
Headquarters battery — 117 54
Higher command, training for 26 11
Horse equipment :
Care and cleaning 43 29
Disposition 38 24
Hour of starting march x. 157 76
74, 124 39, 59
29 13
34 23
Individuals, posts of,
Inspections
Instruction, object- _
90
INDEX
Paragraph Page
Instruction ctf drivers 41 28
Intervals and distances 44, 73, 123 30, 39,
58
Kitchens 176 86
Lengths of march 158 75
Limbering:
Formations after « 115, 116 53,54
To turn in 65 35
Limbers, disposition 112 53
Management of pair 55 33
Maneuvering the pair 59 34
Maneuvering the team 60 34
Maneuvering when in double section 110 52
Maneuvers 81, 130, 146 46,62,
65
Manual of the standard 31 21
March :
Conduct 160 76
Discipline 162 78
Hour of starting 157 75
Preparation of the command for 154 74
Rates and lengths 158 75
Marches ' 153 74
Night 165 81
Mission of Field Artillery 2 1
Mobilization training 25 11
Motor vehicles, disposition 143 65
Motorized units, horse drawn regiments 118 55
Mounted ceremonies 27 11
Night marches 165 81
Nomenclature of harness 36 23
Object of instruction 34 23
Object of training 16, 120 8, 56
Order in battery 72 38
Organization of Field Artillery 4 2
Park:
Disposition ill 75, 125 39, 59
Preparing to leave., 126 59
Passage of carriages 94 49
Picket lines 172 84
Posts of individuals 74, 124 39, 59
Preparation of the command for a march 154 74
Principles of training 15 7
Purpose of manual 1 1
Rates of march 158 75
Recruit training 22 10
References 33, 119 23,55
Regiments 12, 148 7,71
Reins of off horse 58 33
Relation of Field Artillery to other arms 3 1
91
INDEX
Paragraph Page
Rests 49 31
Reviews 28 12
Route reconnaissance 155 74
Sanitation, field 178 87
Scope of manual 1,121 1,57
Section, formations 70 37
Security of camp 179 88
Sequence of training 18 8
Shelter :
Assignment of areas 170 83
Camp formations 169 83
Classification 167 82
Controlling factors 166 81
Selection 168 82
Signals 78, 129 42. 61
Arm 80 43
Whistle 79 43
Speeds 159 76
Tent pitching 173
Terms, use _ 35
To couple 144
To dismiss battery 77, 127
To dismiss drivers 54
To form battery in park . 76
To form double section column from flank column 104
To form double section column from section column 106
To form double section line from line 105
To form flank column from double section column 109
To form flank column from section column.. 100
To form line from double section line 107
To form line on right or left from section column 99
To form line to flank from flank column 102
Tc form line to front from flank column 101
To form line to front from section column 97, 141
To form line to right or left from section column 98
To form section column from double section column 108
To form section column from flank column 103
To form section column to front from line 96, 140
To halt 87, 135
To harness 39
To hitch.- 52
To hook and unhook traces 50
To lead out 45
To limber 114
To march by the flank 88, 136
To march obliquely 91, 138
To march to the front 87, 135
To march to the rear 89, 90, 137
To mount and dismount 46
To post teams with carriages .. 51
To turn in limbering 65
To unharness . . 40
To unhitch 53
To unlimber to fire., 113
85
23
65
42, 60
32
39
51
51
51
52
50
52
50
51
51
50,64
50
52
51
50, 64
48, 63
26
32
32
30
53
48, 63
49, 63
48, 63
48, 63
31
32
35
27
32
53
92
INDEX
Towns, to march through..
Training :
Basic
Battery-.
Elements __
For higher command.
In draft
Mobilization
Object
Orders
Periods and objectives
Principles
Recruit
Sequence
Turns
Paragraph
161
17
23
19
26
66
26
16, 120
20
21
16
22
18
64
Page
77
8
10
8
11
36
11
8,56
9
9
7
10
8
36
Vehicles, directing 132 62
Voice, use 57 33
Water supply 175 86
Watering animals - 177 86
Whip, use * 56 33
Whistle signals 79 43