Global Risks Report 2025

Top five risks identified by the Executive Opinion Survey (EOS) TABLE C.2 Risk categories Economic Environmental Geopolitical Societal Technological Kenya 1 st Economic downturn (e.g. recession, stagnation) 2 nd Unemployment or lack of economic opportunity 3 rd Public debt 4 th Poverty and inequality (wealth, income) 5 th Food supply shortage Kosovo* 1 st Inflation 2 nd Pollution (air, water, soil) 3 rd Cyber insecurity 4 th Involuntary migration 5 th Extreme weather events (floods, heatwaves etc.) Kyrgyzstan 1 st Energy supply shortage 2 nd Water supply shortage 3 rd Pollution (air, water, soil) 4 th Inflation 5 th Public debt Lao PDR 1 st Inflation 2 nd Economic downturn (e.g. recession, stagnation) 3 rd Labour and/or talent shortage 4 th Energy supply shortage 5 th Public debt Latvia 1 st Armed conflict (interstate, intrastate, proxy wars, coups etc.) 2 nd Economic downturn (e.g. recession, stagnation) 3 rd Cyber insecurity 4 th Attacks on critical infrastructure 5 th Inflation Lesotho 1 st Energy supply shortage 2 nd Food supply shortage 3 rd Chronic health conditions and decline in well-being 4 th Water supply shortage 5 th Economic downturn (e.g. recession, stagnation) Liberia 1 st Energy supply shortage 1 st Food supply shortage 3 rd Poverty and inequality (wealth, income) 4 th Unemployment or lack of economic opportunity 5 th Public debt 5 th Inflation Luxembourg 1 st Labour and/or talent shortage 2 nd Economic downturn (e.g. recession, stagnation) 3 rd Cyber insecurity 4 th Private debt (corporate, household) 5 th Inflation Malawi 1 st Economic downturn (e.g. recession, stagnation) 2 nd Extreme weather events (floods, heatwaves etc.) 3 rd Public debt 4 th Inflation 5 th Unemployment or lack of economic opportunity Malaysia 1 st Economic downturn (e.g. recession, stagnation) 2 nd Labour and/or talent shortage 3 rd Inflation 4 th Food supply shortage 5 th Unemployment or lack of economic opportunity Mali 1 st Armed conflict (interstate, intrastate, proxy wars, coups etc.) 2 nd Energy supply shortage 3 rd Adverse outcomes of artificial intelligence technologies 4 th Cyber insecurity 5 th Chronic health conditions and decline in well-being Malta 1 st Pollution (air, water, soil) 2 nd Labour and/or talent shortage 2 nd Inflation 4 th Extreme weather events (floods, heatwaves etc.) 5 th Economic downturn (e.g. recession, stagnation) 5 th Energy supply shortage Mauritius 1 st Labour and/or talent shortage 2 nd Extreme weather events (floods, heatwaves etc.) 3 rd Public debt 4 th Inflation 5 th Economic downturn (e.g. recession, stagnation) Global Risks Report 2025 87