Global Risks Report 2025

Top five risks identified by the Executive Opinion Survey (EOS) TABLE C.2 Risk categories Economic Environmental Geopolitical Societal Technological Democratic Republic of the Congo 1 st Armed conflict (interstate, intrastate, proxy wars, coups etc.) 2 nd Poverty and inequality (wealth, income) 3 rd Unemployment or lack of economic opportunity 4 th Crime and illicit economic activity 5 th Food supply shortage Denmark 1 st Cyber insecurity 2 nd Attacks on critical infrastructure 3 rd Labour and/or talent shortage 4 th Extreme weather events (floods, heatwaves etc.) 5 th Armed conflict (interstate, intrastate, proxy wars, coups etc.) Dominican Republic 1 st Extreme weather events (floods, heatwaves etc.) 2 nd Public debt 3 rd Poverty and inequality (wealth, income) 4 th Labour and/or talent shortage 5 th Involuntary migration Ecuador 1 st Economic downturn (e.g. recession, stagnation) 2 nd Crime and illicit economic activity 3 rd Poverty and inequality (wealth, income) 4 th Energy supply shortage 5 th Unemployment or lack of economic opportunity Egypt 1 st Inflation 2 nd Public debt 3 rd Economic downturn (e.g. recession, stagnation) 4 th Armed conflict (interstate, intrastate, proxy wars, coups etc.) 5 th Water supply shortage El Salvador 1 st Public debt 2 nd Erosion of human rights and/or civic freedoms 3 rd Economic downturn (e.g. recession, stagnation) 4 th Poverty and inequality (wealth, income) 5 th Food supply shortage Estonia 1 st Armed conflict (interstate, intrastate, proxy wars, coups etc.) 2 nd Economic downturn (e.g. recession, stagnation) 3 rd Labour and/or talent shortage 4 th Misinformation and disinformation 5 th Cyber insecurity Finland 1 st Public debt 2 nd Economic downturn (e.g. recession, stagnation) 3 rd Labour and/or talent shortage 4 th Involuntary migration 5 th Armed conflict (interstate, intrastate, proxy wars, coups etc.) France 1 st Inflation 2 nd Intrastate violence (civil strikes, riots) 3 rd Involuntary migration 4 th Economic downturn (e.g. recession, stagnation) 4 th Water supply shortage Gabon 1 st Unemployment or lack of economic opportunity 1 st Poverty and inequality (wealth, income) 3 rd Energy supply shortage 4 th Water supply shortage 5 th Public debt Georgia 1 st Cyber insecurity 2 nd Armed conflict (interstate, intrastate, proxy wars, coups etc.) 3 rd Societal polarization 4 th Involuntary migration 5 th Economic downturn (e.g. recession, stagnation) Germany 1 st Labour and/or talent shortage 2 nd Economic downturn (e.g. recession, stagnation) 3 rd Involuntary migration 4 th Misinformation and disinformation 5 th Energy supply shortage Ghana 1 st Inflation 2 nd Pollution (air, water, soil) 3 rd Public debt 4 th Economic downturn (e.g. recession, stagnation) 5 th Unemployment or lack of economic opportunity Greece 1 st Labour and/or talent shortage 2 nd Extreme weather events (floods, heatwaves etc.) 3 rd Inflation 4 th Economic downturn (e.g. recession, stagnation) 5 th Public debt Guatemala 1 st Labour and/or talent shortage 2 nd Insufficient public services and social protections 3 rd Extreme weather events (floods, heatwaves etc.) 4 th Societal polarization 5 th Crime and illicit economic activity Global Risks Report 2025 85