Business on the Edge 2024

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University of Exeter. https://report-2023.global-tipping- points.org/. 29. Lenton, T. M. et al. (2023). Global Tipping Points Report 2023. University of Exeter. https://report-2023.global-tipping- points.org/. 30. Box, J.E. et al. (2022). Greenland ice sheet climate disequilibrium and committed sea-level rise. Nature Climate Change, vol. 12, 2022, pp. 808-813. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-022-01441-2. 31. Kulp, S. et al. (2019). New elevation data triple estimates of global vulnerability to sea-level rise and coastal flooding. Nature Communications. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-019-12808-z.pdf. 32. Rahmstorf, S. (2024). Is the Atlantic Overturning Circulation Approaching a Tipping Point? Oceanography. https://tos.org/oceanography/article/is-the-atlantic-overturning-circulation-approaching-a-tipping-point. 33. Hoegh-Guldberg, O. et al. (2022). 3. Impacts of 1.5 ºC Global Warming on Natural and Human Systems. IPCC Special Report on Impacts of Global Warming of 1.5°C above Pre-industrial Levels in Context of Strengthening Response to Climate Change, Sustainable Development, and Efforts to Eradicate Poverty. Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/9781009157940.005. 34. Lenton, T. M. et al. (2023). Global Tipping Points Report 2023. University of Exeter. https://report-2023.global-tipping- points.org/. 35. Bykova, A. (2020). Permafrost Thaw in a Warming World: The Arctic Institute’s Permafrost Series Fall-Winter 2020. The Arctic Institute Centre for Circumpolar Security Studies. https://www.thearcticinstitute.org/permafrost-thaw-warming- world-arctic-institute-permafrost-series-fall-winter-2020/. 36. Schuur, T. (2019). Permafrost and the Global Carbon Cycle. NOAA in the Arctic. https://arctic.noaa.gov/report-card/report- card-2019/permafrost-and-the-global-carbon-cycle. 37. Permafrost Pathways. (2022). Permafrost thaw is threatening Arctic communities and our global climate. https://permafrost.woodwellclimate.org. 38. Lenton, T. M. et al. (2023). Global Tipping Points Report 2023. University of Exeter. https://report-2023.global-tipping- points.org/. This report (p59) set out the data with high confidence but a wider temperature range than for other tipping points. The Greenland ice sheet has a range of key drivers, including atmospheric circulation changes and positive (amplifying) feedback loops. For example, the melting of the ice sheet causes a dampening of the albedo effect. This means the temperature range for Greenland ice sheet collapse has a range from 0.8 to 3.0 degrees Celsius with high scientific confidence. 39. Lenton, T. M. et al. (2023). Global Tipping Points Report 2023. University of Exeter. https://report-2023.global-tipping- points.org/. 40. Kirdyanov, A. (2024). Thawing permafrost can mitigate warming-induced drought stress in boreal forest trees. Science of The Total Environment, vol. 912. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969723074879. 41. Gibson, C. (2018). Wildfire as a major driver of recent permafrost thaw in boreal peatlands. Nature Communications. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-018-05457-1. 42. Thompson, B. (2021). The ‘zombie’ fires that keep burning under snow-covered forests. Nature. https://www.nature.com/ articles/d41586-021-01360-w . 43. Ogden J. (1983). Coral reefs, seagrass beds and mangroves: their interaction in the coastal zones of the Caribbean. United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000057596. Business on the Edge: Building Industry Resilience to Climate Hazards 71