Innovation Ecosystems 2025

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(2024). WEF and UN-Habitat award DistritoTec urban transformation project. https://conecta. tec.mx/en/news/national/institution/wef-and-un-habitat-award-distritotec-urban-transformation-project. 30. The University of Manchester. (2025). Graphene Engineering Innovation Centre. https://www.graphene.manchester.ac.uk/geic/. 31. Milano Innovation District (MIND). (2025). [Home page]. https://www.mindmilano.it/en/the-district. 32. Diriyah Company. (2025). Diriyah Masterplan. https://www.diriyahcompany.sa/en/masterplan. 33. Ville d’Agadir. (2025). Sustainable and Smart City. https://agadir2027.ma/en/sustainable-and-smart-city/. 34. Wood, J. (2018). Open-plan offices make workers less collaborative, Harvard study finds. World Economic Forum. https://www.weforum.org/stories/2018/11/open-plan-offices-make-workers-less-collaborative-harvard-study-finds/. 35. City of Boston. (2018). A Better City: Tactical Public Realm Guidelines. https://www.abettercity.org/assets/images/Boston_ Tactical_Public_Realm_Guidelines.pdf. 36. The Allen Curve is a concept in communication theory introduced by MIT professor Thomas J. Allen in the late 1970s. It illustrates the exponential decline in communication frequency between individuals, particularly engineers, as the physical distance between them increases. Allen found that people are four times more likely to communicate with someone sitting just a few metres away than with someone located 20 metres away, while communication drops off sharply across floors or buildings. Source: Allen, T. (1984). Managing the Flow of Technology: Technology Transfer and the Dissemination of Technological Information Within the R&D Organization. MIT Press. 37. JTC. (2025). Punggol Digital District. https://www.jtc.gov.sg/punggoldigitaldistrict. 38. JTC. (2025). Punggol Digital District. https://www.jtc.gov.sg/punggoldigitaldistrict. 39. 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Gratiot Innovation District. https://www.bedrockdetroit.com/property/gratiot-innovation-district/. 48. NTT Telecom Corporation. (2025). Introducing NTTe-City Labo. https://www.ntt-tc.co.jp/corporate_customers/ecitylabo. 49. Barcelona Catalonia. (2025). 22@BARCELONA. https://barcelonacatalonia.eu/en/project/22barcelona-%C2%B7-barcelona/. 50. Wagner, J. (2020). How Cleveland’s innovation district is advancing equity through a new kind of anchor institution. Brookings Institution. https://www.brookings.edu/articles/how-clevelands-innovation-district-is-advancing-equity-through- a-new-kind-of-anchor-institution/. 51. The Knowledge Quarter. (2025). [Home page]. https://www.knowledgequarter.london/. 52. Revia, A. & Goldfield, M. (2025). Diriyah: A masterplan for catalysing innovation. Diriyah Company’s case study submission to the World Economic Forum for this report. Unpublished (2025). 53. Agata, K. et al. (Eds.). (2024). Public Administration in Japan. 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