ETI model framework (continued) TABLE 19 Sub- dimension Indicator Definition Data sourcesEquityEconomic developmentEnergy subsidies (%) Spending on fossil fuel subsidies, including subsidies for coal, petroleum, natural gas and electricity, as a percentage of GDPOrganisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), IEA, IMF, World Bank Net fuel imports (%) Net fuel imports as a percentage of GDP , measuring a country’s reliance on imported fuels relative to its economic outputWTO Comparative advantage in low- carbon technologies (number)Proportion of a country’s exports that are low- carbon technologies (e.g. wind turbines, solar panels, biomass systems and carbon capture equipment) to the proportion of global exports that are low-carbon technology productsIMFSustainabilityEnergy efficiencyEnergy intensity (MJ/$ PPP) Amount of energy consumed, expressed in MJ/$ using the PPP method, indicating the energy efficiency of the economyIEA World Energy Balances, World Bank Energy consumption per capita (GJ/ capita)Total energy (GJ) consumption as a ratio of total population, reflecting the average energy use per individualIEA World Energy Statistics, World Bank Emissions CO2 emissions per capita (t/capita) Tonnes of CO2 emissions from fuel combustion as a ratio of total population, showing the average carbon footprint per personIEA Greenhouse Gas Emissions, World Bank CO2 per TPES (kgCO2/GJ) CO2 emissions per unit of total primary energy supply, expressed in kilograms of CO2 per GJ, indicating the carbon intensity of the energy mixIEA Greenhouse Gas Emissions, IEA World Energy Balances CH4 emissions by production (MtCO2e/ GJ)CH4 emissions from the energy sector per TPES ClimateWatch, IEA World Energy Balances Clean energy Share of clean energy in the final energy consumption (%)Percentage of clean energy (renewables, nuclear or other low-carbon sources) consumption in total energy consumptionUS Energy Information AdministrationRegulatory framework and investmentRegulation and political commitmentRISE Access Score (number) RISE index score for the electricity pillar, which measures the strength and effectiveness of a country’s regulatory framework in promoting universal access to electricityRISE RISE Energy Efficiency (number) RISE index score for the energy efficiency pillar, which measures the strength and effectiveness of a country’s regulatory framework in promoting energy conservation and efficiencyRISE RISE Renewables Score (number) RISE index score for the renewable energy pillar, which measures the strength and effectiveness of a country’s regulatory framework in promoting the development, deployment and integration of renewable energyRISE Economic freedom (number) Average score of the rule of law (property rights, government integrity, judicial effectiveness), regulatory efficiency (business, labour and monetary freedom) and open market (trade, investment and financial freedom) pillars of the Index of Economic FreedomHeritage Foundation Fostering Effective Energy Transition 2025 55