Endnotes 1. Airports Council International (ACI) World, (2025, 28 January), Joint ACI World-ICAO Passenger Traffic Report, Trends, and Outlook [Press release], https://aci.aero/2025/01/28/joint-aci-world-icao-passenger-traffic-report-trends-and-outlook/ 2. Dubai Airports, (30 January 2025), DXB records highest annual traffic in 2024, celebrating a decade as the world’s busiest international airport [Press release], https://media.dubaiairports.ae/dxb-records-highest-annual-traffic-in-2024- celebrating-a-decade-as-the-worlds-busiest-international-airport/ 3. Cobus Industries, (Autum 2021), dnata bases its Dubai apron bus operations on quality, https://www.cobus-industries. com/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/Airside-International_Autumn-2021_dnataCOBUS.pdf 4. World Economic Forum, Airports of Tomorrow, (November 2023), Financing the Airports of Tomorrow: A Green Transition Toolkit [White Paper] https://www.weforum.org/publications/financing-the-airports-of-tomorrow-a-green-transition-toolkit/ 5. European Union, (20 May 2024), Council Directive 96/67/EC of 15 October 1996 on access to the groundhandling market at Community airports, https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dir/1996/67/oj 6. Aeroporti di Roma, (2022), Integrated Annual Report, https://www.adr.it/documents/17615/27825263/ADR_RAI_2022_ ENG.pdf 7. Mundys, (14 March 2025), E-Shuttle Fleet: Sustainable Innovation at Rome Airports [Press release], https://www.mundys. com/en/w/e-shuttle-fleet-sustainable-innovation-at-rome-airports 8. Irizar e-mobility, (9 July 2025), Irizar e-mobility will provide London Gatwick with electric buses [Press release], https:// irizar-emobility.com/en/events-and-latest-news/news/irizar-e-mobility-will-provide-london-gatwick-with-electric-buses 9. Toronto Pearson, (6 July 2023), Toronto Pearson Airport and Carlsun Energy Announce Ontario’s First Public Hydrogen Refuelling Station for Light- and Heavy-Duty Vehicles [Press release], https://www.torontopearson.com/en/corporate/ media/press-releases/2023-07-06 10. Genève Aéroport 2024 Annual Report (2024), Geneva Airport [Report], https://www.gva.ch/getmedia/173727de-4dac- 4f26-9791-4568aa933d5e/Rapport_Annuel_2024_EN.pdf 11. Airport Industry News (9 May 2022), Edinburgh Airport Uses HVO Fuel to Power Airside Vehicles, https://airportindustry- news.com/edinburgh-airport-uses-hvo-fuel-to-power-airside-vehicles/; Airport World (5 November 2024), London Luton Airport invests in new sustainable bus fleet, https://airport-world.com/london-luton-airport-invests-in-new-sustainable- bus-fleet/; Aviation Pros (21 May 2024), London Heathrow to Deploy HVO, Electric COBUS Passenger Vehicles [Press release], https://www.aviationpros.com/directory/passenger-loading-systems/press-release/55041407/cobus-industries- gmbh-london-heathrow-to-deploy-hvo-electric-cobus-passenger-vehicles 12. Airport World, 26th August 2020, Munich Airport unveils CO2 eliminating renewable bio-methane powered bus, https://airport-world.com/renewable-bio-methane-fuelled-bus-to-help-munich-airport-further-reduce-co2-levels/ 13. European Commission, Hydrogen for Clean Urban Transport in Europe, https://trimis.ec.europa.eu/project/hydrogen- clean-urban-transport-europe 14. Airports Council International (ACI) World (11 February 2025), Concept of Operations (CONOPS) of aircraft powered by batteries or hydrogen, https://www.iata.org/globalassets/iata/publications/sustainability/concept-of-operations-of-battery- and-hydrogen-powered-aircraft-at-aerodromes.pdf 15. S&P Global Ratings (5 May 2023), Heathrow Funding, https://www.heathrow.com/content/dam/heathrow/web/common/ documents/company/investor/credit-ratings/sp/Ratings_Summary_RatingsDirect_HeathrowFundingLtd_54814058_ May_05_2023.pdf; Royal Schipol Group 2024 Annual Report (2024), Financial performance, https://assets.ctfassets.net/ biom0eqyyi6b/5Xy4TNquAYl0MFsZMPA17A/f14da5395610e29c3d72fd7b24de744c/Financial_performance.pdf; Fraport Annual Report 2022, Combined Management Report, https://www.annual-report.fraport.com/annual-report/2022/ en/combined-management-report/situation-of-the-group/control-system/#:~:text=The%20WACC%20is%20also%20 used,%2C%202021%3A%206.1%25) 16. European Central Bank (2 April 2025), Euro area bank interest rate statistics: February 2025 [Press release], https://www.ecb.europa.eu/press/stats/mfi/html/ecb.mir2504~86702ea969.en.html 17. Reuters (30 April 2025), Industry groups, business call on Britain and the EU to link carbon markets, https://www.reuters. com/sustainability/climate-energy/industry-groups-business-call-britain-eu-link-carbon-markets-2025-04-30/ 18. F. Schenke (2025), Planning LH2 infrastructure for H2-powered aviation: From the initial development to market penetration, https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0306261925013935?via%3Dihub 19. World Economic Forum Airports of Tomorrow (April 2025), Pathways for airports to develop into energy hubs, https://reports.weforum.org/docs/WEF_AoT_Pathways_for_Airports_to_Develop_into_Energy_Hubs_April_2024.pdf 20. US Department of Energy (May 2024), Airport Zero Emission Vehicle (ZEV) and Infrastructure Incentives, https://afdc. energy.gov/laws/10394 21. US Department of Transportation (2025), Low- or No-Emission Grant Program - 5339(c), https://www.transportation.gov/ rural/grant-toolkit/low-or-no-emission-grant-program Decarbonizing Aviation Ground Operations: Alternative Bus Technologies 35

Decarbonizing Aviation Ground Operations 2025