Sustainability and circularity 1. Re-use creates over 200 times as many jobs as landfills and incinerators; Recycling magazine. (2021). Study: Zero waste systems could create thousands of jobs. https://www.recycling-magazine.com/2021/02/16/ study-zero-waste-systems-could-create-thousands-of-jobs/ . 2. World Economic Forum. (2023). Emerging Insights for Achieving Circularity in the Built Environment. https://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_Emerging_Insights_for_Achieving_Circularity_in_the_Built_ Environment_2023.pdf . 3. Carpentier, H. (n.d.). Circular Economy in the built environment waste hierarchy: Why recycling is the last resort. World Green Building Council. https://worldgbc.org/article/waste-hierarchy-cbre/#:~:text=The%20 built%20environment%20produces%20a,and%20construction%20sector%20(1). 4. Gómez-Palacio, A. (2024). Deep retrofits: how repurposing old buildings can mitigate climate change. World Economic Forum. https://www.weforum.org/stories/2024/02/deep-retrofit-buildings-carbon-emissions-climate- change/#:~:text=A%20deep%20retrofit%20is%20typically,quality%20and%20raised%20asset%20value. 5. Arora, M., Raspall, F., Cheah, L. & Silva, A. (2019). Buildings and the circular economy: Estimating urban mining, recovery and re-use potential of building components. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/337545517 _ Buildings_and_the_circular_economy_Estimating_urban_mining_recovery_and_reuse_potential_of_building_ components; Holcim. (2022). What is urban mining? https://www.holcim.com/who-we-are/our-stories/what- is-urban-mining#:~:text=Urban%20mining%20of%20our%20cities,carbon%20emissions%20associated%20 with%20construction. 6. Carpentier, H. (n.d.). Circular Economy in the built environment waste hierarchy: Why recycling is the last resort. World Green Building Council. https://worldgbc.org/article/waste-hierarchy-cbre/#:~:text=The%20 built%20environment%20produces%20a,and%20construction%20sector%20(1). 7. The World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD). (n.d.). Built Environment Decarbonization. https://www.wbcsd.org/actions/built-environment-decarbonization/#:~:text=The%20built%20environment%20 is%20currently,net%2Dzero%20transition%20of%20buildings. 8. World Green Building Council. (n.d.). Bringing embodied carbon upfront. https://worldgbc.org/climate-action/ embodied-carbon/ . 9. Holcim. (2022). What is urban mining? https://www.holcim.com/who-we-are/our-stories/what-is-urban-mining. 10. A regulatory framework designed to evolve in response to emerging technologies, environmental changes and industry advancements. Unlike traditional building codes, which can be rigid and slow to change, adaptive codes incorporate flexibility, performance-based standards and periodic updates to accommodate new materials, construction methods and climate resilience strategies. These codes help future-proof buildings by ensuring they can withstand changing conditions, such as extreme weather events, shifting sustainability goals and advancements in low-carbon construction. 11. One example is Westminster City Council in London, which is implementing a “Retrofit First” policy: Weinfass, I. (2024). Westminster Council unveils ‘retrofit first’ city plan. Architects’ Journal. https://www.architectsjournal. co.uk/news/westminster-council-unveils-retrofit-first-city-plan. 12. Between 1992 and 2019, global urban land cover climbed by 226%. That amounts to roughly 448,113 square kilometres of urbanized land added in under three decades, far surpassing the amount of city growth that happened in the entire century preceding the study period: Bane, B. and C. Himes. (2024). City Sprawl Now Large Enough to Sway Global Warming Over Land. Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL). https://www.pnnl.gov/news-media/city-sprawl-now-large-enough-sway-global-warming-over-land. 13. RCKA. (n.d.). Small Sites in London. https://smallsites.london/; Davos Baukultur Alliance. (2024). Innovative Practice Case Studies: UrbanWave. https://reports.weforum.org/docs/WEF_PR199_Innovative_Practice_ UrbanWave_2024.pdf . 14. World Economic Forum. (2025). Circularity in the Built Environment: Unlocking Opportunities in Retrofits. https://www.weforum.org/publications/circularity-in-the-built-environment-unlocking-opportunities-in- retrofits/ .15. El Hadji Falké Barmou won an Aga Khan Award for Architecture in 1986 for a similar mosque in Yamaa. 16. Living Future. (n.d.). Kendeda Building for Innovative Sustainable Design. https://living-future.org/case-studies/1503/ . The Hikma Community Complex case study – general sources Mariam Issoufou Architects. (n.d.). Hikma Community Complex. https://www.mariamissoufou.com/hikma . infrahub.africa. (n.d.). Home. https://www.infrahub.africa/ . Ecogradia. (n.d.). Home. https://www.ecogradia.com/ . Holcim Foundation. (n.d.). Home. https://www.holcimfoundation.org/ . The Kendeda Building for Innovative Sustainable Design case study – general sources Georgia Institute of Technology. (n.d.). The Kendeda Building for Innovative Sustainable Design. https://livingbuilding.gatech.edu/ . Parsons, J. (2019). Georgia Tech’s Kendeda Building Sets A New Standard For Sustainability. ENR Texas & Southeast. https://www.enr.com/articles/47395-georgia-techs-kendeda-building-sets-a-new-standard-for-sustainability . Georgia Institute of Technology. (n.d.). The Kendeda Building for Innovative Sustainable Design: Energy Petal (LBC 3.1). https://livingbuilding.gatech.edu/energy-petal.

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