1. World Economic Forum. (2025, July 2). Travel and tourism at a turning point: Principles for transformative growth. https://www.weforum.org/publications/travel-and-tourism-at-a-turning-point-principles-for-transformative-growth/ 2. World Travel & Tourism Council. (2024). Travel & tourism environmental & social research: 2024 update (summary of findings). https://researchhub.wttc.org/product/travel-tourism-environmental-social-research-2024-summary-of-findings 3. Piper, J., Hollmann, L., Hong, Z., Lee, K., et al. (2024). Effectiveness of border closures/travel restrictions, screening and/or quarantine to control the international spread of COVID-19: An updated rapid review. Pandemics & Borders Project. https://www.mcmasterforum.org/docs/default-source/product-documents/rapid-responses/rs-14-2---effectiveness-of- border-closures-travel-restrictions-screening-and-or-quarantine-to-control-the-international-spread-of-covid-19.pdf 4. Zhang, C., Liu, Y., & Pu, Z. (2023). 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Tourism for development: Volume 1: Key areas for action. https://espas.secure.europarl.europa.eu/orbis/system/files/generated/document/en/UNWTO-9789284419722.pdf? 9. IMARC Group. (2024). Culinary tourism market size, share, trends and forecast by activity type, tour type, age group, mode of booking, and region 2025–2033. https://www.imarcgroup.com/culinary-tourism-market 10. IMARC Group. (n.d.). Agritourism market size, share and statistics report 2025–2033. Retrieved October 1, 2025, from https://www.imarcgroup.com/agritourism-market 11. Vantage Market Research. (2025). Medical tourism market size analysis report 2025–2035. https://www.vantagemarketresearch.com/industry-report/medical-tourism-market-2263?srsltid=AfmBOoouJp2at5E-SL3 pNthc2uGTdkvcIbgwxnD2oNG7IZ5zAHJsQXqw 12. Yeşilada, A. (2025, June 6). Turkey eyes $20 billion target in medical tourism with African expansion. PA Turkey. https://www.paturkey.com/news/2025/turkey-eyes-20-billion-target-in-medical-tourism-with-african-expansion-21313/ 13. American Indian Alaska Native Tourism Association (AIANTA). (n.d.). The importance of cultural heritage tourism. Retrieved October 1, 2025, from https://www.aianta.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/The-Importance-of-Cultural-Heritage- Tourism-v9.png 14. CBI, Government of the Netherlands. (2021, 19 May). The European market potential for cultural tourism. https://www.cbi.eu/market-information/tourism/cultural-tourism/market-potential 15. Future Market Insights. (2025, March 13). Cultural tourism market. https://www.futuremarketinsights.com/reports/cultural-tourism-market 16. Anstey, T. (2023, January 6). Visitor numbers surge as 7.8 million visit Louvre in 2022. Planet Attractions. https://www.planetattractions.com/news/Visitor-numbers-surge-as-7.8-million-visit-Louvre-in-2022/1802 17. Fortune Business Insights. (2025, September 22). Duty-free retail market size, share & industry analysis by type (perfumes, cosmetics, alcohol, cigarettes, and others), by sales channel (airports, onboard aircraft, seaports, train stations, and others), and regional forecast , 2025–2032. https://www.fortunebusinessinsights.com/duty-free-retail-market-106652 18. Ireland, K. (2024, June 4). Navigating travel retail’s post-pandemic revival. Vogue Business. https://www.voguebusiness.com/story/consumers/navigating-travel-retails-post-pandemic-revival 19. D’Arpizio, C., & Levato, F. (2023, November 14). Global luxury market projected to reach $1.5 trillion in 2023, a new record for the sector, as consumers seek luxury experiences. Bain & Company. https://www.bain.com/about/media-center/press- releases/2023/global-luxury-market-projected-to-reach-1.5-trillion-in-2023-a-new-record-for-the-sector-as-consumers- seek-luxury-experiences 20. Khan, M. (2024, September 16). London’s stores count cost of ‘tourist tax’. 2024. The Times. https://www.thetimes.com/business-money/economics/article/15taxfreeshopping-tffgp38f2 21. World Economic Forum calculation based on 2021 Economic Impact Research, World Travel & Tourism Council (data provided directly). 22. World Bank. (2024). Tourism and competitiveness. https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/competitiveness/brief/tourism- and-competitiveness#:~:text=In%202024%2C%20tourism%20accounted%20for,surged%2C%20reaching%20 US%241.9%20trillion 23. Empire State Development (ESD). (2024, August). Economic impact of visitors in New York 2023. https://esd.ny.gov/sites/default/files/media/document/New-York-City-New-York-Tourism-Economic-Impact-2023.pdfEndnotes Beyond Tourism: Coordinated Pathways to Inclusive Prosperity 23

Beyond Tourism Coordinated Pathways to Inclusive Prosperity 2025