Global Risks Report 2025

Top five risks identified by the Executive Opinion Survey (EOS) TABLE C.2 Risk categories Economic Environmental Geopolitical Societal Technological Mexico 1 st Water supply shortage 2 nd Crime and illicit economic activity 3 rd Energy supply shortage 4 th Poverty and inequality (wealth, income) 5 th Insufficient public services and social protections Mongolia 1 st Labour and/or talent shortage 2 nd Energy supply shortage 3 rd Pollution (air, water, soil) 4 th Poverty and inequality (wealth, income) 5 th Extreme weather events (floods, heatwaves etc.) Morocco 1 st Water supply shortage 2 nd Inflation 3 rd Poverty and inequality (wealth, income) 4 th Unemployment or lack of economic opportunity 5 th Economic downturn (e.g. recession, stagnation) Namibia 1 st Poverty and inequality (wealth, income) 2 nd Unemployment or lack of economic opportunity 3 rd Water supply shortage 4 th Food supply shortage 5 th Labour and/or talent shortage Nepal 1 st Unemployment or lack of economic opportunity 2 nd Involuntary migration 3 rd Economic downturn (e.g. recession, stagnation) 4 th Labour and/or talent shortage 5 th Pollution (air, water, soil) Netherlands 1 st Labour and/or talent shortage 2 nd Energy supply shortage 3 rd Cyber insecurity 4 th Societal polarization 5 th Misinformation and disinformation New Zealand 1 st Economic downturn (e.g. recession, stagnation) 2 nd Inflation 3 rd Labour and/or talent shortage 4 th Extreme weather events (floods, heatwaves etc.) 5 th Poverty and inequality (wealth, income) Nicaragua 1 st Erosion of human rights and/or civic freedoms 2 nd Involuntary migration 3 rd Labour and/or talent shortage 4 th Censorship and surveillance 5 th Poverty and inequality (wealth, income) Nigeria 1 st Food supply shortage 2 nd Economic downturn (e.g. recession, stagnation) 3.01 rd Unemployment or lack of economic opportunity 3.02 rd Poverty and inequality (wealth, income) 5 th Energy supply shortage North Macedonia 1 st Economic downturn (e.g. recession, stagnation) 2 nd Inflation 3 rd Involuntary migration 4 th Food supply shortage 5 th Labour and/or talent shortage Norway 1 st Economic downturn (e.g. recession, stagnation) 2 nd Labour and/or talent shortage 3 rd Energy supply shortage 4 th Involuntary migration 5 th Intrastate violence (civil strikes, riots) Oman 1 st Extreme weather events (floods, heatwaves etc.) 2 nd Economic downturn (e.g. recession, stagnation) 3 rd Unemployment or lack of economic opportunity 4 th Adverse outcomes of artificial intelligence technologies 5 th Inflation Pakistan 1 st Economic downturn (e.g. recession, stagnation) 2 nd Inflation 3 rd Water supply shortage 4 th Energy supply shortage 5 th Poverty and inequality (wealth, income) Panama 1 st Public debt 2 nd Water supply shortage 3 rd Poverty and inequality (wealth, income) 4 th Insufficient public services and social protections 5 th Economic downturn (e.g. recession, stagnation) Paraguay 1 st Poverty and inequality (wealth, income) 2 nd Insufficient public services and social protections 3 rd Crime and illicit economic activity 4 th Labour and/or talent shortage 5 th Public debt Global Risks Report 2025 88